Nickel Cadmium Batteries

Technical Handbook ‘05/‘06

PDF File Technical Handbook

Copyright 2005 Matsushita Battery Industrial Co., Ltd. All rights Reserved. No part of this technical
handbook pdf file may be changed, altered, reproduced in any form or by any means without the
prior written permission of Matsushita Battery Industrial Co., Ltd.

NOTICE TO READERS
It is the responsibility of each user to ensure that each battery application system is adequately
designed safe and compatible with all conditions encountered during use, and in conformance
with existing standards and requirements. Any circuits contained herein are illustrative only
and each user must ensure that each circuit is safe and otherwise completely appropriate for
the desired application.

This literature contains information concerning cells and batteries manufactured by Matsushita
Battery Industrial Co., Ltd. This information is generally descriptive only and is not intended to
make or imply any representation guarantee or warranty with respect to any cells and batteries.
Cell and battery designs are subject to modification without notice. All descriptions and
warranties are solely as contained in formal offers to sell or quotations made by Matsushita
Battery Industrial Co., Ltd., Panasonic Sales Companies and Panasonic Agencies.
NICKEL CADMIUM BATTERIES: TABLE OF CONTENTS

Nickel Cadmium Batteries: Table of Contents

Precautions for Designing Devices with Ni-Cd Batteries .............. 2

Rechargeable Ni-Cd Batteries ........................................................... 6

• Overview
• Construction
• Battery Reactions
• Five Main Characteristics

Charge Methods for Ni-Cd Batteries .............................................. 10

Summary Specification Tables .........................................................23

High Capacity “S” Type ....................................................................24

Rapid Charge “R” Type ....................................................................25

High Rate Discharge and Rapid Charge “P” Type ........................27

Battery Selection ...............................................................................29

• Charts

Individual Data Sheets ......................................................................30

• Specifications
• Dimensions
• Characteristics

Battery Packs .....................................................................................38

Transportation and Disposal Guidelines .......................................41

Glossary of Terms for Ni-Cd Batteries ............................................42

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 1 AUGUST 2005

PRECAUTIONS FOR DESIGNING DEVICES WITH NI-CD BATTERIES

In order to take full advantage of the properties of Ni- 1.5 Rapid Charging
Cd batteries and also to prevent problems due to • To charge batteries rapidly, use the specified
improper use, please note the following points during charger (or charging method recommended by
the use and design of battery operated products. Panasonic) and follow the correct procedures.

Underlined sections indicate information 1.6 Trickle charging (continuous charging)

that is especially important • Carry out trickle charge by applying the current
of 0.02 to 0.05 CmA. The correct current value
1. Charging is determined depending on the features and
1.1 Charging temperature purpose of the equipment.
• Charge batteries within an ambient temperature • Note : “CmA”
range of 0°C to 45°C. During charging and discharging, CmA is a
• Ambient temperature during charging affects value indicating current and expressed as a
charging efficiency. As charging efficiency is best multiple of nominal capacity. Substitute “C” with
within a temperature range of 10°C to 30°C, the battery’s nominal capacity when calculating.
whenever possible place the charger (battery For example, for a l500mAh battery of
pack) in a location within this temperature range. 0.033CmA, this value is equal to 1/30 × 1500, or
• At temperatures below 0°C the gas absorption roughly 50mA.
reaction is not adequate, causing gas pressure
inside the battery to rise, which can activate the 2. Discharging
safety vent and lead to leakage of alkaline gas 2.1 Discharge temperature
and deterioration in battery performance. • Discharge batteries within an ambient tempera-
• Charging efficiency drops at temperatures above ture range of -20°C to +65°C.
40°C. This can disrupt full charging and lead to • Discharge current level (i.e. the current at
deterioration in performance and battery leakage. which a battery is discharged) affects discharg-
ing efficiency. Discharging efficiency is good
1.2 Parallel charging of batteries within a current range of 0.1 CmA to 0.5 CmA.
• Sufficient care must be taken during the design • Discharge capacity drops at temperatures
of the charger when charging batteries con- below -20°C or above +65°C. Such decreases
nected in parallel. in discharge capacity can lead to deterioration in
Consult Panasonic when parallel charging is battery performance.
required.
2.2 Overdischarge
1.3 Reverse charging • Since overdischarging damages the battery
• Never attempt reverse charging. characteristics, do not forget to turn off the
Charging with polarity reversed can cause a switch when discharging, and do not leave the
reversal in battery polarity causing gas pressure battery connected to the equipment for long
inside the battery to rise, which can activate the periods of time. Also, avoid shipping the battery
safety vent, lead to alkaline electrolyte leakage, installed in the equipment.
rapid deterioration in battery performance,
battery swelling or battery rupture. 2.3 High-current discharging
• As high-current discharging can lead to heat
1.4 Overcharging generation and decreased discharging effi-
• Avoid overcharging. Repeated overcharging can ciency, consult Panasonic before attempting
lead to deterioration in battery performance. continuous discharging or pulse discharging at
(“Overcharging” means charging a battery when currents larger than 2 CmA.
it is already fully charged.)

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 2 AUGUST 2005

PRECAUTIONS FOR DESIGNING DEVICES WITH NI-CD BATTERIES-(CONT.)

3. Storage 4.2 Service life with long-term use

• Because batteries are chemical products involv-
3.1 Storage temperature and humidity (short-term)
ing internal chemical reactions, performance
• Store batteries in a dry location with low humidity,
deteriorates not only with use but also during
no corrosive gases, and at a temperature range
prolonged storage.
of -20°C to +45°C.
Normally, a battery will last 3 to 5 years if used
• Storing batteries in a location where humidity is
under proper conditions and not overcharged or
extremely high or where temperatures fall below
overdischarged.
-20°C or rise above +45°C can lead to the
However, failure to satisfy conditions concerning
rusting of metallic parts and battery leakage due
charging, discharging, temperature and other
to expansion or contraction in parts composed of
factors during actual use can lead to shortened
organic materials.
life (or cycle life) damage to products and dete-
rioration in performance due to leakage and
3.2 Long-term storage (2 year, -20°C to +35°C)
shortened service life.
• Because long-term storage can accelerate
battery self-discharge and lead to the deactiva-
5. Design of Products Which Use Batteries
tion of reactants, locations where the tempera-
ture ranges between +10°C and +30°C are 5.1 Connecting batteries and products
suitable for long-term storage. • Never solder a lead wire and other connecting
• When charging for the first time after long-term materials directly to the battery, as doing so will
storage, deactivation of reactants may lead to damage the battery’s internal safety vent, separa-
increased battery voltage and decreased battery tor, and other parts made of organic materials.
capacity. Restore such batteries to original To connect a battery to a product, spot-weld a tab
performance by repeating several cycles of made of nickel or nickel-plated steel to the
charging and discharging. battery’s terminal strip, then solder a lead wire to
• When storing batteries for more than 1 year, the tab.
charge at least once a year to prevent leakage Perform soldering in as short a time as possible.
and deterioration in performance due to self- • Use caution in applying pressure to the terminals
discharging. When using a rapid voltage detec- in cases where the battery pack can be sepa-
tion type battery charger carry out charge and rated from the equipment.
discharge at least once every 6 months. • When rapid charging using the voltage detection
method with a large current (1It or more), or when
4. Service Life of Batteries leaving the battery installed in the equipment, be
sure to follow connecting the precaution listed
4.1 Cycle life
above. Even for other uses, if connecting the
• Batteries used under proper conditions of charg-
precaution listed above is used as much as
ing and discharging can be used 500 cycles or
possible, contact defects in the connection
more.
process can be reduced.
Significantly reduced service time in spite of
proper charging means that the life of the battery
5.2 Material for terminals in products using the
has been exceeded.
batteries
Also, at the end of service life, an unusual in-
• Because small amounts of alkaline electrolyte
crease in internal resistance, or an internal short-
can leak out from the battery seal during extended
circuit failure may occur. Chargers and charging
use or when the safety vent is activated during
circuits should therefore be designed to ensure
improper use, use a highly alkaline-resistant
safety in the event of heat generated upon battery
material for a product’s contact terminals in order
failure at the end of service life.
to avoid problems due to corrosion.
Please contact Panasonic if you have any ques-
tions. High Alkaline-resistant Metals Low Alkaline-resistant Metals
Nickel, stainless steel, nickel- Tin, aluminum, zinc, copper,
plated steel, etc. brass, etc.
(Note that stainless steel generally results in higher contact resistance.)

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 3 AUGUST 2005

PRECAUTIONS FOR DESIGNING DEVICES WITH NI-CD BATTERIES-(CONT.)

5.3 Temperature related to the position of batteries in 6.2 Short-circuiting

products • Never attempt to short-circuit a battery. Doing
• Excessively high temperatures (i.e. higher than so can damage the product and generate heat
45°C) can cause alkaline electrolyte to leak out that can cause burns.
from the battery, thus damaging the product and
shorten battery life by causing deterioration in the 6.3 Throwing batteries into a fire or water
separator or other battery parts. Install batteries • Disposing of a battery in fire can cause the
far from heat-generating parts of product. The battery to rupture. Also avoid placing batteries in
best battery position is a battery compartment water, as this causes batteries to cease to
that is composed of an alkaline-resistant material function.
which isolates the batteries from the product’s
circuitry. This prevents damage caused by a 6.4 Soldering
slight leakage of alkaline electrolyte from the • Never solder anything directly to a battery. This
battery. Be careful particularly when trickle can destroy the safety features of the battery by
charging is carried out (for continuous charging). damaging the safety vent inside the cap.

5.4 Discharge end voltage 6.5 Inserting the batteries with their polarities re-
• Overdischarge and reverse charge of the battery versed
deteriorate battery characteristics. This can be • Never insert a battery with the positive and
caused by several actions, such as forgetting to negative poles reversed, as this can cause the
turn off the power. Installing an overdischarge battery to swell or rupture.
cutoff circuit is recommended in order to avoid
overdischarge and reverse charge. 6.6 Overcharging at high currents and reverse
• The discharge end voltage is determined by the charging
formula given below. • Never reverse charge or overcharge with high
currents (i.e. higher than rated). Doing so causes
Number of Batteries Arranged Serially
rapid gas generation and increased gas pres-
1 to 6 (Number of batteries x 1.0) V
sure, thus causing batteries to swell or rupture.
7 to 20 ((Number of batteries -1) x 1.2) V
• Charging with an unspecified charger or specified
charger that has been modified can cause
5.5 Overdischarge (deep discharge) prevention batteries to swell or rupture. Be sure to indicate
• Overdischarging (deep discharging) or reverse this safety warning clearly in all operating instruc-
charging damages the battery characteristics. In tions as a handling restriction for ensuring safety.
order to prevent damage associated with
forgetting to turn off the switch or leaving the 6.7 Installation in equipment (with an airtight battery
battery in the equipment for extended periods, it is compartment)
hoped that preventative options are incorporated • Always avoid designing airtight battery compart-
in the equipment. At the same time, it is ments. In some cases, gases (oxygen, hydro-
recommended that leakage current is minimized. gen) may be given off, and there is a danger of
Also, the battery should not be shipped inside the the batteries bursting or rupturing in the presence
equipment. of a source of ignition_(sparks generated by a
motor switch, etc.).
6. Prohibited Items Regarding the Battery
Handling 6.8 Use of batteries for other purposes
• Panasonic assumes no responsibility for prob- • Do not use a battery in an appliance or purpose
lems resulting from batteries handled in the for which it was not intended. Differences in
following manner. specifications can damage the battery or appli-
ance.
6.1 Disassembly
• Never disassemble a battery, as the electrolyte
inside is strong alkaline and can damage skin and
clothes.

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 4 AUGUST 2005

PRECAUTIONS FOR DESIGNING DEVICES WITH NI-CD BATTERIES-(CONT.)

6.9 Short-circuiting of battery packs 7. Other Precautions

• Special caution is required to prevent short- • Batteries should always be charged prior to use.
circuits. Care must be taken during the design of Be sure to charge correctly.
the battery pack shape to ensure batteries cannot
be inserted in reverse. Also, caution must be 8. Final Point to Bear in Mind
given to certain structures or product terminal • In order to ensure safe battery use and to prolong
shapes which can make short-circuiting more the battery performance, please consult
likely. Panasonic regarding charge and discharge
conditions for use and product design prior to the
6.10 Using old and new batteries together release of a battery-operated product.
• Avoid using old and new batteries together. Also
avoid using these batteries with ordinary dry-cell
batteries, Ni-MH batteries or with another
manufacturer’s batteries.
Differences in various characteristic values, etc.,
can cause damage to batteries or the product.

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 5 AUGUST 2005

RECHARGEABLE NI-CD BATTERIES

Responding to the Technological Revolution with Consistent Reliability!

Overview
Rechargeable Ni-Cd batteries are one type of alkaline and improvements in order to meet the ever-increas-
storage battery, which is classified as a secondary ing needs and demands of the market. As a result,
battery. Ni-Cd batteries use nickel hydroxide as the our rechargeable Ni-Cd batteries are used for all
positive electrode, cadmium as the negative elec- types of applications throughout the world.
trode, and an alkaline electrolyte. They are desig- Panasonic has also applied many original technologi-
nated by IEC 285 as alkaline secondary cells and cal developments in our rechargeable Ni-Cd batter-
batteries “Sealed nickel-cadmium cylindrical re- ies, including the fabrication of the negative electrode
chargeable single cells”. First invented by Jungner of by a pasted method, the fabrication of the positive
Sweden in 1899, the basis for practical application of electrode by a sintered method or by using a new
rechargeable Ni-Cd batteries was made possible foamed metal material, and the use of a new thin
about 50 years later by the development of the totally type separator, thus achieving ever-higher levels of
sealed cell by Neumann of France. reliability and performance.

Ever since our development and practical application

of rechargeable Ni-Cd batteries in 1961, for over 30
years Panasonic has continued to make innovations

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 6 AUGUST 2005

RECHARGEABLE NI-CD BATTERIES - CONTINUED

Construction

Rechargeable Ni-Cd batteries are comprised of a

positive electrode plate which uses nickel hydroxide
as its main active material, a negative electrode plate Cap (+) Safety Valve
Sealing Plate
which uses a cadmium compound as its main active Insulation Gasket
Insulation Ring
material, a separator made of a thin non-woven Positive
fabric, an alkaline electrolyte, a metal case, a sealing Electrode
Collector
plate provided with a self-sealing safety valve, and
Negative Electrode
other components. The positive and negative elec-
trode plates, isolated from each other by the separa- Separator
Case
tor, are rolled in a spiral shape inside the case and
( )
sealed by the sealing plate by means of an insulation Positive Electrode

gasket. In battery types which are designed for high-

current discharge, such as the “P” Series, our unique Negative
collection system is used for the collectors of the Electrode
Collector
positive and negative electrode plates. By making the
side walls of the metal case thinner, it became
possible for the battery to be lighter in weight and to Figure 1 Construction

have a larger internal volume than previous models.

Battery Reactions
Generally, in rechargeable cells there are three The battery is designed so that the capacity of the
different electro-chemical reactions: the discharge negative electrode is larger than that of the positive
reaction which supplies electrical power to the load of electrode, and the gas generated at the positive
the battery, the charge reaction which restores that electrode is absorbed by reacting with the unreacted
electrical power, and the oxygen gas generation part of the negative electrode, thus making it possible
reaction resulting from the electrolysis of water on for the battery to be completely sealed. In this design,
the positive electrode which occurs after the comple- the reactions become as follows.
tion of charge, or, in other words, during overcharge.
For rechargeable Ni-Cd batteries, the charge and
2OH - + H 2 O + 2e -
1
Positive /2 O 2
discharge reactions are illustrated by the formula
shown below.
Cd + /2 O 2 + H 2 O
1
Negative Cd(OH) 2
The special characteristic of these reactions is that Cd(OH) 2 + 2e - Cd + 2OH -
the alkaline electrolyte, for example, potassium
hydroxide (KOH), does not apparently contribute
directly to the reactions.

Positive Negative Discharge

2NiOOH + Cd + 2H 2O 2Ni(OH) 2 + Cd(OH) 2

nickel metal Water Charge Nickel Cadmium
oxyhydroxide Cadmium hydroxide hydroxide
(1st)

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 7 AUGUST 2005

RECHARGEABLE NI-CD BATTERIES - CONTINUED

Five Main Characteristics of Ni-Cd Batteries

Ni-Cd batteries have five main characteristics: 2. Discharge Characteristics
charge, discharge, cycle life, storage, and safety. The discharge characteristics of Ni-Cd batteries will
vary according to the current, temperature, and other
1. Charge Characteristics factors. Generally, in comparison with dry-cell batter-
The charge characteristics of Ni-Cd batteries are ies, there is less voltage fluctuation during discharge,
affected by the current, time, temperature, and other and even if the discharge current is high, there is
factors. Increasing the charge current and lowering very little drop in capacity. Among the various types
the charge temperature causes the battery voltage to of Ni-Cd batteries, there are models such as
rise. Charge generates heat, thus causing the battery Panasonic’s “P” type which are specifically designed
temperature to rise. Charge efficiency will also vary to meet the need for high-current discharge, such as
according to the current, time, and temperature. for power tools, and there are also models such as
For rapid charge, a charge control system is re- the Rapid Charge type which are designed to meet
quired; refer to the following section on the charge the need for high capacity, such as for high-tech
methods for Ni-Cd batteries. devices.

Typical Charge Characteristics Typical Self-discharge Characteristics

1.8
Battery: Typical AA size
1.7 Charge: 50mA (0.1It)x15hrs 100
1.6
Capacity Ratio (%)
0˚C 0˚C
1.5 80
Voltage (V)

20˚C
1.4 45˚C 20˚C
1.3 60 Capacity test conditions
1.2 Battery : P-100AASJ
40 Charge : 100mA (0.1It) X 15hrs.
1.1
Storage : Each length of time at
1.0 each temperature
20 Discharge : 200mA (0.2 It),
0.9
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 45˚C cut-off voltage 1.0V
Temperature : 20˚C
Charge Time (hours) 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Storage Time (months)

Typical Discharge Characteristics

(Comparison with Dry-cell)

1.6 1.0
Batteries: Typical AA size Ni-Cd battery and
Typical AA size dry-cell battery
Discharge: 100mA Temp. : 20˚C
1.4 0.8
Ni-Cd batter y dis Interanl Resistance ( )
charge voltage
Voltage (V)

1.2 0.6

1.0 0.4
Dr scha
di
y-

Dry-cell battery
ce rge

internal resistance
ll b vo
at lta
te ge
ry

0.8 0.2

Ni-Cd battery internal resistance

0.6 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Discharge Time (hours)

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 8 AUGUST 2005

RECHARGEABLE NI-CD BATTERIES - CONTINUED

3. Cycle Life Characteristics 5. Safety

The cycle life of Ni-Cd batteries will vary according to If pressure inside the battery rises as a result of im-
the charge and discharge conditions, the tempera- proper use, such as overcharge, short-circuit, or re-
ture, and other usage conditions. When used in verse charge, a resetable safety valve will function to
accordance with the IEC charge and discharge release the pressure, thus preventing bursting of the
specifications, over 500 charge/discharge cycles are battery.
possible. The actual cycle life will vary according to
which of the various charge formats is used, such as
for rapid charge, and also according to how the
device powered by the batteries is actually used.

Typical Cycle Life Characteristics

120

100
Capacity Ratio (%)

80

60

40

20 IEC Charge and Discharge Conditions

Battery : P-100AASJ
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Number of Cycles

4. Storage Characteristics
When Ni-Cd batteries are stored in a charged state,
the capacity will gradually decrease (self discharge),
and this tendency will be markedly greater at high
temperatures. However, the capacity can be subse-
quently restored by charge. Even if the batteries are
stored for an extended length of time, if the storage
conditions are appropriate, the capacity will be
restored by subsequent charge and discharge.

Typical Capacity Recovery After Storage

100
Capacity Ratio (%)

80

60

Capacity Test Conditions

40 Battery : P-100AASJ
Charge : 100mA (0.1It) X 15hrs.
Storage : 20˚C X 6 months
20 Discharge : 200mA (0.2 It),
cut-off voltage 1.0V
Temperature : 20˚C
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Number of Cycles

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 9 AUGUST 2005

CHARGE METHODS FOR NI-CD BATTERIES

If the charge conditions are not appropriate, not only the state of discharge, the charge current, and the
will the batteries not display their full performance ambient temperature.
potential, but the cycle life could also be shortened,
and in extreme cases, electrolyte leakage could The charge methods for Ni-Cd batteries can be
damage the device in which the batteries are used. generally classified into two types according to the
Therefore, carefully select the appropriate charge purpose for which the batteries are used: cycle use
method, taking into consideration the type of battery, and standby use.

(a) Cycle Use

Classified According to Usage.
(b) Standby Use

(a) Cycle Use (b) Standby Use

The battery is repeatedly charged and discharged. Power is normally supplied to the load from an AC
This is the most common method for using Ni-Cd power supply, and the Ni-Cd battery is used to
batteries. maintain the power supply to the load in the event
that the AC power supply is interrupted.

(1) Methods of Charge for Ni-Cd Battery

The methods of charge for Ni-Cd batteries can be classified as follows according to the purpose of use and the
charge time.
Charge Time Charge Control Method
Cycle Use 1 to 2 hours V Cut-off Charge System

dT/dt Charge System

Voltage-controlled Charge System

*See Note. V-taper Controlled Charge System

Constant-voltage, Constant-current Controlled

Charge System

6 to 8 hours Timer-controlled Charge System

15 hours Semi-constant-current Charge System

Standby Use Continuous Charge Trickle Charge System

* Not a recommended charge method for Ni-Cd batteries

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 10 AUGUST 2005

CHARGE METHODS FOR NI-CD BATTERIES - CONTINUED

(2) General Comparison of the Various Charge Systems

Cycle (Repeated) Use Standby Use
Charge System Semi-constant Timer Controlled
- ∆ V Cut-off Charge dT/dt Cut-off Charge Trickle Charge
Current Charge Charge

VB VB VB VB VB VB VB
Operation Ich VB Ich
VB
Ich
Ich V Ich Ich
VB
Ich
VB: Battery Voltage T

Ich: Charge Current Ich

Ich
T
Ich
T: Battery Temperature 0 15(h) 0 6 - 8(h) 0 1-2 (h) 0 1-2 (h) 0 15 30(h)

* Most typical charge * More reliable than * Most popular * Charging circuit * Simple and
system Semi-constant current costs more than the economical
* Simple and charge system others but overcharge * Applicable to the
Features economical * Relatively simple and can be avoided equipment for
economical enabling longer life continuous long
cycle than - ∆ V charge
charge method
No. of Output
2 2 2 3 2
Terminals
Charge Time 15 hours 6 to 8 hours 1 to 2 hours 1 to 2 hours 30 hours or longer

Charge Current 0.1 CmA 0.2 CmA 0.5 to 1 CmA 0.5 to 1 CmA * frequent charge: 0.05-
0.033 CmA
* less frequent charge:
Trickel Current --- 0.05-0.033 CmA 0.05-0.033 CmA 0.05-0.033 CmA
0.033-0.02 CmA
Charge Level at
--- approx. 120% approx. 110 to 120% approx. 100 to 110% ---
Charge Control
"S" Type --- --- ⊗ Ο ---
"R" Type Ο Ο ⊗ Ο ---
"P" Type Ο Ο ⊗ ⊗ ---
* Shavers * Cordless Phone * Data Terminals * Power Tools * Emergency lights
Application Examples * Digital cordless phones * Shavers * Camcorder * Electric Tools * Guide lights
* Toys * Wireless equipment * Notebook PC * Memory back-up
* Cellular phones * Cellular phones
⊗: Most recommended
Ο: Acceptable

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 11 AUGUST 2005

CHARGE METHODS FOR NI-CD BATTERIES - CONTINUED
(2) General Comparison of the Various Charge Systems - Continued

For Reference Only (Not Recommended for the Main Charge Control System for Ni-Cd Batteries.)

Charge System Voltage Controlled V-taper Controlled Charge Constant-voltage, Constant-current

Charge System System Controlled Charge System

VB CV
Operation VB VB VB VB
VB
VB: Battery Voltage Ich Ich Ich Ich
Ich: Charge Current
Ich
T: Battery Temperature Ich
CV: Constant Voltage
0 1(h) 0 1(h) 0 1(h)

* Not recommended for * Not recommended for the * Not recommended for the main
the main charge control main charge control system charge control system for Ni-Cd
system for Ni-Cd for Ni-Cd batteries. batteries.
Features batteries * Recommended charge
control system for sealed
lead acid batteries.

No. of Output Terminals --- --- ---

Charge Time --- --- ---
Charge Current --- --- ---
Trickel Current --- --- ---
Charge Level at --- --- ---
Charge Control
"S" Type --- --- ---
"R" Type --- --- ---
"P" Type --- --- ---
Application Examples --- ---

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 12 AUGUST 2005

CHARGE METHODS FOR NI-CD BATTERIES - CONTINUED

(3) Details of Each Charge Method

Semi-constant-current Charge System VB = Battery voltage (Vc x N)

R = Charge current stabilizing resistance
(1) Mechanism
Ich = Charge current
(A) Mechanism
A resistance is positioned between the DC power
supply and the battery, thus stabilizing the charge
current. By keeping the charge current low enough
that the battery does not generate any heat, this
(K) is the stabilizing constant and must be selected in
method performs charge without using any control.
accordance with the purpose of the device in which
the battery pack is used.
VB : Battery Voltage
Ich : Charge Current
VB t : Charge Time (2) Features
Ich • The standard charge method for Ni-Cd batteries.
VB • The charger construction is simple and
inexpensive.

(3) General Specifications

Ich
Typical General
0 t
Specifications
Number of Charger Output Terminals 2
Fig. 1 Charge Characteristics of the Semi-constant-current Charge Current 0.1CmA
Charge System Charge Time 15 hours
Applicable Battery Types R P

(4) Cautions
R Ich • If the specific conditions of the device require that
a charge rate higher than 0.1 CmA be used, the
DC Power Supply

Battery Pack

overcharge performance and temperature rise

characteristics will vary according to the battery
to Charge

VO VB
type. Consult Panasonic for further details and
specifications.
• If a large number of battery cells are used, or if
batteries having a high nominal capacity are used,
or if the heat dissipation of the battery pack is
Fig. 2 Circuit Block Diagram of the Semi-constant-current poor, the batteries may generate heat even when
Charge-system charged at 0.1 CmA. In such cases, it is
necessary to re-design the construction for better
heat dissipation or to lower the charge current.
(B) Calculation Example Design so that the battery temperature rise at
The calculation formula for the block diagram of the saturation is no higher than 50°C.
semi-constant-current charge system shown in Fig.
• The value of the above-mentioned stabilizing
1 is as follows.
constant (K) must be selected carefully. If the
Vo = Output voltage of the DC power supply for
value of K is too small, the fluctuation of the
charge
charge current with respect to the fluctuation of
Vc = Single-cell battery voltage (1.45 V/cell: average
the power supply voltage will increase, and this
battery voltage during charge at 20°C, 0.1 CmA)
could cause insufficient charge or overcharge.
N = Number of cells used

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 13 AUGUST 2005

CHARGE METHODS FOR NI-CD BATTERIES - CONTINUED

• When the batteries reach the end of their cycle (2) Features
life, the usage time will become markedly shorter, • Compared with the semi-constant-current charge
and eventually two malfunction modes will occur: system (non-controlled), the addition of a charge
an internal short-circuit and the exhaustion of the timer improves the long-term reliability of charge.
electrolyte (the internal resistance will increase). • The construction of the charge circuit is relatively
Therefore, when designing the charger and the simple and inexpensive.
charge circuit, these malfunction modes (output
short-circuit, etc.) at the end of the cycle life must General Specifications
be taken into consideration. Special care is Typical General
required regarding the rated load of the charge Specifications
current stabilizing resistance R so that an Number of Charger Output Terminals 2
overload does not occur at the time of these Charge Current 0.2CmA
Charge Time 6 hours
battery malfunction modes.
Charge Level Until Timer Stops 120%
Trickle Charge Current 0.05CmA
Timer-controlled Charge System Applicable Battery Types S R P

(1) Mechanism
At the start of charge, an IC timer is started (counts (3) Cautions
• This method is not appropriate for applications in
up), and charge is continued at a current of 0.2 CmA
for a specified time until the timer stops. After the which the timer is frequently reset (charge is
timer stops, trickle charge continues at 0.05 CmA. restarted).
• If frequent resetting of the timer is required, or if
the specific conditions of the device require that a
charge rate higher than 0.2 CmA be used (for
to : Timer Starts
tc : Timer Stops example, timer-controlled charge at 0.3 CmA), it
VB
is necessary to combine this method with an
Ich VB absolute temperature cut-off charge system.
• The overcharge performance will vary according
to the battery type.

Ich - ∆ V Cut-off Charge System

(1) Mechanism
to tc t If rapid charge Ni-Cd batteries are charged at a
constant current, the battery voltage will increase as
Fig. 3 Charge Characteristics of the Timer-controlled Charge charge progresses, peak when charge is completed,
System
and then subsequently decrease. Because this
voltage drop occurs regardless of the discharge level
or ambient temperature, it can be effectively used to
detect the completion of charge. The -∆V cut-off
Current charge system controls charge by detecting the
voltage drop (-∆V) following the peak.
Controller
DC Power Supply

Battery Pack
to Charge

Current
Timer Detector

Fig. 4 Circuit Block Diagram of the Timer-controlled Charge

System

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 14 AUGUST 2005

CHARGE METHODS FOR NI-CD BATTERIES - CONTINUED

(2) Features
• The most common control method for rapid
charge. VB V
• The most recommended and widely used VB
Ich
method for the rapid charge of Ni-Cd batteries for
Ich
use in high-tech devices (for example, portable
VCR, notebook PC, digital cordless and cellular
phones, etc.).

0 t

Fig. 5 Charge Characteristics of the - V Cut-off Charge

System

(3) General Specifications

Typical General Specifications Remarks

Number of Charger Output Terminals 2
Charge Current 0.5 to 1.0 CmA See (5) in Fig. 6
Charge Time 1 to 2 hours
Charge Level at -∆V Cut-off approx. 110 to 120%
Trickle Charge Current 0.05 CmA See (6) in Fig. 6
-∆V Value 15 to 20 mV/cell See (3) in Fig. 6
Charge Mode Switching (1) See (2) in Fig. 6
1.95 V/cell
(From Rapid Charge to Trickle Charge)
Charge Mode Switching (2)
0.8 to 1.0 V/cell See (4) in Fig. 6
(From Initial Charge to Rapid Charge)
Initial Charge Current approx. 0.2 CmA See (7) in Fig. 6
Total Timer Time Time corresponding to a 150% charge level of See (8) in Fig. 6
the nominal capacity at the rapid charge current
Initial Delay Timer approx. 5 min. See (1) in Fig. 6
Safety Device Thermal protector (included in the battery pack) See Fig. 7 and 8
Applicable Battery Types S R P

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 15 AUGUST 2005

CHARGE METHODS FOR NI-CD BATTERIES - CONTINUED
(3) Precautions predetermined level, set the charge current to
• This method is suitable for rapid charge Ni-Cd approximately 0.2 CmA. (See (5) and (7) in Fig. 6)
batteries. • Provide a total timer in the charge circuit as a
• The charge current should be 0.5 CmA ~ 1 CmA. double-safety control. (See (8) in Fig. 6)
If charged at less than 0.5 CmA, the voltage drop • A thermal protector (thermostat) and other safety
after the peak voltage is reached might be too devices are needed inside the battery pack to
small for the -∆V cut-off to function, resulting in ensure the safety of rapid charge. (See Figs. 7
overcharge. The maximum charge current will and 8.)
vary according to the specific type of battery, so it • Especially for devices where charge is frequently
is important to select the appropriate charge performed at high temperatures or low
current. (See (5) in Fig. 6) temperatures (for example, chargers designed to
• A constant-current power supply circuit is be used in an automobile), in order to increase
required. If fluctuations in the charge current charge reliability, the charger is provided with a
occur as a result of fluctuations in the power function that detects the temperature of the
supply voltage, the charge voltage will change, batteries and switches to trickle charge if the
and faulty operation (stopping of charge before temperature is not within the specified range for
completion) of the charger might occur. rapid charge. Therefore, a thermistor or other
• The voltage detector shown in the block diagram temperature-detecting element must be provided
must be provided with a noise canceller in order inside the battery pack, and the battery pack will
to prevent external noise from causing faulty have a 3-terminal construction. (See (9) in Fig. 6
operation (stopping of charge before completion) and Fig. 7)
of the charger.
• An initial delay timer is needed in order to prevent
faulty operation (stopping of charge before 2 Charge mode switching (1)
Switches to trickle charge when volt-
completion) of the charger from being caused by 1 Voltage drop (- V) is not age of 1.95V/cell is detected.

any false -∆V phenomenon at the beginning of

detected for the first 5 min.
of charge 3 Switches to trickle charge
VB when voltage drop (- V) of
charge. 15-20mV/cell is detected

False -∆V phenomenon: When Ni-Cd batteries Ich VB

are left unused for a long period of time or 4 Charge mode
switching (2)
Swithes to rapid charge
excessively discharged, the charge voltage (false at voltage of 0.8-1.0V/cell

-∆V) may swing at the beginning of charge. (See

4
5
Ich
5 Rapid charge current of
(1) in Fig 6) 0.5 CmA or higher (max-

Initial delay timer: Prevents the -∆V detection

imum charge current de-
termined according to
the specific type of bat- 6 Trickle charge current
of 0.05 CmA for 15 hours
circuit from functioning for a certain length of time 7
tery).
7 Initial charge current of
approx. 0.2 CmA.
after rapid charge is begun. 6

• Be sure that the -∆V value is correct. If it is not, t

faulty operation (overcharge or insufficient 8 Rapid-charge total timer (counts up to time corresonding to 150% of

charge) of the charger might occur. (See (1) in the nominal capacity).
9 Temperature range for rapid charge 10 to 40˚C
(Temperature detected by a thermistor.)
Fig. 6)
• A voltage detection switch must be provided in
order to change from the rapid-charge current to Fig. 6 Typical - V Cut-off Charge System
the trickle charge current when the charge voltage
reaches the predetermined level.
This predetermined level varies according to the
type of battery, so consult Panasonic for the +
specific level. The trickle charge current should
be 0.05 CmA. (See (2) and (6) in Fig. 6)
• If a voltage detection switch is provided in order to -
switch the charger to the rapid charge mode, set
Thermal Protector
the voltage value to 0.8 to 1.0 V/cell. In addition, for
the period of initial charge (before the start of rapid Fig. 7 Basic Battery Pack Circuit
charge) until the battery voltage reaches the

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 16 AUGUST 2005

CHARGE METHODS FOR NI-CD BATTERIES - CONTINUED

+
Thermal Protector

Thermistor
T
Temperature is detected by the thermistor

Fig. 8 Battery Pack Circuit for Low-temperature or High-

temperature Charge

Trickle Charge System

There are generally two types of uses for trickle
charge; As a standby power supply for devices such
as emergency lights, and for additional charge
following rapid charge. When used as a standby
power supply, the appropriate charge current varies
according to the frequency of discharge.

VB
I ch
VB

I ch

0 t

Fig. 9 Charge Characteristics of the Trickle Charge System

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 17 AUGUST 2005

CHARGE METHODS FOR NI-CD BATTERIES - CONTINUED

(1) Mechanism (2) Features

While the AC power is being supplied, the battery is • Mainly used as a standby power supply for
disconnected from the load and is charged by a very emergency lights and other disaster-prevention
small current which only replenishes the self-dis- equipment.
charge of the battery. Only in the event of an interrup- • The main purpose of trickle charge is to replenish
tion in the AC power supply does power flow from the the self-discharge of the battery, using a very
battery to the load. small charge current of 0.02 to 0.05 CmA.
It takes many hours to completely charge.

(3) General Specifications (Trickle Charge Current)

Applications with Frequent

Standby Power Discharge 0.033~
Supply Example: Back-up Power 0.05CmA
Supply for Computers

Applications with Infrequent

Trickle 0.02~
Discharge
Charge 0.033CmA
Example: Emergency Lights

Additional Charge
Following Rapid 0.05CmA
Charge

(4) Precautions
• The trickle charge current for use as a standby VB
power supply should be set to a level at which I ch VB
charge will be completed by time of the next
discharge, taking into consideration the frequency
of discharge and the discharge current. I ch
• If recovery charge at a relatively large current (for
example, 0.1 CmA) is required, combine trickle
charge with some other suitable charge control
system (for example, timer-control charge). 0 t

Fig. 10 Charge Characteristics of the Voltage-controlled

Voltage-controlled Charge System (for Charge System
Reference Only)
(1) Mechanism
The charge voltage at the completion of charge is
Current
detected (the detection voltage can be freely set) by a Controller
T
voltage detection circuit inside the charger, and the
DC Power Supply

Battery Pack

charger switches from rapid charge to trickle charge. Voltage

Switch
for Charge

To compensate for temperature-related fluctuations in T.P.

the charge voltage of Ni-Cd batteries, temperature Total Timer
compensation is added to the detection voltage.
T.: Thermistor
T.P.: Thermal Protector

Fig. 11 Circuit Block Diagram of the Voltage-controlled

Charge System

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 18 AUGUST 2005

CHARGE METHODS FOR NI-CD BATTERIES - CONTINUED

(2) Features or overcharge (thermal runaway) can easily occur.

This method is rarely used today, and it is not appro- Therefore, this method should never be used as the
priate for the charge control system for Ni-Cd batter- main charge control system for Ni-Cd batteries.
ies. V-taper Controlled Charge System
Matching the charger to the batteries is extremely This is the charge control method recommended for
difficult, and if the detection voltage of the charger is Sealed Lead Acid batteries, and it is not recommended
not set correctly, insufficient charge or overcharge for charge Ni-Cd batteries.
(thermal runaway) can easily occur.
(1) Mechanism
General Specifications This system is basically the same as the voltage-
Typical General controlled charge system already described. However,
Specifications in the V-taper controlled charge system, after the set
Number of Charger
Output Terminals
2 voltage is detected at the completion of charge, the
Charge Current 0.5 ~ 1.0 CmA
1 to 2 hours (complete charge is
Charge Time difficult even with a longer charge VB VB
time)
I ch
Charge Level at Voltage Approx. 70% I ch
Control
Trickle Charge Current 0.05 CmA V-taper Controlled
Charge System
(Detection voltage must be
Detection Voltage compensated for the
Voltage-Controlled
temperature.)
Charge System
Safety Device Thermal protector + total timer
(Not recommended for use as the
Applicable Battery Types main charge control system for 0 t
Ni-Cd batteries.)
Fig. 12 Charge Characteristics of the V-taper Controlled
(3) Precautions Charge System
• The setting of the detection voltage is extremely
difficult. The setting of the detection voltage and
of the temperature compensation must be done
carefully, taking into consideration the variations Current
and fluctuations of the batteries and of the Controller
T
DC Power Supply

charger as indicated below, and in order to avoid

Battery Pack
V-1
overcharge (thermal runaway), the detection CR
for Charge

Con- T.P.
Timer
ver ter
voltage is generally set for insufficient charge.
Voltage
Batteries: Single-cell and multi-cell (battery pack) Total Timer Switch

variations in the charge voltage, and fluctuation of

the charge voltage caused by the ambient T.: Thermistor
T.P.: Thermal Protector
temperature.
Charger: Variations in the adjustment of the set
detection voltage, and fluctuation of the detection Fig. 13 Circuit Block Diagram of the V-taper Controlled
voltage caused by the ambient temperature. Charge System
• The charge voltage increases in batteries which
have been left unused for a long period of time,
and during charge the charge voltage will quickly rapid charge current is supplied as a tapered current,
reach the charger’s detection voltage. Therefore, decreased at a predetermined rate over a predeter-
if the voltage-controlled charge control system is mined length of time, and then switched to trickle
used to charge batteries which have not been current. Supplying the decreasing taper current makes
used for a long period of time, the charge level will it possible to achieve a higher charge level than with the
be low. Matching the charger to the batteries is voltage-controlled charge system.
extremely difficult, and if the detection voltage of
the charger is not set correctly, insufficient charge

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 19 AUGUST 2005

CHARGE METHODS FOR NI-CD BATTERIES - CONTINUED

(2) Features
• This is the recommended charge control system
VB VB CV
for Sealed Lead Acid batteries.
• In comparison with the voltage-controlled charge I ch CV: Constant Voltage

system, this method is capable of increasing the

charge level by the amount indicated by the
shaded area in Fig. 12. However, just as for the
I ch
voltage-controlled charge system, the setting of
the detection voltage is extremely difficult when
charge Ni-Cd batteries.
0 t

(3) General Specifications

Fig. 14 Charge Characteristics of the Constant-voltage,
Because this system is currently used only as a rapid Constant-current Controlled Charge System
charge method for Sealed Lead Acid batteries, the
specifications are not included here.

(4) Precautions

Charge (Constant Voltage,

Sealed Lead Acid Battery

This charge method is basically the same as the

DC Power Supply for

voltage-controlled charge system, and it is not appro-

Constant Current)
priate for charge Ni-Cd batteries.

Constant-voltage, Constant-current Controlled

Charge system
This is the basic charge system for Sealed Lead Acid
batteries, and it is not recommended for charge Ni-
Cd batteries.
Fig. 15 Circuit Block Diagram of the Constant-voltage,
Constant-current Controlled Charge System
(1) Mechanism
The charge voltage of Sealed Lead Acid batteries
rises sharply at the completion of charge and is
(2) Features
subsequently maintained at that level. The constant-
Because this method is used only for charge Sealed
voltage, constant-current controlled charge system
Lead Acid batteries, the features are not included
utilizes these charge voltage characteristics to
here.
complete (control) charge using only a constant-
voltage power supply with no external control. When
(3) General Specifications
the battery voltage is lower than the constant voltage,
Because this method is used only for charge Sealed
charge is carried out in the constant-current range,
Lead Acid batteries, the specifications are not in-
and when the battery voltage reaches the level of the
cluded here.
constant-voltage, the charge current is decreased to
a trickle current.
(4) Cautions
The charge voltage characteristics of Ni-Cd batteries
exhibit a peak at the completion of charge, and
subsequently drop. Therefore, if the constant-voltage,
constant-current controlled charge system were to
be used to charge Ni-Cd batteries, the charge cur-
rent would be increased again, and thermal runaway
would occur. This method is not suitable, and is not
recommended for charge Ni-Cd batteries.

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 20 AUGUST 2005

CHARGE METHODS FOR NI-CD BATTERIES - CONTINUED

Differences Between the Basic Charge differences, the overcharge voltage characteristics
Methods for Ni-Cd and Valve-Regulated also differ greatly between the two types of batteries.
Lead Acid Batteries (Previously SLA) Therefore, if the incorrect type of charge system is
used, it will be impossible to match the charger to the
(1) Basic Charge Methods batteries, thus leading to problems. The following is a
A comparison of the charge voltage characteristics of summary of the basic charge methods for the two
Ni-Cd batteries and VRLA batteries shows major types of batteries.
differences in the behavior of the charge voltage, • For Ni-Cd batteries: Constant-current controlled
such as at the completion of charge. With Ni-Cd charge system (Semi-constant-current charge
batteries, the charge voltage reaches a peak at the system).
completion of charge and subsequently drops, while • For VRLA batteries: Constant-voltage, constant-
with VRLA batteries, the charge voltage is maintained current control led charge system.
at the high level reached at the completion of charge
and does not subsequently drop. Due to such

(2) General Comparison of the Basic Charge Methods

Batteries Ni-Cd Batteries Sealed Lead Acid Batteries

Constant-current Controlled (Semi-constant-current Charge System) Suitable
Charge System

VB VB
Ich VB VB
Ich

Ich

Ich

0 t 0 t

Constant-voltage, Not Suitable Suitable

Constant-current Controlled
Charge System
VB
CV CV VB
VB Ich
Ich VB

Ich Ich

0 t 0 t

Charge Voltage * The charge voltage of Ni-Cd batteries * The charge voltage of VRLA batteries
Characteristics (Summary) reaches a peak at the completion of charge. rises sharply at the completion of charge,
Subsequently, however, the battery and is subsequently maintained at a
temperature rises as a result of the relatively high level.
overcharge reaction, causing the charge
voltage to drop. In addition, in comparison
with VRLA batteries, the slope of the
voltage at the completion of charge is
relatively moderate.
VB: Battery Voltage 1ch: Charge Current CV: Constant Voltage

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 21 AUGUST 2005

CHARGE METHODS FOR NI-CD BATTERIES - CONTINUED

Confirming the Charge Specifications

In order to be able to fully display the characteristics specifications of the device. Below is a checklist of
of Ni-Cd batteries, it is important to confirm the the points that need to be confirmed regarding the
charge specifications.
Charge Specification Checklist
• Applicable batteries _________ • Total timer
• Number of cells used _________ [ ] Yes hrs.
• Charge power supply [ ] No
[ ] AC__________V • Battery temperature detection function
[ ] DC car battery__________V (Detects the battery temperature and switches to
[ ] Other __________ trickle charge at beginning of charge.)
• Charge temperature °C to__ °C (Standard [ ] Yes, low temperature °C
charge: 0°C to 45°C); (rapid charge: 10°C to 40°C) [ ] Yes, high temperature °C
• Charge type [ ] No
[ ] Cycle use [ ] Absolute temperature cut-off charge
[ ] Standby use • Control temperature ± °C
[ ] Other ___________________________ • Trickle current following absolute temperature
[ ] Semi-constant-current charge control
(non-controlled) [ ] Yes mA
• Charge current mA [ ] No
[ ] Trickle charge • Temperature-detecting elements
[ ] Timer-control charge [ ] Thermistor
• Timer time hrs. B constant ± %
• Trickle current following timer control mA R25°C kW± %
• Timer reset method • Manufacturer’s name __________
[ ] When charge power supply is input Model No. ________
[ ] When battery pack is loaded [ ] Thermostat (bimetal type)
• Reset frequency times/day • Operating temperature ± °C
[ ] - ∆V cut-off charge Manufacturer’s name __________
• Constant-current power supply Model No. ________
[ ] Yes [ ] Other temperature-detecting element
[ ] No Element name __________
• Trickle current following - ∆V control Manufacturer’s name _________
[ ] Yes mA Model No. _________
[ ] No • Retention circuit following completion of charge
• - ∆V value mV/cell [ ] Yes
• Charge mode switch (1) (See Fig. 7.) [ ] No
[ ] Yes ± V/cell • Total timer _________
[ ] No [ ] Yes
• Charge mode switch (2) (See Fig. 7.) [ ] No
[ ] Yes ± V/cell [ ] Other rapid charge control system
[ ] No • Trickle current mA
• Initial charge current mA Summary of the rapid charge system operation
• Initial delay timer
[ ] Yes min.
[ ] No
Two important points for obtaining maximum ate, not only will the batteries not display their full perfor-
performance from Ni-Cd batteries mance potential, but the cycle life could be shortened,
(1) Select a type of battery suitable for the purpose. and in extreme cases, electrolyte leakage could cause
(2) Set the charge characteristics correctly. In damage to the device in which the batteries are used. It
particular, if the charge conditions are not appropri- is important to consult Panasonic from the initial stages
of charger design.

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 22 AUGUST 2005

SUMMARY SPECIFICATION TABLES

Cycle Use
Dimensions with Tube
Nominal Discharge Capacity* (mm) Approx.
Diameter Size IEC Model Number Type Voltage Rated Weight Page
Average
(V) (Min.) Diameter Height (g)
(mAh)**
(mAh)
P-100AASJ/B S 1,080 1,000 23 30
AA AA KR15/51 14.5 +0/-0.7 50.0 +0/-1.0
P-100AASJ/FT S 1,080 1,000 23 30
4/5A KR17/43 P-120AS S 1,280 1,200 43.0 +0/-1.5 26 31
A 17.0 +0/-0.7
A KR17/50 P-140AS S 1,530 1,400 50.0 +0/-1.5 32 32
4/5SC KR23/34 P-120SCJS R 1.2 1,300 1,200 34.0 +0/-1.5 37 33
P-130SCS R 1,450 1,300 47 34
SC P-150SCS R 1,600 1,500 23.0 +0/-1.0 44 35
SC KR23/43 43.0 +0/-1.5
P-170SCS P 1,800 1,650 49 36
P-200SCS P 2,100 2,000 52 37

* 0.2It discharge capacity after charging at 0.1It for 16 hours.

** For reference only.
Battery performance and cycle life are strongly affected by how they are used.
In order to maximize battery safety, please consult Panasonic when determining charge / discharge specs, warning label contents and unit design.

Note: [It] was previously expressed as [C]. [It] is an IEC standard expression for the amount of charge or discharge current and is expressed as: It(A) = Cn (Ah)/1h.
• [It] is the reference test current in ampres
• [Cn] is the rated capacity of the cell or battery in Ampere-hours.
n = the time base [hours] for which the rated capacity is declared
/B = extended positive terminal (Button Top)

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 23 AUGUST 2005

HIGH CAPACITY “S” TYPE
High Capacity “S” Type Batteries for Today’s High-tech Devices

Summary
In addition to providing the increased capacity to meet With their exceptionally high reliability, these batteries
the needs of today’s high-tech devices, these cells can be used under a wide range of ambient
are also capable of rapid charge in approximately 1 temperatures, and they provide excellent cycle life
hour. characteristics.

Application Examples
• Portable CD players
• Wireless equipment and Cordless phones

Battery Line-up (High Capacity “S” Type)

Nominal Discharge capacity* Individual

Model Number Size Average Minimum
voltage (V) Specification
(mAh)** (mAh)
P-100AASJ/B AA 1.2 1,080 1,000 Page # 30
P-100AASJ/FT AA 1.2 1,080 100 Page # 30
P-120AS 4/5A 1.2 1,280 1,200 Page # 31
P-140AS A 1.2 1,530 1,400 Page # 32
* 0.2It discharge capacity after charging at 0.1It for 16 hours.
** For reference only.
Battery performance and cycle life are strongly affected by how they
are used. In order to maximize battery safety, please consult Panasonic
when determining charge / discharge specs, warning label contents
and unit design.

Note: [It] was previously expressed as [C]. [It] is an IEC standard expression for the
amount of charge or discharge current and is expressed as: It(A) = Cn (Ah)/1h.
• [It] is the reference test current in ampres
• [Cn] is the rated capacity of the cell or battery in Ampere-hours.
n = the time base [hours] for which the rated capacity is declared

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 24 AUGUST 2005

RAPID CHARGE “R” TYPE
Meeting Today’s Needs

Summary

Rapid Charge “R” type batteries can be charged at a For rapid charge, because it is necessary to sup-
current of 1 CmA, thus making rapid charge in press the rise in temperature at the completion of
approximately 1 hour possible. The positive and charge, the voltage and battery temperature during
negative electrode plates and separator have been charge should be monitored in order to control the
improved from Panasonic’s original technology, charge current.
resulting in a higher level of reliability.

Battery Line-up (Rapid Charge “R” Type)

Nominal Discharge capacity* Individual

Model Number Size Average Minimum
voltage (V) Specification
(mAh)** (mAh)
P-120SCJS 4/5SC 1.2 1,300 1,200 Page # 33
P-130SCS SC 1.2 1,450 1,300 Page # 34
P-150SCS SC 1.2 1,600 1,500 Page # 35

* 0.2It discharge capacity after charging at 0.1It for 16 hours.

** For reference only.
Battery performance and cycle life are strongly affected by how they
are used. In order to maximize battery safety, please consult Panasonic
when determining charge / discharge specs, warning label contents
and unit design.

Note: [It] was previously expressed as [C]. [It] is an IEC standard expression for the
amount of charge or discharge current and is expressed as: It(A) = Cn (Ah)/1h.
• [It] is the reference test current in ampres
• [Cn] is the rated capacity of the cell or battery in Ampere-hours.
n = the time base [hours] for which the rated capacity is declared

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 25 AUGUST 2005

RAPID CHARGE “R” TYPE - CONTINUED

Application Examples
• Shavers • Wireless equipment, Portable VCR, etc.

Features

• Rapid Charge in Approximately 1 Hour Rapid Charge Characteristics

A temperature detection system, which utilizes
Compared with the Standard Type
the battery temperature to control the charge 2.0
Rapid Charge Type
70

current, is combined with a voltage-controlled Standard Type

1.8 Charge Voltage 60
charge system that charges at a large current

Voltage (V)
until the battery is approximately fully charged. 1.6 50

Temperature (˚C)
This makes it is possible to charge “R” type Vent Operation
1.4 40
batteries in approximately 1 hour, with the battery
displaying virtually 100% of its capacity. 1.2 30

Internal Pressure (MPa)

0.5 Temperature
0.4 1.0 20
Internal Pressure
0.3

0.2 0.8 10
0.1

0.0 0.6 0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Charge Time (hours)

• Excellent Temperature Characteristics • Long Cycle Life and Economical

The charge efficiency is virtually unaffected by Combined with a correctly controlled charger, rapid
changes in temperature. charge “R” type batteries provide hundreds of charge/
discharge cycles, making them very economical.
Charge Acceptance
Cycle Life

0˚C
120
100 C
20˚ 0˚C
20˚C
Capacity Ratio (%)

100
Capacity Ratio (%)

C
45˚

80
45˚C
50
60

Charge : 1CmA
Discharge : 0.2C 40 Battery : P120AS
Temperature: 20˚C Charge : 1200mA (- V control)
0
Discharge : 1200mA, Cut-off voltage 1.0V/cell
0 50 100 150 200 20
Charge (%) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Number of Cycles

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 26 AUGUST 2005

HIGH RATE DISCHARGE AND RAPID CHARGE “P” TYPE

Optimum Discharge Characteristics for Ni-Cd Batteries

Summary
High Rate Discharge & Rapid Charge “P” type batter-
ies were developed through an integration of Construction
Cap (+)
Panasonic’s comprehensive Ni-Cd battery technol-
Safety Valve
ogy. Combined with the technology for rapid 1 hour Insulation Gasket
charge established for “R” type batteries, im- Positive Electrode
provements in the positive and negative electrode Collector Terminal
Insulation Ring
plates and in the collecting system have further Positive Electrode
lowered the internal resistance and greatly improved Collector
Separator
the 10-CmA discharge characteristics of these “P” Positive Electrode
type batteries. Ends
Negative Electrode
For rapid charge, because the rise in temperature at
the completion of charge has to be suppressed, the Positive Electrode

voltage and battery temperature during charge should Case (-)

be monitored in order to control the charge current. Negative Electrode

Ends
Negative Electrode
Collector

Negative Electrode
Collector Terminal

Battery Line-up (High Rate Discharge and Rapid Charge “P” Type)

Nominal Discharge capacity* Individual

Model Number Size Average Minimum
voltage (V) Specification
(mAh)** (mAh)
P-170SCS SC 1.2 1,800 1,650 Page # 36
P-200SCS SC 1.2 2,100 2,000 Page # 37

* 0.2C discharge capacity after charging at 0.1C for 16 hours.

** For reference only.
Battery performance and cycle life are strongly affected by how they
are used. In order to maximize battery safety, please consult Panasonic
when determining charge / discharge specs, warning label contents
and unit design.

Application Examples
• Drills, screwdrivers, saws and other power tools
• Toys such as radio-controlled cars and airplanes
• Cordless vacuum cleaners
• Other applications requiring high-current discharge

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 27 AUGUST 2005

HIGH RATE DISCHARGE AND RAPID CHARGE “P” TYPE - CONTINUED

Features
• Excellent High-Current Discharge • Reliable, Long Cycle Life
Characteristics With conditions of charge at 1 CmA and discharge at
High rate discharge & rapid charge “P” type 10 CmA, High rate discharge & rapid charge “P” type
batteries discharge a high-current of 30 A (approx. batteries provide hundreds of charge / discharge
25 CmA), which is about 1.5 times higher than cycles, displaying reliable cycle life characteristics
Rapid Charge “R” type batteries. regarding both voltage characteristics and length of
use.

• Rapid Charge in Approximately 1 Hour

By combining a temperature detection system
which utilizes the battery temperature to control the
charge current with a - ∆V cut-off charge system, it
is possible to perform rapid charge in approximately
1 hour, with the battery displaying virtually 100% of
its capacity.

Rapid Charge Characteristics

2.0 70
Compared with the Standard Type
1.8 Charge Voltage
Rapid Charge Type 60
Standard Type
Voltage (V)

1.6 50
Temperature (˚C)

1.4 Vent Operation

40

1.2 30
Internal Pressure (MPa)

0.5 Temperature
0.4 1.0 20
Internal Pressure
0.3
0.2
0.8 10
0.1
0.6 0
0.0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Charge Time (hours)

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 28 AUGUST 2005

BATTERY SELECTION

The steps for selecting the type of battery for use as closely satisfies the ideal conditions required.
the power supply of a device are shown below. In actual practice, the selection of a battery is rarely
• Study of the Proposed Required completed as easily as this. In most cases it is
Specifications necessary to consider eliminating or relaxing some of
Verify the battery specifications required for the the proposed specifications, and then select the most
power supply of the device and use those conditions suitable battery from among those currently available
as the standards for battery selection. For reference, to meet the adjusted conditions. This process makes
the technological factors concerning battery selection it possible to select more economical batteries. If you
are shown below. have any doubts at this stage, consult closely with a
• Battery Selection battery engineer. In some cases, newly improved or
Using the catalogs and data sheets for the batteries newly developed batteries that are not yet listed in the
currently produced and marketed, narrow down the catalog may be available. Normally, the required
number of candidates to a few battery types. From specifications are also finalized at this stage.
those candidates, select the one battery that most

Technological Factors Concerning Battery Selection

Electrical Characteristics Charge Conditions Temperature and Dimensions, Weight,
Humidity Conditions and Shape
Voltage range · Rapid charge
_______V max _______ V min · Trickle float charge Temperature and humidity Outer diameter (mm) ___ max
Load pattern · Charge time during use Height (mm) __________ max
Continuous load · Charge temperature and _______˚Cmax _______˚Cmin Length (mm) __________ max
_________________mA(max.) atmosphere _______%max _______%min Width (mm) ___________ max
_________________mA(av.) Temperature and humidity Weight (g) _____________ av
_________________mA(min.) during storage Terminal shape ____________
Intermittent load or pulse _______˚Cmax _______˚Cmin
load _______%max _______%min
Other
mA(max.)_________________
mA(av.)___________________ Atmospheric pressure
Battery Life
mA(min.)_________________ Mechanical conditions
Intermittent time conditions Usage Life Safety
Operating time:_____________
Stopped time:______________ Storage period Interchangeability
Marketability
Price

Selection of the Battery

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 29 AUGUST 2005

NICKEL CADMIUM BATTERIES: INDIVIDUAL DATA SHEET

Typical Charge Characteristics

P-100AASJ/B AA size (KR15/51) Type: S
P-100AASJ/FT
1.8
Dimensions (with tube) (mm) Charge: 100mA(0.1It)x 15hrs.
1.7
1.6
0˚C

Voltage (V)
1.5 20˚C
1.4 45˚C

1.3
14.5 +- 00.7 1.2
1.1
(+) (+) 1.0
0.9
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Charge Time (hours)
P-100AASJ P-100AASJ/FT

50.0 +- 01.0 1.8

Charge : 1000mA(1It)x 1.5hrs.
1.7
10˚C
1.6 20˚C

Voltage (V)
1.5 40˚C

1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
( ) ( ) 0.9
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Specifications Charge Time (minutes)

mm inch
Diameter 14.5 +0/-0.7 0.57 +0/-0.03
Height 50.0 +0/-1.0 1.97 +0/-0.04 Typical Discharge Characteristics
Approximate Grams Ounces
Weight 23g 0.81
1.7
Nominal Voltage 1.2V Charge: 1000mA(1It)x 1.5hrs., 20˚C.
1.6 Discharge Temperature: 20˚C.
Discharge Average** 1080mAh 1.5
Voltage (V)

Capacity* Rated (Min.) 1000mAh 1.4

1.3
Approx. Internal impedance at
17mΩ 1.2
1000Hz at charged state
1.1
Standard 100mA (0.1It) x 16 hrs.
Charge 1.0
200mA
Rapid*** 1000mA (1It) x 1.5 hrs. 0.9 (0.2It)
˚C ˚F 0.8
Standard 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Temperature

Charge 0˚C to 45˚C 32˚F to 113˚F

Discharge Time (hours)
Ambient

Rapid 10˚C to 40˚C 50˚F to 104˚F

Discharge -20˚C to 65˚C -4˚F to 149˚F
< 2 years -20˚C to 35˚C -4˚F to 95˚F
Storage
< 6 months -20˚C to 45˚C -4˚F to 113˚F
1.7
* 0.2It discharge capacity after charging at 0.1It for 16 hours. Charge: 1000mA(1It)x 1.5hrs., 20˚C.
1.6 Discharge Temperature: 20˚C.
** For reference only. 1.5
*** Refer to “Charge Methods for Ni-Cd Batteries”
Voltage (V)

1.4
Battery performance and cycle life are strongly affected by how they
1.3
are used. In order to maximize battery safety, please consult Panasonic
1.2
when determining charge / discharge specs, warning label contents and
unit design. 1.1
1.0
Note: [It] was previously expressed as [C]. [It] is an IEC standard expression 2000mA 1000mA
for the amount of charge or discharge current and is expressed as: 0.9 (2It) (1It)
It(A) = Cn (Ah)/1h. 0.8
• [It] is the reference test current in ampres 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
• [Cn] is the rated capacity of the cell or battery in Ampere-hours. Discharge Time (minutes)
n = the time base [hours] for which the rated capacity is declared

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 30 AUGUST 2005

NICKEL CADMIUM BATTERIES: INDIVIDUAL DATA SHEET

Typical Charge Characteristics

P-120AS 4/5A size (KR17/43) Type: S
Dimensions (with tube) (mm)
1.8
Charge: 1200mA(1It)x 1.5hrs.
1.7
10˚C
1.6
20˚C

Voltage (V)
1.5
40˚C
17.0 +- 00.7 1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
( +) 1.0
0.9
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Charge Time (minutes)

43.0 +- 01.5

Typical Discharge Characteristics

1.7
Charge: 1200mA(1It)x 1.5hrs., 20˚C.
1.6 Discharge Temperature: 20˚C.
1.5

Voltage (V)
1.4
( ) 1.3
1.2
1.1
Specifications 1.0
600mA 240mA
mm inch 0.9 (0.5It) (0.2It)
Diameter 17.0 +0/-0.7 0.67 +0/-0.03 0.8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Height 43.0 +0/-1.5 1.69 +0/-0.06 Discharge Time (hours)
Approximate Grams Ounces
Weight 26g 0.92

Nominal Voltage 1.2V

1.7
Discharge Average** 1280mAh 1.6
Charge: 1200mA(1It)x 1.5hrs., 20˚C.
Discharge Temperature: 20˚C.
Capacity* Rated (Min.) 1200mAh 1.5
Voltage (V)

Approx. Internal impedance at 1.4

16mΩ 1.3
1000Hz at charged state
1.2
Standard 120mA (0.1It) x 16 hrs.
Charge 1.1
Rapid*** 1200mA (1It) x 1.5 hrs. 1.0
2400mA 1200mA
˚C ˚F 0.9
Standard (2It) (1It)
Temperature

Charge 0˚C to 45˚C 32˚F to 113˚F 0.8

Ambient

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Rapid 10˚C to 40˚C 50˚F to 104˚F Discharge Time (minutes)
Discharge -20˚C to 65˚C -4˚F to 149˚F
< 2 years -20˚C to 35˚C -4˚F to 95˚F
Storage
< 6 months -20˚C to 45˚C -4˚F to 113˚F
* 0.2It discharge capacity after charging at 0.1It for 16 hours.
** For reference only.
*** Refer to “Charge Methods for Ni-Cd Batteries”
Battery performance and cycle life are strongly affected by how they
are used. In order to maximize battery safety, please consult Panasonic
when determining charge / discharge specs, warning label contents
and unit design.

Note: [It] was previously expressed as [C]. [It] is an IEC standard expression
for the amount of charge or discharge current and is expressed as:
It(A) = Cn (Ah)/1h.
• [It] is the reference test current in ampres
• [Cn] is the rated capacity of the cell or battery in Ampere-hours.
n = the time base [hours] for which the rated capacity is declared

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 31 AUGUST 2005

NICKEL CADMIUM BATTERIES: INDIVIDUAL DATA SHEET

Typical Charge Characteristics

P-140AS A size (KR17/50) Type: S
Dimensions (with tube) (mm)
1.8
Charge: 1400mA(1It)x 1.5hrs.
1.7
10˚C
1.6
20˚C

Voltage (V)
1.5
40˚C
17.0 +- 00.7 1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
(+) 1.0
0.9
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Charge Time (minutes)

50.0 +- 01.5 Typical Discharge Characteristics

1.7
Charge: 1400mA(1It)x 1.5hrs., 20˚C.
1.6 Discharge Temperature: 20˚C.
1.5

Voltage (V)
1.4
1.3
1.2
( ) 1.1
1.0
700mA 280mA
Specifications 0.9 (0.5It) (0.2It)
0.8
mm inch 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Diameter 17.0 +0/-0.7 0.67 +0/-0.03 Discharge Time (hours)

Height 50.0 +0/-1.5 1.97 +0/-0.06
Approximate Grams Ounces
Weight 32g 1.13
Nominal Voltage 1.2V
1.7
Charge: 1400mA(1It)x 1.5hrs., 20˚C.
Discharge Average** 1530mAh 1.6 Discharge Temperature: 20˚C.
Capacity* Rated (Min.) 1400mAh 1.5
Voltage (V)

1.4
Approx. Internal impedance at
14mΩ 1.3
1000Hz at charged state 1.2
Standard 140mA (0.1It) x 16 hrs. 1.1
Charge
Rapid*** 1400mA (1It) x 1.5 hrs. 1.0
2800mA 1400mA
˚C ˚F 0.9 (2It) (1It)
Standard
Temperature

Charge 0.8
0˚C to 45˚C 32˚F to 113˚F 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Ambient

Rapid 10˚C to 40˚C 50˚F to 104˚F Discharge Time (minutes)

Discharge -20˚C to 65˚C -4˚F to 149˚F
< 2 years -20˚C to 35˚C -4˚F to 95˚F
Storage
< 6 months -20˚C to 45˚C -4˚F to 113˚F
* 0.2It discharge capacity after charging at 0.1It for 16 hours.
** For reference only.
*** Refer to “Charge Methods for Ni-Cd Batteries”
Battery performance and cycle life are strongly affected by how they
are used. In order to maximize battery safety, please consult Panasonic
when determining charge / discharge specs, warning label contents and
unit design.
Note: [It] was previously expressed as [C]. [It] is an IEC standard expression for
the amount of charge or discharge current and is expressed as: It(A) = Cn
(Ah)/1h.
• [It] is the reference test current in ampres
• [Cn] is the rated capacity of the cell or battery in Ampere-hours.
n = the time base [hours] for which the rated capacity is declared

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 32 AUGUST 2005

NICKEL CADMIUM BATTERIES: INDIVIDUAL DATA SHEET

Typical Charge Characteristics

P-120SCJS 4/5SC size (KR23/34) Type: R
Dimensions (with tube) (mm)
2.0
Charge: 1200mA(1It)x 1.5hrs.
1.8

1.6 10˚C

Voltage (V)
20˚C
1.4 40˚C

23.0 +- 01.0 1.2

1.0

0.8
(+) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Charge Time (minutes)

34.0 +- 01.5
Typical Discharge Characteristics

1.8
Charge: 1200mA(1It)x 1.5hrs., 20˚C
Discharge Temp.: 20˚
1.6
( )

Voltage (V)
1.4

Specifications 1.2

mm inch 1.0
Diameter 23.0 +0/-1.0 0.89 +0/-0.02 20A 10A
0.8
Height 34.0 +0/-1.5 1.34 +0/-0.06 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Grams Ounces Discharge Time (minutes)

Approximate
Weight 37g 1.31
Nominal Voltage 1.2V
Discharge Average** 1300mAh
Capacity* Rated (Min.) 1200mAh
Approx. Internal impedance at
6mΩ
1000Hz at charged state
1.8
Standard 120mA (0.1It) x 16 hrs. Charge: 1200mA(1It)x 1.5hrs., 20˚C
Charge Discharge: 1200mA(1It)
Rapid*** 1200mA (1It) x 1.5 hrs. 1.6
˚C ˚F
Voltage (V)

Standard 1.4
Charge 0˚C to 45˚C 32˚F to 113˚F
Temperature

Rapid 10˚C to 40˚C 50˚F to 104˚F 1.2

Ambient

Discharge -20˚C to 65˚C -4˚F to 149˚F 20˚C

1.0
0˚C
< 2 years -20˚C to 35˚C -4˚F to 95˚F 45˚C
0.8
< 6 months -20˚C to 45˚C -4˚F to 113˚F 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Storage
< 1 month -20˚C to 55˚C -4˚F to 131˚F Discharge Time (minutes)

< 1 week -20˚C to 65˚C -4˚F to 149˚F

* 0.2It discharge capacity after charging at 0.1It for 16 hours.
** For reference only.
*** Refer to “Charge Methods for Ni-Cd Batteries”
Battery performance and cycle life are strongly affected by how they
are used. In order to maximize battery safety, please consult Panasonic
when determining charge / discharge specs, warning label contents and
unit design.

Note: [It] was previously expressed as [C]. [It] is an IEC standard expression
for the amount of charge or discharge current and is expressed as:
It(A) = Cn (Ah)/1h.
• [It] is the reference test current in ampres
• [Cn] is the rated capacity of the cell or battery in Ampere-hours.
n = the time base [hours] for which the rated capacity is declared

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 33 AUGUST 2005

NICKEL CADMIUM BATTERIES: INDIVIDUAL DATA SHEET

Typical Charge Characteristics

P-130SCS SC size (KR23/43) Type: R
Dimensions (with tube) (mm)
2.0
Charge: 1300mA(1It)x 1.5hrs.
1.8

1.6 10˚C

Voltage (V)
20˚C
1.4 40˚C

1.2
23.0 +- 01.0
1.0

(+) 0.8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Charge Time (minutes)

Typical Discharge Characteristics

+0
43.0 - 1.5

1.8
Charge: 1300mA(1It)x 1.5hrs., 20˚C
Discharge Temp.: 20˚C
1.6

Voltage (V)
1.4

( )
1.2

Specifications 1.0
mm inch 10A
20A
Diameter 23.0 +0/-1.0 0.89 +0/-0.02 0.8
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Height 43.0 +0/-1.5 1.69 +0/-0.06 Discharge Time (minutes)
Approximate Grams Ounces
Weight 44g 1.55
Nominal Voltage 1.2V
Discharge Average** 1450mAh
Capacity* Rated (Min.) 1300mAh
Approx. Internal impedance at
6mΩ 1.8
1000Hz at charged state Charge: 1300mA(1It)x 1.5hrs., 20˚C
Standard 130mA (0.1It) x 16 hrs. Discharge: 1300mA(1It)
Charge 1.6
Rapid*** 1300mA (1It) x 1.5 hrs.
Voltage (V)

˚C ˚F 1.4
Standard
Charge 0˚C to 45˚C 32˚F to 113˚F 1.2
Temperature

Rapid 10˚C to 40˚C 50˚F to 104˚F

Ambient

45˚C
1.0
Discharge -20˚C to 65˚C -4˚F to 149˚F 0˚C 20˚C
< 2 years -20˚C to 35˚C -4˚F to 95˚F 0.8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
< 6 months -20˚C to 45˚C -4˚F to 113˚F Discharge Time (minutes)
Storage
< 1 month -20˚C to 55˚C -4˚F to 131˚F
< 1 week -20˚C to 65˚C -4˚F to 149˚F
* 0.2It discharge capacity after charging at 0.1It for 16 hours.
** For reference only.
*** Refer to “Charge Methods for Ni-Cd Batteries”
Battery performance and cycle life are strongly affected by how
they are used. In order to maximize battery safety, please consult
Panasonic when determining charge / discharge specs, warning
label contents and unit design.
Note: [It] was previously expressed as [C]. [It] is an IEC standard expression
for the amount of charge or discharge current and is expressed as:
It(A) = Cn (Ah)/1h.
• [It] is the reference test current in ampres
• [Cn] is the rated capacity of the cell or battery in Ampere-hours.
n = the time base [hours] for which the rated capacity is declared

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 34 AUGUST 2005

NICKEL CADMIUM BATTERIES: INDIVIDUAL DATA SHEET

Typical Charge Characteristics

P-150SCS SC size (KR23/43) Type: R
Dimensions (with tube) (mm)
2.0
Charge: 1500mA(1It)x 1.5hrs.
1.8

1.6 10˚C

Voltage (V)
20˚C
1.4 40˚C

23.0 +- 01.0 1.2

1.0
(+) 0.8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Charge Time (minutes)

43.0+- 01.5 Typical Discharge Characteristics

1.8
Charge: 1500mA(1It)x 1.5hrs., 20˚C
Discharge Temp.: 20˚C
1.6

Voltage (V)
( ) 1.4

1.2
Specifications
mm inch 1.0
10A
Diameter 23.0 +0/-1.0 0.89 +0/-0.5 20A
0.8
Height 43.0 +0/-1.5 1.69 +0/-0.06 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Discharge Time (minutes)
Approximate Grams Ounces
Weight 44g 1.55
Nominal Voltage 1.2V
Discharge Average** 1600mAh
Capacity* Rated (Min.) 1500mAh
Approx. Internal impedance at
6mΩ
1000Hz at charged state 1.8
Standard 150mA (0.1It) x 16 hrs. Charge: 1500mA(1It)x 1.5hrs., 20˚C
Charge Discharge: 1500mA(1It)
Rapid*** 1500mA (1It) x 1.5 hrs. 1.6

˚C ˚F
Voltage (V)

Standard 1.4
Charge 0˚C to 45˚C 32˚F to 113˚F
Temperature

1.2
Rapid 10˚C to 40˚C 50˚F to 104˚F
Ambient

45˚C
Discharge -20˚C to 65˚C -4˚F to 149˚F 1.0
0˚C 20˚C
< 2 years -20˚C to 35˚C -4˚F to 95˚F
0.8
< 6 months -20˚C to 45˚C -4˚F to 113˚F 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Storage Discharge Time (minutes)
< 1 month -20˚C to 55˚C -4˚F to 131˚F
< 1 week -20˚C to 65˚C -4˚F to 149˚F
* 0.2It discharge capacity after charging at 0.1It for 16 hours.
** For reference only.
*** Refer to “Charge Methods for Ni-Cd Batteries”
Battery performance and cycle life are strongly affected by how
they are used. In order to maximize battery safety, please consult
Panasonic when determining charge / discharge specs, warning
label contents and unit design.

Note: [It] was previously expressed as [C]. [It] is an IEC standard expression
for the amount of charge or discharge current and is expressed as:
It(A) = Cn (Ah)/1h.
• [It] is the reference test current in ampres
• [Cn] is the rated capacity of the cell or battery in Ampere-hours.
n = the time base [hours] for which the rated capacity is declared

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 35 AUGUST 2005

NICKEL CADMIUM BATTERIES: INDIVIDUAL DATA SHEET

Typical Charge Characteristics

P-170SCS SC size (KR23/43) Type: P
Dimensions (with tube) (mm)
2.0
Charge: 1700mA(1It)x 1.5hrs.
1.8

1.6

Voltage (V)
10˚C
20˚C
1.4 40˚C

1.2
23.0 +- 01.0
1.0

(+) 0.8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Charge Time (minutes)

Typical Discharge Characteristics

43.0 +- 01.5

1.8
Charge: 1700mA(1It)x 1.5hrs., 20˚C
Discharge Temp.: 20˚C
1.6

Voltage (V)
( ) 1.4

1.2
Specifications
1.0
mm inch 20A
10A
Diameter 23.0 +0/-1.0 0.91 +0/-0.04 0.8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Height 43.0 +0/-1.5 1.69 +0/-0.06 Discharge Time (minutes)
Approximate Grams Ounces
Weight 48g 1.69
Nominal Voltage 1.2V
Discharge Average** 1800mAh
Capacity* Rated (Min.) 1700mAh
Approx. Internal impedance at
5mΩ
1000Hz at charged state
1.8
Standard 170mA (0.1It) x 16 hrs. Charge: 1700mA(1It)x 1.5hrs., 20˚C
Charge Discharge: 1700mA(1It)
Rapid*** 1700mA (1It) x 1.5 hrs. 1.6

˚C ˚F
Voltage (V)

Standard 1.4
Charge 0˚C to 45˚C 32˚F to 113˚F
Temperature

Rapid 10˚C to 40˚C 50˚F to 104˚F 1.2

Ambient

Discharge -20˚C to 65˚C -4˚F to 149˚F 1.0

45˚C
0˚C 20˚C
< 2 years -20˚C to 35˚C -4˚F to 95˚F
0.8
< 6 months -20˚C to 45˚C -4˚F to 113˚F 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Storage Discharge Time (minutes)
< 1 month -20˚C to 55˚C -4˚F to 131˚F
< 1 week -20˚C to 65˚C -4˚F to 149˚F
* 0.2It discharge capacity after charging at 0.1It for 16 hours.
** For reference only.
*** Refer to “Charge Methods for Ni-Cd Batteries”
Battery performance and cycle life are strongly affected by how
they are used. In order to maximize battery safety, please consult
Panasonic when determining charge / discharge specs, warning
label contents and unit design.
Note: [It] was previously expressed as [C]. [It] is an IEC standard expression
for the amount of charge or discharge current and is expressed as:
It(A) = Cn (Ah)/1h.
• [It] is the reference test current in ampres
• [Cn] is the rated capacity of the cell or battery in Ampere-hours.
n = the time base [hours] for which the rated capacity is declared

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 36 AUGUST 2005

NICKEL CADMIUM BATTERIES: INDIVIDUAL DATA SHEET

Typical Charge Characteristics

P-200SCS SC size (KR23/43) Type: P
Dimensions (with tube) (mm)
2.0
Charge: 2000mA(1It)x 1.5hrs.
1.8

1.6

Voltage (V)
10˚C
20˚C
1.4
40˚C

1.2
23.0 +- 01.0
1.0

(+) 0.8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Charge Time (minutes)

43.0 +- 01.5
Typical Discharge Characteristics

1.8
Charge: 2000mA(1It)x 1.5hrs., 20˚C
Discharge Temp.: 20˚C
1.6

Voltage (V)
1.4

( )
1.2
Not available with PVC tube. Paper tube only
1.0

20A 10A
0.8
Specifications 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Discharge Time (minutes)
mm inch
Diameter 23.0 +0/-1.0 0.91 +0/-0.04
Height 43.0 +0/-1.5 1.69 +0/-0.06
Approximate Grams Ounces
Weight 51g 1.80
1.8
Charge: 2000mA(1It)x 1.5hrs., 20˚C
Nominal Voltage 1.2V Discharge: 2000mA(1It)
1.6
Discharge Average** 2100mAh
Voltage (V)

Capacity* Rated (Min.) 2000mAh 1.4

Approx. Internal impedance at 1.2

5mΩ
1000Hz at charged state 20˚C
Standard 190mA (0.1It) x 16 hrs. 1.0
Charge 0˚C
45˚C
Rapid*** 1900mA (1It) x 1.5 hrs.
0.8
˚C ˚F 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Standard Discharge Time (minutes)
Charge 0˚C to 45˚C 32˚F to 113˚F
Temperature

Rapid 10˚C to 40˚C 50˚F to 104˚F

Ambient

Discharge -20˚C to 65˚C -4˚F to 149˚F

< 2 years -20˚C to 35˚C -4˚F to 95˚F
< 6 months -20˚C to 45˚C -4˚F to 113˚F
Storage
< 1 month -20˚C to 55˚C -4˚F to 131˚F
< 1 week -20˚C to 65˚C -4˚F to 149˚F
* 0.2It discharge capacity after charging at 0.1It for 16 hours.
** For reference only. Note: [It] was previously expressed as [C]. [It] is an IEC standard expression
*** Refer to “Charge Methods for Ni-Cd Batteries” for the amount of charge or discharge current and is expressed as:
Battery performance and cycle life are strongly affected by how they It(A) = Cn (Ah)/1h.
are used. In order to maximize battery safety, please consult • [It] is the reference test current in ampres
Panasonic when determining charge / discharge specs, warning • [Cn] is the rated capacity of the cell or battery in Ampere-hours.
n = the time base [hours] for which the rated capacity is declared
label contents and unit design.

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 37 AUGUST 2005

BATTERY PACKS

Purpose of Battery Packs

Ni-Cd cells are most commonly used in battery of space available inside the device, and the usage
packs. In using Ni-Cd batteries, the type of battery, conditions.
the number of cells, the shape of the battery pack, After consultation concerning specifications, if so
and the components of the battery pack will be desired, Panasonic can also provide assembly
determined by the ratings (voltage and load current) services for battery packs.
of the device, the charging specifications, the amount

Configurations of Tube Battery Packs

The following are the standard pack configurations for L Type

Ni-Cd batteries. Refer to these configurations when The required number of single cells are lined up in
designing the battery pack. the axial direction of the batteries and connected by
F Type nickel plates, and covered with an external heat-
The required number of single cells are lined up in the shrink tube.
radial direction of the cells and connected by nickel Composite L type
plates, and covered with an external heat-shrink tube. Groups of single cells connected in an L type
configuration are further connected in 2 to 5 rows,
Composite F Type and then packed in a heat-shrink tube.
Single cells are connected in 2 to 5 rows, and then
packed in a heat-shrink tube.

F Type
L Type

Composite F Type
Composite L Type

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 38 AUGUST 2005

BATTERY PACKS - CONTINUED

Construction of Battery Packs

The basic constructions for battery packs are as shown below.

"F" Type Construction "L" Type Construction

External Heat Shrink PVC Tube

Terminal Plate (Nickel Plate)
Lead Plate (Nickel Plate)
Terminal Plate (Nickel Plate) Thermal Protector*
Insulating Paper
External Heat Shrink PVC Tube
Heat Shrink PVC Tube for Cells
Connector Plate (Nickel Plate)

Cell
Insulating Paper
Lead Wire
Heat Shrink PVC Tube for Cells

Thermal Protector*

Protective components are used as described in section (4).

Special Battery Pack Configurations

(2) Battery Packs with Built-in Charge Level
Custom specifications (battery packs in plastic Indicators and Charging Systems
cases, etc.) can also be prepared upon request. If so desired, Panasonic can also provide technologi-
Consult Panasonic for details. cal assistance concerning battery packs with a built-
Also feel free to consult Panasonic’s Design Depart- in charge level indicator or a built-in charging system.
ment concerning specifications and production
schedules.
(1) Batteries in Injection-molded Plastic Cases
It is important to take into consideration the lead time
required for the preparation of production molds and
the procurement of custom parts.

Parts for Battery Packs

(1) Terminal Plates spot-welded to the cells, and that is highly
Because the lead wires are soldered to the terminal electroconductive and alkaline-resistant. The most
plates, the terminal plates must be made of a mate- common material used is high-quality nickel plate.
rial that has good solderability, that can be securely

Recommended Terminal Plate Dimensions (Material: Nickel)

Dimensions (mm)
No. Applicable Battery Size Configuration
T W L
A
1 0.15 4 15 AA size and smaller

2 0.15 4 15 A size
Lead Wire Battery Pack
3 0.15 5 20 SC size Example

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 39 AUGUST 2005

BATTERY PACKS - CONTINUED

(2) Lead Wires

To connect the batteries to the device, vinyl-clad positive side and black for the negative side are the
electrical wire for heat-resistant device wiring con- standard colors. The ends of the lead wires may be
forming to UL-1007 is generally used. Red for the bare cut ends or connected to connectors, etc.

Standard Lead Wires

Applicable Lead Wires
battery size Size Length (A) (mm) Color Reference Diagram
+ Red A
AA size and UL1007
smaller approx. 200
AWG24 - Black

UL1007 approx. 200 + Red

A size
AWG22
- Black

UL1007 + Red
SC size approx. 200 Battery Pack
AWG20 - Black Lead Wire Example

(3) Heat-shrink PVC Tube (5) Others

Heat-shrink tubes made of polyvinylchloride are used Depending on the configuration of the battery pack,
on many packs as the external cover. Tube thickness adhesive materials, tape, paper cylinders, or other parts
ranges from 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm depending on battery or materials may be used. If so desired, temperature
type and configuration. sensors for charge control and other electronic
components can be installed inside the battery pack.
(4) Protective Components
Thermal protectors to prevent overcharge and over-
heat, PTC elements, temperature fuses, current
fuses, and other protective components, either singly
or in combinations, are connected via a direct-line
circuit to the batteries. Upon request, Panasonic can
provide the necessary components for protecting
both the battery pack and the device in which it is
used.

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 40 AUGUST 2005

TRANSPORTATION AND DISPOSAL

Disposal: Assure Proper Recycling! Transportation

All Panasonic Nickel Cadmium batteries are Panasonic sealed Nickel Cadmium batteries are
classified by the federal government as a hazardous considered to be “dry cell” batteries and are
waste and must be recycled. These batteries are unregulated for purposes of transportation by the U.S.
accepted for recycling by the Rechargeable Battery Department of Transportation (DOT), International Civil
Recycling Corporation’s (RBRC) Battery Recycling Aviation Administration (ICAO), International Air
Program. Please call 1-800-8-BATTERY for Transport Association (IATA) and the International
information on recycling your used Nickel Cadmium Maritime Organization (IMO). The only requirements for
battery or go to the RBRC website at www.rbrc.org shipping these batteries by DOT is Special Provision
for additional information. 130 which states: “Batteries, dry are not subject to the
requirements of this subchapter only when they are
offered for transportation in a manner that prevents the
dangerous evolution of heat (for example, by the
effective insulation of exposed terminals). The only
requirements for shipping these batteries by ICAO and
IATA is Special Provision A123 which states: “An
electrical battery or battery powered device having the
potential of dangerous evolutions of heat that is not
prepared so as to prevent a short-circuit (e.g. in the
case of batteries, by the effective insulation of exposed
terminals; or in the case of equipment, by
Panasonic strongly recommends that all of its disconnection of the battery and protection of exposed
customers join the RBRC Nickel Cadmium terminals) is forbidden from transportation.”
Recycling Program thus, allowing you to use the
following License Seal, which meets all the labeling All Nickel Cadmium batteries are classified as a D006
requirements of the 1996 Federal Battery Law. hazardous waste because of the presence of cadmium.
Nickel Cadmium batteries destined for recycling can This waste code is assigned because of toxicity, not
be managed under the federal Universal Waste corrosiveness. These batteries do not meet the definition
Rule codified at 40 CFR Part 273. of a corrosive waste.

In the event of disposal, dispose only in accordance For additional information on the transportation and
with federal, state and local regulation. Batteries disposal of batteries, please contact your local
generated as a waste are subject to the Resource Panasonic Battery Sales Group sales office or visit our
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) as a D006 website at: www.panasonic.com/batteries
(cadmium) hazardous waste.

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 41 AUGUST 2005

GLOSSARY OF TERMS FOR NI-CD BATTERIES

• Active Material • Cut-off Discharge Voltage

The electro-chemical materials of the electrodes. The voltage that indicates the limit at which
In rechargeable Ni-Cd battery, nickel-hydroxide is discharge is completed. In practical use, this
the active material of the positive electrode and voltage is the limit to which the battery can be
cadmium is the active material of the negative used.
electrode.
• Cycle Use
• Alkaline Storage Battery A method of use in which charge and discharge
A storage battery which uses an alkaline water are repeated over and over again.
solution as its electrolyte. Generally refers to
• Electrolyte
nickel-metal hydride batteries and nickel-cadmium
The medium through which ions are conducted
batteries.
during the electro-chemical reaction inside a
• C (Coulomb) rechargeable battery. In rechargeable Ni-Cd
Used to express the amount of the charge or batteries, a potassium hydroxide water solution
discharge current. Expressed by attaching the is generally used as the electrolyte.
current units to a numerical multiple that
• Electrolyte Leakage
represents the rated capacity of the battery. The
The penetration of the electrolyte to the outside
charge and discharge current are generally
of the battery.
expressed using a C multiple. For example, for a
battery having a rated capacity of 1500 mAh: • Energy Density
0.1 CmA = 0.1 x 1500 = 150 mA The amount of energy that can be obtained per
unit weight or per unit volume of a rechargeable
0.2 CmA = 0.2 x 1500 = 300 mA
battery. Unit: wh/kg, wh/ .
• Cadmium
• Excessive Discharge
Expressed in chemical notation as Cd, this
The discharge of a rechargeable battery to a
indicates that the negative electrode material of
lower than the specified cut-off discharge
the Ni-Cd battery is in a charged state. When in
voltage.
the discharged state, the negative electrode
material becomes cadmium hydroxide, or • High Rate Discharge
Cd(OH)2. Discharge at a relatively large current with
respect to the battery capacity. Also called high-
• Capacity
efficiency discharge and high-current discharge.
The electrical capacity of a rechargeable battery.
Normally used to mean the capacity as measured • IEC Standards
in ampere-hours. Indicated in units of Ah The standards established by the International
(ampere-hours) or C (coulombs). Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).
• Cell • [It]
Each of the individual batteries which comprise a [It] was previously expressed as [C]. [It] is an
rechargeable battery. IEC standard expression for the amount of
charge or discharge current and is expressed
• Charge Efficiency
as: It(A) = Cn (Ah)/1h.
A general term meaning either ampere-hour
efficiency and watt-hour efficiency. More • [It] is the reference test current in ampres
commonly used to mean ampere-hour efficiency. • [Cn] is the rated capacity of the cell or
battery in Ampere-hours.
• Charge Level
The amount of electricity used for charge. For n = the time base [hours] for which the rated
constant current charge, it is the product of capacity is declared
multiplying the current value by the charge time.
Measured in units of ampere-hours (Ah).

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 42 AUGUST 2005

GLOSSARY OF TERMS FOR NI-CD BATTERIES - CONTINUED

• Negative Electrode • Reverse Charge

The electrode that has a lower electrical potential Charge with the polarities reversed.
than the positive electrode to which electrical If the polarities are reversed, all of the electrical
current flows from the external circuit during the energy will be used to generate gas.
discharge of a storage battery.
• Safety Vent
• Nickel Oxyhydroxide Functions to release the gas when the internal
Expressed in chemical notation as NiOOH, this pressure exceeds a predetermined level. In
indicates that the positive electrode material of addition to preventing the absorption of external
the Ni-Cd battery is in a charged state. When in air into the rechargeable battery, this vent also
the discharged state, the positive electrode prevents the rupture of the rechargeable
material becomes nickel hydroxide, or Ni(OH)2. battery that would result from the increase in the
• Nominal Voltage internal pressure caused by the generation of
The voltage used to indicate the battery voltage. gas during charge or at other times.
Generally a value slightly lower than the • Self-discharge
electromotive force is used. For example, the A decrease in the capacity of a rechargeable
nominal voltage of rechargeable Ni-Cd batteries is battery without any discharge of current to the
1.2 V per cell. external circuit.
• Open Circuit Voltage • Separator
The voltage of a battery when that battery is A porous or micro-porous thin plate, cloth, bar,
electrically cut-off from the external circuit. or frame which is inserted as a spacer between
• Overcharge Current the positive and negative electrode plates for
Charge after the fully charged state has been the purpose of preventing short-circuits. The
reached. In a rechargeable battery which requires separator must be non-oxidizing, resistant to
water replenishment, the electrolysis of the water chemicals, and be an electrical insulator, and it
causes a sharp decrease in the amount of must not obstruct in any way the ionic
electrolyte. Generally, the overcharge of a conduction or diffusion of the electrolyte.
rechargeable battery will shorten the battery’s The separator also functions to retain the
cycle life. electrolyte.
• Pasted Type Electrode Plate • Sintered Electrode Plate
An electrode plate made by applying as the active An electrode plate in which the active material is
material a cadmium compound in a paste form impregnated into a porous thin-plate substrate
onto a nickel-plated steel porous plate. Used as prepared by sintering nickel powder to a porous
the negative electrode. plate made of nickel or nickel-plated steel. Used
as the positive electrode plate.
• Positive Electrode
The positive electrode that has a higher electrical • Sintered Substrate (Plaque)
potential than the negative electrode from which The substrate for the active material, made by
electrical current flows to the external circuit sintering nickel powder to a porous plate.
during the discharge of a rechargeable battery.
• Trickle Use
• Rapid Charge A method of use in which the battery is cut-off
Charge quickly using a large current. from the load and constantly charged at a very
small current in order to replenish the self-
• Rated Capacity
discharge. Mostly used for emergency power
The standard value for the amount of electricity
supply applications, such as in the event of an
which can be obtained from the battery in a fully
interruption in the normal power supply.
charged state at the specified temperature,
discharge current, and cut-oft discharge voltage.
Measured in units of ampere-hours (Ah).Note that
CN is used as a symbol to express the rated
capacity at a rate of N hours.

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 43 AUGUST 2005

MEMO

NICKEL CADMIUM HANDBOOK, PAGE 44 AUGUST 2005