CS578: Internet of Things

Introduction to IoT
Definitions, Characteristics, Applications

Dr. Manas Khatua

Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE, IIT Guwahati
E-mail: manaskhatua@iitg.ac.in

“I have no special talent. I am only passionately curious.” – Albert Einstein

 What is IoT?
 Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of smart physical objects
 physical objects (e.g. devices, vehicles, buildings, etc.) embedded with sensors/actuators,
computation unit, memory unit, power source, and network connectivity,
 which enables the physical object to collect and exchange data,
 analyze the collected data to extract new insight and respond accordingly.

Goal of IoT is to “connect the unconnected”

 “Things” or “objects” that were not supposed to be connected to the Internet

 IoT did the technology transition

in traditional computer networks

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Cont…
• Unifications of technologies:
• Embedded systems,
• Low power and low rate network,
• Internet,
• Big data,
• Data analytics,
• Cloud computing,
• Edge Intelligence
• Software defined networks,
• Network and data security
• Etc.

• Alternate Definition:

“The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects that contain embedded
technology to communicate and sense or interact with their internal states or the external
environment.” – Gartner Research*

* https://www.gartner.com/en/information-technology/glossary/internet-of-things

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 Brief History of IoT
 The term "Internet of things" was likely coined by Kevin Ashton of Procter & Gamble,
later MIT's Auto-ID Center, in 1999.
 “In the 20th century, computers were brains without senses — they only knew what we told them.” Now in the
21st century, computers are sensing things for themselves! – Kevin Ashton

 Early 1980s at the Carnegie Melon University, a group of students created a way to get
their campus Coca-Cola vending machine to report on its contents through a network in
order to save them the trek if the machine was out of Coke.

 In 1990, John Romkey, developer of the first TCP/IP stack for IBM PC in 1983,
connected a toaster to the internet for the first time.

 In 1991, a group of students at the University of Cambridge used a web camera to report
on coffee available in their computer labs coffee pot.

 At the beginning of the 21st Century, LG Electronics introduced the world’s first
refrigerator connected to the internet

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Cont…
 The popularity of the term IoT did not accelerate until 2010/2011 and reached mass
market in 2013-14.

 Definition of the IoT has evolved over time.

2010 onwards
Early 2000
Post 1993
1990

Evolutionary Phases of the Internet

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 Benefits of IoT
• Automation
o Machines can assemble parts with more precision and speed, resulting in fewer errors during
assembly
o Robots can very rapidly detect faults that may not be detected by the human eye

• Predictive Maintenance
o Continuous monitoring of systems and processes to identify key indicators of problems before they
result in downtime or system failure

• Process / Efficiency Improvement

o Process improvement affects every aspect of an operation’s bottom line

• Cost Reduction
o When an organization can improve system uptime, automate processes, reduce the risk of failure and
gain insights that support better decision making, and reduce resource usage, the result is efficiency
and cost savings

• Improved/ New Insights

o IoT systems often act as the eyes and ears on remote, hard-to-reach, or widely distributed equipment
and processes.

• Adaptability
o The ability to adapt to new business requirements, customer needs, and changing conditions, or scale
the deployment in response to business growth or customer requirements
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 IoT vs. WSN
• Wireless Sensor Network (WSN):

– WSN refers to a group of specialized dedicated sensors with a communications

infrastructure.

– WSN is primarily used for monitoring and recording the physical environment
conditions like temperature, sound, pollution levels, humidity, wind, and so on.

– It is designed to acquire, process, transfer, and provide data/information extracted

from the physical world.

– In a WSN, there is no direct connection to the internet. Instead, the various sensors
connect to some kind of router or central node.

• WSN: Resource constraint sensor nodes + wireless network to connect the

nodes + gather some data by sensing the environment.

• IoT: WSN + Internet + App + Cloud computing + Data Analytics + etc…

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 IoT vs. M2M
• Machine-to-Machine (M2M): It is a concept where two or more than two
machines communicate with each other without human interaction using a
wired or wireless mechanism.

Basis of IoT M2M

Connection type via (IP) Network and using various Mainly point-to-point
communication types.
Communication IP based protocol Proprietary protocols
protocol
Internet Internet connection is required not dependent on the Internet
Data Sharing Data is shared with other Data is shared with only the
applications (if required) communicating parties.
Open API Supports Open API integrations. There is no support for Open
API’s
Scalability More devices, more scalable due to Limited devices, less scalable
cloud based architecture than IoT
App. Example Smart home, Smart wearables, etc. Sensor telemetry, ATMs in Bank

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Growth of IoT Devices

IoT Analytics’ prediction

Source: https://iot-analytics.com/state-of-the-iot-2020-12-billion-iot-connections-surpassing-non-iot-for-the-first-time/

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Where is IoT?
Wearable
Tech Devices

Smart Appliances

It’s everywhere!

Industry Automation
and Monitoring
Healthcare
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 Global IoT Market Share
14% Smart Homes Retail < 2%

3%
Wearables Smart Utilities
& Energy
4%

7%
Industrial IoT
Connected Cars
24%

20%* Healthcare 20%*

Personal Health
Smart Cities 26%
Source: https://growthenabler.com/flipbook/pdf/IOT%20Report.pdf

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Global Spending on IoT

Source: https://iot-analytics.com/iot-market-size/

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Smart City

Source: https://depositphotos.com/126025652/stock-illustration-smart-city-concept-and-internet.html

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Smart Home

Source: https://medium.com/@globalindnews/north-america-accounted-for-major-share-in-the-global-smart-home-healthcare-market-in-2015-cc9cc1974ac5

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Smart Healthcare

Source: http://iot.fit-foxconn.com/

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Industrial IoT

Source: https://www.winmate.com/Solutions/Solutions_IoT.asp

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Connected Cars

Source: Vehicular K. Ziadi, M. Rajarajan, “Internet:

Security & Privacy Challenges and Opportunities”,
Future Internet 2015, 7(3), 257-275.

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Google’s Self-Driving Car

Source: https://www.google.com/

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Smart Agriculture

Source: https://in.pinterest.com/pin/515380751093603767/?lp=true

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Livestock Management

Source: https://data-flair.training/blogs/iot-applications-in-agriculture/

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Many More ….

Source: Rajiv Ranjan et. al., “Integrating the IoT

and Data Science” IEEE Cloud Computing, 2018

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 Main Challenges in IoT
Sensors Scale Privacy Security
• Limited resources • millions of devices • which personal • “things” becomes
• Limited types of are connected to data to share connected, so
sensors form IoT with whom security becomes
• how to control complex

Low Power Big data and

Network Data analytics
• Devices should remain connected to the • massive amount of sensor data
Internet for years • different sources and various forms
• High network latency • extract intelligence form the heaps of data

Interoperability
• various protocol, various architecture
• unavailability of standardized platform
• different technology leads to interoperability issue
• Recent IoT standards are minimizing this problem

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Lessons Learned

 Learned about what is IoT

 Learned the genesis of IoT

 Understand the benefits of IoT

 Learned about the market share of IoT

 Understand the real world applications of IoT

 Understand various challenges IoT implementation is facing

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 Figures and slide materials are taken from the following Books:

1. David Hanes et al., “IoT Fundamentals: Networking Technologies, Protocols,

and Use Cases for the Internet of Things”, 1st Edition, 2018, Pearson India.

2. Mayur Ramgir, “Internet of Things: Architecture, Implementation and Security”,

1st Edition, 2020, Pearson India.

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