DEVELOPMENT AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF

SUGARCANE (Saccharum officinarum)

BAGASSE FIBERBOARD

EZIEL MAE SAREN AUXTERO

ARABELLA GRACE PUYOT BONIAO
JASON KRISTOFFER AMATA HANGINAN
KURT LENNARD DEOTOY LLAMERA
CARL STEPHEN GALIMBA MELENDRES
JAYSON SOTERA RABACA
JASMINE JANSOL SEDICOL

A QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF

BUKIDNON NATIONAL SCHOOL OF HOME INDUSTRIES

INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATION AND IMMERSION

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS

MAY 2024
PAGE
i
COVER PAGE I
TABLE OF CONTENTS Ii

INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study 1
Statement of the Problem 2
Objective of the Study 2
Hypothesis 3
Significance of the Study 3
Conceptual Framework 4
Research Paradigm 5
Scope and Limitations of the Study 6
Definitions of Terms 6

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Fiberboard 8
Sugarcane Bagasse 12
Formulation of Sugarcane Bagasse Fiberboard 14

METHODOLOGY
Research Design 22
Research Locale 22
Participants of the Study 23
Instrumentation 23
Statistical Analysis 24
Research Procedure 24
Data Gathering Procedure 25

PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION, ANALYSIS OF DATA

Develop a Fiberboard Derived from Sugarcane Bagasse 27
The General Characteristics of Sugarcane Fiberboard 29
The Significant Difference among Trials 31

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary 34
Conclusion 35
Recommendation 36

REFERENCES 37

APPENDICES
TABLE OF CONTENTS

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 INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

In 2021, an article titled "Effect of Deforestation on Humans and the

Environment" stated that one major environmental problem that affects the
entire world is deforestation. It is the permanent clearing of forests of trees
and other plants to make way for industrial growth, urbanization, and
agricultural activities. Widespread forest destruction has detrimental effects on
the environment, such as a decline in biodiversity, a disturbance of the water
cycle, and an increase in greenhouse gas emissions that fuel climate change.
In addition, deforestation has detrimental effects on indigenous groups whose
livelihoods depend on forests and exacerbates global problems like poverty
and food insecurity.

According to the 2020 article of PreventionWeb titled “Deforestation”,

deforestation puts at risk the way of life for native groups, who depend on the
woods to survive. Although the Philippines has taken steps to combat
deforestation through laws and programs, more work has to be done to
safeguard and restore the nation's forests.

In the Philippines, deforestation is a major issue. Ilagan (2021), reports

that Global Forest Watch (GFW) reported that the Philippines lost more than
7,700 hectares of forest cover nearly equivalent of 20 basketball courts every
hour in the philippines in 2020. There was a 150,813 hectare loss of primary
forest in the nation between 2002 and 2020. In the lastest record, the Global
Forest Watch stated that from 2002 to 2023, Philippines lost 190 kha of humid
primary forest, making up 13% of its total tree cover loss in the same time
period.

Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) bagasse (SCB) is a biomass of

agricultural waste obtained from sugarcane processing that has been found in
abundance globally. Although it is grown all across the Philippines, sugarcane
is more common in the Visayas and especially on Negros Island. From April
to June in 2023, the Philippines produced 2.83 million metric tons of
sugarcane, an 11.3% decline from 3.19 million metric tons in 2022 (Ajala et
al., 2021).

1
 As deforestation a rise, the most effective plan of action in this situation
is to seek out an alternative product in order to reduce the amount of trees
being cut down and to lessen the impact of deforestation. The product that the
researchers develop can be utilized as a substitute for wood crafts. A waste
product from agriculture, sugarcane bagasse was simply thrown away without
any thought, despite the fact that it might be recycled into a valuable product.
Mahmud (2021) states that sugarcane bagasse is a fibrous substance
primarily composed of cellulose. The bagasse of the sugarcane shows great
potential to be develop into something beneficial, therefore it shows great
potential as an alternative fiberboard.

Statement of the Problem

The aim of the study is to determine the method by which sugarcane is

used to produce sugarcane fiberboard. These are the questions that this
study seeks to address;

1. develop a fiberboard derived from sugarcane bagasse;

2. what are the physical characteristics of sugarcane fiberboard in
terms of:
a) Nail Test;
b) Durability;
c) Bending; and
3. is there a significant difference among trials?

Objectives of the Study

The objective of the researcher is to create and evaluate sugarcane

fiberboard's acceptance.

In particular, this study aims to:

1. develop a fiberboard derived from sugarcane bagasse;

2. the general characteristics of sugarcane fiberboard in terms of:
a) Nail Test;

2
 b) Durability;
c) Bending; and
3. determine the significant difference among trials.

Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis (Ho): There is no significant difference in the Physical

properties among the three (3) formulation trials of sugarcane fiberboard.

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There are significant differences in the Physical

properties among the three (3) formulation trials of sugarcane fiberboard.

Significance of the Study

This study is conducted to benefit the following sectors:

Manufacturer. Sugarcane fiberboard is an environmentally friendly and

sustainable substitute for typical wood-based fiberboards, which is why
manufacturers can use it. This can assist businesses in lowering their carbon
footprint and aid in the preservation of trees. Furthermore, fiberboard derived
from sugarcane is robust and lightweight, which makes it simpler to handle
and transport, cutting expenses and boosting productivity.

Woodcrafter. Enthusiasts can enhance their craft by utilizing sugarcane

fiberboard, an eco-friendly, lightweight, and easy-to-use alternative to
traditional wood products, thereby reducing deforestation and promoting a
sustainable future.

Carpenter. Sugarcane fiberboard offers a number of advantages. First of all,

its portability and small weight make it a practical option for building projects.
Its strength and durability also give furniture and other buildings a solid
foundation. Because it is derived from a renewable resource, it is also eco-
friendly and aids carpenters in lowering their carbon impact. Last but not least,
it is economical, giving carpenters a project-appropriate choice.

3
Engineer. Engineers may find a sustainable and environmentally beneficial
substitute for conventional building materials in sugarcane fiberboard.
Engineers can utilize it in a variety of projects since it is low-maintenance and
long-lasting due to its resistance to moisture and pests. Moreover, employing
sugarcane fiberboard can support sustainable engineering techniques and
lower carbon emissions.

Community. We can lessen the quantity of waste in landfills and the need for
deforestation by using sugarcane waste to make fiberboard. This promotes a
healthier and more sustainable community in addition to helping the
environment. Furthermore, fiberboard derived from sugarcane is more
affordable and lightweight than conventional wood-based materials, which
increases its accessibility and affordability for a larger variety of individuals
and businesses.

Conceptual Framework

In the study by Farahat et al. (2023), bagasse fibers are treated for
composite production by washing to remove sugar, cutting into smaller
pieces, and chemically treating with Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) for three
hours, resulting in a light yellow color change. Treated fibers have a density of
390 kg/m³ and a particle size distribution of 1.2 to 5 mm. Composite
specimens are made by evenly distributing fibers in a mold before pouring a
mixture of Araldite LY1564 epoxy resin and Aradur 3486 hardener. After
compression, specimens are removed, measuring 9 mm thick with uniformly
distributed fibers. The fiber volume fraction is evaluated using the Volume
Fraction Equation, aiming for optimal thickness and fiber volume fraction. The
study was conducted at the Centre for Advanced Materials (CAM) at the
British University in Egypt.

4
Research Paradigm

Independent Variable
Varying amount of Sugarcane
Bagasse

Dependent Variable
The physical characteristics of
Method
sugarcane fiberboard in terms
SCB Treatment (Farahat et of:
al., 2023).
nail test;
durability; and
bending

Product
Sugarcane Bagasse
Fiberboard

Figure 1. Schematic diagram showing the relationships between

variables.

This study focuses on investigating how the varying amount of

sugarcane bagasse affects three key aspects: the nail test, hardness, and
durability. The study adopted a method that is suitable for our fiebrboard
production. The final product of this work is sugarcane bagasse fiberboard,
which is expected to have specific characteristics and qualities based on the
experimentation and analysis conducted on these key factors. This method
allows for a systematic investigation of the relationship between varying
amounts of sugarcane bagasse and the physical characteristics of fiberboard,

5
informing potential applications and enhancements in sustainable materials
development.

Scope and Delimitation

The application of sugarcane bagasse as a raw material for fiberboard

will be the main topic of the study. For physical characteristics it will examine
the nail test strength, durability and bending. Epoxseal was used as binder for
the proposed fiberboard. The production and testing of sugarcane bagasse
fiberboard will be conducted at the Municipality of Maramag, Bukidnon, Purok
1 South Poblacion.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are operationally defined to give better

understanding of the study.

Bending, refers to the application of force to a material in such a way

that it causes it to curve or deform. Placing the product on two bricks and then
adding rocks of different sizes likely applies pressure unevenly across the
product's surface, causing it to bend or flex in response to the weight of the
rocks.

Durability, refers to sugarcane bagasse fiberboard’s ability to

withstand impacts and external forces, which is determined by dropping the
material from a specific height to evaluate its resilience and resistance to
damage over time.

Epoxseal, a type of adhesive resin known for its strong bonding

properties, is used as a binding agent in the production of sugarcane
fiberboard

Fiberboard, derived from sugarcane bagasse, is a composite board

made up of compressed fibers bonded together with adhesives.

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 Nail test, to assess the strength of sugarcane bagasse fiberboard,
involves driving nails into the material to determine its ability to withstand
applied force and resist deformation

Sugarcane, specifically its inner fibrous core, is a tall perennial grass

grown for its high sugar content, with the inner fibers serving as a valuable
raw material for a variety of applications, including fiberboard production.

Sugarcane bagasse, the fibrous residue left after sugarcane stalks are
crushed to extract juice, is the raw material used to make fiberboard.

7
 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This section examines important literature and studies to emphasize

the significance of the research. It synthesizes this information to provide a
comprehensive understanding of the study’s context. The goal is to contribute
to existing knowledge and establish a foundation for subsequent analysis and
findings.

Fiberboard

In order to improve performance and sustainability, this series of

studies explores novel materials and processes for producing fiberboards.
Antov et al.'s (2021) study looks into formaldehyde-free, environmentally
friendly fiberboard panels made with leftover softwood fibers and calcium
lignosulfonate adhesive. Hong et al. (2017) examine the emissions of volatile
organic compounds from particleboard and MDF, while Zimmer et al. (2023)
investigate wood-plastic composite panels. Rebolledo et al. (2018) investigate
the effects of fiber density and size on thermal conductivity, while Lubis et al.
(2018) investigate the impacts of recycled fiber content on MDF
characteristics. The possibility of amine compounds to lower formaldehyde
emissions is examined by Nasir et al. (2019), while Park et al. (2018) look into
recycling laminated MDF into recycled panels. All of these following studies
contribute to the development of sustainable fiberboard manufacturing
techniques.

According to Antov, et al., (2021), the feasibility of using residual

softwood fibers from the pulp and paper industry to produce eco-friendly
fiberboard panels without formaldehyde, using calcium lignosulfonate (CLS)
as an adhesive. Laboratory-manufactured panels were produced with varying
CLS content (8% to 14% on dry fibers) and evaluated for physical and
mechanical properties, including water absorption, thickness swelling,
modulus of elasticity, bending strength, and formaldehyde emission. Panels
with 14% CLS content met standard requirements for medium-density
fiberboards (MDF) for dry conditions. However, all panels exhibited
compromised moisture-related properties after 24 hours, such as increased

8
water absorption and thickness swelling. Notably, the fiberboards had minimal
formaldehyde emissions, achieving super E0 class standards, with levels
comparable to natural wood. The amount of CLS adhesive did not significantly
affect formaldehyde content.

As stated in Mahmud et al. (2021). There is a considerable amount of

cellulose in it, which can be extracted and used for a variety of purposes. The
textile and civil engineering industries can also use fibrous materials as fiber,
albeit their application may require special handling. More specifically, this
bagasse can be utilized to create an entirely new kind of material by
reinforcing composite components. The primary benefit of using bagasse is
that it is a pure waste material that can be used in any application with just a
few basic pretreatments. This makes the process extremely cost-effective,
and the product will undoubtedly be fully or partially biodegradable, which is a
very significant benefit.

According to Zimmer, et al., (2023), this study investigates the

feasibility of producing wood-plastic composite panels using a melt blend/hot
press method. The panels, made from high-density polyethylene resin and
waste from medium density fiberboard (MDF) and particleboard (PB) at
varying fiber loadings (60%, 70%, and 80% by weight), were compared with
conventional MDF and PB panels. Mechanical properties such as flexural
modulus, flexural strength, screw and nail withdrawal resistances, and impact
strength were evaluated. Results showed that the mechanical properties of
the composites were influenced by the proportion of wood flour and polymer,
with the highest flexural modulus observed at 70% fiber content. However,
flexural strength, screw and nail withdrawal resistance, and impact strength
declined as fiber content increased from 60% to 80%, attributed to lack of
compatibility between phases. Nevertheless, the produced panels exhibited
superior mechanical properties compared to conventional PB panels and
were acceptable in comparison to MDF panels. Notably, the screw withdrawal
resistance of the wood-plastic panels was a standout feature, crucial for screw
joints in cabinet making.

9
 According to Hong, et al., (2017), explores volatile organic compound
(VOC) emissions, mainly aldehydes, from particleboard and medium density
fiberboard (MDF) commonly used in construction and furniture. Samples from
various US mills were analyzed, showing aldehydes, particularly hexanal,
pentanal, and heptanal, as the primary emitted compounds, comprising over
50% of total VOCs. Southern pine MDF had notably higher aldehyde
emissions than particleboard, with other MDF samples generally lower.
Aldehydes likely stem from wood degradation, not intentional adhesive
additives. The study also investigates how panel density and resin content
affect MDF properties. It reveals that higher density and resin content improve
strength and resistance to moisture, but increase formaldehyde emissions.
Panel density has a more significant impact than resin content, suggesting it
as a preferable adjustment for MDF manufacturing.

According to Lubis, et al., (2018), after studying the dynamics of

medium density fiberboard (MDF), this research investigated the relationship
between resin concentration and panel density. By creating MDF panels with
resin concentrations between 8% and 14% and densities between 650 and
800 kg/m3, a more complex picture became apparent. Density and resin
content increases supported critical characteristics like resistance to screw
pullout, rupture and elasticity moduli, and internal bonding strength, while also
reducing swelling and water absorption. However, this improvement was
accompanied by increased formaldehyde emissions due to increased density
and resin content. Remarkably, panel density had a greater influence on the
properties of the MDF than did resin content. Additionally, a separate study
looked into how recycled fibers (HRFs and RRFs) may be included into the
MDF matrix. The use of these recycled fibers gave the material an intriguing
new level of resistance to swelling, water absorption, and formaldehyde
emissions while maintaining mechanical integrity. It was determined that 10%
of recycled fibers was the ideal percentage. These advancements were
credited to the strengthening effect of repurposed fibers encased in hardened
resins.

As stated by Rebolledo, et al., (2018), the impact of fiber size and mat
density on the thermal conductivity and porosity of fiberboard mats, which are

10
critical for energy efficiency during hot-pressing and final panel quality. Three
fiber sizes - fine, medium, and coarse - were examined, and porosity was
assessed using image analysis. Thermal conductivity was measured at
various density levels. Results indicated that fiber size significantly influenced
heat conduction and mat porosity. Medium-sized fiber mats exhibited higher
compression resistance. Thermal conductivity of coarse fiber mats notably
decreased within a density range, possibly due to increased fracture
frequency. Fine and medium fibers were found to conduct heat more
efficiently. Additionally, observations of fiber bundles and fractured fibers,
particularly in mats with fine fibers, were noted during porosity measurements.

As stated by Nasir, et al., (2019), producing medium density fiberboard

(MDF) panels by incorporating different ratios of amine compounds into urea
formaldehyde resin. Formaldehyde emissions, as well as the physical and
mechanical properties of the MDF panels, were evaluated according to EN
standard methods. The findings revealed that the addition of urea,
propylamine, methylamine, ethylamine, and cyclopentylamine solutions led to
a reduction in formaldehyde emissions from the MDF panels. The study
underscores the potential of these amine compounds in mitigating
formaldehyde emissions from MDF production processes.

According to Park, et al., (2018), the potential of recycling waste

medium-density fiberboard (MDF) by incorporating recycled fiber (RF)
obtained from surface laminated MDFs into three-layer recycled MDF (rMDF).
Three types of surface laminates were hammer milled, and the resulting RFs
were added to the core layer of rMDF. The RFs were blended with urea-
formaldehyde (UF) resin at varying contents (10%, 20%, and 30%) before hot-
pressing. Statistical analysis revealed that optimal internal bonding strength,
modulus of rupture, and modulus of elasticity were achieved for rMDF panels
with 20% RF content from low-pressure laminate (LPL). Moreover, increasing
the RF content led to reductions in thickness swelling, water absorption, and
formaldehyde emission of the rMDF. These results suggest that incorporating
a minimum RF content of 20% in rMDF manufacturing is feasible,
demonstrating the potential for recycling waste laminated MDF into three-
layer rMDF panels.

11
 The investigations concluded by highlighting creative ways to improve
the sustainability of fiberboard production. Through investigating
environmentally friendly adhesives, wood-plastic composites, and recycled
fiber content, scientists are advancing the cause of lessening the industry's
environmental effect. Sustainable practices are further enhanced by initiatives
to reduce formaldehyde emissions and improve thermal conductivity. For
ecologically responsible fiberboard manufacturing to advance in the future,
teamwork and continuous research will be essential.

Sugarcane Bagasse

The potential of sugarcane bagasse, a byproduct of sugarcane

processing, as a sustainable resource has drawn notice. According to Vieira
et al. (2023), bio-based resin can be used to manufacture "green" medium
density fiberboard by utilizing its phenolic components. According to Guirguis
et al. (2023), its abundance and favorable effects on the environment make it
a perfect raw material for production. Furthermore, Cangussu et al. (2023)
investigate the mechanical characteristics of sheet lumber derived from
sugarcane bagasse, emphasizing its potential even in spite of certain
shortcomings. Together, these research show how interest in using
sugarcane bagasse for environmentally friendly manufacturing solutions is
expanding.

According to Vieira, et al., (2023), one of the largest biomass residues

from the fuel industry is sugarcane bagasse, and the lignin found in
sugarcane fibers contains a wealth of phenolic compounds that can be used
to replace phenols derived from petroleum in the formulation of adhesives,
phenolic resins, plasticizers, paints, and other products. In order to create
"green" medium density fiberboard, this work offers an option for the synthesis
and application of benzoxazine resins based on biooil. This revolutionary
concept uses sugarcane bagasse fiber in place of wood fiber and bio-based
benzoxazine resin in place of fossil-based resin.

A significant crop grown in tropical and subtropical regions of the world

is sugarcane. India is the nation that produces the most sugarcane, after
Brazil. Saccharum officinarum is the botanical name of sugarcane, which is a

12
member of the Gramineae family. India is thought to produce roughly 306
million tons (Mt) of sugarcane, less than Brazil's 758 Mt but more than other
nations. After being harvested from the fields, sugarcane is transported to
mills where its juice is extracted and utilized to produce sugar. Sugarcane
farming provides over 80% of the world's sugar needs. Bagasse, a primary
byproduct of sugarcane processing, is produced in huge quantities during
industrial processing. It is usually generated after cleaning and extraction of
juice from sugarcane. Sugarcane bagasse, a fibrous residue is consisting of
nearly 32–45% cellulose, 20–32% hemicellulose, 17–32% lignin, 1.0–9.0%
ash and some other components (Kumar, et al., 2021).

According to Guirguis, et al., (2023), a bio-product of sugarcane fiber

called bagasse is kept after the juice from the sugarcane is extracted, leaving
behind a fibrous residue from the crushing and squeezing process. Because it
is a high-quality green end material with low fabrication costs, SCB trash is a
preferred raw material for creating new goods. Due to the extensive and
reliable supply that comes from the growing of sugarcane in numerous
regions worldwide, it is an appropriate green material. As a result, it is a
sustainable and readily available material.

The utilization of natural fibers for the creation of new products is

gaining traction due to the various social benefits it offers. Sugarcane
bagasse, composed of intertwined cellulose fibers, is abundantly produced as
a byproduct of the expanding cultivation and industrialization of sugarcane,
driven by both public and private investments in the ethanol industry. This
study aimed to assess the viability of manufacturing sheet timber from
sugarcane bagasse and analyzing its mechanical strength properties. A metal
sheet mold was used to create 12 specimens comprised of sugarcane
bagasse and industrial resin. Following molding, the specimens underwent a
three-point bending test using a press. Analysis of the results revealed that
both the tensile strength and modulus of elasticity failed to meet the minimum
values recommended by industry standards. Consequently, it is imperative to
enhance the tensile strength to render the panels suitable for typical strength
applications (Cangussu, et al., 2023).

13
 In conclusion, the research demonstrated sugarcane bagasse's
potential as a sustainable resource for a range of sectors. Researchers are
investigating its renewable nature and environmentally beneficial qualities in
anything from adhesive formulations to sheet timber manufacture. Because of
its abundance and inexpensive manufacturing costs, sugarcane bagasse
presents a viable substitute for commodities derived from fossil fuels, making
it a desirable choice for sustainable development. In the future, additional
research and development endeavors will be necessary to maximize its
application and surmount current obstacles. We can help ensure that
manufacturing in the future is more environmentally friendly and sustainable
by realizing the potential of sugarcane bagasse.

Formulation of Sugarcane Bagasse Fiberboard

A byproduct of sugar extraction called sugarcane bagasse holds

potential for the production of sustainable materials. Research has looked into
ways to improve its qualities, such as chemical treatment and resin
substitution. These initiatives, which address issues with trash disposal and
deforestation, seek to provide environmentally friendly options for building and
furniture manufacture through the optimization of manufacturing processes.

Accoding to Farahat, et al. (2023), bagasse fibers undergo treatment to

prepare them for composite production, starting with washing to remove
sugar, followed by cutting into smaller pieces. Chemical treatment with
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) follows, with fibers soaked for three hours, then
rinsed and dried at 150°C, resulting in a light yellow color change. The treated
bagasse fibers have a density of 390 kg/m³ and a particle size distribution of
1.2 to 5 mm. Composite specimens are made by evenly distributing fibers in a
300 × 300 mm mold before pouring a mixture of Araldite LY1564 epoxy resin
and Aradur 3486 hardener (supplied by Huntsman Advanced Materials,
Switzerland) at a weight ratio of 2:1. The resin matrix density is 1.178 g/cm³.
After compression under a 12.8 kN load for 24 hours, specimens are removed
from the mold, measuring 9 mm thick with uniformly distributed fibers. The
fiber volume fraction of the composite is evaluated using the Volume Fraction

14
Equation, aiming for optimal thickness and fiber volume fraction. Conducted at
the Centre for Advanced Materials (CAM) at the British University in Egypt.

As stated by Najahi, et al. (2020), the strain on this resource could be

lessened, guaranteeing its availability for future generations, by lowering
reliance on virgin wood fibers through the adoption of more sustainable
methods, such as the use of recycled or alternative materials. Because it
preserves forests and makes use of primary sector wastes, the use of
alternative fiber sources, including agricultural residues, for the production of
fiberboards is becoming a hot topic.

According to Brito, et al., (2021), the physical and mechanical

characteristics as well as the density profile of panels manufactured using
sugarcane bagasse particles in two different sizes (0.50 and 0.85 mm), with
and without pre-treatment (particles treated in hot water at 70 °C for two
hours). The nominal density targeted for the panels was 0.65 g cm-3.
Pressing was conducted at 35 kgf cm-2 pressure, a temperature of 180 °C,
and a pressing duration of 10 minutes. Physical and mechanical tests were
conducted following the specifications outlined in NBR 14810-2006. The
density profile of the particle boards was determined using X-ray
densitometry. Water absorption within a two-hour period was observed to be
higher in panels manufactured with particles treated in hot water. However,
the other physical and mechanical properties were not significantly influenced
by the variables examined. Notably, the apparent density exhibited variations
across the thickness of the panels, with more prominent peaks observed in
the outer layers, indicating a vertical density gradient typical for this type of
panel. It is noteworthy that despite these findings, the physical and
mechanical properties did not meet the minimum requirements outlined in
NBR 14810 (2006) for non-structural panels intended for internal use under
dry conditions.

The examined medium density particleboard (MDP) panels were

sourced from two Brazilian manufacturers who used Eucalyptus and Pinus, as
well as an MDP panel made from sugarcane bagasse in China. Using the
methodology outlined in NBR 14810-3, they evaluated physical characteristics

15
such as water absorption and thickness swelling after 2 and 24 hours of water
immersion. Furthermore, it used standardised procedures to calculate
moisture content and density. They performed bending tests (examining
moduli of elasticity and rupture), compression tests (analysing moduli of
elasticity and rupture), internal bonding assessments, screw pullout tests, and
Janka hardness evaluations to assess mechanical properties. This study
discovered that panels made from sugarcane bagasse have physical and
mechanical properties that are comparable to or better than those made from
Eucalyptus and Pinus. This suggests that sugarcane bagasse has a
promising application in furniture manufacturing (Mendes et al., 2016).

According to Matos, et al., (2023), this study explores the potential of

sugarcane bagasse as a renewable resource for producing environmentally
friendly medium density fiberboard (MDF). It introduces a novel approach
utilizing bio-oil based benzoxazine resins synthesized from sugarcane
bagasse fibers. The process involves substituting wood fiber with sugarcane
bagasse fiber and fossil-based resin with bio-based benzoxazine resin.
Through experimentation with different resin concentrations, the study
demonstrates successful resin synthesis and MDF fabrication, meeting
international standards for density and thickness swelling. The resulting MDF
exhibits high modulus of rupture (MOR) values comparable to conventional
urea-formaldehyde resin-based fiberboards, indicating promising prospects
for developing sustainable bio-based materials with practical applications.

According to Shebu et al. (2019), to investigate the utilization of

sugarcane bagasse in the construction of particleboard. Particleboard, a
commonly used wood-based panel product, is manufactured by applying
pressure and temperature to wood particles or other lignocellulose fibrous
materials along with a binder. It has various applications such as furniture
manufacturing, floor underlayment, and interior decoration. Traditionally, wood
has been the primary material used in particleboard production. However,
there has been growing interest in exploring alternative materials such as
non-wood plant fibers and agro-based residues. In countries like Ethiopia,
sugar factories produce significant amounts of bagasse as a by-product of
sugarcane processing. While some efforts have been made to convert

16
bagasse into valuable products like ethanol, biogas, and insulating board, its
primary uses in Ethiopia are currently limited to electricity and steam
generation, with much of it being discarded. Despite the abundance of
bagasse, there has been limited effort to utilize it effectively within Ethiopia.
However, utilizing bagasse as a raw material for particleboard manufacturing
offers a cost-effective, sustainable, and environmentally friendly alternative.
Not only does this approach provide an opportunity for sugar factories to
generate additional income from their waste material, but it also contributes to
more efficient resource utilization and environmental conservation efforts
within the country.

The production process of sugarcane bagasse involves several

essential stages aimed at transforming the raw material into usable forms.
Initially, after harvesting, the bagasse undergoes shredding to reduce particle
size and enhance surface area, facilitating subsequent processing steps. This
shredded material then enters the pulping phase, where either chemical or
mechanical methods are employed to separate the fibers from lignin and other
components. Chemical pulping utilizes various chemicals to break down the
lignin, while mechanical pulping relies on mechanical force to achieve fiber
separation, albeit resulting in a less refined pulp. Once pulping is complete,
the resulting pulp undergoes drying to achieve the desired moisture content
necessary for further processing. This drying step is crucial for ensuring the
stability and integrity of the pulp, preventing issues such as mold growth or
degradation during storage and transportation. Overall, the manufacturing
process of sugarcane bagasse represents a complex yet systematic
endeavor, combining mechanical and chemical processes to extract valuable
fibers from this abundant agricultural residue. By optimizing process
parameters such as particle size, pulping method, and drying conditions,
manufacturers can produce high-quality sugarcane bagasse-based materials
suitable for a variety of applications, from biofuel production to eco-friendly
packaging. Continued research and innovation in this field hold the potential
to unlock further opportunities for sustainable utilization of sugarcane
bagasse, contributing to environmental conservation and resource efficiency
(Abdel-Gawad, et al., 2020).

17
 According to Osman, et al., (2015) this study aimed to enhance the
mechanical properties of particleboard produced from bagasse fibers through
two investigated methods: treating bagasse fibers with NaOH and adding
Eucalyptus camaldulensis (EC) wood particles at varying ratios (30% and
50% w/w). Bagasse fibers' initial pH was raised from 5 to 10 by immersing
them in a 3.5% NaOH solution for one hour. These treated fibers were utilized
to manufacture panels using two adhesive systems, UF and PUF (17% w/w).
The resultant panels underwent testing for mechanical properties (modulus of
elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), internal bond (IB)) and physical
properties (water absorption (WA) and thickness swelling (TS)), following
relevant EN BS standards. The findings revealed that panels made from
100% treated bagasse fibers and PUF exhibited superior MOR and MOE
values, surpassing the performance criteria outlined in EN312-3 standards for
boards used in interior fitments, including furniture. While these values were
slightly below the standard for load-bearing boards (BSEN 312-4), the
addition of Eucalyptus camaldulensis particles to bagasse fibers at 30% and
50% ratios notably improved IB and thickness swelling of the panels.
Ultimately, the study concluded that alkali treatment of bagasse showed more
effective and advantageous results compared to the addition of wood
particles.

According to Ungureano, et al., (2022) from a physical standpoint,

sugarcane is comprised of four primary fractions: fiber, insoluble solids,
soluble solids, and water, with their respective proportions varying based on
the agro-industrial process of sugar extraction. The fibers, originating from the
organic solid fractions present in the cane stem, exhibit significant
heterogeneity. Insoluble solids, constituting the fraction resistant to dissolution
in water, primarily consist of inorganic substances such as rocks, soil, and
other foreign materials, influenced by agricultural factors like the cutting
method and harvesting type. Soluble solids, on the other hand, are primarily
composed of sucrose, capable of dissolution in water, and may contain
smaller proportions of other chemical components like wax. Sugarcane
typically contains 53.6% juice (on a wet basis) and 26.7% fiber (on a dry

18
basis). It stands as a plant rich in sugars such as glucose, fructose, and
sucrose, alongside amino acids and organic acids.

The utilization of sugarcane bagasse as a raw material presents

significant potential for promoting environmental sustainability and mitigating
ecological challenges associated with waste disposal. By repurposing
bagasse, which is a byproduct of sugarcane processing, industries can
effectively reduce the volume of waste destined for disposal sites, thereby
alleviating strain on landfills and minimizing the environmental footprint
associated with conventional disposal methods such as burning. This
approach aligns with broader efforts to transition towards more circular and
resource-efficient production systems, where waste materials are valorized
and reintegrated into the production cycle. Moreover, the cultivation of
sugarcane can be strategically optimized to enhance bagasse yield, thereby
fostering greater resource efficiency and land use sustainability within the
agricultural sector. By prioritizing varieties of sugarcane that yield higher
quantities of bagasse while maintaining optimal sugar production, farmers can
maximize the utilization of available resources and minimize waste generation
throughout the production process. This approach not only enhances the
economic viability of sugarcane cultivation but also contributes to the
conservation of natural resources and ecosystems by reducing the need for
additional land expansion and minimizing associated environmental impacts
(Goyal, et al., 2020).

According to Zhu (2017) the demand for manufactured panels in

construction, furniture, and other sectors strains the forestry industry,
contributing to deforestation. Conversely, post-consumer carpet waste, along
with other widely available biomass streams, presents an opportunity for
sustainable panel production. Laboratory experiments were conducted to
determine an optimal formulation for producing M-2 grade particleboard using
various ratios of bagasse and post-consumer carpet. Subsequently, industrial
prototype panels were manufactured using the selected formulation and
subjected to independent testing. Statistical analysis confirmed that M-2 grade
particleboard can be reliably produced, with over 95% confidence, using a

19
composition of 75% bagasse, 20% post-consumer carpet, and 5% pMDI
binder.

According to Guesso, et al., (2014) this paper explores the utilization of

sugarcane bagasse and wood particles, byproducts of the agricultural and
furniture industries, to enhance their value. Hybrid panels incorporating
varying proportions of wood particles and sugarcane bagasse (20%, 40%,
and 60%) are manufactured using a bi-component polyurethane resin derived
from castor oil. The physical and mechanical properties of these panels are
evaluated based on the NBR 14.810:2006 standard. Additionally, an analysis
of the panels is conducted according to the ANSI A208.1-1999 standard to
assess their suitability for use as linings in agricultural buildings. Comparison
with panels of similar density from other formulations reveals that the
treatment consisting of 40% sugarcane bagasse and 60% wood particles
exhibits the most favorable physical-mechanical properties, indicating its
potential for non-structural applications.

According to Oliveira, et al., (2016) the aim of this study was to assess
the physical and mechanical attributes of commercial panels manufactured
with sugarcane bagasse, with a focus on their potential application in furniture
production. The evaluation included comparing these panels with industrial
MDP (Medium density particleboard) panels made from Eucalyptus and Pinus
by two Brazilian companies, as well as an industrial MDP panel crafted from
sugarcane bagasse in China. Various tests were conducted to assess
physical characteristics such as water absorption and thickness swelling,
alongside mechanical properties like bending, compression, internal bonding,
screw pullout, and Janka hardness. The results indicated that panels
fabricated from sugarcane bagasse exhibited comparable or superior physical
and mechanical properties compared to those made from Eucalyptus and
Pinus.

According to Patil, et al., (2022) the study aimed to assess the impact
of fiber content and the addition of natural resin on the water absorption
behavior and thickness swelling of sugarcane bagasse (SB)-reinforced epoxy-
natural resin fiberboards. Different natural resins, including cashew nut shell

20
liquid (CNSL) resin, black dammar, and pine resin, were used as binders
alongside artificial (epoxy) resin. Various weight proportions of fiber to epoxy
+ hardener to natural resin were examined. The results revealed that
fiberboards prepared with cashew nut shell liquid resin exhibited the lowest
water absorption percentage after 2 hours and 24 hours of immersion.
Moreover, less swelling in thickness was observed in fiberboards with a fiber
to resin weight ratio of 1:2.75. Overall, cashew nut shell liquid resin
demonstrated effectiveness in reducing water absorption and thickness
swelling, suggesting its potential as an environmentally friendly alternative to
artificial resin sources.

As stated by Legesse, et al., (2022) the physical and mechanical

properties of three-layer particleboard made from a mixture of sorghum stalk
and sugarcane bagasse, reinforced with urea-formaldehyde resin. Different
ratios of sorghum and bagasse, resin concentrations, and pressing pressures
were tested using the Taguchi experimental design. The results showed that
higher resin content and pressing pressures led to improvements in internal
bonding, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity, while thickness swelling
decreased. However, water absorption increased with higher resin
concentrations. The optimal combination for particleboard performance was
determined to be a ratio of 3:1 of sorghum to bagasse, a pressing pressure of
22 MPa, and a urea-formaldehyde concentration of 70 kg/m3.

Studies showing how to improve the qualities of sugarcane bagasse

through chemical treatment and resin substitution reveal that this material
presents a promising path towards sustainable material manufacturing. By
promoting eco-friendly options in building and furniture manufacturing, these
initiatives help to promote environmental sustainability and waste reduction.
Further research could lead to improvements in the use of sugarcane
bagasse, which would support resource conservation and environmental
efficiency.

21
 METHODOLOGY

This chapter explains various methodologies that will be used in

gathering data and analysis which are relevant to the research. The
methodologies will include areas such as the research design, research
locale, participants of the study, instrumentation, statistical treatment, and
research procedure.

Research Design

The research design for this study, titled "Development and General
Acceptability of Sugarcane Bagasse (Saccharum officinarum) Fiberboard,"
employs a Quantitative approach utilizing an Experimental Research Design.
This research employs an experimental research design to systematically
investigate the development and general acceptability of sugarcane bagasse
fiberboard. The design involves manipulating independent variables, such as
various fiberboard compositions, to observe their impact on dependent
variables, particularly acceptability. By maintaining control over conditions,
this approach facilitates the derivation of clear cause-and-effect conclusions,

22
offering valuable insights into the effectiveness and acceptance of the
sugarcane bagasse fiberboard.

Research Locale

Figure 1. Location of Maramag, Figure 2. Location of Maramag

Bukidnon Sugar Milling Company
Source: Google Maps, 2024 Source: Google Earth

The collection of Sugarcane Bagasse will take place in Purok 9, North

Poblacion, specifically at the Crystal Sugar Company in Maramag, Bukidnon.
All data collection activities, including surveys and experiments, will be
conducted only in the area of Maramag, Bukidnon. This focused research
area ensures a comprehensive understanding of the local context and
conditions relevant to studying the development and acceptability of
Sugarcane Bagasse Fiberboard.

Participants of the Study

The study included six participants engaged in a quantitative research

study on the development and overall acceptability of sugarcane fiberboard.
The participants consisted of 1 of the sugarcane farmer and chemists, 2
engineers, and other professionals from the Municipality of Maramag,
Bukidnon. These individuals were randomly selected to partake in general
evaluations of sugarcane fiberboards produced with various ratios of
sugarcane bagasse.

23
Instrumentation

The first instrument is that the researchers adapted a 5-point Hedonic

Rating Scale score sheet to collect data in conducting a development
acceptability test. This score sheet is derived from Queriado et al. (2023). This
assessment focused on evaluating the appearance, texture, and overall
acceptability of the product. The data gathered was tabulated using the
hedonic rating scale record sheet. The scoring procedure as follows:

Rating Scale Descriptive Rating Qualitative Interpretation

5 4.50-5.00 Like a Lot Highly Acceptable
4 3.50-4.49 Like a Little Acceptable
3 2.50-3.49 Neutral Moderately Acceptable
2 1.00-2.49 Dislike a Little Slightly Acceptable
1 1.0-1.79 Dislike Not Acceptable

The second instruments used in the study is a questionnaire created by

the researchers themselves. It focuses on evaluating the physical properties
of the sugarcane bagasse fiberboard, specifically nail test, durability, and
bending.

Statistical Analysis

The statistical analysis will include descriptive statistics to summarize

the general qualities of sugarcane fiberboard across three formulation trials,
as well as an ANOVA to identify any significant differences between the trials.
Additionally, a cost analysis will be performed to determine the production
costs associated with each trial. By examining these factors, the study hopes

24
to identify the most effective formulation method for sugarcane fiberboard
production, providing insights into its potential as a sustainable alternative to
traditional wood-based materials as well as its role in addressing the pressing
issue of deforestation in the Philippines.

Research Procedure

In this study, sugarcane bagasse is identified as the primary

ingredients for fiberboard. The study uses a three-trial design, allowing for the
testing of various amounts of sugarcane bagasse in the fiberboard
formulation. These trials will be offered to a variety of participants drawn from
the target consumer base. Participants will give evaluations with prior
knowledge of specific sugarcane bagasse in each sample after being briefed
on the study's purpose. The evaluation criteria include tensile strength,
internal bond strength, surface hardness, moisture absorption, thickness
swelling, and water absorption, which are quantified using a structured
scoring system. The quantitative data collected on the preferences and
perceptions of participants will be analyzed to identify patterns among various
sugarcane bagasse concentrations.

Gather sugarcane bagasse

Mill the sugarcane bagasse

Mix the sugarcane bagasse, use the epoxy resin together with the
epoxy hardener as a mixing agent. Add water.

Mold the Sugarcane Bagasse in a 9x8 inches box

Put some pressure on

Wait for 2 days

Remove the sugarcane bagasse fiberboard in the box

25
 Final Product

Figure 3. Sugarcane Bagasse Fiberboard Procedure

Data Gathering Procedure

As the initial procedures have been finished and the appropriate

procedures have been followed, determination of the physical characteristics
of sugarcane bagasse fiberboard using surveys and improvised test.

Two phases were identified for the study's execution, and they are as
follows:

In Phase 1, the conducting of survey about the physical characteristics,

specifically the appearance and texture of sugarcane bagasse fiberboard. The
researchers selected 6 participants based on their knowledge about
sugarcane and fiberboards. The survey was conducted by giving the
participants survey questionnaires. The response of the participants were
recorded in order for the researcher to gather data on their perspectives of our
product.

In the final phase of the study, phase 2, an improvised test was

conducted on the sugarcane bagasse fiberboard to assess its durability, and
bending properties. Three different tests were performed: the nail test, the
drop test, and the bending test. In the nail test, a sample of the fiberboard was
subjected to the penetration of nails to evaluate its resistance to damage. The
drop test was performed by dropping the fiberboard at certain height of 1
meter to determine how many drops it will take to break it. Lastly, the bending
test assessed the fiberboard's flexibility and ability to withstand different
weights of rocks without cracking or breaking. The results of these tests were
carefully recorded, and one (1) sample of the product was selected based on
a combination of the test outcomes and its physical characteristics, such as
appearance and texture.

26
 PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION, ANALYSIS OF DATA

In this chapter, data obtained from the study were analyzed, interpreted
and presented. A simple data analysis was provided using tables and other
displays. The presentation followed the study's objectives in order.

Develop a Fiberboard Derived from Sugarcane Bagasse

Table 1. Development acceptability test of the respondent towards the trial 1

(100 grams)
Mean
Trial 1 (100g) Trial 2 (75g) Trial 3 (50g)
Appearance 4.5 4.3 4.3
Texture 3.7 3.8 4.6
Legend:
Rating Scale Descriptive Rating Qualitative Interpretation
5 4.50-5.00 Like a Lot Highly Acceptable
4 3.50-4.49 Like a Little Acceptable
3 2.50-3.49 Neutral Moderately Acceptable

27
 2 1.00-2.49 Dislike a Little Slightly Acceptable
1 1.0-1.79 Dislike Not Acceptable

Table 1, shows the summary of the development acceptability test of

the respondent towards the three trials, trial 1 (100g), trial 2 (75g), and trial 3
(50g) of the development of fiberboard derived from sugarcane bagasse. The
table shows the mean of different trials of the development acceptability using
the hedonic rating scale record sheet.

The table summarizes a test where people gave their opinions on three
different methods of making fiberboard from sugarcane bagasse, which is the
leftover material after extracting juice from sugarcane. Each method, labeled
Trial 1, Trial 2, and Trial 3, used different amounts of bagasse: 100 grams for
Trial 1, 75 grams for Trial 2, and 50 grams for Trial 3.

To gather these opinions, the testers used a rating scale from 1 to 5. A

rating of 5 meant the participants liked the fiberboard a lot, rating it as "Highly
Acceptable," while a rating of 1 indicated they didn't like it at all, labeling it as
"Not Acceptable." For Trial 1, where the researcher used 100 grams of
bagasse, the average rating of the appearance fell between 4.20 and 5.00.
This suggests that people really like this trial, considering it is highly
acceptable. While the texture fell between 3.50-4.49 scales which indicate
that the respondent like a little the trial, considering it is acceptable. Trial 2,
utilizing 75 grams of bagasse, received a slightly low rating, both the
appearance and texture, falling between 3.50 and 4.49. While not as highly
rated as Trial 1, it still landed acceptable, indicating that people liked it but not
as much as Trial 1. Finally, Trial 3, which involved using only 50 grams of
bagasse, received a like a little rating between 3.50 and 4.49. This means
people found it as a good trial in terms of appearance. On the other hand, the
texture feel between 4.50 and 5.00. This means that respondent found it as a
very good or like a lot rating, considering it is highly acceptable. Overall, these
results suggest that using more bagasse (as in Trial 1) resulted in a more
favorable perception of the fiberboard in terms of appearance, in terms of
texture the more favorable is trial 3 (50g).

28
 The study by Brito et al. (2021) supported the statement that
respondents generally had a positive opinion about the appearance and
texture in sugarcane bagasse fiberboard. Brito et al. tested panels made from
sugarcane bagasse particles of different sizes, some are treated and some
are not. The variations in certain characteristics didn't affect other properties
much, showing that sugarcane-based panels are versatile and can be used
effectively for furniture.

The General Characteristics of Sugarcane Fiberboard

Table 2. Nail Test Results

Nail Test
Trial Qualitative Interpretation
Trial 1 (100 grams) Severe Damage
Trial 2 (75 grams) Medium Damage
Trial 3 (50 grams) Mild Damage

This Table 2 shows the summary of the method nail test towards the 3
sets of trials (100 grams, 75 grams. and 50 grams) of the development of
fiberboard derived from sugarcane bagasse.

The nail test involves performing the 3 sets of trials in which the
material is subjected to force using hammer and nails, the resulting damage
chosen in each trial is used to evaluate the ensuing damage. The observed
damage in the trial using 100 grams is described as "Severe," indicating
significant and serious harm. The damage that results in 75 grams in the next
test is categorized as "Medium," meaning that the damage is more than it was

29
in the 50-gram trial. Lastly, the damage in the testing with 50 grams has been
described as "Mild," meaning that this only slightly damaged the material. In
the study, Zimmer et al. (2023) investigate how different fiber loadings affect
the mechanical characteristics of wood-plastic composite panels. Results
show that the panels' mechanical performance, such as their flexural strength
and resistance to screw and nail removal, alters as the fiber concentration
rises. Significantly, increasing fiber content was associated with decreasing
strength qualities, consistent with the idea that higher applied forces during
the nail test trials led to more damage.

Moreover, Lubis et al. (2018) explore how resin concentration and

panel density affect medium-density fiberboard (MDF) characteristics. This
study emphasizes how changes in resin density and concentration can have a
substantial impact on fiberboards' mechanical and physical characteristics,
particularly their ability to handle force.

Table 3. Drop Test Results

Drop Test
Trial Number of Drops
Trial 1 (100 grams) 2
Trial 2 (75 grams) 3
Trial 3 (50 grams) 5

This Table 3 shows the summary of the method drop test towards the 3
sets of trials (100 grams, 75 grams. and 50 grams) of the development of
fiberboard derived from sugarcane bagasse.

A drop test is used to assess the durability of the product. It involves

dropping the product at 1 meter height to evaluate how many drops the crack
will be visible in the sugarcane bagasse fiberboard.The results shows that in a
certain height of 1 meter the trial 1 that contains 100 grams of bagasse, crack
is visible after 2 drops. It shows that the durability of this trial is not strong. On
the other hand the trial 2 (75 grams), the crack is visible after 3 drops. It
shows that the durability of this trial when compared to trial 1 is just 1 drop

30
ahead, therefore in overall the durability for this trial is not strong enough.
Lastly, the trial 3 (50 grams) results shows that after 5 drops the crack is
visible. When compared to the other two trials, this trial is the best so far.

A study by Oliveira et al. contrasted industrial MDP panels composed

of various materials with panels manufactured from sugarcane bagasse. A
framework for comprehending the possible durability of sugarcane bagasse
fiberboards can be found in this study's evaluation of mechanical qualities like
bending, compression, and internal bonding.

Table 4. Bending Results

Bending Test
Trial Mass where cracks are visible (in kg)
Trial 1 (100 grams) 4 ¾ kg
Trial 2 (75 grams) 2 kg
Trial 3 (50 grams) 1 ¾ kg

This Table 4 shows the summary of the method nail test towards the 3
sets of trials (100 grams, 75 grams. and 50 grams) of the development of
fiberboard derived from sugarcane bagasse.

The bending test results show that when different weights were applied
to the material, cracks became visible at specific points. In Trial 1 (100
grams), a crack appeared when the weight reached 4 ¾ kilograms. In Trial 2
(75 grams), the material cracked at 2 kilograms. In Trial 3 (50 grams), a crack
was visible at 1 ¾ kilograms. These findings illustrate that as the weight
applied to the material increased, it became more prone to cracking.

31
 The study by Rebolledo et al, (2018) looks into how mat density and
fiber size affect the thermal conductivity and porosity of fiberboard mats. The
assessment of physical characteristics, such as mat density and fiber size,
could shed light on how these variables affect the material's resistance to
bending or stress, even though the focus is on thermal conductivity.

The Significant Difference among Trials

In this study on Sugarcane fiberboard development, an ANOVA was

conducted to analyze the significant differences in physical properties across
the three formulation trials.

Null Hypothesis (Ho): There is no significant difference in the Physical

properties among the three (3) formulation trials of sugarcane fiberboard.

Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There are significant differences in the Physical

properties among the three (3) formulation trials of sugarcane fiberboard.

Table 5. Summary of statistic for the 3 trials of sugarcane fiberboard

Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Trial 1 6 24.50 4.08 0.24
Trial 2 6 24.50 4.08 0.44
Trial 3 6 27.00 4.50 0.10

The table 5 presents the summary of data from three trials of

sugarcane bagasse fiberboard. In Trials 1 and 2, the total number of data
points across all groups is 24.50, resulting in an average of around 4.08 per
group. However, the variance, which measures how widely distributed the
data is, changes among the two trials, with Trial 1 having a variance of 0.24
and Trial 2 having a higher variance of 0.44. In Trial 3, the total rises slightly
to 27.00, resulting in a higher average of 4.50 per group. In particular, the
variance in Trial 3 falls to 0.10, indicating less variability among data points
within each group than in the other trials.

32
Table 6. Significant Difference Between the Respondents Perspective on the
Different Trials of Sugarcane Bagasse Fiberboard
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
0.69
Between Groups 4 2 0.347 1.330 0.294 3.682
3.91
Within Groups 7 15 0.261

4.61
Total 1 17

The table 6 shows the results of this comparison, dividing the variation
into "Between Groups" (comparing different trials) and "Within Groups"
(variance within each trial). The P-Value (0.294) in the table is used to
determine if there's a significant difference between the groups. With a P-
Value of 0.294, which is higher than the typical significance level of 0.05,
therefore we failed to reject the null hypothesis. This means we do not have
enough evidence to reject the idea that there is no significant difference in
respondents' perspectives across the different trials of sugarcane bagasse
fiberboard. In conclusion, the differences observed between the groups are
likely due to random variation rather than meaningful differences in
perspectives on the fiberboard trials.

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents a summary of the study's findings, conclusions,

and recommendations based on how the data were presented, interpreted,
and analyzed in the previous chapter.

Summary

The study evaluated the physical characteristics of sugarcane bagasse

fiberboard using an adapted and self-made questionnaire. The participants of
the study are 6 randomly selected individuals from Maramag, Bukidnon. Using
the experimental research design, the study evaluated the effectiveness of
using a sugarcane bagasse as a raw material in the production of fiberboard.
Specifically, aimed to develop a fiberboard derived from sugarcane bagasse

33
fiberboard, to evaluate the physical characteristics, and in order to determine
if there are a significant difference among the trials.

The study found that most respondents expressed positive opinions

about the appearance and texture of the trial 1 (100 grams) sugarcane
bagasse fiberboard. On average the respondents rated the appearance at 4.5
out of 5 expressing a "Highly Acceptable" liking for it. As for texture it received
a rating of 3.7 out of 5 considering it "Acceptable". While in trial 2 (75 grams)
the product got a rating of 4.3, out of 5 expressing "Acceptable" liking it to
some respondents. As for the texture it shows that 3.8 out of 5 expressing
"Acceptable". On the other hand, the trial 3 (50 grams) the appearance was
rated at 4.3 leading to an "Acceptable" perception. Texture, on the hand is 4.6
expressing "Highly Acceptable" perception. In general participants held views
regarding both the appearance and texture of the fiberboard with texture
being more preferred in trial 3.

After the product is tested using the improvised method the results
show that in the nail test, trial 1 (100 grams) has severe damage, trial 2 (75
grams) has moderate damage, while trial 3 (50 grams) has the least damage.
The results show that among the 3 trials, trial 3 (50 grams) have a strong
internal strength. The drop test shows that in a certain height of 1 meter, the
trial 3 (50 grams) have a higher number of drops where the crack is visible
among the other trials. Moreover, in bending the trial 1 (100 grams) the crack
is visible after the researcher put a 4 3/4 kilograms rock above the product.
Among the trials, the trial 1 (100 grams) hold the best strength when it comes
to bending.

The analysis of different trials of sugarcane bagasse fiberboard

revealed a P-value of 0.294, which is higher than the standard significance
level of 0.05. Typically, with such a P-value, we fail to reject the null
hypothesis, suggesting there's no significant difference between the groups.

Conclusion

34
 Based on the study's findings and feedback from respondents, the
production of fiberboard from sugarcane bagasse in trials with various
bagasse content (100 grams, 75 grams, and 50 grams) has clearly received
excellent response in terms of appearance and texture.

Respondents praised the creative use of sugarcane bagasse and

highlighted its potential as a sustainable substitute for conventional wood-
based fiberboards, as well as its advantages for the environment. Trial 3 (50
grams) was the most well-liked, with like a lot rates for texture with 4.6 rated
expressing a "Highly Acceptable" perception. While trial 1 (100 grams) was
the most well-liked, with like a lot rates for appearance with 4.5 rated
considering a "Highly Acceptable" perception. On the other hand, the
researcher found out thet trial 3 (50 grams) it also showed improved resilience
to impact and durability in the nail and, and drop test. While, trial 1 with 100
grams of bagasse showed that it hold more weight with 4 ¾ kg in bending
tests. Respondents' positive comments and researchers finding on the
improvised tests are consistent with scientific research that back up the
efficacy of sugarcane bagasse-based fiberboards, including by Brito et al.
(2021), Farahat et al. (2023), Oliveira et al., Zimmer et al. (2023) and
Rebolledo et al. (2018).

The significance of bagasse content variation for optimizing fiberboard

performance and market acceptance is shown by the ANOVA results, which
also show that, we fail to reject the null hypothesis, suggesting there's no
significant difference between the groups. Overall, these results point to a
bright future for fiberboards made from sugarcane bagasse, with room for
improvement and increased use of these environmentally friendly materials in
the furniture and building sectors.

Recommendations
Based from the summary, findings and conclusion of the study, the
following recommendations are put forward:

Research efforts should prioritize exploring diverse strategies to

enhance the acceptance and performance of sugarcane fiberboard. This

35
includes investigating different adhesive materials, such as starch or
cornstarch, to improve cost-effectiveness. Additionally, it is advisable to
explore alternative binding agents due to the expense of epoxy.

Emphasize the environmental benefits of sugarcane bagasse

fiberboard as an alternative to traditional fiberboard. This includes highlighting
its positive impact on reducing reliance on wood and promoting sustainability.

It is crucial to meticulously control the water content during the molding

process to ensure consistent results. Proper regulation of water levels can
significantly influence the quality and properties of the fiberboard, affecting its
performance and durability.

Consider utilizing epoxy as a binding agent for sugarcane fiberboard

production to enhance its durability and integrity, particularly in construction
applications. It is advisable to explore alternative binding agents to mitigate
the cost implications associated with epoxy.

Further experimentation is warranted to determine the optimal bagasse

content for sugarcane fiberboard. Testing different levels of bagasse content
and adjusting the weight used in the molding process can help achieve
desired results in terms of thickness and durability.

REFERENCES

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friendly fiberboard panels from recycled fibers bonded with calcium
lignosulfonate. Polymers, 13(4), 639.
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Berman, K. V. (1967). Worker-owned plywood companies: an economic
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APPENDICES

Appendix A. Survey for Appearance and Texture

Hedonic Rating Scale
Queriado et al. (2023)

Name (optional): Trial #:

Evaluate the sugarcane bagasse fiberboard and put a check mark (/) how
much you like or dislike the product.
Appearance Texture

38
 Like a lot
Like a little
Neutral
Dislike a little
Dislike a lot

Appendix B. Self-Made Questionnaire

39