Transboundary Animal Diseases and Food
Safety: Addressing the Global Challenge
Jesper Chia-Hui Hsu, DVM, VMED PhD program
hsu00124@umn.edu
📍 St Paul, MN, USA | July 29th, 2024
Disease that impact the world
Ice Break- Share Screen
• https://slideswith.com/decks/24552
Transboundary Animal Diseases
(W. B. Karesh et al.)
Jesper Chia-Hui Hsu, DVM
Where is Minnesota
Land of 10,000 Lakes (make that 11,842, to be precise)
Winter in MN
Temperature:
-30 Celsius Degree
Canary in the coal mine
Mammary Gland tumor (MGT) & breast cancer
Similar mechanism
• Office International des Epizooties (OIE) was
established in Paris, France, in 1924
The ASF story in the Philippines (2019-)
Disease of Swine
• African swine fever
• Classical swine fever
• Nipah virus encephalitis
• Porcine cysticercosis
• Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
• Swine vesicular disease
• Teschovirus encephalomyelitis (under study)
• Transmissible gastroenteritis
Epidemiological difference
Viltrop et al., 2021. ASF Epidemiology
Archipelago
Philippines
Metro manila: City
• Population: 109 million. 1
• About 7,641 islands and islets
account for 300,000 square
kilometers.
• Only about one third of the Tourist
islands are inhabited. 3
• The Philippines is a net
importer of livestock and
livestock products.
2
natural resources
African Swine Fever Virus, Genotype II
• p72 Genotype II can infect both
– Domestic pigs
– Wild boars
July 2019
Reference: Kedkovid, R., Sirisereewan, C., & Thanawongnuwech, R. (2020). Major swine viral diseases: an Asian perspective after the African
swine fever introduction. Porcine Health Management, 6 (1), 1-11.
Growth rate decrease by 6.7% in 2020
Economical impact - inflation of food prices
• Annual average = 4.3% higher retail price in 2020
• The highest month is in December 2020
Worse in Jan 2021; pork import increase
In January, pork was priced at PHP400
(US$8.30) per kilogram, a 60% increase
from its PHP250 (US$5.20) per kilogram
price six months ago.
• It is also nearly equal to the minimum daily
wage in Metro Manila, which is at PHP537
(US$11.17).
• The country’s pork imports in January to April (2022) expanded by a fifth
(20%) to 186,220.071 MT from 154,464.325 MT in the same period of last
year, based on BAI data. Pork imports accounted for 53.2 percent of the
total meat imports during the four-month period.
Hog production in the Philippines
• The ASFV continues to
spread in Asia and the
Pacific where smallholder
farms account for
approximately 80%
(Smith et al., 2019; Dixon
et al., 2020).
• In the Philippines, about
65% is considered
backyard or smallholder
farmers. (Bernardes et
al.,2020)
Zone status- Chronological : 2019
2020-March 2021-October 2022-May
Free zone
• Provinces under a free zone have no
reported cases of ASF, such as those
in the Visayas and Mindanao, as well
as the island provinces of
Catanduanes and Masbate and in
Mimaropa.
• Those within the zone can freely trade
their hogs and pork products
anywhere in the country so long as
they follow standard shipment
protocols.
Policy- culling management
• The Bureau of Animal Industry has also earlier rolled out
the “1-7-10 Protocol” for culling management.
<1km of an infected site, or
ground zero, must be put down.
<1km <7 km from ground zero would
be placed under surveillance
and limited pork trading in
some cases would be allowed.
<7 km
<10km radius: monitored for
the presence of the ASF virus.
<10km
Visayan warty pig (Sus cebifrons)
4 species of endemic pigs, the Palawan bearded
pig (Sus ahoenobarbus), Visayan warty pig
(Sus cebifrons), Philippine warty pig (Sus
philippensis), Mindoro warty pig (Sus oliveri),
are all at high or very high risk ,In particular, in
the central Philippines, there is the critically
endangered Visayan warty pig
Risk of wild boar
• A recently published study has
found several ASFV-positive
wild boar carcasses in Laos
and Vietnam (Denstedt et al.,
2021). These results suggest
that these two countries are
likely to have a large ASFV-
infected wild boar population
• Philippines Medium Risk
Front. Vet. Sci., 27 April 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.844209
In a nutshell
1. ASFV is still ongoing and has a huge economic impact
2. ASFV: Hog production from central Luzon to Visayas.
3. Although government applied several control strategy, ASFV still
spread fast.
Conclusion- One Health
• Start with an outbreak
Conclusion- One Health
• Avian Influenza outbreak (DDx, infectious disease,
veterinary medicine) Epidemiology Public Health
issue Food Safety, Supply Chain Price increasing
(Economics) People feel angry about the policy
(Political, International Trading)
Take Home Message
Contact Information
Jesper Chia-Hui Hsu, DVM, PhD candidate
hsu00124@umn.edu
