Internal Combustion Engine

Complex engineering problem

Submitted by:

Students Contributions
2019-ME-346 Part 1

2019-ME-350 Part 2

2019-ME-351 Part 3

2019-ME-360 Part 4

2019-ME-376 Printer +Car owner

Submitted to:
Dr. Mujtaba Abbas

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Contents
Problem Statement: ................................................................................................................................. 3
Solution: .................................................................................................................................................. 3
Part 2 ................................................................................................................................................... 3
Assumptions:................................................................................................................................... 3
Calculation: ..................................................................................................................................... 3
Part 3 ................................................................................................................................................... 4
Assumption: .................................................................................................................................... 4
Solution: .......................................................................................................................................... 4
Part 4 ................................................................................................................................................... 5
Reference: ............................................................................................................................................... 6

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Problem Statement:
Vehicles with internal combustion engine are a major contributor towards urban pollution. You
are requested to analyze the problem based on one particular engine type and devise a solution.
• Take an engine from one of the locally used car/motorbike.
• From the manufacturer data, calculate how much fuel will be burned in one hour of
operation at a selected operating point of your choice?
• How much CO2 will be produced annually with this configuration? Assume daily
operating durations of your choice.
• Propose how can this annual amount of CO2 can be reduced.

Note: Make reasonable assumptions and refer/justify each of your assumptions.

Any particular information without proper citation will be penalized

Solution:
Part 1

Take an engine from one of the locally used car/motorbike.

Engine Used:
The Toyota Corolla is driven by a four-cylinder DOHC VVTI - 16-valve engine that has a
displacement volume of 1299 cc. The DOHC VVTI - 16 Valves is capable of giving the engine
up to 63 kilowatts (84 horsepower) at 6000 revolutions per minute (RPM), along with 121
Newton-meters (Nm) at 4400 RPM [1].
The vehicle runs on gasoline. The size of the fuel tank is 55 liters, and it gets around 13 km/L
in the city and 16 km/L on the highway on average. The gearbox and gears on the Toyota
Corolla are manual and have 5 speeds. About 5.4 meters is the minimum turning radius required
for a Toyota Corolla [1].
It is equipped with a Macpherson Strut suspension up front and a Torsion Beam suspension out
back. Both the front and rear brakes are discs, however the rear brakes are solid and the front
brakes are vented. Original Equipment (OE) tyres for the Toyota Corolla are 195/65 R15.
Wheel size is 15" (inches). You are also able to install tyres of a larger size provided that they
fall within the approved size range for the firm [1].
Part 2
From the manufacturer data, calculate how much fuel will be burned in one hour of
operation at a selected operating point of your choice?
Assumptions:
Car is operating at 60 km/h speed.
Engine operating at 75% power output.
Calculation:
Fuel consumption rate = speed / Fuel economy = (60 km/h) / (13 km/l) = 4.615 liters/hour

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Next, we can calculate the mass flow rate of fuel:
Mass flow rate of fuel = Fuel consumption rate x Density of fuel = 4.615 liters/hour x 0.79
kg/liter = 3.647 kg/hour
Finally, we can calculate the specific fuel consumption in g/kWh:
SFC = (Mass flow rate of fuel x 1000 g/kg) / Power output = (3.647 kg/hour x 1000 g/kg) / 63
kW = 57.87 g/kWh
Therefore, the specific fuel consumption is 57.87 g/kWh.
Fuel consumption = (SFC *0.75* Power output * Operating time)
Fuel consumption = (57.87 g/kWh * 0.75*63 kW * 1 hour)
Fuel consumption = 2734.34 g
Therefore, the fuel consumption for 1 hour of operation is 3.649 Kg
Therefore, the fuel consumption is 3.649 Kg/hour/0.79 kg/liter = 4.618 liters/hour
Part 3
How much CO2 will be produced annually with this configuration? Assume daily
operating durations of your choice.
To calculate the annual CO2 emissions, we need to know the carbon content of the fuel being
used. For the purpose of this calculation, we will assume that the fuel being used is gasoline,
which has a carbon content of approximately 2.31 kg of CO2 emissions per liter of gasoline
burned.
First, we need to calculate the annual operating hours:
Assumption:
Assuming the equipment is operated for 2 hours per day, 5 days a week, and for 48 weeks per
year
Solution:
Annual operating hours = 2 hours/day x 5 days/week x 48 weeks/year = 480 hours/year
Next, we can calculate the annual fuel consumption:
Annual fuel consumption = Fuel consumption per hour x Annual operating hours
Annual fuel consumption = 3.649 kg/h x 480 hours/year = 1,751.52 kg/year
Finally, we can calculate the annual CO2 emissions:
Annual CO2 emissions = Annual fuel consumption x Carbon content of fuel
Annual CO2 emissions = 1,751.52 kg/year x 2.31 kg CO2/kg fuel = 4,042.59 kg CO2/year
which around 4.04259 metric ton of CO2 annually.
Therefore, the annual CO2 emissions for this equipment configuration is approximately
4,042.59 kg/year when using gasoline as the fuel.

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Part 4
Propose how can this annual amount of CO2 can be reduced.
Here are a few possible ways to reduce the CO2 emissions from this engine configuration:
1. Improve engine efficiency: One of the most effective ways to reduce CO2 emissions
is to improve the efficiency of the engine. This can be achieved by reducing friction
losses, improving combustion efficiency, and optimizing the fuel injection system.
2. Use cleaner fuel: Using cleaner fuels such as ethanol, methanol, or hydrogen can
significantly reduce CO2 emissions. However, this would require modifications to the
engine and fuel system.
3. Improve vehicle aerodynamics: Improving the aerodynamics of the vehicle can
reduce drag and improve fuel efficiency, thereby reducing CO2 emissions.
4. Use hybrid or electric powertrains: Hybrid or electric powertrains can significantly
reduce CO2 emissions by using electric motors in combination with the internal
combustion engine or replacing the internal combustion engine altogether.
5. Encourage the use of public transport: Encouraging the use of public transport can
reduce the number of vehicles on the road, thereby reducing overall CO2 emissions.
6. Improve vehicle maintenance: Proper vehicle maintenance can improve the
efficiency of the engine and reduce CO2 emissions. This includes regular tune-ups, oil
changes, and tire inflation checks.
7. Reduce vehicle weight: Reducing the weight of the vehicle can improve fuel efficiency
and reduce CO2 emissions. This can be achieved by using lightweight materials such
as carbon fiber, aluminum, or magnesium.
8. Implement eco-driving practices: Eco-driving practices such as maintaining a steady
speed, avoiding sudden accelerations and braking, and reducing idling time can
significantly improve fuel efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions.
9. Implement a carbon tax: Implementing a carbon tax on gasoline can encourage
consumers to use more fuel-efficient vehicles and reduce overall CO2 emissions.
10. Promote alternative transportation modes: Encouraging alternative transportation
modes such as biking or walking can reduce the number of vehicles on the road and
reduce overall CO2 emissions.

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Reference:
1. Toyota Corolla GLI 1.3L VVTI - 2023 – specifications, features, Pictures & Videos
(2021) Tyre Point. Available at: https://tyrepoint.pk/new-cars/cars/toyota-corolla-gli-
1-3l-vvti/ (Accessed: April 4, 2023).