I.
RENAL FUNCTION
1. Renal Anatomy and Physiology IV. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE
2. Process in Urine Formation 1. Reagent Strips
1. Renal Blood Flow 2. Chemicals Tests in Urine
2. Glomerular Filtration 1. pH
3. Tubular Reabsorption 2. Protein
4. Tubular Secretion 3. Glucose
3. Renal Function tests 4. Specific Gravity
1. Glomerular Filtration Tests 5. Urobilinogen
2. Tubular Reabsorption Tests 6. Bilirubin
3. Tubular Secretion and Renal Blood Flow 7. Nitrite
Tests
8. Leukocytes
9. Ketones bodies
II. INTRODUCTION TO URINALYSIS
10. Blood
1. History and Importance
3. Confirmatory tests
2. Urine Composition
4. Reaction interferences
3. Urine Volume
5. Reporting of test results
4. Specimen Collection
6. Clinical significance of abnormal test results
5. Specimen Handling
6. Specimen Integrity
V. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF URINE
7. Specimen Preservation
1. Types of Microscopy techniques
8. Types of Urine Specimen
1. Brightfield
III. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OF URINE
2. Phase-Contrast
1. Color
3. Polarizing
2. Clarity/ Transparency
4. Interference Contrast
3. Specific Gravity
5. Darkfield
1. Reagent strip
6. Fluorescence
2. Urinometry
2. Preparation of Urine Sediment
3. Refractometry
3. Stains for sediments
4. Harmonic oscillation densitometry
4. Examination of urine Sediment
4. Odor
1. Red blood cell
5. Clinical Significance
2. White blood cells
3. Epithelial cells 2. Urine Chemistry Analyzers
4. Yeast cells 1. Semi-automated
5. Mucus threads 2. Fully Automated
6. Parasites 3. Automated Microscopy Analyzers
7. Spermatozoa 1. Flow Cytometry
8. Casts 2. Flowcell Digital Imaging
9. Crystals 4. Fully Automated Urinalysis Systems
10. Artifacts
5. Reference Values
6. Correlation of physical and chemical urinalysis
VIII. SEMEN
results with microscopic observations
1. Formation and Composition of Semen
7. Clinical Significance
2. Importance of Semen Analysis
8. Reporting of Test Results
3. Specimen collection, handling, transport,
preservation & processing
VI. RENAL DISEASE, RENAL CALCULI and METABOLIC
4. Acceptable sample
DISORDERS
5. Routine Semen Analysis
1. Physical Examination:
1. Renal Diseases 1. Appearance
1. Glomerular Disorders 2. Volume
2. Tubular Disorders 3. Viscosity
3. Interstitial Disorders 4. Liquefaction time
4. Renal Lithiasis 2. Microscopic examination Procedure
2. Urine Screening for Metabolic Disorder 1. Motility
1. Overflow vs Renal Disorders 2. Sperm concentration & count
2. Amino Acid Disorders 3. Sperm Morphology
3. Porphyrin Disorders 6. Special Examinations
4. Mucopolysaccharide Disorders 1. Vitality
5. Purine Disorders 2. Fructose
6. Carbohydrate Disorders 3. Anti-sperm antibodies
4. Microbial and other chemical tests
VII. AUTOMATION OF URINE ANALYSIS 7. Clinical Significance
1. Reflectance Photometry 8. Sources of error
9. Reporting of test results 1. Physical Examination
2. Microscopic Examination
IX. AMNIOTIC FLUID 1. Total Cell count
1. Formation and composition of amniotic fluid 2. WBC Count
2. Importance of Amniotic Fluid Analysis 3. Differential Count
3. Specimen collection, transport, handling, 3. Chemical Examination
processing and disposal
1. Protein, glucose,
4. Acceptable sample lactate,glutamine
5. Amniotic fluid and urine 4. Microbiologic Examination
6. Amniotic Fluid Tests 1. Gram stain & culture
1. Test for Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus 5. Serologic Tests
and Newborn (HFDN)
7. Types of meningitis
1. AF Bilirubin
8. Clinical Significance
2. Tests for Neural tube Defects
9. Sources of error
1. alpha-fetoprotein
10. Manner of Reporting
2. Acetylcholinesterase
11. QA and Laboratory safety
3. Fetal Lung Maturity
1. Lamellar Body Count
XI. SYNOVIAL FLUID
2. Foam Stability
1. Formation and Composition of Synovial Fluid
3. Phosphatidyl Glycerol
2. Importance of Synovial Fluid Analysis
4. Lecithin/Sphingomyelin ratio
3. Specimen collection, transport, handling,
5. Fluorescence Polarization processing & disposal
7. Sources of error 4. Synovial fluid analysis
8. Manner of reporting 1. Physical examination
1. Color, Clarity, Viscosity, Clot
formation
X. CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)
2. Chemical examination
1. Formation and Composition of CSF
1. Glucose, protein, Uric acid,
2. Importance of CSF analysis
lactate
3. CSF Collection, transport, handling, processing,
3. Microscopic examination
preservation & disposal
1. Total cell count
4. Traumatic tap and Intracranial haemorrhage
2. Differential count
5. Characteristics of a normal CSF
3. Crystal identification
6. CSF Analysis
4. Microbiologic exam 1. Physical Examination
1. Gram stain culture 1. Color
5. Serologic and Molecular tests 2. Consistency
5. Clinical significance 3. Gross blood
6. Sources of error 2. Chemical Examination
7. Reporting of test results 1. Fecal Occult Blood Tests
8. Quality assurance, laboratory safety 1. Guaiac-based FOBT
2. Immunochemical
XII. SEROUS FLUIDS: PLEURAL FLUID, PERICARDIAL 3. Porphyrin-based
FLUID and PERITONEAL FLUID
2. Fecal Fat
1. Formation and Composition of Serous Fluids
3. Carbohydrates
2. Causes of Effusion
4. Fetal Hb (Apt Test)
3. Importance of Serous Fluids Analysis
5. D-xylose test
4. Differentiation between Transudate and Exudate
3. Microscopic Exam
5. Specimen collection, transport, handling,
1. Cells
processing & disposal
2. Parasites
6. Serous fluid analysis
3. Undigested Materials
1. Physical examination
4. Crystals
2. Chemical Examination
5. Others
3. Microscopic Examination
7. Clinical Significance
7. Pathologic conditions
8. Sources of error
8. Sources of error
9. Reporting of test results
9. Reporting of test results
10. QA and Laboratory Safety
10. Quality assurance, laboratory safety
XIV. MISCELLANEOUS FLUIDS/ SPECIMENS
XIII. FECES
A. VAGINAL DISCHARGE
1. Fecal formation and composition
1. Specimen Collection, Processing, Preservation,
2. Importance of fecalysis
Handling
3. Specimen collection, processing, preservation,
2. Color and Appearance
handling
3. Diagnostic Tests
4. Acceptable fecal smear
B. GASTRIC FLUID
5. Causes of Diarrhea and Steatorrhea
C. SWEAT
6. Fecal examination
