Campus Journalism

INTRODUCTION

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WEEK 1 TO 3
 Overview of Campus Journalism

Journalism is the practice of gathering, recording, verifying, and

reporting on the information of public importance. Though these general
duties have been historically consistent, the particulars of the
journalistic process have evolved as the ways information is collected,
disseminated, and consumed have changed.
 Course Outcome
1. Determine the significance of journalism from
its history down to its modern cultural
relevance;
2. Recognize the principles of journalism in
sample articles;

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 Course Outcome
3. Create implications for the teaching of Campus
Journalism to future students through the analysis of RA
7079;
4. Convey contentions and possible solutions to issues in
Campus Journalism; and
5. Develop a sense of social responsibility in responding to
events guided by the principles of journalism.

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Introduction to Journalism TOPIC Features of a Campus
Journalist
Definition RA 7079 – Campus
Common Media Forms OUTLINE Journalism Act and the
Press Conference

Overview/Review on The Editorial Board

Media Literacy
IssuesinCampus
History of Journalism in
the World Journalism

History of Journalism and

Campus Journalism in
the Philippines
Principles of Journalism

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 Introduction to Journalism

Journalism is primarily concerned with the collection and

dissemination of news through print media as well as electronic
media. Campus paper is the version of the national newspaper within
an academic institution

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 Common Media Forms

Before getting into the skills of writing journalistic articles, anyone must
have a fixed understanding of the scope of modern-day journalism. Huge as it
is, journalism is everywhere, just as media takes an integral part in all of our
lives. Where there are media, journalism exists.

As a field that is worth working, journalism is one of the most prestigious

careers one can get today. The tools of communication and technology are
television, printed media, and radio. The internet is a more recent addition to
this list. Many students are getting attracted to this field nowadays because a
career in journalism can be challenging as well as highly rewarding.

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 Common Media Forms

Journalism is concerned, primarily, with the collection and dissemination of

news through the print media involves as well as the electronic media. These various
area of work like reporting, writing, editing; photographing, broadcasting, or cable
casting news items. It covers the printed media that comes in the form of
broadsheets, tabloids, newsletters, and magazines.
As regards its etymology, journalism comes from the Latin word, diurnal, which
means daily. That is why there is the word journal - a daily register of one's activities.
Hence, journalism is the communication of day-to-day information, whether through
sounds, pictures, and words. Few places where journalism may appear include
newspapers, magazines, television, radio, and the internet.

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 Common Media Forms

Newspapers are the oldest and most traditional format for the inclusion of journalism.
They are regularly scheduled publications containing news of current events, informative
articles, diverse features, and advertising. Indeed, newspapers originally started life as
'journals', from which the word 'journalism' is derived. During the 19th century, American
journalists relied on sensational stories that were used to excite or anger the public, rather
than to inform them. This form of journalism became known as "yellow' journalism.
Accurate and fact-based reporting became popular again around the time of World War II,
when the restrained style of writing gained a resurgence.
Newspapers played a large role in the development of freedom of expression. Inside
sources with the ability to 'leak' stories to the press often choose newspapers first over any
other medium due to the perceived willingness of their editors to expose corruption and
lies among otherwise respected institutions.

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 Common Media Forms

Magazines, on the other hand, are publications containing a variety of articles that are
generally published on a regular schedule, whether it be weekly, monthly or quarterly. They
usually take a much more relaxed format than newspapers, with a more informal style to
their writing. They are also usually focused on a particular subject or area of interest,
whereas newspaper articles can cover almost any topic. First published in 1731 in London,
The Gentleman's Magazine is considered the first general-interest magazine. Its editor,
Edward Cave (who wrote under the pseudonym "Sylvanus Urban'), was one of the very
firsts to use the term 'magazine'.

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 Common Media Forms

Television news journalism, including radio, is known as news broadcasting and is produced
locally in a newsroom or by a broadcast network. It sometimes also includes such
additional material as sports coverage, weather forecasts, traffic reports, commentary, and
other material that the broadcaster considers relevant to the intended audience. Most
major television channels offer regular news broadcasts throughout the day.

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 Common Media Forms

Internet communications have excelled in the last decade or so, of course, taking the way
news is published with it. There are now an uncountable digitized number of reputable and
not-so-reputable sources of information on the internet. Everything from digitized versions
of the very newspapers that headed up the first print media movements hundreds of years
ago, to independent bloggers reporting their own stories from the comfort of their own
laptops. Because of this, opinions are much easier to come by, and users can seek out the
same story from multiple sources to get more of a balanced view more than they ever could
in the past.
These make the scope of journalism to be very broad indeed, as almost every form of media
these days can be used as an expression of opinion or conduit of information.

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 Overview/Review on Media Literacy

Media literacy is the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and

create media in various forms. This includes the ability to
critically examine and understand the messages and
influences of different types of media, such as television, film,
print, and social media. Media literacy helps individuals
develop the skills necessary to navigate and make informed
decisions about the media they consume.

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 Overview/Review on Media Literacy

It also enables individuals to create their own media

messages, in order to express themselves and participate in
democratic processes. Media literacy education is essential in
today's society, where media plays a central role in shaping
opinions and shaping culture. Media literacy can be taught as
a stand-alone subject or be integrated into other subjects
such as English, Social Studies and Science.

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Principles of Journalism

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 Principles of Journalism

1. Responsibility. Journalists should always be aware of their obligations to their

readers to write the truth whatever it costs. For this reason, journalists must be brave
enough to defend facts and the truth behind the news. In this sense, the journalists'
main responsibility is to be the transmitter of veracity in any issue, and that they are
liable not to the company but to the public.

2. Freedom of the Press. As a basic right, freedom of the press should be safeguarded
by the people of media. In this case, any topic under the sweltering heat of the sun
may be written so long as there is no infraction to the existing laws of the land.

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 Principles of Journalism

3. Independence. Putting forward the life of one or two persons by slashing the welfare
of the general public is a clear violation of this tenet. It, therefore, means that the
services of a journalist should be committed to the interest of the general public and
not driven by the interest of money called "developmental journalism."

4. Objectivity, Truthfulness, and Accuracy. Checking the veracity of data and

information before they are published is an example of being accurate and truthful.
Since facts are the solid foundation of journalism, media men should not therefore
conceal the truth by fabricating facts and by publishing misquoted statements and
erroneous statistics.

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 Principles of Journalism

Objectivity, on the other hand, is simply avoiding conflicts of interest in the treatment
of the articles and the way, arguments and news are written.
Partisan news and biased interviews violate the ideals of journalism; ergo, a journalist
should know the difference between news and opinion. Readers and journalists alike,
believe that newspapers should be objective. Thus, reporters receive training from
those who know journalistic rules and learn to resolve whatever conflict they may
have.

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 Principles of Journalism

Teel and Taylor (1983), as cited by Pangilinan (2012), suggested guidelines to attain a
balanced story whenever journalists face controversial issues.

a. Stick to the facts.

b. Never insert your personal opinion.
c. Be discreet in the use of adjectives.
d. Avoid cheap shots.
e. Somebody with something to say deserves a forum.
f. Assess your alliances. Remember that you are an observer, not a participant.
g. Listen to your editor.

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 Principles of Journalism

5. Fairness. The whole point of advocating objectivity is to be fair in presenting

information in any journalistic field. Remember, the public will see the topic according
to the way journalists present it; hence, reporters should exercise telling the truth and
putting the information in the right perspective.

In this vein, journalists should always present both sides of the coin, both sides of the
argument, and both sides of controversial issues. They should set both avenues for the
opposing parties to ventilate their arguments and points of clarification. With this in
mind, journalists, too, must respect the privacy of individuals, unless, there is a
warrant for a public right. In case there is a mistake, true journalists should rectify the
said error, thus the errata in newspaper.

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Principles of Journalism

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Principles of Journalism

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History of Campus Journalism in the Philippines

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History of Journalism and Campus Journalism in the Philippines

This history of campus journalism is penned by Alixander Haban Escote (August 28, 2008).
According to Jesus Valenzuela in the History of Journalism in the Philippine Islands (1933)
and John Lent in the Philippine Mass Communication (1964), the history of campus
journalism in the Philippines started when the University of Santo Tomas published El
Liliputiense in 1890.

However, Oscar Manalo, Narciso Matienzo,and Virgilio Monteloyola in Ang Pamahayagan (1985)
argued that the history of campus journalism in the country started when the University of the
Philippines published The College Folio, now The Philippine Collegian, in 1910. They also added
that The Torch of the Philippine Normal University, The Guidon of the Ateneo de Manila
University, and The Varsitarian of the University of Santo Tomas were also published two years
later.

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History of Journalism and Campus Journalism in the Philippines

Whatever came first, Carlos Romulo y Pena edited The Coconut, the official student publication of
Manila High School, now the Araullo High School. It was published in 1912 and it is now considered the
first and oldest high school newspaper in the country. In 1923, La Union High School in the Ilocos
Region published The La Union Tab, the first printed and regularly issued high school newspaper in the
country. Since then high school newspapers came out one after the other.

Among these high school newspapers were The Pampangan, Pampanga High School, 1925; The
Leytean, Leyte High School, 1925; The Rizalian, Rizal High School 1926; The Coconut, Tayabas High
School, 1927; The Volcano, Batangas High School 1927; The Toil, La Union Trade School, 1928; The
Samarinian, Samar High School 1928; The Melting Pot, Tarlac High School, 1929; The Granary, Nueva
Ecija High School, 1929; The Torres Torch, Torres High School, 1930; and The Cagayan Student
Chronicle, Cagayan High School, 1931.

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History of Journalism and Campus Journalism in the Philippines

A campus paper may be mimeographed or printed, published ,or released by an

organization or school whose name or logo appears in the masthead or in the editorial
box. The campus paper like any other media has functions. Harold Spears and C.H.
Lawshe Jr. as cited also by Sison et al. (2012), provide the following campus paper's
main functions.

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History of Campus Journalism in the World and in the Philippines

On a 4"×6" sheetof paper, Samuel Fickle Fox penned the first issue of The Students
Gazette on July 11, 1777 at the William Penn Charter School in Philadelphia, USA.
Published continuously until August 1778, when the British soldiers closed the school,
the Gazette is recognized as the first student publication in the English-speaking world.

In the Philippines, The University of the Philippines started publishing its magazine College Folio in
October 1910 and printed the works of the first promising writers in English. In 1912 the graduates
of Manila High School published their English writings in The Coconut The following year, 1913, the
Philippine Normal School introduced its publication, The TORCH. The UP Writers Club which was
organized in 1927 had its literary organ, the Literary Apprentice which became the most prestigious
college literary publication in the country. At about this time UST's Varsitarian began to see
publication.

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History of Campus Journalism in the World and in the Philippines

Watch the video about the History of Philippine Journalism. Study the
significant details.

https://drive.google.com/file/d/16JAP00uAJzR18xX
Eiqi_1UcJJLixy9Yp/view?usp=sharing

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 Aid to Students

a. Provides opportunity for interesting writing

b. Gives students the opportunity to learn how to read the
newspapers
c. Acts as stimulus to better work
d. Develops students' power of observation and
discrimination concerning relative merits of news articles

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 Aid to Students

e. Serves as outlet and motivation for journalistic writing

f. Offers training in organizations, business methods,
commercial arts, salesmanship, bookkeeping and business
management
g. Develops qualities of cooperation, tact, accuracy,
tolerance, responsibility, and leadership

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Aid to School and Community

a. Informs the community of the work of the school

b. Publishes school news
c. Creates and expresses school opinions
d. Makes known the achievements of the school
e. Helps unify the school
f. Encourages and stimulates worthwhile activities

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Aid to School and Community

g. Develops right standard of conduct

h. Provides an outlet for students' suggestions for the
betterment of the school
i. Develops better interschool relationship
j. Develops school spirit
k. Develops cooperation between the parents and the
school

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THE NATIONAL PAPER VERSUS CAMPUS PAPER

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 NATIONAL PAPER

A newspaper is a publication sold and distributed regularly in a fixed interval. It may be monthly, bi-
monthly, weekly, daily, etc. and this is because newspapers fall under the category "periodicals."
Usually, news in newspapers is meant to be persuasive, and this is why some news includes opinions
and comments that stimulate reactions from the readers. Another latent function of newspapers is to
entertain by the use of photos, cartoons, quizzes and other interesting features.

While papers published every day are called dailies, we call those which are published weekly
weeklies. National papers are widely available and easily bought. National papers fall under two
categories the popular paper and the heavy or quality papers. Popular papers present their news in a
lively fashion with easy-to-read articles and many photographs. Heavy or quality papers are printed
with longer articles stressing on important and serious events in the country.

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 NATIONAL PAPER

Some newspaper publishers produce Sunday papers sometimes, with the same nameplate as
the daily papers. These are not Sunday editions of the dailies but instead, they are of different
editors and editorial staff. The reason behind this is the availability of more people to read
during Sundays. The price of the Sunday paper tends to be higher than the regular paper, but
it contains more news.

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 CAMPUS PAPER

The Campus Paper is the version of the national newspaper within an academic institution. In other words, it is a
pioneer in the publishing industry as a free newspaper of the students by students and for the students to circulate
within the academic community. The Campus Paper may broaden its reach like the community and other agencies in
the society. With the advent of the Campus Journalism Act of 1991, otherwise known as Republic Act Numbered
7079, the establishment of campus publication in basic education and in higher learning institutions has been
legalized.

Since the campus paper is run by the students, they have the chance to simulate the daily
newspaper's characteristics at the same time act as journalists in their own fields. I should be noted
that the campus paper is contextualized within the institution; hence, poorly issues should emanate
from the institution before touching local, national and international concerns.

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 CAMPUS PAPER

It is observed that the size and frequency of the paper vary, depending on the policies of the editorial
board, the fund or publication budget and the population of the learning institution. There are higher
learning institutions which collect a campus paper fee that can finance a semestral release of a newsletter,
a tabloid, a magazine, a broadsheet and sometimes a literary folio. The school, too, may decide to release a
special edition of its publication or organ during intramurals and foundation days or on any special
occasions In many instances, though, school papers under the Department of Education opt to release
newspaper due to the consideration of the fund, the population and the scope.

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FEATURE OF A CAMPUS JOURNALIST

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 Features of a Campus Journalist
SOCIAL
It is the duty of a journalist to make sure
the information is presented in a fair,
balanced and truthful manner.
LEGAL PROFESSIONAL
They should know their rights and the rights A journalist has a professional responsibility
of each individual, and they should be sure
they are compliant with legal issues. This
FEATURES OF A to present an accurate portrayal of events
as they occur. This usually is accomplished
will ensure there is no intrusion on matters CAMPUS JOURNALIST through excellent and thorough research. A
of confidentiality and privacy. professional journalist will present only the
facts, leaving out her own opinions.
ETHICAL
Journalists are bound to a code of ethics. An
ethical journalist will provide the audience
with meaningful information, but she also will
know when information is too sensitiveso be
reported.

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WHAT IS RA 7079?

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 What is RA 7079?

An act providing for the Development and Promotion of Campus

Journalism.
One of the most powerful laws that promote the rights of the youth,
yet also one of the most disregarded law
Train students in journalism
Provide students an avenue to practice truth, fairness, and balance.
Safeguard democracy at the campus level
Approved on July 5, 1991

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 What is RA 7079?

It aims to promote the development and growth of Campus

Journalism as a means of :
(section 2 )
1. strengthening ethical values
2. encouraging critical and creative thinking
3. develop moral character and personal discipline of the Filipino
youth

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 What is RA 7079?

Who can be part of the student

(Section 4, Student Publication)

"a student publication is published by the student body through an

editorial board and publication staff composed of students selected
by fair and competitive examinations."

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 What is RA 7079?

Who can be a school paper adviser?

(Sec. 3d , Editorial Board)
At the elementary and high school levels, there is a duly appointed
faculty adviser that forms part of the editorial board. At the tertiary
level, it is optional to have a publication adviser.

(Sec. 6, Publication Adviser )

He or she "shall be selected by the school administration from a list of
recomendees submitted by the publication staff"
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 What is RA 7079?

To what extent does one act as a school paper adviser?

The role of a publication adviser is limited to technical guidance

(Sec. 6) and he or she should not interfere with the contents of
the campus publication.

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WEAKNESS OF R.A 7079

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 WEAKNESS OF RA 7079

1. It legalizes the non-mandatory collection of the publication

fees, which is considered as the lifeblood of most student
publications. The law does not contain any provision that would
mandate school administrations to collect student publication
funds. Instead, it only enumerates the sources where the
student publication funds may be taken. (savings from the
respective school's appropriations ‚student subscription,
donations )
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 WEAKNESS OF RA 7079

2. Section 7 of the law supposedly gives freedom and space for

student journalists to write without fear of any threat of suspension
or expulsion, the qualification made by the Supreme Court on the
said provision by providing exemptions has rendered the security on
tenure provision practically useless. One notable exemption is
"material disruption of class work or involving substantial disorder or
invasion of the rights of others," which is too broad that even a
simple ictual article may fall within its application.

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 WEAKNESS OF RA 7079

3. The law does not make it mandatory for all colleges and
universities in the Philippines to establish student publications.
Neither does the said law require that those student publications
that remain closed until the present be re-opened for the benefit of
students.

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 WEAKNESS OF RA 7079

4. The law does not contain a penalty clause, leaving erring

administrations unscathed. School administrations are able to
commit offense after offense yet suffer no retribution due to
the absence of a penalty provision.

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 WEAKNESS OF RA 7079

5. The Department of Education, Culture and Sports Order No. 94, Series
of 1992, the implementing rules and regulations of the law, contains
simply guidelines on the implementation of its provisions with additional
rules on jurisdiction over cases that may arise from violations of the said
law. As the implementing rules and regulations cannot lawfully narrow or
restrict and expand broaden or enlarge the provisions of the law, DECS
Order No. 1994 naturally carries the weaknesses of Campus Journalism
Act of 1991

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ISSUES IN CAMPUS JOURNALISM

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 WEAKNESS OF RA 7079

Based on the cases documented by the CEGP since 1992, CEGP

student publications nationwide faced systematic assaults including
the following:

1. Harassment of student writers and editors

2. Meddling with editorial policies
3. Actual censorship of editorial content
4. Withholding of publication funds

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 WEAKNESS OF RA 7079

Based on the cases documented by the CEGP since 1992, CEGP student
publications nationwide faced systematic assaults including the following:

5. non-collection of publication fee

6. Padlocking of the publication office
7. Closure of the student publication
8. Suspension and expulsion of student editors and writers
9. Filing of libel charges against them

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CODE OF STUDENT PRESS ETHICS

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 CODE OF STUDENT PRESS ETHICS

Believing that all student publications throughout the world should

respect the basic principles of human rights and that they should maintain
good quality workmanship and a high standard of conduct, the following
Code of Ethics for observance by student journalists is recommended:

The student journalist should strive continuously to be unbiased and

accurate in his/her reports and should equip himself adequately with
facts to support his/ her published statements. He/She should realize
his/her personal responsibility for everything he/she submits for
publication.
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 CODE OF STUDENT PRESS ETHICS

The student journalist should reveal his/her identity as a representative

of the student press before obtaining any interview for publication.

The editor should not exclude a student's point of view solely because
it Is contrary to the editorial policy.

The editor should apologize in print at the, first available opportunity

for all mistakes.

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 CODE OF STUDENT PRESS ETHICS

A student journalist should defend freedom through the honest

collection and publication of news and facts and through the rights of
fair comment and criticism.

A student journalist should respect all confidence regarding sources of

information and private documents. He/She should not falsify
information or documents or distort or misrepresent the facts.

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 CODE OF STUDENT PRESS ETHICS

Student journalists should be familiar with the laws of libel and

contempt of court which exist in their country and should observe the
international copyright agreement unless this interferes with the
freedom of the press or the need to inform the public on vital matters.
Every effort should be made to retain the independence of all students
from public relations, censorship, pressure, or undue influence from
any outside body, political, governmental religious, or in the university.
Official publications of a student union, however, have a particular
responsibility to that union.

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 THE CHARTER OF STUDENT PRESS RIGHTS

The student press, in accordance with The student press, except where it
the right of the United Nations (Draft) is an official organ of a student
Convention on Freedom of Information,
organization, should be free from
should be free from regulations by any
regulations by other student
organ of the government or by the
university authorities;. organizations;

The student press should have

The student press should be free
free access to information and
from all pressures, financial and
the same rights and privileges as
other external groups.
afforded to regularly accredited
journalists.

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 FUNCTIONS OF MODERN CAMPUS PAPER

Information Function Laboratory Function

Opinion Function Documentation Function

Education Function Entertainment Function

Watchdog Function Developmental Function

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