DELIVERABLE 1

INTRODUCTION TO QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Abelloria, Angelo H.

Aragon, Alexandra Gale M.

Borinaga, Arjie D.

Camacho, Rezel Mae G.

Gacayan, Daryll G.
 The aim of this research is to learn more about quantitative research and

the quantitative research process. The purpose of the following research is to

make observations about something unknown, unexplained, or novel. Examine

current theories or trends concerning the problem or issue. This study's

methodology includes compiling numerical data to test causal relationships

between variables. Once a prediction has been confirmed, you must verify your

findings, draw your final conclusions, and present your findings.

Quantitative Research

 According to Coghlan D., Brydon-Miller, M. (2014), Quantitative

methodology is the dominant research framework in the social sciences. It

refers to a set of strategies, techniques, and assumptions used to study

psychological, social, and economic processes through the exploration of

numeric patterns. Quantitative research gathers a range of numeric data.

Some of the numeric data is intrinsically quantitative (e.g. personal

income), while in other cases the numeric structure is imposed (e.g. ‘On a

scale from 1 to 10, how depressed did you feel last week?’).

 According to Nancy A. Burrell & Clare Gross (2017), the purpose of

quantitative research is to generate knowledge and create an

understanding about the social world. Quantitative research is used by

social scientists, including communication researchers, to observe

phenomena or occurrences affecting individuals. Social scientists are

concerned with the study of people. Quantitative research is a way to

learn about a particular group of people, known as a sample population.

Using scientific inquiry, quantitative research relies on data that are

observed or measured to examine questions about the sample population.

CHARACTERISTICS

Standardized Research Instrument

 A research instrument refers to any tool that you may use to

collect or obtain data, measure data and analyze data that is

relevant to the subject of your research. Research

instruments are often used in the fields of social sciences

and health sciences. These tools can also be found within

education that relates to patients, staff, teachers, and

students. The format of a research instrument may consist of

questionnaires, surveys, interviews, checklists, or simple

tests. The choice of which specific research instrument tool

to use will be decided on by the researcher. It will also be

strongly related to the actual methods that will be used in the

specific study (Discoverphds, 2020).

  A research instrument is a tool used to obtain, measure, and

analyze data from subjects around the research topic. You

need to decide the instrument to use based on the type of

study you are conducting: quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-

method. For instance, for a quantitative study, you may

decide to use a questionnaire, and for a qualitative study,

you may choose to use a scale. While it helps to use an

established instrument, as its efficacy is already established,

you may if needed use a new instrument or even create your

own instrument. You need to describe the instrument(s)

used in the Methods section of the paper (Insights, 2020).

Present Data, Table, Graphs, or Figures

 According to Rodrigo Pereira Duquia et al. (2014), The

identification of the type of data has an impact on the

different stages of the research process, encompassing the

research planning and the production/publication of its

results. For example, the use of a certain type of data

impacts the amount of time it will take to collect the desired

information (throughout the field work) and the selection of

the most appropriate statistical tests for data analysis. On

the other hand, the preparation of tables and graphs is a

 crucial tool in the analysis and production/publication of

results, given that it organizes the collected information in a

clear and summarized fashion.

 According to the University of North Carolina at Chapel

Hill (n.d.), Most writers are familiar with textual data

summaries and this is often the best way to communicate

simple results. A good rule of thumb is to see if you can

present your results clearly in a sentence or two. If so, a

table or figure is probably unnecessary. If your data are too

numerous or complicated to be described adequately in this

amount of space, figures and tables can be effective ways of

conveying lots of information without cluttering up your text.

Additionally, they serve as quick references for your reader

and can reveal trends, patterns, or relationships that might

otherwise be difficult to grasp.

Types of Quantitative Research

1. Experimental Research

 Experimental research is a study that strictly adheres to a

scientific research design. It includes a hypothesis, a

variable that can be manipulated by the researcher, and

 variables that can be measured, calculated, and

compared. Most importantly, experimental research is

completed in a controlled environment. The researcher

collects data and the results will either support or reject

the hypothesis. This method of research is referred to as

hypothesis testing or deductive research method

(Babbie, 1998, as cited in Illinios State University).

 It's A Scientific Method of Conducting Research Using

Two Variables: Independent and Dependent.

Independent Variables Can Be Manipulated To Apply To

Dependent Variables And The Effect Is Measured. This

Measurement Usually Happens Over a Significant Period

of Time To Establish Conditions And Conclusions About

The Relationship Between These Two Variables

(Harappa, 2021).

2. Non-Experimental Research

 According to Amy Glasofer and Ann B. Townsend

(2020), in non-experimental research there is no

manipulation of an independent variable, no

requirement for a control group, and no random group

assignments as in experimental and quasi-

 experimental designs. Another term for this type of

research is observational because the researcher

observes natural occurrences without intervention.

 According to Jill H. Lobmeier (2010),

Nonexperimental designs include research designs in

which an experimenter simply either describes a

group or examines relationships between preexisting

groups. The members of the groups are not randomly

assigned and an independent variable is not

manipulated by the experimenter, thus, no

conclusions about causal relationships between

variables in the study can be drawn.

Based on our understanding, quantitative research is Research that

data that can be expressed in numbers; a piece of information that can be

counted or measured, in other words, quantified and given a numerical value.

According to Coghlan (2014), and Nancy & Clare (2017) quantitative research

used to study psychological, social, and economic processes through the

exploration of numeric patterns is a way to learn about a particular group of

people, known as a sample population. Another term for this type of research is

observational because the researcher observes natural occurrences without

intervention.
 Standardized Research Instrument, as we understand it, is a tool used to

collect data on a specific topic of interest. According to Discoverphds (2020)

and Insights (2020), a research instrument is used to collect, measure, and

analyze data related to a research topic. A quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-

method study is being conducted based on the type of instrument to be used.

Instruments for conducting research are frequently used in the social sciences,

as is the study of health. In Presentation of Data, Table, Graphs, or Figures

refers to the arrangement of data into tables, graphs, or charts so that logical and

statistical inferences can be drawn from the gathered measurements. The steps

of the research process, such as the planning for study and the generation of its

results, are affected by the identification of the data type, according to Rodrigo

Pereira Duquia et al. (2014) and the University of North Carolina at Chapel

Hill (n.d). Textual data summaries are a common genre for authors. And this is

typically the best communication strategy for clear results.

Experimental Research, as we understand it, is a collection of research

designs that use manipulation and controlled testing to understand casual

processes. According to Babbie (1998) and Harappa (2021), experimental

research follows a specific research design. It includes a theory, a manipulable

variable that the researcher can use, and quantifiable, calculable, and

compareable variables. It is a Scientific Approach to Research that employs two

variables: independent and dependent variables; And Non-Experimental

Research
 It collect data without intervening or administering treatments to their

subjects. Nonexperimental designs, according to Amy Glasofer and Ann B.

Townsend (2020) and Jill H. Lobmeier (2010), include research designs in

which an experimenter simply describes a group or examines relationships

between pre-existing groups. There is no manipulation of an independent

variable in non-experimental research, no requirement for a control group, and

no random group assignment as in experimental and quasi-experimental

designs.

Based on the reading provided, quantitative research generates

knowledge and creates an understanding of the social world. It provides

measurable statistics and research is a way to learn about a particular group of

people, known as a sample population. Using scientific inquiry, quantitative

research relies on data that are observed or measured to examine questions

about the sample population that work to quantify the opinions and attitudes of

the research participants and it is used to test theories about people's attitudes

and behavior based on numerical and statistical evidence.

Hence, quantitative research is a systematic investigation that performs

statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques. That process of collecting

and analyzing relies on gathering numerical data points. This type of research
can be used to find patterns and averages, make predictions, test causal

relationships, and generalize results to larger populations; it is the inverse of

qualitative research.

References:

 Coghlan, D., Brydon-Miller, M. (2014). The SAGE encyclopedia of action

research. University Of Texas Arlington. Retrieved from

https://libguides.uta.edu/quantitative_and_qualitative_research/quant?fbcli

d=IwAR22vTWcFfuIu33QlDwXgrTuw924qpFVJoV69rU4LOKbLEZGP3k9

OjiCC2E

 Nancy A. Burrell & Clare Gross (2017). Quantitative Research, Purpose of.

Retrieved from https://methods.sagepub.com/reference/the-sage-encyclopedia-

of-communication-research-

methods/i11671.xml?fbclid=IwAR2IQLrSzI6mdR02SGM9YPK5HekN431q54jNM

EnnwI9miNruqi1vvnq2qPo

 DISCOVERPHDS (2020). What is a Research Instrument? Retrieved from

https://www.discoverphds.com/blog/researchinstrument?fbclid=IwAR2LOB

8znC_c672dBfsB8f9y9Beb_aXFhB0xGKjz7Or7ShyQ1ZHcE8pfMd4

 insights (2020). What is a research instrument? Retrieved from

https://www.editage.com/insights/what-is-a-research-

instrument?fbclid=IwAR2ZNOKpIL1AK7HRSbqNXpP1GITqFW299Y7xCH

wdzGXjnc7AcaQK_jvtUr8#:~:text=A%20research%20instrument%20is%2
 0a%20tool%20used%20to,study%20you%20are%20conducting%3A%20q

uantitative%2C%20qualitative%2C%20or%20mixed-method

 Rodrigo Pereira Duquia, João Luiz Bastos, Renan Rangel Bonamigo,

David Alejandro González-Chica, and Jeovany Martínez-Mesa (2014).

Presenting data in tables and charts. Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia.

Retrieved from

https://www.scielo.br/j/abd/a/PrhTXWWk9mGCdkvznypTrdP/?lang=en

 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (n.d.). Figures and Charts. The

Writing Center. Retrieved from https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-

tools/figures-and-

charts/?fbclid=IwAR2ZNOKpIL1AK7HRSbqNXpP1GITqFW299Y7xCHwdz

GXjnc7AcaQK_jvtUr8

 Babbie, Earl. The Practice of Social Research. 8th ed. Detroit: Wadsworth

Publishing Company, 1998. Retrieved from

https://cemast.illinoisstate.edu/downloads/hsrs/types_of_research.pdf

 HARRAPA (2021). Experimental Research: Meaning And Examples Of

Experimental Research. Retrieved from

https://harappa.education/harappa-diaries/experimental-

research/?fbclid=IwAR1LN0tKO34ze7D2n98VZ7-

nuLLkNZhy2cnRDghKxFQ10MpZ824dlMe3znc#heading_1

 Jill H. Lobmeier (2010). Nonexperimental Designs. Retrieved from

https://methods.sagepub.com/reference/encyc-of-research-
 design/n271.xml?fbclid=IwAR2k1XYTQJty1bZLBm0yWIhNBoGt6TlCiKmQ

nwyDRwf8e-Ak3n7bcCIgqZQ

 According to Amy Glasofer and Ann B. Townsend (2020). Determining the

level of evidence Nonexperimental research designs. Critical . Retrieved

from

https://journals.lww.com/nursingcriticalcare/fulltext/2020/01000/determinin

g_the_level_of_evidence__nonexperimental.4.aspx?fbclid=IwAR3z5YciX5

j-NOPboc3P6os08HaViejhoNMR4ooBvFD0aaab-470LpX7CaU