Group I Group II Reduction by halogens
Na2CO3 (s) heat Na2CO3 (L) CaCO3 heat CaO + CO2 NaCl + H2SO4(conc) Na2SO4 + HCl
Na2CO3 (s) heat Na2CO3 (L) CaOH heat CaO + H2O NaBr + H2SO4(conc) Na2SO4+HBr+H2O+Br2+SO2
2NaHCO3 heat Na2CO3 + H2O + 2Ca(NO3)2 heat 2CaO + NO2 + O2 NaI + H2SO4(conc) Na2SO4 + HI + H2O + I2 + H2S
CO2
2NaNO3 heat 2NaNO2 + O2
Period III
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
O2 Na2O MgO Al2O3 SiO2 P4O6 SO2 Cl2O7
P4O10 SO3
Oxide NaOH Mg(OH) 2 insolub insoluble P2O3H3PO3 SO2H2SO3
+ H2O le P2O5H3PO4 SO3H2SO4
Cl2 NaCl MgCl2 Al2Cl6 SiCl4 P4P4Cl3
P4Cl3 P4Cl5
Chloride brine Mg(OH)2 + Al2O3 + SiO2 +
+ H2O HCl HCl HCl
Test for alkenes
Br2 in water Br2 in brine Br2 in inert solvent (CCL4)
Br-Br(aq) + CH2-CH2 Br-Br(NaCl aq) + CH2-CH2 Br-Br(CCl4) + CH2-CH2
CH2Br-CH2OH + CH2Br-CH2Br CH2Br-CH2OH + CH2Br-CH2Br +CH2Br-CH2Cl CH2Br-CH2Br
Major product: CH2Br-CH2OH Major product: CH2Br-CH2OH
Minor product: CH2Br-CH2Br Traces of CH2Br-CH2Cl
Alkene reactions Notes
CH2CHCH3 + H2O CH2OH-CHOH-CH3 (break double bonds) cold alkaline KMnO4
C2H4 CO2 + H2O hot acidic KMnO4
CH2=CH-CH3 CH3-COOH + CO2 + H2O hot acidic KMnO4
CH2=C(CH3)2 CH3-CO-CH3 + CO2 + H2O hot acidic KMnO4
C2H4 + H2O C3H5OH H3PO4+ 300oC + 60 atm
C2H4 + H2 C3H6 Ni
Cracking (no catalyst) 750oC + 70 atm
Cracking (catalyst) Alumina silica + 450oC + 30 atm
Alcohol oxidation (orange green)
dil H2SO4 + K2Cr2O7(aq) + dil H2SO4 + K2Cr2O7(aq) + heat
distillation + heat(mild oxidation) under reflux (strong oxidation)
Primary CH3CH2OH aldehyde CH3CHO carboxylic acid CH3COOH
Secondary (CH3)2CHOH ketone (CH3)2CO no reaction
Tertiary (CH3)3COH no reaction no reaction
Add Mg/CaCO3 to distinguish between primary and secondary products (effervescence in acid)
Primary alcohol reacts with KMnO4 to form carboxylic acid as it is a strong oxidizing agent
Alcohol reactions Notes
C2H5OH + HCl C2H5Cl + H2O anhydrous ZnCl2
C2H5OH + PCl3 C2H5Cl + H3PO4
C2H5OH + PCl5 C2H5Cl +POCl3 + HCl dry test tube, white fumes seen(HCl)
C2H5OH +SOCl2 C2H5Cl + SO2 + HCl easy to collect C2H5Cl as other products are gases
2C2H5OH + 2Na 2C2H5ONa + H2
C2H5O H + CH3CO OH CH3COCH2CH3 + H2O esterification OH- is removed from carboxylic acid
C2H5O H +CH3CO Cl CH3COCH2CH3 + HCl esterification Cl- is removed from acyle chloride
C2H5OH C2H4 + H2O hot Al2O3 or conc H2SO4
(H2O is removed as a double bond forms)
C2H5OH + H2SO4 C2H5HSO4 C2H4 H2SO4 when acid is in excess
2C2H5OH + H2SO4 C2H5OC2H5 when alcohol is in excess
Carboxylic acid reactions Notes
2CH3COOH + 2Na 2CH3COONa + H2 reaction with metals
2CH3COOH + CaO (CH3COO)2Ca + H2O reaction with metal oxides
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O reaction with metal hydroxides
CH3COOH + CaCO3 (CH3COO)2Ca + H2O + CO2 reaction with metal carbonates
3CH3COOH + PCl3 3CH3COCl + H3PO3
CH3COOH + PCl5 CH3COCl2 + POCl3 + HCl
CH3COOH + SOCl2 CH3COCl + SO2 + HCl
Free radical substitution
Conditions CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl +HCl: UV rays Electrophilic addition
CH4 + Br2 CH3Br +HBr: UV rays + heat H H H Br H H Br H
CH4 + I2 CH3I +HI: does not take place
(high activation energy and reversible) C C C
S+ S-
Initiation + Br Br + Br S-
Cl Cl 2Cl* C C+ C
Chain CH4 + Cl* HCl + CH3*
propagatio Cl2 + CH3* CH3Cl + Cl* H H H H H Br H
n
Chain CH3* + CH3* C2H6
termination CH3* +Cl* CH3Cl
Cl* +Cl* Cl2
Nucleophilic substitution
SN1 in secondary / tertiary haloalkane SN2 in primary / secondary haloalkane
Slow rate determining step: CH3
(CH3)3CS+ BrS- (CH3)3C+ + Br- Fast step
S+ S-
Fast step: C2H5Br + KOH HO C ----Br C2H5OH + KBr
(CH3)3C+ + OH- (CH3)3COH Slow rate determining step
2,4 - dnp
[H] = reducing
agent
[H] = NaBH4 or LiAlH4
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