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ENGLISH
GRAMMAR
IN USE
A self-study reference and
practice book for intermediate
learners of English

with answers

Fifth Edition

Raymond Murphy
University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom
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First published 1985
Second edition 1994
Third edition 2004
Fourth edition 2012
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ISBN 978-1-108-45765-1 Student’s Book with answers
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Contents

Thanks vii
To the student viii
To the teacher x

Prese nt and past

1 Present continuous (I am doing)
2 Present simple (I do)
3 Present continuous and present simple 1 (I am doing and I do)
4 Present continuous and present simple 2 (I am doing and I do)
5 Past simple (I did)
6 Past continuous (I was doing)

Prese nt perfect and past

7 Present perfect 1 (I have done)
8 Present perfect 2 (I have done)
9 Present perfect continuous (I have been doing)
10 Present perfect continuous and simple (I have been doing and I have done)
11 how long have you (been) ... ?
12 for and since when ... ? and how long ... ?
13 Present perfect and past 1 (I have done and I did)
14 Present perfect and past 2 (I have done and I did)
15 Past perfect (I had done)
16 Past perfect continuous (I had been doing)
17 have and have got
18 used to (do)

Future
19 Present tenses (I am doing / I do) for the future
20 I'm going to (do)
21 will and shall l
22 will and shall 2
23 I will and I'm going to
24 will be doing and will have done
25 when I do and when I've done if and when

Modafs
26 can, could and (be) able to
27 could (do) and could have (done)
28 must and can't
29 may and might 1
30 may and might 2
31 have to and must
32 must mustn't needn't
33 should 1
34 should 2
35 I'd better... it's time ...
36 would
37 can/could/would you ... ? etc. (Requests, offers, permissi on and invitations)

IF YOU ARE NOT SURE WHICH UNITS YOU NEED TO STUDY, USE THE STUDY GUIDE ON PAGE 326. iii
Thanks
This is the fifth edition of English Grammar in Use. I wrote the original edition when I was a teacher at the
Swan School of English, Oxford. I would like to repeat my thanks to my former colleagues and students at
the school for their help, encouragement and interest at that time.
Regarding the production of this fifth edition, I would like to thank Rebecca Winthrop and Chris Capper.

Design & Illustrations

Q2A Media Services Pvt. Ltd.

vii
Additional exercises
At the back of the book there are Additional exercises (pages 302–325). These exercises bring
together some of the grammar points from a number of different units. For example, Exercise 16
brings together grammar points from Units 26–36. You can use these exercises for extra practice after
you have studied and practised the grammar in the units concerned.

ebook
An ebook version of English Grammar in Use is also available to buy.

ix
 ENGLISH
GRAMMAR
IN USE
Past simple (I did)
Study this example:

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian

musician and composer. He lived from 1756 to
1791. He started composi ng at the age of five
and wrote more than 600 pieces of music. WA Mcrtill't
He was only 35 years old when he died.
lived/started/wrote/was/died are all postsimple )"/:,6-1'/9)

Very often the past simple ends in -ed (regu/orverbs):

0 I work in a travel agency now. Before that I worked in a department store.
0 They invited us to their party, but we decided not to go.
0 The police stopped me on my way home last night.
0 Laura passed her exam because she studied very hard.
For spelling (stopped, studied etc.), see Appendix 6.

But many verbs are irregular. The past simple does not end in -ed. For exam pl e:
write -> w rote O Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of music.
see -> saw O We saw Alice in town a few days ago.
go -> went O I went to the cinema three times last week.
shut -> shut O It was cold, so I shut the window.
For a list of irregular verbs, see Appendix 1.

In questions and negative sentences we use did/didn't+ infinitive (enjoy/see/go etc.):

I enjoyed you enjoy? I enjoy
she saw did she see? she didn't see
they went they go? they go

0 I enjoyed the party a lot. Did you enjoy it?

0 How many people did they invite to the wedding?
0 I didn't buy anythi ng because I didn't have any money.
0 'Did you go out?' 'No, I didn't.'
Sometimes do is the main verb in the sentence (did you do?, I didn't do):
0 What did you do at the weekend? (not What did you at the weekend?)
0 I didn't do anything. (not I didn't anything)

The past of be (am/is/are) is w a s / w e r e ---------------------------

� �
I/he/she/it was/wasn't was I/he/she/it?
we/you/they were/weren't were we/you/they?

0 I was annoyed because they were late.

0 Was the weather good when you were on holiday?
0 They weren't able to come because they were so busy.
0 I wasn't hungry, so I didn't eat anythi ng.
0 Did you go out last night or were you too tired?

Past simple and past continuous➔ Unit 6 Past simple and present perfect ➔ Units 12-14
 Past continuous (I was doing)
Study this example situation:

Yesterday Karen and Joe played tennis. They started at

10 o'clock and finished at 11.30.
So, at 10.30 they were playing tennis.

they were playing=

they were in the middle of playing, they had not finished
was/were+ -ing is the past continuous:
he/she/it was playing
doing
we/you/they were working etc.

I was doing something= I was in the middle of doing it at a certain time. The action or situation started
before this time, but had not finished:

I started doing I was doing I finished doing

past past now

0 This time last year I was living in Hong Kong.
0 What were you doing at 10 o'clock last night?
0 I waved to Helen, but she wasn't looking.

Compare I was doing (past continuo us) and I did (post simple):

I was doing(= in the middle of an action) I did(= complete action)

0 We were walking home when I met 0 We walked home after the party last
Dan. (in the middle of walking home) night. (= all the way, completely)
0 KatewaswatchinglVwhenwe 0 Kate watched lVa lot when she was ill
arrived. last year.

You can say that something happened (past simple) in the middle of something else (past continuous):
0 Matt phoned while we were having dinner.
0 It was raining when I got up.
0 Isaw you in the park yesterday. You were sitting on the grass and reading a book.
0 I hurt my back while I was working in the garden.
But we use the past simple to say that one thing happened after another:
0 I was walking along the road when Isaw Dan. So I stopped,an d we talked for a while.
Compare:

0 When Karen arrived, we were having 0 When Karen arrived, we had dinner.
dinner. (= we had already started before (= Karen arrived, and then we had
she arrived) dinner)

Some verbs (for example, know and want) are not normally used in continuous forms (is+-ing,
was+-ing etc.). See Unit 4A for a list of these verbs.
0 We were good friends. We knew each other well. (not we were knowing)
0 I was enjoying the party, but Chris wanted to go home. (not was wanting)

12 P'. Past simple {I did)-+ Unit 5

 Present perfect 1 (I have done)
Study this example situation:

Tom can't find his key.

He's lost his key. (= He has lost ...)

he has lost his key =

he lost it and he doesn't have it now

J
have lost / has lost is the present perfect simple:

finished
I 1;we/they/you have (= I've etc.)
lost

L
done
he/she/i t has (= he's etc.) been etc.

The present perfect simple is have/has+ post participle. The past participle often ends in -ed
(finished/deci ded etc.), but many verbs are irregular (lost/done/wri tte n etc.).
For a list of irregular verbs, see Appendix 1.

When we say 'something has happened', this is usually new information:

0 Ow! I've cut my finger.
0 The road is closed. There's been an accident. (= There has been . . . )
0 Police have arrested two men in connecti on with the roblbery.
When we use the present perfect, there is a connection with now. The action in the past has a result now:
0 Tom has lost his key. (= he doesn't have it now)
0 He told me his name, but I've forgotten it. (= I can't remember it now)
0 Sally is still here. She hasn't gone out. (= she is here now)
0 I can't find my bag. Have you seen it? (= do you know where it is now?)
Compare gone (to) and been (to):
0 James is on holiday. He has gone to Italy. (= he is there now or on his way there)
0 Amy is back home now. She has been to Italy. (= she has now come back)

You can use the present perfect with just, already and yet.

Just= a short time ago:

0 'Are you hungry?' 'No, I've just had lunch.'
0 Hello. Have you just arrived?
Already= sooner than expected:
0 'Don't forget to pay the bill.' 'I've already paid it.'
0 'What time is Mark leaving?' 'He's already left.'
Yet= until now. We use yet to show that we are expecting something to happen.
We use yet in questions and negative sentences:
0 Has it stopped raining yet?
0 I've written the email, but I haven't sent it yet.

You can also use the past simple (did, went, had etc.) in the examples on this page. So you can say:
0 Ben isn't here. He's gone out. or He went out.
0 'Are you hungry?' 'No, I've just had lunch.' or 'No, I just had lunch.'

Present perfect ➔ Units 8, 11 been to➔ Units SA, 126A Present perfect continuous➔ Units 9-10
14 Present perfect and past ➔ Units 12-14 yet and already➔ Unit 111 American English➔ Appendix 7
 Present perfect 2 (I have done)
Study this example conversation:

DAVE: Have you travelled a lot, Jane?

JANE: Yes, I've been to lots of places. Jane's life
DAVE: Really? Have you ever been to China? (a period until now)
JANE: Yes, I've been to China twice.
DAVE: What about India? post now
JANE: No, I haven't been to India.
When we talk about a period of time that continues from the past until now, we use the present
perfect(have been / have travelled etc.). Here, Dave and Jane are talking about the places Jane
has visited in her life, which is a period that continues until now.

In the same way we say:

0 Have you ever eaten caviar?
0 We've never had a car.
0 I don't know what the film is about. I haven't seen it.
0 Susan really loves that book. She's read it three times. (She's = She has)
0 It's a really boring movie. It's the most boring movie I've ever seen.
been(to) =visited:
0 I've never been to Canada. Have you been there?

In the following examples too, the speakers are talking about a period that continues until now
(recently, in the last few days, so far, since I arrived etc.):
0 Have you heard anything from Ben recently? recently
0 I've met a lot of people in the last few days. in the last few days
0 Everything is going well. There haven't been any
problems so far. since I arrived
0 The weather is bad here. It's(= It has) rained every post now
day since I arrived. (=from when I arrived until now)
0 It's good to see you again. We haven't seen each other for a long time.
In the same way we use the present perfect with today, this evening, this year etc. when these
periods are not finished at the time of speaking:
0 I've drunk four cups of coffeetoday. today
0 Have you had a holiday this year? post now
0 I haven't seen Tom this morning. Have you?

We say 'It's the (first) time something has happened'. For example:
Don is having a driving lesson. It's his first lesson.
We can say: This is the first time
I've driven a car.
0 It's the first time he has driven a car. (not drives)
or He hasn't driven a car before.
or He has never driven a car before.
In the same waywe say:
0 Sarah has lost her passport again. This is the second
time this has happened. (not happens)
0 Andy is phoning his girlfriend again. It's the third
time he's phoned her this evening.

16 Present perfect 1-+ Unit 7 Present p erf ect + for/since-+ Units 11-12 Present perfect and past-+ Units 12-14
 Present perfect continuous (I have been doing)

It'sbeen raining.
Study this example situation:

Is it raining?
No, but the ground is wet.
It'sbeen raining. (= It has been ...)
have/hasbeen + -ing is the presentperfect continuous:

I/we/they/you I
have I
(= !I've
been working
doing

etc.) he/she/it has

he's etc.) I I (= learning etc.

We use the present perfect continuous for an activity that has recently stopped or just stopped:
0 Why areyou out of breath? Haveyoubeen running?
0 Paul is very tired. He'sbeen working hard. have/hasbeen + -ing
0 Why are you so tired? What have youbeen doing? presentperfect continuous
0 I'vebeen talking to Amanda and she agrees with me.
0 Where have you been? I'vebeen lookingforyou. now

It'sbeen raining for two hours.

Study this example situation:
It began raining two hours ago and it is still raining.
How long has it been raining?
It'sbeen raining for two hours. (= It has been ...)
We use the present perfect continuous in this way, especially
with how long, for ...and since .........The activity is still
happening (as in this example) or has just stopped.

0 How long have youbeen learning English? (=you're still learning English)
0 Ben is watching TV. He'sbeen watching TV all day.
0 Where have you been? I'vebeen looking for you for the last half hour.
0 Chris hasn'tbeen feeling well recently.
You can use the present perfect continuous for repeated actions:
0 Silvia is a very good tennis player. She'sbeen playing since she was eight.
0 Every morning they meet in the same cafe. They've been going there for years.

Compare I am doing and I havebeen doing:

I
I am doing I havebeen doing
present continuous presentperfect continuous

now now

0 Don't disturb me now. I'm working. 0 I'vebeen working hard. Now I'm going
to have a break.
0 We need an umbrella. It's raining. 0 The ground is wet. It'sbeen raining.
0 Hurry up! We're waiting. 0 We'vebeen waiting for an hour.

18 Present perfect cont inu ousan d simple ➔ Units 10-11 Present perf ect + for/since➔ Units 11-12
■ how long have you (been)
Study this example situation:
,•

Dan and Kate are married. They got married exactly

20 years ago, so today is their 20th wedding anniversary.
They have been married for 20 years.
We say: They are married. (present)
but How long have they been married?
(not How long are they married?)
]
(not They are married for 20 years)

We use the present perfe ct to talk about something that began in the past and still
present
continues now.
he is
Compare the present and present perfect:
we know
0 Paul is in hospital. do they have
but He's been in hospital since Monday. (= He has been ...) she is waiting
(not Paul is in hospital since Monday)
0 We know each other very well.
present perfect
but We've known each other for a long time.
he has been
(not We know)
we have known
0 Do they have a car? have they had
but How long have they had their car? she has been waiting
0 She's waiting for somebody.
but She hasn't been waiting very long. past now

I've known/ I've had/ I've lived etc.is the present perfect simple.
I've been learning/ I've been waiting etc. is the present perfect continuo us.
When we ask or say 'how long; the continuous is more usual (see Unit 10):
0 I've been learning English since January.
0 It's been raining all morning.
0 Richard has been doing the same job for 20 years.
0 'How long have you been driving?' 'Since I was 17.'
Some verbs (for example, know and like) are not normally used in the continuous:
0 How long have you known Jane? (not have you been knowing)
0 I've had these shoes for ages. (not I've been having)
See also Units 4A and lOC. For have, see Unit 17.

You can use either the continuous or simple with live and work:
0 Julia has been living in this house for a long time. or Julia has lived ...
0 How long have you been working here? or How long have you worked here?
But we use the simple (have lived etc.) with always:
0 I've always lived in the country. (not always been living)

We say 'I haven't (done something) since/for .. .' (present perfect simple):
0 I haven't seen Tom since Monday. (= Monday was the last time I saw him)
0 Sarah hasn't phoned for ages. (= the last time she phoned was ages ago)

22 I haven't ... since/for➔ Unit 8B Present perfect continuous ➔ Units 9-10 for and since➔ Unit 12A
■ for and since when ... ? and how long ... ?
We use for and since to say how long something has been happeni ng.

We use for+ a period of time: We use since+ the start of a period:

0 We've been waiting for two hours. 0 We've been waiting since 8 o'clock.

since 8 o'clock

two hours ago ---------------------now Bo'c/ock now

for since
two hours a long time a week 8 o'clock April lunchtime
20minutes six months ages Monday 2001 we arrived
five days 50 years years 12May Christm as I got up

0 Sally has been working here for six 0 Sally has been working here sinee
months. (not since six months) April. (=from April until now )
0 I haven't seen Tom for three days. 0 I haven't seen Tom since Monday.

We often leave out for (but not usually in negative sentences):

0 They've been married for ten years. or They've been married ten years.
0 They haven't had a holiday for ten years. (you need for)
You can use in instead of for in negative sentences (I haven't ...etc.):
0 They haven't had a holiday in ten years. (=for ten years)
We do not use for+ all ...(all day/ all my life etc.):
0 I've lived here all my life. (not for all my life)

Compare when ... ? (+ past simple) and how long ... ? (+ present perfect):

A: When did it start raining?

B: It started raining an hour ago/ at 1 o'clock.
A: How long has it been raining?
B: It's been raining for an hour/ since 1 o'clock.

A: When did Joe and Kate first meet?

a long time ago.
B: They first met {
when they were at school.
A: How long have they known each other?B:
f r a long time.
They've known each other{ � since they were at school.

We say: it's (= it is) a long time

since something happened
or it's been (= it has been) six months (etc.)

0 It's two years since I last saw Joe. or It's been two years since ...
(= I haven't seen Joe for two years)
0 It's ages since we went to the cinema. or It's been ages since ...
(= We haven't been to the cinema for ages)
0 How long is it since Mrs Hill died? or How long has it been since ...
(=when did she die?)

24 P'. How long have you (been) ... ?- + Unit 11

■ Past perfect (I had done)
Study this example situation:

Sarah and Paul went to the same party last week, but they
didn't see each other. Paul left the party at 10.30 and Sarah
arrived at 11 o'clock.
So when Sarah arrived at the party, Paul wasn't there.
He had gone home.

had gone is the post perfect

gone
Ifwe/they/you had
(= I'd etc.)
seen
he/she/it (= he'd etc.)
finished etc.

The past perfect (simple) is had+ post participle (gone/seen/finished etc.).

Sometimes we talk about something that happened in the past:
0 Sarah arrived at the party.
This is the starting point of the story. Then, ifwe want to talk about things that happened before this time,
we use the past perfect (had ...):
0 When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home.
Some more exampl es:
0 When we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken into the flat.
0 Karen didn't come to the cinema with us. She'd already seen the movie.
0 At first I thought I'd done the right thing, but I soon realised that I'd made a big mistake.
0 The people sitting next to me on the plane were nervous. They hadn't flown before.
or They'd never flown before.

Compare present perfect (have seen etc.) and post perfect (had seen etc.):

Present perfect Post perfect

had seen

post now post now

0 Who is that woman? I've seen her before, 0 I wasn't sure who she was. I'd seen her
but I can't remem ber where. before, but I couldn't remem ber where.
0 We aren't hungry. We've just had lunch. 0 We weren't hungry. We'd just had lunch.
0 The house is dirty. They haven't cleaned 0 The house was dirty. They hadn't
it for weeks. cleaned it for weeks.

Compare postsimple (left, was etc.) and post perfect (had left, had been etc.):

Post simple Post perfect

0 A: Was Tom there when you arrived? 0 A: Was Tom there when you arrived?
B: Yes, but he left soon afterwards. B: No, he'd already left.

0 Kate wasn't at home when I phoned. 0 Kate had just got home when I phoned.
She was at her mother' s house. She'd been at her mother's house.

30 Past perfect continuou s-+ Unit 16 Irregularverbs (gone/seen etc.)-+ Appendix 1

■ Past perfect continuous (I had been doing)
Study this example situation:

Yesterday morning I got up a ind looked out of the window.

yesterday morning
The sun was shining, but the ground was very wet.
It had been raining.

It was not raining when I looked out of the window.

The sun was shining. But it had been raining before.
had been -ing is the past perfect continuo us:
doing
I/we/you/they (= I'd etc.)
had been working
he/she/it (= he'd etc.)
playing etc.

Some more examples:

0 My hands were dirty because I'd been repairing my bike.
0 Tom was tired when he got home. He'd been working hard all day.
0 I went to Madrid a few years ago and stayed with a friend of mine. She hadn't been living
there very long, but she knew the city very well.

You can say that something had been happening before something else happened:
0 We'd been playing tennis for about half an hour when it started to rain heavily.

Compare have been -ing (prese nt perfe ct continuo us) and had been -ing (past perfe ct continuous):

Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous

I had been -ing

past now past now

0 I hope the bus comes soon. I've been 0 At last the bus came. I'd been waiting
waiting for 20 minutes. (before now) for 20 minutes. (before the bus came)

0 James is out of breath. He'sbeen 0 James was out of breath. He'd been
running. (= he has been ...) running. (= he had been ...)

Compare was -ing (past continuo us) and had been -ing:
0 ltwasn't raining whenwe went out. The sunwasshining. But it had been raining,
so the ground was wet.
0 Katherine was lying on the sofa. She was tired because she'd been working hard.

Some verbs (for example, know) are not normally used in continuous forms (be+ -ing):
0 We were good friends. We had known each other for years. (not had been knowing )
0 A few years ago Lisa cut her hair really short. I was surprised because she'd always had
long hair. (not she'd been having)

For a list of these verbs, see Unit 4A. For have, see Unit 17

32 Present perfect continuous-+ Units 9-10 Past perfect simple-+ Unit 15

■ have and have got
have and have got(= for possession, relationshi ps, illnesses, appointments etc.)
You can use have or have got. There is no difference in meaning. You can say:
0 They have a new car. or They've got a new car.
0 Lisa has two brothers. or Lisa has got two brothers.
0 I have a headache. or I've got a headache.
0 Our house has a small garden. or Our house has got a small garden.
0 He has a few problem s. or He's got a few problem s.
0 I have a driving lesson tomorrow. or I've got a driving lesson tomorrow.
With these meanings (possession etc.), we do not use continuous forms(I'm having etc.):
0 We're enjoyi ng our holiday. We have/ We've got a nice room in the hotel.
(not We're having a nice room)
For the past we use had (usually without got):
0 Lisa had long hair when she was a child. (not Lisa had got)

In questions and negative sentences there are three possible forms:

Do you have any questions? I don't have any questions.
or Have you got any questions? or I haven't got any questions.
or Have you any questions? (fess usual) or I haven't any questions. (less usual)
Does she have a car? She doesn't have a car.
or Has she got a car? or She hasn't got a car.
or Has she a car? (fess usual) or She hasn't a car. (fess usual)

In past questions and negative sentences, we use did/didn't:

0 Did you have a car when you were living in Paris?
0 I didn't have my phone, so I couldn't call you.
0 Lisa had long hair, didn't she?

have breakfast/ have a shower/ have a good time etc.

We also use have (but not have got) for things we do or experience. For example:
breakfas t/ dinner/ a cup of coffee/ something to eat etc.
a bath/ a showe r / a swim/ a break/ a rest/ a party/ a holida y
an accide nt/ an experie nc e / a dream
have a look (at something)
a chat/ a discussion/ a conversation (w ith somebody)
troubl e/ difficulty/ fun/ a good time etc.
a baby(= give birth to a baby)

Have got is not possible in these expressions. Compare:

0 Sometimes I have(= eat) a sandwich for my lunch. (not I've got)
but I've got/ I have some sandwi ches. Would you like one?
You can use continuous forms(I' m having etc.) with these expressions:
0 We're enjoying our holiday. We're having a great time.
0 'Where's Mark?' 'He's having a shower.'
In questions and negative sentences we use do/does/did:
0 I don't usually have a big breakfast. (not I usually haven't)
0 Where does Chris usually have lunch?
0 Did you have trouble finding somewhere to stay? (not Had you)

34 have (got) to ... ➔ Unit 31 American English ➔ Appendix 7

■ used to (do)
Study this example situation:

a fewyears ago Nicola doesn't travel much these days.

She prefers to stay at home..
But she used to travel a lot.
She used to go away two or three times a year.
She used to travel a lot= she travelled often in the past, but
she doesn't do this any more.

she used to travel '" she doesn't

travel

past now

I used to do something= I did it often in the past, but not any more:
0 I used to play tennis a lot, but I don't play very much now.
0 David used to spend a lot of money on clothes. These days he can't afford it.
0 'Do you go to the cinema much?' 'Not now, but I used to.' (= I used to go)
We also use used to ... for things that were true, but are not true any more:
0 This building is now a furniture shop. It used to be a cinema.
0 I used to think Mark was unfriendly, but now I realise he's a very nice person.
0 I've started drinking coffee recently. I never used to like it before.
0 Lisa used to have very long hair when she was a child.

'I used to do something' is past. There is no present. You cannot say 'I use to do'.
To talk about the present, we use the present simple (I do).

Compare:
past he used to play we used to live there used to be
present he plays we live there is
0 We used to live in a small village, but now we live in a city.
0 There used to be four cinemas in the town. Now there is only one.

The normal question form is did (you) use to ... ? :

0 Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child? (= did you do this often?)
The negati ve form is didn't use to ... (used not to ... is also possible):
0 I didn't use to like him. (or I used not to like him.)

Compare I used to do and I was doing:

0 I used to watch TV a lot. (= I watched TV often in the past, but I don't do this any more)
0 I was watching TV when Rob called. (= I was in the middle of watching TV)

Do not confuse I used to do and I am used to doing (see Unit 61). The structures and meanings
are different:
0 I used to live alone. (= I lived alone in the past, but I no longer live alone.)
0 I am used to livl!!g alone. (= I live alone, and it's not a problem for me because I've lived
alone for some time.)

Past continuous (I was doing)-+ Unit 6 would(= used to)-+ Unit 36

36 be/get used to(doing something)-+ Unit 61
■ Present tenses (I am doing/ I do) for the future
Present continuous (I am doing) with a future meaning

This is Ben's diary for next week.

He is playing tennis on Monday afternoon.
He is going to the dentist on Tuesday morning.
He is meeting Kate on Friday.

In all these examples, Ben has already decided and

arranged to do these things.

I'm doing something (tomorrow etc.)= I have already decided and arranged to do it:
0 A: What are you doing on Saturday evening? (not What do you do)
B: I'm going to the cinema. (not I go)
0 A: What time is Katherine arriving tomorrow?
B: Half past ten. We're meeting her at the station.
0 I'm not working tomorrow, so we can go out somewhere.
0 Steve isn't playing football next Saturday. He's hurt his leg.
We do not normally use will to talk about what we have arranged to do:
0 What are you doing tonight? (not What will you do)
0 Alex is getting married next month. (not will get)
We also use the present continuous for an actionjust beforeyou start to do it. This happens
especially with verbs of movement (go/come/leave etc.):
0 I'm tired. I'm going to bed now. Goodnight. (not I go to bed now)
0 'Tina, are you ready yet?' 'Yes, I'm coming.' (not I come)

Present simple (I do) with a future meaning

We use the present simple when we talk about timetables and programmes (for example, transport
or cinema times):
0 I have to go. My train leaves at 11.30.
0 What time does the film start tonight?
0 The meeting is at nine o'clock tomorrow.
You can use the present simple to talk about people if their plans are fixed like a timetable:
0 I start my new job on Monday.
0 What time do you finish work tomorrow?
But the continuous is more usual for other personal arrangements:
0 What time are you meeting Kate tomorrow ? (not do you meet)
Compare:

Present continuous Present simple

0 What time are you arriving? 0 What time does the train arrive?
0 I'm going to the cinema this evening. 0 The film starts at 8.15.

When you talk about appointments, lessons, exams etc., you can use I have or I've got:
0 I have an exam next week. or I've got an exam next week.

38 I'm going to-+ Units 20, 23 will-+ Units 21-22 Present simple after when and if-+ Unit 25
■ I'm going to (do)
I am going to do something= I have already decided to do it, I intend to do it:
0 'Are you going to eat anything?' 'No, I'm not hungry.'
0 A: I hear Sarah won the lottery. What is she going to do with the money?
B: She's going to buy a new car.
0 I'm just going to make a quick phone call. Can you waitfor me?
0 This cheese smells horrible. I'm not going to eat it.

I am doing and I am going to do

I am doing= it is alreadyfixed orarranged. For exampl e, you have arranged to go somewhere

or meet somebody:
0 I'm leaving next week. I've booked myflight.
0 What time are you meeting Emily this evening?
I am going to do something= I've decided to do it. Maybe I've arranged to do it, maybe not.
0 A: Your shoes are dirty.
B: Yes, I know. I'm going to clean them.
(= I've decided to clean them, but I haven't arranged this with anybody)
0 I don't want to stay here. Tomorrow I'm going to lookfor somewhere else to stay.
Compare:
0 I don't know what I'm doing tomorrow. (= I don't know my schedule or plans)
0 I don't know what I'm going to do about the problem. (= I haven't decided what to do)
Often the difference is small and eitherform is possible.

You can also say that 'something is going to happen' in the future. For example:

The man isn't looking where he is going.

He is going to walk into the wall.
When we say that 'something is going to happen;
the situation now makes this clear.
The man is walking towards the wall now, so we
can s e e t h a t he is going to walk into it.
.,
going to

now future

Some more examples:

0 Look at those black clouds! It's going to rain. (we can see the clouds now)
0 Ifeel terrible. I think I'm going to be sick. (Ifeel terrible now)
0 The economi c situation is bad now and things are going to get worse.

I was going to do something = I intended to do it, but didn't do it:

0 We weregoin g to travel by train, but then we decided to drive instead.
0 I was just going to cross the road when somebody shouted 'Stop!'
You can say that 'something was going to happen' (but didn't happen):
0 I thought it was going to rain, but it didn't.

40 I am doing (future)-+ Unit 19A I will and I'm going to-+ Unit 23
■ will and shall 1
We use I'll ... (= I will) when we've just decided to do something. When we say 'I'll do something:
we announce our decision:
0 Oh, I left the door open. I 'II go and shut it.
0 'What would you like to drink?' 'I'll have orange juice, please.'
0 'Did you call Max?' 'Oh no, I forgot. I'll call him now.'
We do not use the prese nt simple (I do/ I go etc.) in these sentences:
0 I'll phone him now. (not I phone him now)
We often use I think I'll .../ I don't think I'll ...:
0 l'm a little hungry. lthinkl'llhavesomething to eat.
0 I don't think I'll go out tonight. I'm too tired.
In spoken English will not is usually won't:
0 I can see you're busy, so I won't stay long. (= I will not stay long)

We often use I'll in these situations:

Offering to do something
0 That bag looks heavy. I'll help you with it. (not I help)
Agreeing to do something
0 A: Can you give Tom this book?
B: Sure, I'll give it to him when I see him this afternoon.

Promising to do something
0 Thanks for lending me the money. I'll pay you back on Friday.
0 I won't tell anyone what happened. I promise.

We use won't to say that somebody refuses to do something:

0 I've tried to give her advice, but she won't listen.
0 The car won't start. (= the car 'refuses' to start)
Will you (do something)? = please do it:
0 Will you please turn the music down? It's too loud.
We do not use will to talk about what has been decided or arranged before:
0 I'm going on holiday next Saturday. (not I'll go)
Compare:
0 I'm meeting Kate tomorrow morning. (decided before)
0 A: I'll meet you at half past ten, OK?
B: Fine. See you then. (decided now)

We use shall mostly in the questi ons shall I ... ?/ shall we ... ?
We use shall I ...?/ shall we ...? to ask if it's OK to do something or to ask for a suggestion:
0 Shall I open the window? (= do you want me to open it?)
0 I've got no money. What shall I do? (= what do you suggest?)
0 'Shall we go?' 'Just a minute. I'm not ready yet.'
0 'Where shall we have lunch?' 'Let's go to Marino's.'
Compare shall I ...? and will you ... ? :
0 Shall I shut the door? (= do you want me to shut it?)
0 Will you shut the door? (= I want you to shut it)

I am doing (future)-+ Unit 19 will and shall 2-+ Unit 22 I will and I'm going to-+ Unit 23
42 American Englis h -+ Appendix 7
■ will and shall2
We do not use will to say what somebody has already arranged or decided to do:
0 Lisa is working next week. (not Lisa will work)
0 Are you going to watch 1V this evening? (not will you watch)
See Units 19-20.
We use will to say what we know or believe about the future (not what someone has already decided).
For example:

Kate has her driving test next week. Joe believes that Kate will pass
Yes, she's a good driver.
Chris and Joe are talking about it. the driving test.
She'll pass easily.
He is predicting the future.

Doyou think
Kate will pass?
Ml When we predict a future
happening or situation, we use
will/won't.

JOE

Some more examples:

0 They've been away a long time. When they return, they'll find a lot of changes here.
0 'Where will you be this time next year?' 'I'll be in Japan.'
0 That plate is hot. If you touch it, you'll burn yourself.
0 Anna looks completel y different now. You won't recognise her.
0 When will you get your exam results?
Compare:
0 I think James is going to the party on Friday. (= I think he has already decided to go)
0 I think James will go to the party on Friday. (= I think he will decide to go)
We often use will ('II) with:

probably 0 I'll probably be home late tonight.

I'm sure 0 Don't worry about the exam. I'm sure you'll pass.
I think 0 Do you think Sarah will like the present we bought her?
I don't think 0 I don't think the exam will be very difficul t.
I wonder 0 I wonder what will happen.

After I hope, we generally use the present:

0 I hope Kate passes the driving test.
0 I hope it doesn't rain tomorrow.
Generally we use will to talk about the future, but sometimes we use will to talk about now:
0 Don't phone Amy now. She'll be busy. (= she'll be busy now)
Normally we use shall only with I and we. You can say:
I shall orl will (I'll) we shall orwe will (we'll)
0 I shall be late this evening. (or I will be)
0 We shall probably go to France in June. (or We will probably go)
In spoken English we normally use I'll and we'll:
0 We'll probabl y go to France.
The negative of shall is shall not or shan't:
0 I shan't be here tomorrow. (or I won't be)
We do not normally use shall with he/she/it/you/they:
0 She will be very angry. (not She shall be)

will and shall 1-+ Unit 21 I will and I'm going to-+ Unit 23 will be doing and will have done-+ Unit 24
44 will have to-+ Unit 31A The future-+ Appendix 3 American English-+ Appendix 7
■ I will and I'm going to
Future actions
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- �

Compare will and (be) going to:

Sarah is talking to Helen: will (We'U invite ...)

Let's have a party. That's a great idea. We use wiII (We'll invite ...) to announce a
We'll invite lots of people. new decision. The party is a new idea.

decision
now

lwe•0
SARAH HELEN past now future

Later that day, Helen meets Max: (be) going to (We're going to invite ...)
Sarah and I have decided to have a party. We use (be) going to when we have
We're going to invite lots of people. already de ci de d to do something.
Helen had already decided to invite lots of
people before she spoke to Max.
decision
before

I We're g�ing to ...

HELEN
. I
MAX post now future

Compare:
0 'Gary has been trying to contact you. ' 'Has he? OK, I'll call him.'
'Gary has been trying to contact you. ' 'Yes, I know. I'm going to call him.'
0 'Anna is in hospital. ' 'Really? I didn't know. I'll go and visit her.
'Anna is in hospital. ' 'Yes, I know. I'm going to visit her this evening.'

Future happenings and situations (predicting thefuture)

We use both will and going toforfuture happenings and situations. So you can say:
0 I think the weather will be nice later. or
I think the weather is going to be nice later.
0 Those shoes are well-made. They'll last a long time. or
Those shoes are well-made. They're going to last a long time.
When we say something is going to happen, we believe this because of the situation now. What is
happeningnowshows that somethingis going to happen in thefuture. For example:
0 Look at those black clouds. It's going to rain. (not it will rain)
(we can see that it is going to rain - the black clouds are iin the sky now)
Compare:
0 We're going to be late. The meeting starts infive minutes and it takes 15 minutes to get there.
(it is clear now that we don't have enough time to get there)
0 Jane will be late for the meeting. She's always late.
(I believe this because I know what Jane is like)

46 I'm going to➔ Unit 20 will➔ Units 21-22 Thefuture➔ Appendix 3

■ will be doing and will have done
Study this example situation:
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------�

These people are standing in a queue to get

into the cinema.

now
Half an hour from now, the cinema will be full.
Everyone will be watching the film.
t _, J J ) •, ' ,, I I
...__ • - ,· J......,...- ....i:......_ -,,..
4,

l. -·-•.· ·'
,.&, _.,, .........
half on hour from now
Three hours from now, the cinema will be empty.
The film will have finished.
Everyone will have gone home.

three hours from now

I will be doing something (future continuous)= I will be in the middle of doing it:
0 This time next week I'll be on holiday. I'll be lying on the beach or swimming in the sea.
0 You have no chance of getting the job. You'll be wasting your time if you apply.
Compare will be (do)ing and will (do):
0 Don't phone between 7 and 8. We'll be eating.
0 Let's wait for Liz to arrive and then we'll eat.
Compare:
0 At 10 o'clock yesterday, Tina was in her office. She was working. (post continuous)
It's 10 o'clock now. She is in her office. She is working. {present continuous)
At 10 o'clock tomorrow, she will be in her office. She will be working. (future continuous)

We also use will be -ing to talk about complete actions in the future. Later in the program m e,
For example: I'll be talking to ...
0 The government will be making a statement
about the crisis later today.
0 Later in the programme, I'll be talking to the
Minister of Education.
0 The team's star player is injured and won't
be playing in the game on Saturday.
When we use it in this way, will be (doing) is similar to
will (do) and going to (do).

I will have done something (future perfect)= it will be complete before a time in the future. For example:
0 Sally always leaves for work at 8.30 in the morning. She won't be at home at 9 o'clock-
she'll have gone to work.
0 We're late. The film will already have started by the time we get to the cinema.
Compare:
0 Ted and Amy have been married for 24 years. (present perfect)
Next year they will have been married for 25 years. (future perfect)
When their son was born, they had been married for three years. {post perfect)

48 w ill➔ Units 21-22 by then/ by the tim e ➔ Unit 120 The future➔ Appendix 3
■ when I do and when I've done
Study this example:

Amy is on a train. She's calling a friend.

if and when

'I'll rail you again later when I arrive' is a sentence

with two parts:
I'll call you again later when I arrive. the main part: I'll call you again later
and when ...: when I arrive
The time is future ('later'), but Amy says:
... when I arrive (not when I will arrive)
We say
when I do something (not will do)
when something happens (not will happen)

Some more examples:

0 We'll go out when it stops raining. (not when it will stop)
0 When you are here again, you must come and see us. (not When you will be)
0 Don't forget to lock the door when you go out. (not will go)
The same thing happens after while/ before/ after/ as soon as/ until:
0 What are you going to dowhil el' m away? (notwhil el will be)
0 Before you go, there's something I want to ask you.
0 Wait here until I come back. or ...till I come back.

You ran also use the presentperfe ct (have done) after when/ after/ until/ as soon as:
0 Can I have the newspaper when you've finished with it?
0 Don't say anything while Ian is here. Wait until he has gone.
We use the present perfect to show that one thing is complete before the other. The two things do not
happen together:
0 When I've phoned Kate, we can go out.
(= first I'll phone Kate and ofter that we ran go out)
Do not use the present perfect if the two things happen together:
0 When I phone Kate, I'll ask her about the party. (not when I've phoned)
It is often possible to use either the present simple or the present pe rfect:
0 I'll come as soon as I finish. or I'll come as soon as I've finished.
0 You'll feel better after you have or You'll feel better after you've had
something to eat. something to eat.

if and when
After if, we normally use the present (if I do/ if I see etc.) for the future:
0 I'll be angry if it happens again. (not if it will happen)
0 Hurry up! If we don't hurry, we'll be late.
We use if (not when) for things that will possibl y happen (or not happen):
0 If it is raining this evening, I won't go out. (not when it is raining)
0 Don't worry if I'm late tonight. (not when I'm late)
0 If they don't come soon, I'm not going to wait for them.
We use when for things which are sure to happen. Compare:
0 I might go out later. (it's possible ) If I go out, I'll get some bread.
0 I'm going out later. (for sure) When I go out, I'll get some bread.

50 if➔ Units 38-40 even if/ even when ➔ Unit 112D unless�Unit 115
■ Passive 1

Study this example:

(is done/ was done)

This house was built in 1981.

'This house was built' is passive.
Compare active and passive:
Somebody built this house in 1981. (active)
subject object

This house was built in 1981. (passive)

subject

When we use an active verb, we say what the subject does:

0 My grandfather was a builder. He built this house in 1981.
0 It's a big company. It employs two hundred people.
When we use a passive verb, we say what happens to the subject:
0 'How old is this house?' 'It was built in 1981.'
0 Two hundred people are employed by the company.

When we use the passive, who or what causes the action is often unknown or unimportant:
0 A lot of money was stolen in the robbery. (somebody stole it, but we don't know who)
0 Is this room cleaned every day? (does somebody clean it?- it's not important who)
If we want to say who does or what causes the action, we use by:
0 This house was built by my grandfather.
0 Two hundred people are employed by the company.

The passive is be (is/was etc.)+ past participle (done/cleaned/seen etc.):

(be) done (be) cleaned (be) damaged (be) built (be) seen etc.
The past participle often ends in -ed (cleaned/damaged etc.), but many important verbs are
irregular (built/done/stolen etc.). See Appendix 1.
Compare active and passive, present simple and past simple:

Present simple
Somebody cleans this room every day.
active: clean(s) / see(s) etc.

passive: am/is/are+ cleaned/seen etc. This room is cleaned every day.

0 Many accidents are caused by careless driving.

0 I'm not invited to parties very often.
0 How is this word pronounced ?

Past simple
Somebody cleaned this room yesterday.
active: cleaned/saw etc.

passive: was/were+ cleaned/seen etc. This room was cleaned yesterday.

0 We were woken up by a loud noise during the night.

0 'Did you go to the party?' 'No, I wasn't invited.'
0 How much money was stolen in the robbery?

84 P'. Passiv e 2-3- + Units 43-44 by-+ Unit 128

■ Passive 2 (be done/ been done/ being done)
Infinitive
active: (to) do/clean/see etc. Somebody will clean this room later.

passive: (to) be+ done/cleaned/seen etc. This room will be cleaned later.

0 The situation is serious. Something must be done before it's too late.
0 A mystery is somethi ng that can't be explained.
0 The music was very loud and could be heard from a long way away.
0 A new supermarket is going to be built next year.
0 Please go away. I want to be left alone.

Perfect infinitive
active: (to) have+ done/cleaned/seen etc. Somebody shou Id have cleaned the room

passive: (to) have been+ done/cleaned/seen etc. The room should have been cleaned.
0 I haven't received the letter yet. It might have been sent to the wrong address.
0 If you had locked the car, it wouldn't have been stolen.
0 There were some problems at first, but they seem to have been solved.

Present perfect
active: have/has+ done etc. The room looks nice. Somebody has cleaned it .

passive: have/has been+ done etc. The room looks nice. It has been cleaned.
0 Have you heard? The trip has been cancelled.
0 Have you ever been bitten by a dog?
0 'Are you going to the party?' 'No, I haven't been invited.'

Post perfect
active: had + done etc. The room looked nice. Somebody had cleaned it .

passive: had been+ done etc. The room looked nice. It had been cleaned.
0 The vegetabl es didn't taste good. They had been cooked too long.
0 The car was three years old, but hadn't been used very much.

Present continuous
active: am/is/are+ (do)ing Somebody is cleaning the room at the moment.

passive: am/is/are+ being (done) The room is being cleaned at the moment.

0 There's somebody walking behind us. I think we are being followed.

0 A new bridge is being built across the river. It will be finished next year.

Post continuous
active: was/were+ (do)ing Somebody was cleaning the room when I arrived.

passive: was/were+ being (done) The room was being cleaned when I arrived.

0 There was somebody walking behind us. I think we were being followed.

86 P'. Passive 1, 3 ➔ Units 42, 44

■ Passive3

I was offered .../ we were given ...etc.

Some verbs can have two objects. For example, give:
0 My grandfather gave� this watch.
object1 object2

It is possible to make two passive sentences:

0 I was given this watch (by my grandfather). or
This watch was given to me (by my grandfather).
Other verbs which can have two objects are:
ask offer pay show tell
When we use these verbs in the passive, most often we begin with the person:
0 I've been offered the job, but I don't think I want it. (= somebody has offered me the job)
0 You will be given plenty of time to decide. (= we will give you plenty of time)
0 I didn t' see the original document, but I was shown a copy. (= somebody showed me a copy)
0 Tim has an easy job - he's paid a lot of money to do very little. (= somebody pays him a lot)

I don't like being ...

The passive of doing/seeing etc.is being done / being seen etc. Compare:
active: I don't like people telling me what to do.
passive: I don't like being told what to do.
0 I remember being taken to the zoo when I was a child.
(= I remem ber somebody taking me to the zoo)
0 Steve hates being kept waiting. (= he hates people keeping him waiting)
0 We climbed over the wall without being seen. (= without anybody seeing us)

I was born ...

We say 'I was born ...' (not I am born):

0 I was born in Chicago. } past

0 Where were you born? (notWhere are you born?)
but
0 How many babies are born every day? present

get
You can use get for the passive:
0 There was a fight, but nobody got hurt. (= nobody was hurt)
0 I don't get invited to many parties. (= I'm not invited)
0 I 'm surprised Liz didn't get offered the job. (= Liz wasn't offered the job)
We use get only when things happen. For example, you cannot use get in these sentences:
0 Jessica is liked by everybody. (not gets liked - this is not a 'happening')
0 Peter was a mystery man. Very little was known about him. (not got known)
We use get mainly in informal spoken English. You can use be in all situations.

We also use get in the following expressions (which are not passive in meaning):
get married, get divorced get dressed(= put on your clothes)
get lost (= not know where you are) get changed (= change your clothes)

88 P'. Passive 1-2- + Units 42-43

■ Relative clauses 1: clauses with who/that/which
Study this example situation:
Last week we had a party and a lot of people came. Everybody enjoyed it.
Everybody who came to the party enjoyed it.
relative clause

A clause is a part of a sentence. A relative clause tells us which person or thing (or what kind of
person or thing) the speaker means:
the woman who lives next door to me
('who lives next door to me' tells us which woman)
people who complain all the time
('who complain all the time' tells us what kind of people)
We use who in a relative clause for people (not things):
0 The woman who lives next door to me is a doctor.
0 I don't like people who complai n all the time.
0 An architect is someone who designs buildings.
0 What was the name of the person who called?
0 Do you know anyone who wants to buy a car?
We also use that for people, but not which:
0 The woman that lives next door to me is a doctor. (not the woman which)
Sometimes you must use who (not that) for people - see Unit 95.

When we are talking about things, we use that or which (not who) in a relative clause:
0 I don't like stories that have unhappy endings.
or ... stories which have unhappy endings.
0 Grace works for a company that makes furniture.
or ...a company which makes furniture.
0 The machine that broke down is working again now.
or The machine which broke down ...
In these examples that is more usual than which, but sometimes you must use which. See Unit 95.

In relative clauses we use who/that/w hic h, not he/she/they/it.

Compare:
0 I met a Canadian woman at the party. She is an English teacher. (2 sentences)
I met a Canadian woman who is an English teacher. (1 sentence)
0 I can't find the keys. They were on the table.
Where are the keys that were on the table? (not the keys they were)

What= the thing(s) that

Compare what and that:
0 What happene d was my fault. (= the thing that happened)
but
0 Everythi ng that happened was my fault.
(not Everything what happened)
0 The machi ne that broke down is now working again.
(not The machine what broke down)

184 P'. Relative clauses 2-5 -+ Units 93-96

■ Relative clauses 2:
clauses with and without who/that/which
Look at these example sentences from Unit 92:

0 The woman who lives next door to me is a doctor. (or The woman that lives ...)

The woman lives next door to me t

0 Where are the keys that were on the table? (or... the keys which were ...)

The keys were on the table that(= the keys) is the subject
You must use who/that/which when it is the subject of the relative clause. You cannot leave out
who/that/which in these examples.

Sometimes who/that/which is the object of the verb. For example:

0 The woman who I wanted to see was away on holiday.
who (= the woman) is the object
I is the subject
0 Did you find the keys that you lost?
that (= the keys) is the object
you lost the keys
you is the subject
When who/that/which is the object, you can leave it out. So you can say:
0 The woman I wanted to see was away. or The woman who I wanted to see ...
0 Did you find the keys you lost? or ... the keys that you lost?
0 The dress Lisa bought doesn't fit her very well. or The dress that Lisa bought ...
0 Is there anything I can do? or ... anything that I can do?
Note that we say:
the keys you lost (not the keys you lost them)
the dress Lisa bought (not the dress Lisa bought it)

Note the position of prepositions(to/in/for etc.) in relative clauses:

Tom is talking to a woman. Do you know her? (2 sentences)

---. Do you know the woman Tom is talking to ? (or... the woman who/that Tom is talking to)

I slept in a bed. It wasn't comfortable. (2 sentences)

---. The bed I slept in wasn't comfortable. (or The bed that/which I slept in ...)

0 Are these the books you were looking for? or

Are these the books that/which you were ...
0 The man I was sitting next to on the plane talked all the time. or
The man who/that I was sitting next to ...
Note that we say:
the books you were looking for (not the books you were looking for them)
the man I was sitting next to (not the man I was sitting next to him)

We say:
0 Everything (that) they said was true. (not Everything what they said)
0 I gave her all the money (that) I had. (not all the money what I had)

What= the thing(s) that:

0 What they said was true. (= The things that they said)

186 Relative clauses 1 ➔ Unit 92 Relative clauses 3-5 ➔ Units 94-96 whom ➔ Unit 94B
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Spelling
6.1 Nouns, verbs and adjectives can have the following endings:
noun + -s/-es (plural) books ideas matches
verb + -s/-es (after he/she/it) works enjoys washes
verb + -ing working enjoying washing
verb + -ed worked enjoyed washed
adjective + -er (comparative) cheaper quicker brighter
adjective + -est (superlative) cheapest quickest brightest
adjective + -ly (adverb) cheaply quickly brightly

When we use these endings, there are sometimes changes in spelling. These changes are listed below.

6.2 Nouns and verbs + -s/-es

The ending is -es when the word ends in -s/-ss/-sh/-ch/-x:
bus/buses miss/misses wash/washes
match/matches search/searches box/boxes
Note also:
potato/potatoes tomato/tomatoes
do/does go/goes
6.3 Words ending in -y (baby, carry, easy etc.)
If a word ends in a consonant* + y (-by/-ry/-sy/-vy etc.)
y changes to ie before the ending -s:
baby/babies story/stories country/countries secretary/secretaries
hurry/hurries study/studies apply/applies try/tries
y changes to i before the ending -ed:
hurry/hurried study/studied apply/applied try/tried
y changes to i before the endings -er and -est:
easy/easier/easiest heavy/heavier/heaviest lucky/luckier/luckiest
y changes to i before the ending -ly:
easy/easily heavy/heavily temporary/temporarily

y does not change before -ing:

hurrying studying applying trying
y does not change if the word ends in a vowel* + y (-ay/-ey/-oy/-uy):
play/plays/played monkey/monkeys enjoy/enjoys/enjoyed buy/buys
An exception is: day/daily
Note also: pay/paid lay/laid say/said

6.4 Verbs ending in -ie (die, lie, tie)

If a verb ends in -ie, ie changes to y before the ending -ing:
die/dying lie/lying tie/tying

* a e i o u are vowel letters.

The other letters (b c d f g etc.) are consonant
letters.
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 Appendix 6

6.5 Words ending in -e (hope, dance, wide etc.)

Verbs
If a verb ends in -e, we leave out e before the ending -ing:
hope/hoping smile/smiling dance/dancing confuse/confusing
Exceptions are be/being and verbs ending in -ee:
see/seeing agree/agreeing
If a verb ends in -e, we add -d for the past (of regular verbs):
hope/hoped smile/smiled dance/danced confuse/confused

Adjectives and adverbs

If an adjective ends in -e, we add -r and -st for the comparative and superlative:
wide/wider/widest late/later/latest large/larger/largest
If an adjective ends in -e, we keep e before -ly in the adverb:
polite/politely extreme/extremely absolute/absolutely
If an adjective ends in -le (simple, terrible etc.), the adverb ending is -ply, -bly etc. :
simple/simply terrible/terribly reasonable/reasonably

6.6 Doubling consonants (stop/stopping/stopped, wet/wetter/wettest etc.)

Sometimes a word ends in vowel + consonant. For example:
stop plan rub big wet thin prefer regret
Before the endings -ing/-ed/-er/-est, we double the consonant at the end. So p → pp, n → nn etc.
For example:
stop p → pp stopping stopped
plan n → nn planning planned
rub b → bb rubbing rubbed
big g → gg bigger biggest
wet t → tt wetter wettest
thin n → nn thinner thinnest

If the word has more than one syllable (prefer, begin etc.), we double the consonant at the end only if
the final syllable is stressed:
preFER / preferring / preferred perMIT / permitting / permitted
reGRET / regretting / regretted beGIN / beginning
If the final syllable is not stressed, we do not double the final consonant:
VISit / visiting / visited deVELop / developing / developed
HAPpen / happening / happened reMEMber / remembering / remembered
In British English, verbs ending in -l have -ll- before -ing and -ed whether the final syllable is stressed
or not:
travel / travelling / travelled cancel / cancelling / cancelled
For American spelling, see Appendix 7.

Note that
we do not double the final consonant if the word ends in two consonants (-rt, -lp, -ng etc.):
start / starting / started help / helping / helped long / longer / longest
we do not double the final consonant if there are two vowel letters before it (-oil, -eed etc.):
boil / boiling / boiled need / needing / needed explain / explaining / explained
cheap / cheaper / cheapest loud / louder / loudest quiet / quieter / quietest
we do not double y or w at the end of words. (At the end of words y and w are not
consonants.) stay / staying / stayed grow / growing new /
newer / newest
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These exercises are divided into the following sections:
Present and past (Units 1–6) Exercise 1
Present and past (Units 1–14) Exercises 2–4
Present and past (Units 1–17) Exercises 5–8
Past continuous and used to (Units 6, 18) Exercise 9
The future (Units 19–25) Exercises 10–13
Past, present and future (Units 1–25) Exercises 14–
15 Modal verbs (can/must/would etc.) (Units 26–36) Exercises 16–
18 if (conditional) (Units 25, 38–40) Exercises 19–
21
Passive (Units 42–45) Exercises 22–24
Reported speech (Units 47–48, 50) Exercise 25
-ing and to … (Units 53–66) Exercises 26–28
a/an and the (Units 69–78) Exercise 29
Pronouns and determiners (Units 82–91) Exercise 30
Adjectives and adverbs (Units 98–108) Exercise 31
Conjunctions (Units 25, 38, 112–118) Exercise 32
Prepositions (time) (Units 12, 119–122) Exercise 33
Prepositions (position etc.) (Units 123–128) Exercise 34
Noun/adjective + preposition (Units 129–131) Exercise 35
Verb + preposition (Units 132–136) Exercise 36
Phrasal verbs (Units 137–145) Exercises 37–41

Present and past Units 1–6, Appendix 2

1 Put the verb into the correct form: present simple (I do), present continuous (I am doing),
past simple (I did) or past continuous (I was doing).
1 We can go out now. It isn’t raining (it / not / rain) any more.
2 Katherine was waiting (wait) for me when I arrived (I / arrive).
3 (I / get) hungry. Let’s go and have something to eat.
4 What (you / do) in your spare time? Do you have any hobbies?
5 The weather was horrible when (we / arrive). It was cold and
(it / rain) hard.
6 Louise usually (phone) me on Fridays, but
(she / not / phone) last Friday.
7 A: When I last saw (you / think) of moving to a new flat.
you,
B: That’s right, but in the end (I / decide) to stay where I was.
8 Why (you / look) at me like that? What’s the
9 It’s usually dry here at this time of the matter? (it / not / rain) much.
10 Iyear.
waved to Ben, but he didn’t see me. (he / not / look) in my
direction.
11 Lisa was busy when (we / go) to see her yesterday. She had an
exam today and (she / prepare) for it.
(we / not / want) to disturb her, so
(we / not / stay) very long.
12 When I (tell) Tom what happened,
first
(he / not / believe) me. (he / think) that
(I / joke).

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Present and past Units 1–14, Appendix 2

2 Which is correct?
1 Everything is going well. We didn’t have / haven’t had any problems so far.
(haven’t had is correct)
2 Lisa didn’t go / hasn’t gone to work yesterday. She wasn’t feeling well.
3 Look! That man over there wears / is wearing the same sweater as
4 you. I went / have been to New Zealand last year.
5 I didn’t hear / haven’t heard from Jess recently. I hope she’s OK.
6 I wonder why James is / is being so nice to me today. He isn’t usually like that.
7 Jane had a book open in front of her, but she didn’t read / wasn’t reading it.
8 I wasn’t very busy. I didn’t have / wasn’t having much to do.
9 It begins / It’s beginning to get dark. Shall I turn on the light?
10 After leaving school, Mark worked / has worked in a hotel for a while.
11 When Sue heard the news, she wasn’t / hasn’t been very pleased.
12 This is a nice hotel, isn’t it? Is this the first time you stay / you’ve stayed
13 here? I need a new job. I’m doing / I’ve been doing the same job for too
14 long. ‘Anna has gone out.’ ‘Oh, has she? What time did she go / has
15 she gone?’ ‘You look tired.’ ‘Yes, I’ve played / I’ve been playing
16 basketball.’
Where are you coming / do you come from? Are you American?
17
I’d like to see Tina again. It’s a long time since I saw her / that I didn’t see her.
18
Robert and Maria have been married since 20 years / for 20 years.
3 Complete each question using a suitable verb.
1 A: I’m looking for Paul. Have you seen him?
B: Yes, he was here a moment ago.

2 A: Why did you go to bed so early last night?

B: I was feeling very tired.
3 A: Where ?
B: Just to the shop at the end of the street. I’ll only be ten minutes.
4 A: TV every day?
B: No, only if there’s something special on.
5 A: Your house is lovely. How long here?
B: Nearly ten years.
6 A: How was your parents’ holiday? a nice time?
B: Yes, they really enjoyed it.
7 A: Sarah recently?
B: Yes, we had lunch together a few days ago.
8 A: Can you describe the woman you saw? What ?
B: A red sweater and black jeans.
9 A: I’m sorry to keep you waiting. long?
B: No, only about ten minutes.
10 A: How long to get from here to the
B: Usually about 45 minutes. It depends on the traffic.airport?
11 A: this song before?
B: No, this is the first time. I like it.

12 A: to the United States?

B: No, never, but I went to Canada a few years ago.
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6 It was lunchtime, but I wasn’t hungry. I didn’t want to eat anything.

(I / have / a big breakfast)
7 Every year Robert and Tina spend a few days at the same hotel by the sea.
(they / go / there for years)
8 I’ve got a headache.
(I / have / it / since I got up)
9 Next month Gary is going to run in a marathon.
(he / train / very hard for
it)
7 Put the verb into the correct form.
Sarah and Joe are old friends. They meet by chance at a train station.
SARAH: Hello, Joe. (1) (I / not / see)
you for ages. How are you?
JOE: I’m fine. How about you?
(2) (you / look) good.
SARAH: Thanks. You too.
So, (3) (you / go) somewhere or
(4) (you / meet) somebody?
JOE: (5) (I / go) to London for a business meeting.
SARAH: Oh. (6) (you / often / go) away on business?
JOE: Quite often, yes. And you? Where (you / go)?
SARAH: (7)
Nowhere. (8) (I / meet) a friend.
her train (9) Unfortunately
(be) delayed –
(10) (I / wait) here for nearly an
JOE: How are your children? hour.
SARAH: They’re all fine, thanks. The youngest (11) (just / start)
school.
JOE: How (12) (she / get) on?
(13) (she / like) it?
SARAH: Yes, (14) (she / think) it’s great.
JOE: (15) (you / work) at the moment? The last time I
(16) (speak) to you, (17)
(you / work) for an insurance company.
SARAH: That’s right. Unfortunately the company (18) (go) out
of business a couple of months after (19) (I /
work there, so (I / lose) my job. start)
JOE: (20) (21)
And (you / not / have) a job since then?
SARAH: Not a permanent job. (22) (I / have) a few temporary
jobs. By the way, (23) (you / see) Matt
JOE: Matt? He’s in Canada. recently?
SARAH: Really? How long (24) (he / be) in Canada?
JOE: About a year now. (25) (I / see) him a few days
(26) (he / go). before (he / be)
unemployed for months, so (28) (27) (he / decide) to try his
luck somewhere else. (29) (he / really / look forward)
to going.
SARAH: So, what (30) (he / do)
JOE: I have no idea. (31) there? (I / not / hear) from him since
(32) (he / leave). Anyway, I have to go and catch my
train. It was really good to see you again.
SARAH: You too. Bye! Have a good trip!
JOE: Thanks. Bye.

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8 Put the verb into the most suitable form.

1 Who (invent) the bicycle?
2 ‘Do you still have a headache?’ ‘No, (it / go). I’m OK
3 I was the last to leave the office last night. Everybody else now.’ (go)
home when I (leave).
4 What (you / do) last weekend?
(you / go) anywhere?
5 I like your car. How long (you / have) it?
6 It’s a shame the trip was cancelled. I (look) forward to it.
7 Jane is an experienced teacher and loves her job. (she / teach)
for 15 years.
8 Emily (buy) a new dress last week, but
(she / not / wear) it
yet.
9 A few days ago (I / meet) a man at a party whose face (be)
very familiar. At first I couldn’t think (I / see)
where
him before. Then suddenly (I / remember) who
(he / be).
10 (you / hear) of Agatha Christie? (she / be)
a writer who (die) in 1976. (she / write)
more than 70 detective novels, but (I / not / read) any of them.
11 A: What (this word / mean)?
B: I’ve no idea. (I / never / see) it before. Look it up in
dictionary. the
12 A: (you / get) to the theatre in time for the play last
B: No, we were late. By the time we got night?
there,
(it / to
13 I went already
Sarah’s/ start).
room and (knock) on the door, but there
(be) no answer. Either (she / go) out
or (she / not / want) to see anyone.
14 Dan asked me how to use the photocopier. (he / never / use)
it before, so (he / not / know) what to do.
15 Lisa (go) for a swim after work
(she / need) some exercise because yesterday. (she / sit) in an office all
day in front of a computer.

Past continuous and used to Units 6, 18

9 Complete the sentences using the past continuous (was/were -ing) or used to … . Use the
verb in brackets.
1 I haven’t been to the cinema for ages now. used to go a lot. (go)
We didn’t see me wave to her. She
2 Ann was looking in the other direction. (look)
3 I a lot, but I don’t use my car very much these days. (drive)
4 I asked the taxi driver to slow down. She too fast. (drive)
5 Rosemary and Jonathan met for the first time when they in the
same bank. (work)
6 When I was a child, I a lot of bad dreams. (have)
7 I wonder what Joe is doing these days. He in Spain when I last
heard from him. (live)
8 ‘Where were you yesterday afternoon?’ ‘I volleyball.’ (play)
9 ‘Do you do any sports?’ ‘Not these days, but I volleyball.’ (play)
10 George looked very smart at the party. He a very nice suit. (wear)

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The future Units 19–25, Appendix 3

10 What do you say to Joe in these situations? Use the words given in brackets. Use the
present continuous (I am doing), going to or will (I’ll).
1 You have made all your holiday arrangements. Your destination is Jamaica.
JOE: Have you decided where to go for your holiday yet?
YOU: I’m going to Jamaica. (I / go)
2 You have made an appointment with the dentist for Friday morning.
JOE: Shall we meet on Friday morning?
YOU: I can’t on Friday. (I / go)

3 You and some friends are planning a holiday in Spain. You have decided to rent a car, but
you haven’t arranged this yet.
JOE: How do you plan to travel round Spain? By train?
YOU: No, (we / rent)
4 Joe reminds you that you have to call your sister. You completely forgot.
JOE: Did you call your sister?
YOU: No, I forgot. Thanks for reminding me. (I / call / now)
5 You have already arranged to have lunch with Sue tomorrow.
JOE: Are you free at lunchtime tomorrow?
YOU: No, (have lunch)
6 You are in a restaurant. You and Joe are looking at the menu. Maybe Joe has decided what to
have. You ask him.
YOU: What ? (you / have)
JOE: I don’t know. I can’t make up my mind.
7 Joe is reading, but it’s getting dark. He’s having trouble reading. You turn on the light.
JOE: It’s getting dark and it’s hard to read.
YOU: Yes, (I / turn on)
8 You and Joe are sitting in a room with the window open. It’s getting cold. You decide to close
the window. You stand up and walk towards it.
JOE: What are you doing?
YOU: (I / close)

11 Choose the best alternative.

1 ‘ Are you doing anything tomorrow evening?’ ‘No, why?’
A Do you do B Are you doing C Will you do (B is the best alternative)
2 ‘I can’t open this bottle.’ ‘Give it to me. it.’
A I open B I’ll open C I’m going to open
3 ‘Is Emily here yet?’ ‘Not yet. I’ll let you know as soon as .’
A she arrives B she’s arriving C she’ll arrive
4 ‘Are you free tomorrow afternoon?’ ‘No, .’
A I work B I’m working C I’ll work
5 ‘What time is the film tonight?’ ‘ at
A It B It’s going to start C It will start 8.40.’
startsyou going to the beach tomorrow?’ ‘Yes, if the
6 ‘Are good.’
weather
A is going to be B will be C is
7 ‘What time tomorrow?’ ‘How about
A do we meet B are we meeting 8.30?’ C shall we meet
8 ‘When ?’ ‘Tomorrow.’
A does the festival finish B is the festival finished C is the festival finishing

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13 Put the verb into the correct form. Choose from the following:
present continuous (I am doing) will (’ll) / won’t
present simple (I do) will be doing
going to (I’m going to do) shall
1 I feel a bit hungry. I think (I / have) something to eat.
2 Why are you putting on your (you / go) somewhere?
3 coat? time
What (I / phone) you tomorrow? About
4 Look! That plane is flying towards the airport.10.30? (it / land).
5 We must do something soon, before (it / be) too late.
6 I’m sorry you’ve decided to leave the company. (I / miss) you
when (you / go).
7 (I / give) you my phone number? If
(I / give) you my number, (you / call) me?
8 Are you still watching that programme? What time (it / finish)?
9 (I / go) to a wedding next weekend. My cousin
(get) married.
10 I’m not ready yet. (I / tell) you when
(I / be) ready. I promise (I / not / be) very long.
11 (I / have) my hair cut tomorrow. I’ve just made an appointment.
12 She was very rude to me. I won’t speak to her again until
(she / apologise).
13 I wonder where (we / live) ten years from
14 What are you planning to do when now. (you / finish) your course
at college?

Past, present and future Units 1–25

14 Use your own ideas to complete B’s sentences.

1 A: How did the accident happen?
B: I was going too fast and couldn’t stop in time.
2 A: Is that a new
coat?
B: No, I it a long time.
3 A: Is that a new phone?
B: Yes, I it a few weeks ago.
4 A: I can’t talk to you right now. You can see I’m very busy.
B: OK. I back in about half an hour.
5 A: This is a nice restaurant. Do you come here often?
B: No, it’s the first time I here.
6 A: Do you do any sport?
B: No, I football, but I gave it up.
7 A: I’m sorry I’m
B: That’s OK. I
late. long.
8 A: When you went to the US last year, was it your first
visit?
B: No, I there twice
9 A: Do you have any plans for the weekend? before.
B: Yes, I to a party on Saturday night.
10 A: Do you know what Steve’s doing these days?
B: No, I him for ages.
11 A: Will you still be here by the time I get
back?
B: No, I by then.

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 Additional exercises

4 We have plenty of time. yet.

We
A mustn’t go B don’t have to go C don’t need to go
5 I didn’t go out yesterday. I with my friends, but I didn’t feel like it.
A could go B could have gone C must have gone
6 I looked everywhere for Helen, but I her.
A couldn’t find B couldn’t have found C wasn’t able to find
7 ‘What do you think of my theory?’ ‘You right, but I’m not
A could be B must be C might be sure.’
8 Our flight was delayed. We for two hours.
A must wait B must have waited C had to wait
9 I’m not sure whether I’ll be free on Saturday. I .
A must have to work B may have to work C might have to work
10 At first they didn’t believe me when I told them what had happened, but in the end
I them that I was telling the truth.
A was able to convince B managed to convince C could convince
11 I promised I’d call Amy this evening. I
A mustn’t B needn’t forget C don’t have to forget
12 Why
forgetdid you leave without me? You for me.
A must have waited B had to wait C should have waited
13 Lisa called me this morning. She suggested lunch together.
A we have B we should have C to have
14 That jacket looks good on you. it more often.
A You’d better wear B You should wear C You ought to wear
15 Do you think I should buy a car? What in my position?
A will you do B would you do C should you do

17 Complete the sentences using the words in brackets.

1 Don’t phone them now. (might / have)
They might be having lunch.
2 I ate too much and now I feel sick. (shouldn’t / eat)
I so much.
3 I wonder why Tom didn’t call me. (must / forget)
He .
4 Why did you go home so early? (needn’t / go)
You home so early.
5 You’ve signed the contract. (can’t / change)
It now.
6 I’m not sure where the children are. (may / watch)
They TV.
7 I saw Laura standing outside the cinema. (must / wait)
She for somebody.
8 He was in prison at the time that the crime was committed. (couldn’t / do)
He it.
9 Why are you so (should / be)
late?
You here an hour ago.
10 Why didn’t you contact me? (could / phone)
You me.
11 I’m surprised you weren’t told that the road was dangerous. (should / warn)
You about it.
12 We had a great day at the beach yesterday. (ought / come)
You with us.

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18 Complete B’s sentences using can/could/m ight/must/should/w ould + the verb in brackets.
In some sentences you need to use have: must have … / should have … etc. In some sentences
you need the negative (can’t/couldn’t etc.).
1 A: I’m hungry.
B: But you’ve just had lunch. You can’t be hungry already. (be)
2 A: I haven’t seen our neighbours for ages.
B: No. They must have gone away. (go)
3 A: What’s the weather like? Is it
raining?
B: Not at the moment, but it later. (rain)
4 A: Where’s Julia?
B: I’m not sure. She out. (go)
5 A: I didn’t see you at Michael’s party last
week.
B: No, I had to work that night, so I . (go)
6 A: I think I saw Ben in town this morning.
B: No, you him this morning. He’s away on holiday. (see)
7 A: What time will we get to Sue’s house?
B: Well, it takes about one and a half hours, so if we leave at 3 o’clock, we
there by 4.30.
8 A: When was the last time you saw (get)
Max?
B: Years ago. I him if I saw him now. (recognise)
9 A: Did you hear the explosion?
B: What explosion?
A: There was a loud explosion about an hour ago. You it.
10 A: We weren’t sure which way to go. In the end we turned (hear)
right.
B: You went the wrong way. You left. (turn)

if (conditional) Units 25, 38–40

19 Put the verb into the correct form.

1 If you found a wallet in the street, what would you do with it? (you / find)
2 I’d better hurry. My friend will be annoyed I’m not on time. (I / not / be)
3 if
I didn’t realise that Gary was in hospital. If I’d known he was in hospital, I would
have gone to visit him. (I / know)
4 If the doorbell , don’t answer it. (ring)
5 I can’t decide what to do. What would you do if me? (you / be)
6 A: What shall we do tomorrow?
B: Well, if a nice day, we can go to the beach. (it / be)
7 A: Let’s go to the beach.
B: No, it’s not warm enough. If warmer, I’d go. (it / be)
8 A: Did you go to the beach yesterday?
B: No, it was too cold. If warmer, we might have gone. (it / be)
9 If enough money to go anywhere in the world, where would you
go? (you / have)
10 I didn’t have my phone with me, so I couldn’t call you. I would have called you if
my phone. (I / have)
11 The accident was your fault. If you’d been driving more carefully,
. (it / not / happen).
12 A: Why do you watch the news every
day?
B: Well, if it, I wouldn’t know what was happening in the
world. (I / not / watch)

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20 Complete the sentences.

1 Lisa is tired all the time. She shouldn’t go to bed so late.
If Lisa didn’t go to bed so late, she wouldn’t be tired all the time.
2 It’s getting late. I don’t think Sarah will call me now.
I’d be surprised if Sarah now.
3 I’m sorry I disturbed you. I didn’t know you were busy.
If you were busy, I you.
4 There are a lot of accidents on this road. There is no speed limit.
There so many accidents if a speed limit.
5 You didn’t tell me about the problem, so I didn’t try to help you.
If the problem, you.
6 It started to rain, but fortunately I had an umbrella.
I very wet if an umbrella.
7 Mark failed his driving test. He was very nervous and that’s why he failed.
If he so nervous, he the test.

21 Use your own ideas to complete the sentences.

1 I’d go out tonight if .
2 I’d have gone out last night if .
3 If you hadn’t reminded me, .
4 If I had more free .
5 If you give me the camera,
time, .
6 Who would you phone if ?
7 We wouldn’t have been late if .
8 If I’d been able to get a ticket, .
9 If I’d done better at the .
10 interview,
You wouldn’t be hungry now if .
11 Cities would be nicer places if .
12 If there was no internet, .

Passive Units 42–45

22 Put the verb into the most suitable passive form.

1 There’s somebody behind us. I think we’re being followed (we / follow).
2 A mystery is something that can’t be explained (can’t / explain).
3 We didn’t play football yesterday. The game (cancel).
4 The TV (repair). It’s working again now.
5 The village church (restore) at the moment. The work is
almost finished.
6 The tower is the oldest part of the church. (it / believe) to be
over 600 years old.
7 If I didn’t do my job properly, (I / would /
8 A: I left a newspaper on the desk last night and it isn’t there now.fire).
B: (it / might / throw)
9 Joe learnt to swim when he was very young. away. (he / teach) by
his mother.
10 After (arrest), I was taken to the police station.
11 ‘ (you / ever / arrest)?’ ‘No,
12 Two people never.’
(report) to (injure)
in an accident at a factory in Birmingham early this morning.

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 Additional exercises

7 Did I really tell you I was unhappy? I don’t remember that. (say)
8 ‘Remember Tom tomorrow.’ ‘OK. I won’t forget.’ (call)
9 The water here is not very good. I’d avoid it if I were you.
10 I pretended interested in the conversation,(drink)
but really it was very
boring. (be)
11 I got up and looked out of the window what the weather was
like. (see)
12 I don’t have far to go. It’s not a taxi. (take)
13 Iworth
have a friend who claims able to speak five languages. (be)
14 I like carefully about things before
a decision. (think, make)
15 I had a flat in the centre of town but I didn’t like there, so I
decided . (live, move)
16 Steve used a footballer. He had to stop
because of an injury. (be, play)
17 After by the police, the man admitted
the car but denied at 100 miles an hour. (stop, steal, drive)
18 A: How do you make this machine ? (work)
B: I’m not sure. Try that button and see what happens. (press)

27 Make sentences from the words in brackets.

1 I can’t find the tickets. (I / seem / lose / them)
I seem to have lost them.
2 I don’t have far to go. (it / not / worth / take / a
taxi)
It’s not worth taking a taxi.
3 I’m feeling a bit tired. (I / not / fancy / go /
out)
4 James isn’t very reliable. (he / tend / forget / things)

5 I’ve got a lot of luggage. (you / mind / help / me?)

6 There’s nobody at home. (everybody / seem / go out)

7 We don’t like our apartment. (we / think /

move)
8 The vase was very valuable. (I / afraid / touch / it)

9 I wanted to get to the station in plenty of time. (I / afraid / miss / my

train)
10 I don’t recommend the movie. (it / not / worth / see)

11 I’m very tired after that long walk. (I / not / used / walk / so
far)
12 Sue is on holiday. She called me yesterday and sounded happy. (she / seem / enjoy / herself)

13 Dan took lots of pictures while he was on holiday. (he / insist / show / them to me)

14 I don’t want to do the shopping. (I’d rather / somebody else / do / it)

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 Additional exercises

28 Complete the second sentence so that the meaning is similar to the first.
1 I was surprised I passed the exam.
I didn’t expect to pass the exam .
2 Did you manage to solve the problem?
Did you succeed in solving the problem ?
3 I don’t read newspapers any more.
I’ve given up .
4 I’d prefer not to go out tonight.
I’d rather .
5 He finds it difficult to sleep at night.
He has trouble .
6 Shall I phone you this evening?
Do you want ?
7 Nobody saw me come in.
I came in without .
8 Some people said I was a cheat.
I was accused .
9 It will be good to see them again.
I’m looking forward .
10 What do you think I should do?
What do you advise me ?
11 It’s a pity I couldn’t go out with you last night.
I’d like .
12 I wish I’d taken your advice.
I regret .

a/an and the Units 69–78

29 Put in a/an or the where necessary. Leave the space empty if the sentence is
already complet e.
1 I don’t usually like staying at – hotels, but last summer we spent two weeks at a very
nice hotel by the sea.
2 If you go to live in foreign country, you should try and learn language.
3 Helen is economist. She lives in United States and works for investment
company.
4 I love sport, especially tennis. I play two or three times week if I can, but
I’m not very good player.
5 I won’t be home for dinner this evening. I’m meeting some friends after work
and we’re going to cinema.
6 When unemployment is high, it’s difficult for people to find work. It’s
big problem.
7 There was accident as I was going home last night. Two people were taken to
hospital. I think most accidents are caused by people driving too fast.
8 A: name of hotel where you’re staying?
What’s
B: Ambassador. It’s in Queen Street in city centre. It’s near station.
9 I have two brothers. older one is training to be pilot. younger one is still
at school. When he leaves school, he wants to go to university to study
law.

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 Additional exercises

Pronouns and determiners Units 82–91

30 Which alternatives are correct? Sometimes only one alternative is correct, and sometimes
two alternatives are possible.
1 I don’t remember A about the accident. (A is
A anything correct) C nothing
B something
2 Chris and I have known for quite a long time.
A us B each other C ourselves
3 ‘How often do the buses run?’ ‘ twenty minutes.’
A All B Each C Every
4 I shouted for help, but came.
A nobody B no-one C anybody
5 Last night we went out with some friends of .
A us B our C ours
6 It didn’t take us a long time to get here. traffic.
A It wasn’t much B There wasn’t much C It wasn’t a lot
7 Can I have milk in my coffee, please?
A a little B any C some
8 Sometimes I find it difficult to .
A concentrate B concentrate me C concentrate myself
9 There’s on at the cinema that I want to see, so there’s no point in going.
A something B anything C nothing
10 I drink water every day.
A much B a lot of C lots of
11 in the city centre are open on Sunday.
A Most of B Most of the shops C The most of the shops
shops
12 There were about twenty people in the photo. I didn’t recognise of them.
A any B none C either
13 I’ve been waiting for Sarah to phone.
A all morning B the whole morning C all the morning
14 I can’t afford to buy anything in this shop. so expensive.
A All is B Everything is C All are

Adjectives and adverbs Units 98–108

31 There are mistakes in some of these sentences. Correct the sentences where necessary.
Write ‘OK’ if the sentence is already correct.
1 The building was total destroyed in the fire. totally destroyed
2 I didn’t like the book. It was such a stupid story. OK
3 The city is very polluted. It’s the more polluted place
I’ve ever been to.
4 I was disappointing that I didn’t get the job. I was well-qualified
and the interview went well.
5 It’s warm today, but there’s quite a strong wind.
6 Joe works hardly, but he doesn’t get paid very much.
7 The company’s offices are in a modern large building.
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 Additional exercises

8 Dan is a very fast runner. I wish I could run as fast as him.

9 I missed the three last days of the course because I was ill.
10 You don’t look happy. What’s the matter?
11 The weather has been unusual cold for the time of the year.
12 The water in the pool was too dirty to swim in it.
13 I got impatient because we had to wait so long time.
14 Is this box big enough or do you need a bigger one?
15 This morning I got up more early than usual.

Conjunctions Units 25, 38, 112–118

32 Which is correct?
1 I’ll try to be on time, but don’t worry if / when I’m late. (if is correct)
2 Don’t throw that bag away. If / When you don’t want it, I’ll have it.
3 Please report to reception if / when you arrive at the hotel.
4 We’ve arranged to go to the beach tomorrow, but we won’t go if / when it’s raining.
5 Tanya is in her final year at school. She still doesn’t know what she’s going to do if / when
she leaves.
6 What would you do if / when you lost your keys?
7 I hope I’ll be able to come to the party, but I’ll let you know if / unless I can’t.
8 I don’t want to be disturbed, so don’t phone me if / unless it’s something important.
9 Please sign the contract if / unless you’re happy with the conditions.
10 I like travelling by ship as long as / unless the sea is not rough.
11 You might not remember the name of the hotel, so write it down if / in case you forget it.
12 It’s not cold now, but take your coat with you if / in case it gets cold later.
13 Take your coat with you and then you can put it on if / in case it gets cold later.
14 They always have the TV on, even if / if nobody is watching it.
15 Even / Although I left home early, I got to work late.
16 Despite / Although we’ve known each other a long time, we’re not particularly close
17 friends. ‘When did you leave school?’ ‘As / When I was 17.’
18 I think Amy will be very pleased as / when she hears the news.

Prepositions (time) Units 12, 119–122

33 Put in one of the following: at on in during for since by until

1 Jack has gone away. He’ll be back in a week.
2 We’re having a party Saturday. Can you come?
3 I’ve got an interview next week. Tuesday morning 9.30.
4 It’s isn’t usually here
Sue weekends. She goes away.
5 The train service is very good. The trains are nearly always time.
6 It was a confusing situation. Many things were happening the same time.
7 I couldn’t decide whether or not to buy the sweater. the end I decided not to.
8 The road is busy all the time, even night.
9 I met a lot of nice people my stay in New York.
10 I saw Helen Friday, but I haven’t seen her then.
11 Robert has been doing the same job five years.
12 Lisa’s birthday is the end of March. I’m not sure exactly which day it
13 We have friends staying withis.us the moment. They’re staying Friday.
14 If you’re interested in applying for the job, your application must be received Friday.
15 I’m just going out. I won’t be long – I’ll be back ten minutes.

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 Additional exercises

Prepositions (position and other uses) Units 123–128

34 Put in the missing preposition.

1 I’d love to be able to visit every country the world.
2 Jessica White is my favourite author. Have you read anything her?
3 There’s a small shop the end of this road.
4 Tom is away at the moment. He’s holiday.
5 We live the country, a long way from the nearest town.
6 I’ve got a stain my jacket. I’ll have to have it cleaned.
7 We went a party Lisa’s house on Saturday.
8 Boston is the east coast of the United States.
9 Look at the leaves that tree. They’re a beautiful colour.
10 I’ve never been Japan, but I’d like to go very much.
11 Mozart died Vienna in 1791 the age of 35.
12 ‘Are you this photo?’ ‘Yes, that’s me, the
13 We went the theatre last night. We had seats left.’ the front row.
14 If you want to turn the light on, the switch is the wall the door.
15 It was late when we arrived the hotel.
16 I couldn’t decide what to eat. There was nothing the menu that I liked.
17 We live a tower block. Our apartment is the fifteenth
18 Some parts of the film were a bit stupid, but the whole
floor.
I enjoyed it.
19 ‘When you paid the restaurant bill, did you pay cash?’ ‘No, I paid credit card.’
20 ‘How did you get here? Did you come the bus?’ ‘No, car.’
21 I watched a really interesting programme TV last night.
22 Helen works for a large company. She works the customer services department.
23 Anna spent two years working London before returning Italy.
24 How was your trip the beach? Did you have a good day?
25 On our first day in Paris, we went a trip round the city.

Noun/adjective + preposition Units 129–131

35 Put in the missing preposition.

1 The plan has been changed, but nobody seems to know the reason this.
2 Don’t ask me to decide. I’m not very good making decisions.
3 Some people say that Sue is unfriendly, but she’s always very nice me.
4 What do you think is the best solution the problem?
5 Recently there has been a big increase the number of tourists visiting the city.
6 He lives a rather lonely life. He doesn’t have much contact other people.
7 Paul is a keen photographer. He likes taking pictures people.
8 Michael got married a woman he met when he was studying at college.
9 He’s very brave. He’s not scared anything.
10 I’m surprised the traffic today. I didn’t think it would be so busy.
11 Thank you for lending me the guidebook. It was full useful information.
12 I’m afraid I’ve had to change my plans, so I can’t meet you tomorrow. I’m sorry that.

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 Additional exercises

38 Only one alternative is correct. Which is it?

1 Nobody believed Paul at first but he B to be right. (B is
A came out B turned out correct) D carried out
C worked out
2 Here’s some good news. It will .
A turn you up B put you up C blow you up D cheer you up
3 The children were behaving badly, so I .
A told them up B told them off C told them out D told them over
4 The club committee is of the president, the secretary and seven other members.
A set up B made up C set out D made out
5 Why did you decide not to apply for the job? ?
What
A put you off B put you out C turned you off D turned you away
6 I had no idea that he was lying to me. I was completely .
A taken in B taken down C taken off D taken over
7 Helen started a course at college, but she after six months.
A went out B fell out C turned out D dropped out
8 You can’t predict everything. Often things don’t as you expect.
A make out B break out C turn out D get out
9 What’s all this noise? ?
What’s
A going off B getting off C going on D getting on
10 It’s a very busy airport. There are planes or landing every few minutes.
A going up B taking off C getting up D driving off
11 The road was blocked by a bus that had .
A broken down B dropped out C driven off D held up
12 How are you in your new job? Are you enjoying
A keeping on B going onit? C carrying on D getting on

39 Complete the sentences. Use two words each time.

1 Keep away from the edge of the pool. You might fall in.
2 I didn’t notice that the two pictures were different until Amy pointed it me.
3 I asked Max if he had any suggestions about what we should do, but he didn’t come
anything.
4 I’m glad Sarah is coming to the party. I’m really looking seeing her again.
5 Things are changing all the time. It’s difficult to keep all these changes.
6 I don’t want to run food for the party. Are you sure we have
7 We had a short break and then carried enough? our work.
8 I’ve had enough of being treated like this. I’m not going to put it any more.
9 I didn’t enjoy the trip very much at the time, but when I it now,
look I realise it was a good experience and I’m glad I went
10 on
Theit.wedding was supposed to be a secret, so how did you find it?
Who told you?
11 There is a very nice atmosphere in the office where I work. Everybody gets
everybody else.

324
 Additional exercises

40 Complete each sentence using a phrasal verb that has a similar meaning to the words in
brackets.
1 The concert in the park had to be called off because of the weather. (cancelled)
2 The story Kate told wasn’t true. She made it up . (invented it)
3 Paul finally an hour late. (arrived)
4 Here’s an application form. Can you and sign it, please? (complete it)
5 Some houses will have to be to make way for the new
road. (demolished)
6 Be positive! You must never ! (stop trying)
7 I was very tired and in front of the TV. (fell
8 After eight years together, they’ve decided asleep) . (separate)
9 to noise is terrible. I can’t
The any longer. (tolerate it)
10 We don’t have a lot of money, but we have enough to . (manage)
11 I’m sorry I’m late. The meeting longer than I expected. (continued)
12 We need to make a decision today at the latest. We can’t any
longer. (delay it)

41 Complete the sentences. Use one word each time.

1 You’re driving too fast. Please slow down.
2 It was only a small fire and I managed to it out with a bucket of
3 The house is empty right now, but I think the new tenants are water. in
next week.
4 I’ve on weight. My clothes don’t fit any
5 Their house is really nice now.more.
They’ve it up really well.
6 I was talking to the woman next to me on the plane, and it out
that she works for the same company as my brother.
7 I don’t know what happened yet, but I’m going to out.
8 There’s no need to get angry. down!
9 If you’re going on a long walk, plan your route carefully before you off.
10 Sarah has just phoned to say that she’ll be late. She’s been up.
11 You’ve written my name wrong. It’s Martin, not Marin – out the T.
12 Three
you days at £45 a day – that out at £135.
13 We had a really interesting discussion, but Jane didn’t in. She just
listened.
14 Jonathan is pretty fit. He out in the gym every day.
15 Come and see us more often. You can in any time you like.
16 We are still discussing the contract. There are still a couple of things to
out.
17 My alarm clock off in the middle of the night and
me up.

325
 Key to Exercises

9.4 UNIT 11 12.3

2 I’ve been looking / I have been 11.1 3 He has been ill/unwell since Sunday.
looking 4 She got married a year ago.
2 have you lived
3 are you looking 3 It’s raining
5 I’ve had a headache since I woke up.
4 She’s been teaching / She has 6 The meeting started/began at
4 has been
been teaching 9 o’clock.
5 Have you been waiting
5 I’ve been thinking / I have 6 We’re living 7 I’ve been working in a hotel for six
been thinking 7 I haven’t known months. / I’ve been working there …
6 he’s working / he is working 8 She’s 8 Kate started learning Japanese a
7 She’s been working / She has 9 have you had
long time ago.
been working
10 I’ve been feeling 12.4
8 you’re driving / you are driving
2 No, I haven’t seen Lisa/her
9 has been travelling 11.2
for about a month.
2 How long have you known
3 No, I haven’t been swimming for a
UNIT 10 Katherine?
long time.
10.1 3 How long has your sister
been in Australia? 4 No, I haven’t ridden a bike for
2 She’s been travelling / She has been 6 ages. No, it’s about a month since
travelling … 4 How long have you been I (last) saw Lisa/her. or
teaching English? / How long have
She’s visited / She has visited … No, it’s been about a month since …
you taught English?
3 He’s won / He has won … 7 No, it’s a long time since I
He’s been playing tennis / He has 5 How long have you had that jacket? (last) went swimming. or
been playing … 6 How long has Joe been working No, it’s been a long time since …
at the airport? / How long has Joe
4 They’ve been making / They worked at the airport? 8
No, it’s ages since I (last) rode a bike.
have been making … or No, it’s been ages since …
They’ve made / They have made … 7 Have you always lived in Chicago?

10.2 11.3 UNIT 13

3 ’s been / has been 13.1
2 Have you been waiting long?
4 ’s / is
3 Have you caught any fish? 2 has gone 5 had
5 haven’t played
4 How many people have you invited? 3 forgot 6 has broken
5 How long have you been teaching? 6 ’ve been waiting / have been waiting
4 went
7 ’ve known / have known
6 How many books have you written?
8 hasn’t been 13.2
How long have you been writing
9 lives or ’s living / is living 3 did William Shakespeare write
books?
10 ’s lived / has lived or ’s been living 4 OK
7 How long have you been 5 Who invented
saving (money)? / has been living
11 ’s been watching / has been 6 OK
How much money have you saved?
watching 7 We washed
10.3 8 Where were you born?
12 haven’t watched
2 Somebody’s broken / 13 ’ve had / have had 9 OK
Somebody has broken 14 haven’t been 10 Albert Einstein was the scientist who
3 Have you been working 15 ’ve always wanted / have always developed
4 Have you ever worked wanted
5 has she gone 13.3
3 I’ve forgotten / I have forgotten
6 I’ve had / I have had UNIT 12
7 I’ve been watching / I have been 4 arrested
12.1 5 it’s improved / it has improved
watching
2 for (also correct without for) 6 Have you finished
8 He’s appeared / He has appeared 3 for (also correct without for) 7 I applied
9 I haven’t been waiting 4 since 8 It was
10 you’ve been crying / you have
been crying 5 for 9 There’s been / There has been
it’s stopped / it has stopped 6 since 10 did you find … It was
11
They’ve been playing / They 7 since 11 He’s / He has broken … or He
12 8 for broke … did that happen … He fell
have been playing
I’ve lost / I have lost … Have
13 12.2
you seen UNIT 14
2 How long have you had this car?
I’ve been reading / I have been 3 How long have you been waiting? 14.1
14
reading … I haven’t finished 4 When did your course start? 3 OK
I’ve read / I have read 5 When did Anna arrive in 4 I bought
15
6 London? How long have you 5 Where were
known each other? 6 you Maria left
7 school OK
8 OK
9 OK
10 When was this bridge built?

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 Key to Exercises

14.2 UNIT 16 17.3

2 The weather has been cold recently. 16.1 3 I didn’t have / hadn’t got my phone
3 It was cold last week. 4 I have a cold or I’ve got a cold
2 They’d been playing football. /
4 I didn’t eat any fruit yesterday. 5 OK
They had been playing …
5 I haven’t eaten any fruit 6 I didn’t have any energy
3 I’d been looking forward to it. 7 OK (or It hasn’t got many shops.)
6 today.
/ I had been looking forward …
Emily has earned a lot of money 8 Did you have (Had you is unusual)
4 She’d been having a bad dream. / 9 OK
7 this year. She had been having …
8 She didn’t earn so much last year. 10 he had a beard
Have you had a holiday recently? 5 He’d been watching a film. / 11 OK (or We’ve got plenty of time.)
14.3 He had been watching …
12 do you have a shower
3 I didn’t sleep 6 They’d been waiting a long time. /
4 There was … there were They had been waiting … 17.4
5 worked … he gave 2 has a break
16.2
6 She’s lived / She has lived 3 had a party
2 I’d been waiting / I had been waiting
7 died … I never met 4 have a look
8 I’ve never met / I have never … I realised (that) I was (in …)
5 ’s having / is having a nice time
3 went … had been working or had
9 met I haven’t seen 6 had a chat
worked
10 Did you go … was 7 Did you have trouble
11 It’s been / It has been … it was 4 had been playing … started 8 had a baby
12 have you lived / have you been living 5 Example answer: 9 was having a shower
… did you live … did you live I’d been walking for about ten 10 haven’t had a holiday / haven’t had a
minutes when a car suddenly break
14.4 stopped just behind me.
Example answers:
2 I haven’t bought anything today.
16.3 UNIT 18
2 We’d been travelling 18.1
3 I didn’t watch TV yesterday. 3 He was looking
4 I went out with some 2 used to have/ride
4 She’d been running
friends yesterday evening. 3 used to live
5 He was walking
5 I haven’t been to the cinema recently. 4 used to be
6 I’d had it
6 I’ve read a lot of books recently. 5 used to eat/like/love
7 I’d been going
6 used to take
8 I’ve been training
UNIT 15 7 used to be
9 (When I finally arrived,) she 8 used to work
15.1 was waiting … she’d been
3 It had changed a lot. waiting (such a long time) 18.2
4 I hadn’t heard it before. 10 a he was already working 2 used
5 She’d arranged to do something else. / b had already been working 3 used to be
She had arranged … c He’s been working 4 did
6 The film had already started. 5 used to
7 We hadn’t been there UNIT 17 6 use
8 before. 7 to
17.1
9 I hadn’t seen him for five years. 8 be able
They’d just had lunch. / They had 2 h 9 didn’t
3 c
10 just had … 4 g
He’d never played before. / He had 18.3
never played … 5 b 2–6
15.2 6 a • She used to be very lazy, but
2 there was … 7 e she works very hard these days.
She’d gone / She had go n e 8 f • She didn’t use to like cheese,
3 He’d just come back from / but she eats lots of cheese now. or
He had just come back from 17.2
She used not to like cheese, but …
3 don’t have / haven’t got (haven’t is
… He looked
less usual) • She used to play the piano,
4 got a phone call but she hasn’t played the
He was 4 didn’t have
piano for a long time. / … played it
He’d sent her / He had sent her … 5 doesn’t have / hasn’t got (hasn’t is
less usual) for a long time.
she’d never replied (to them) / she • She didn’t use to drink tea,
had never replied (to them) 6 do you have / have you got (have but she likes it now. or She used
you is less usual)
not to drink tea, but …
15.3 7 didn’t have
2 I went 8 Does he have / Has he got (Has he is
• She used to have a dog, but it
died two years ago.
3 had gone less usual)
4 he’d already travelled / he had 9 did you have
already travelled 10 don’t have / haven’t got
5 broke 11 had … didn’t
6 we saw … had broken … we
stopped

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 Key to Exercises

18.4 20.2 22.2

Example answers: 2 I’m going to try 2 It will look
3 I used to be a vegetarian, but now I 3 I’m going to say 3 you’ll like / you will like
eat meat sometimes. 4 I’m going to wash 4 You’ll enjoy / You will enjoy
4 I used to watch TV a lot, but I 5 I’m not going to accept 5 You’ll get / You will get
don’t watch it much now. 6 I’m going to learn 6 people will live
5 I used to hate getting up early, but 7 I’m going to run 7 we’ll meet / we will meet
now it’s no problem. 8 I’m going to complain 8 she’ll come / she will come
7 I didn’t use to drink coffee, but I 9 I’m not going to tell 9 she’ll mind
drink it every day now. 10 it will be
20.3
8 I didn’t use to like hot weather, but 22.3
now I love it. 2 He’s going to be late.
3 The boat is going to sink. 2 Do you think it will rain?
4 They’re going to run out of petrol. 3 When do you think it will end?
UNIT 19 5 It’s going to cost a lot (of money) 4 How much do you think it will cost?
19.1 to repair the car. 5 Do you think they’ll get married? / …
2 How long are you going for? they will get married?
3 When are you leaving? 20.4
2 was going to buy 6 What time do you think you’ll
4 Are you going alone? be back? / … you will be back?
5 Are you travelling by car? 3 were going to play
4 was going to phone 7 What do you think will happen?
6 Where are you staying?
5 was going to be 22.4
19.2 6 was going to give up Example answers:
2 We’re having 7 were you going to say 2 I’ll be in bed.
3 I’m not working 3 I’ll be at work.
4 I’m leaving UNIT 21 4 I’ll probably be at home.
5 are you going 5 I don’t know where I’ll be.
21.1
6 Laura isn’t coming / Laura’s not
2 I’ll turn / I’ll switch / I’ll put 22.5
coming
3 I’ll check 2 I’ll never forget it.
7 I’m going 4 I’ll do 3 You’ll laugh
8 He’s working / He is working 5 I’ll show 4 I’m going
19.3 6 I’ll have 5 will win
Example answers: 7 I’ll stay / I’ll wait 6 is coming
2 I’m working tomorrow morning. 8 I’ll try 7 It won’t hurt
3 I’m not doing anything 8 What will happen
21.2 9 we’re going
tomorrow evening.
2 I think I’ll go to bed.
4 I’m going swimming next Sunday. 3 I think I’ll go for a walk.
5 I’m going to a party this evening. UNIT 23
4 I don’t think I’ll have (any) lunch.
23.1
19.4 5 I don’t think I’ll go swimming today.
2 I’ll lend
2 Are you going 21.3 3 I’m going to wash
3 he’s moving / he is moving
3 I’ll meet 4 I’ll show
4 I’m going / I am going … 4 I’ll stay 5 are you going to paint
does it start
5 I’m having 6 I’m going to buy
5 we’re meeting / we are meeting 6 I won’t forget 7 I’ll have
6 Are you doing 7 we’re going 8 I’m not going to finish
7 does this term end … starts 8 Are you doing 9 (What) is he going to study / (What)’s
8 We’re going / We are going … 9 Will you do he going to study
Who’s getting / Who is
10 Do you go 10 I’ll call
9 getting Are you watching 11 won’t tell 11 he’s going to have … he’s going to do
10 leaves … arrives 12 I’ll do
11 It finishes 23.2
12 I’m not using / I am not using 21.4 2 I’ll see
2 Where shall we go (on holiday)? 3 I’m going to sell
UNIT 20 3 Shall I buy it? 4 you’ll find (you’re going to find is
4 Shall we get a taxi (or) (shall we) walk? also possible)
20.1
5 What shall I give/buy/get 5 a I’m going to throw
2 What are you going to wear?
Helen (for her birthday)? 5 b I’ll have it.
3 Where are you going to put
6 What time shall we 6 a I’ll take
4 it? Who are you going to
meet? 6 b Amy is going to take (or Amy is
5 invite? How are you going to taking)
cook it? UNIT 22
22.1 23.3
2 won’t 5 ’ll / will 2 d 6 a
3 ’ll / will 6 won’t 3 h 7 e
4 won’t 4 g 8 b
5 c

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 Key to Exercises

UNIT 24 25.4 27.4

24.1 2 if 6 When 3 couldn’t wear
3 If 7 if 4 couldn’t have managed
2 b is true
3 a and c are true
4 when 8 if 5 couldn’t have been
5 If 6 couldn’t afford (or couldn’t manage)
4 b and d are true
7 couldn’t have studied
5 c and d are true
UNIT 26 8 couldn’t stand
6 c is true
26.1
24.2 UNIT 28
3 can
2 be going 4 be able to 28.1
3 won’t be playing 5 been able to 2 must
4 will be starting 6 can (or will be able to) 3 can’t
5 be watching 7 be able to 4 must
6 will you be doing 8 can 5 must
7 won’t be going 9 be able to 6 can’t
8 will be landing 7 must
26.2 8 can’t
24.3 Example answers:
2 we’ll be playing / we will be playing 9 must
2 I used to be able to run fast. 10 can’t
3 She’ll be waiting / She will be waiting
3 I’d like to be able to play the piano.
4 it will have finished (or it will be 11 must
4 I’ve never been able to get up
finished)
early. 28.2
5 you’ll still be living / you will still be 26.3
living 2 could run 3 know
4 have left
6 she’ll have travelled / she will have 3 can wait
4 couldn’t sleep 5 be
travelled
6 have been
7 I’ll be staying / I will be staying 5 can’t hear
6 couldn’t believe 7 be looking
8 he’ll have spent / he will have spent 8 have heard
9 I won’t be doing / I will not be doing 26.4 9 have been
2 was able to finish it 10 be joking
UNIT 25 3 were able to solve it 11 get / be getting or have
25.1 4 was able to get away
2 we’ll let 28.3
26.5 3 It must have been very expensive.
3 starts
4 couldn’t 4 They must have gone away.
4 it changes
5 managed to 5 I must have left it in the
5 I’ll make
6 could restaurant last night.
6 I’m 40
7 managed to 6 It can’t have been easy for her.
7 I’ll wait
8 could 7 He must have been waiting
8 he grows up
9 couldn’t for somebody.
9 you’re
10 managed to 8 She can’t have understood
10 is
11 will be what I said. or She couldn’t have
12 you’ve had UNIT 27 understood what I said.
27.1 9 I must have forgotten to lock it.
25.2 2 e 10 They must have been having a party.
2 she goes 3 b 11 The driver can’t have seen the
3 you know red light. or The driver
4 f
4 I’ll wait / I will wait … you’re / you are 5 a couldn’t have seen …
5 Will you still be … I get He can’t have worn them much.
6 d 12
6 there are … I’ll let / I will let
7 You won’t recognise / You will not 27.2
UNIT 29
recognise … you see 2 could 7 could
3 can 8 can 29.1
8 you need … I’m / I am 2 might know
4 could 9 could
25.3 5 can 10 could 3 might be Brazilian
2 it gets dark 6 can 4 may not be possible
3 you decide or you’ve decided / 5 may be Tom’s
you have decided 27.3 6 might be driving
4 you’re in Hong Kong / you go 2 could have come 7 might have one
3 could be 8 may not be feeling well
to Hong Kong
4 could have been
5 build the new road or ’ve built the
5 could have
new road / have built the new road
6 could come
6 she apologises or she’s
apologised / she has apologised 7 have moved
8 gone

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 Key to Exercises

29.2 31.2 32.5

2 have been 3 have to make 3 You needn’t shout. / You don’t need
3 have arrived 4 don’t have to decide to shout. / You don’t have to shout.
4 be waiting 5 had to ask 4 I didn’t need to go out. / I didn’t
5 have told 6 don’t have to pay have to go out.
6 have gone 7 didn’t have to go 5 OK
7 be watching 8 has to make 6 You needn’t lock the door. / You
8 have 9 had to stand don’t need to lock the door. / You
9 have left 10 will have to drive / ’ll have to drive / is don’t have to lock the door.
10 have heard going to have to drive 7 I didn’t need to say anything. / I
11 have forgotten didn’t have to say anything.
31.3
29.3 3 OK (I have to remember is also correct) 8 OK
2 might not have wanted 4 I had to walk home.
3 couldn’t have been 5 OK (You have to come is also correct) UNIT 33
4 couldn’t have tried 6 He has to study 33.1
5 might not have been American 7 We have to go 2 You should look for another job.
8 She has had to wear glasses since … 3 He shouldn’t stay up so late.
UNIT 30 For the present perfect (has had) with 4 You should take a picture.
30.1 since, see Units 11–12. 5 She shouldn’t worry so much.
6 He should put some pictures on
2 I’m going to get 31.4
the walls.
3 He might come 3 don’t have to
4 I might hang 4 mustn’t 33.2
5 She’s going 5 don’t have to 2 should be here soon
6 I might go away 6 doesn’t have to 3 should be working OK
7 don’t have to 4 shouldn’t take long
30.2
8 mustn’t 5 should receive
2 might wake
9 mustn’t 6 should be much warmer
3 might spill
10 don’t have to 7 shouldn’t cost more
4 might need
8 should solve
5 might hear
6 might slip UNIT 32 33.3
32.1 3 should do
30.3
2 d 5 g 4 should have done
2 might have to leave
3 b 6 a 5 should have won
3 might be able to meet
4 e 7 c 6 should come
4 might have to pay
7 should have turned
5 might have to wait 32.2 8 should have done
6 might be able to fix 2 must
3 mustn’t 33.4
30.4
4 don’t need to 2 We should have reserved a table.
2 I might not recognise him.
5 mustn’t 3 I should have written down her
3 We might not be able to get
6 needn’t address. / I should have written her
tickets for the game.
7 mustn’t address down. or I should have
4 I might not have time to do the
8 don’t need to written it down.
shopping.
9 needn’t … must 4 The shop should be open (now / by
5 I might not be able to go to the
wedding. now). / The shop should have
32.3 opened by now. or It should …
2 needn’t come
30.5
3 needn’t walk 5 I shouldn’t have been looking at my
2 I might as well buy a new one. phone. or
4 needn’t keep I should have looked / been looking
3 I might as well paint the bathroom too.
5 needn’t worry
4 We might as well watch it. where I was going.
32.4 She shouldn’t be doing 50. /
6
UNIT 31 2 You needn’t have walked home. You She shouldn’t be driving so fast. /
could have taken a taxi. She should be driving more slowly.
31.1
3 They needn’t have stayed at a hotel. I shouldn’t have gone to work
3 I have to go / I’ll have to go 7
They could have stayed with us. (yesterday).
4 do you have to go / will you
4 She needn’t have phoned me at Team A should win (the match).
have to go 8
3 am. She could have waited until The driver in front shouldn’t have
5 he has to get up 9
stopped without warning. / …
6 We had to run the morning.
5 You needn’t have shouted at me. shouldn’t have stopped so suddenly.
7 does she have to work
You could have been more patient.
8 I had to do
9 do you have to be
10 We had to close
11 did you have to pay

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 Key to Exercises

UNIT 34 35.3 UNIT 37

34.1 2 had 37.1
3 not
2 I should stay / I stay / I stayed a little 2 g
4 should
longer 3 d
5 to
3 they should visit / they visit / they 4 b
6 I’d
visited the museum after lunch 5 a
7 were
4 we should pay / we pay / we paid 8 better
6 h
the rent by Friday 7 f
9 hadn’t
5 we should go / we go / we went to 8 c
the cinema 10 do
11 did 37.2
34.2 12 was 2 Would you like
2 OK 3 I’d like
(‘suggested that we should meet’ is 35.4 4 Would you like to come
also correct) 2 It’s time I had a holiday. 5 Can I take
3 It’s time the children were in bed. /
3 What do you suggest I do / 6 I’d like to
I should do … went to bed. 7 Would you like to try
4 OK 4 It’s time I started cooking (the) 8 Do you mind
(‘suggest I buy’ is also correct) dinner.
5 I suggest you read / you should 5 It’s time she/Kate stopped 37.3
complaining about everything. 2 Can/Could I/we have the
read …
bill, please? or … get the bill?
6 OK 6 It’s time (some) changes were made
(‘suggested that Anna should learn’, 3 Can/Could you check these forms
(for me)? or Do you think you
‘suggested that Anna learns’ and UNIT 36
could check …?
‘suggested that Anna learnt/learned’ 36.1
are also correct) Example answers: 4 Can/Could you turn the music
down, please? / … turn it down? or
2 I wouldn’t like to be a teacher. Do you think you could turn …?
34.3 3 I’d love to learn to fly a plane.
2 should say 4 It would be nice to have a big garden. 5 Is it OK if I close the window? or
3 should worry Is it all right if …? or
5 I’d like to go to Mexico. Can I close …? or
4 should leave
5 should ask 36.2 Do you mind if I close …?
6 should vote 2 ’d enjoy / would enjoy Would you like to sit down? or
6
7 should be done 3 ’d have enjoyed / would have Would you like a seat? or
enjoyed Can I offer you a seat?
34.4 4 would you do Can/Could you tell me how to get to
7
2 If it should rain 5 ’d have stopped / would have the station? or … the way to the
3 If there should be any problems stopped station? or … where the station is?
4 If anyone should ask Can/Could I try on these trousers? or
6 would have been 8 Can/Could I try these (trousers) on? or
6 Should it rain
7 ’d be / would be
7 Should there be any problems
8 would have I’d like to try on these trousers. or
8 Should anyone ask Is it OK if I try …
36.3 Can/Could I get your autograph? /
34.5 9 … have your autograph? or
2 e 5 a
2 I should keep 3 b 6 d Do you think I could get/have your
3 I should call
4 f autograph?
4 I should get
36.4
UNIT 35 2 He promised he’d call. /
UNIT 38
… he would call.
35.1 38.1
2 We’d better reserve a table. 3 You promised you wouldn’t tell
her. or … wouldn’t tell anyone/ 2 dropped
3 You’d better put a plaster on it. 3 lost
anybody.
4 You’d better not go to work this 4 happened
morning. 4 They promised they’d wait (for us). /
… they would wait. 5 went
5 I’d/We’d better check what time 6 did
the film starts. 36.5 7 was
6 I’d better not disturb her right now. 2 wouldn’t tell
3 wouldn’t speak 38.2
35.2 4 wouldn’t let 2 b
2 OK 3 a
3 You should come more often. 36.6 4 b
4 OK 2 would shake 5 b
5 OK 3 would share 6 a
6 everybody should learn a foreign 4 would always forget 7 b
language 5 would stay
7 OK 6 would always smile

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 Key to Exercises

38.3 UNIT 40 UNIT 41

2 I bought 40.1 41.1
3 would you invite
2 If she’d missed / she had missed 2 hope
4 he asked
(the train), she’d have missed / she 3 wish
5 I’d be / I would be
would have missed (her flight too). 4 wished
6 somebody gave … I’d have / I would 5 hope
have 3 I’d have forgotten / I would have
forgotten (if) you hadn’t reminded 6 wish
7 Would you be … you met 7 hope
4 I’d had / I had had (your email
8 would you do … you were … it address) I’d have sent / I would have
stopped 41.2
sent (you an email)
2 wasn’t/weren’t
38.4 5 they’d have enjoyed / they would 3 ’d told / had told
2 If we stayed at a hotel, it would cost have enjoyed (it more if the weather)
4 had / could have
too much. had been (better)
It would have been (quicker if) we’d 5 could
3 If I told you what happened, you 6 6 hadn’t bought
wouldn’t believe me. or … believe it. walked / we had walked
you’d told / you had told (me) I’d 7 didn’t have
4 If she left her job, it would be hard to 7 8 have gone
find another one. have tried / I would have tried
I were / I was
5 If he applied for the job, he wouldn’t 8 41.3
get it. I’d been / I had been 2 I wish she would come. or
9
… would hurry up.
40.2
UNIT 39 3 I wish somebody would give
2 If the road hadn’t been icy, the me a job.
39.1 accident wouldn’t have happened.
4 I wish the/that dog would
3 I’d help / I would help 3 If I’d known / If I had known (that stop barking.
4 It would taste you had to get up early), I’d have
5 we lived 5 I wish you wouldn’t drive so fast.
woken / I would have woken you up.
6 we’d live / we would live 6 I wish you wouldn’t leave the
4 If I hadn’t lost my phone (or If I’d had door open (all the time).
7 I was / I were my phone), I’d have called you. or
8 it wasn’t / it weren’t 7 I wish people wouldn’t drop
… I would have called you. or litter in the street.
9 I wouldn’t wait … I’d go / I would go … I could have called you.
10 you didn’t go … you wouldn’t be 5 If Karen hadn’t been wearing a seat 41.4
11 there weren’t … there wouldn’t be 3 I knew
belt, she’d have been injured /
12 would you do if you didn’t have she would have been injured (in the 4 we hadn’t gone
crash). or … she might have been 5 the bus would come
39.2
2 I’d / I would buy them if they weren’t injured or … she could have 6 I could come
been injured 7 it was/were
so expensive.
6 If you’d had / If you had had (some) 8 I’d taken / I had taken
3 We’d / We would go on holiday if we
breakfast, you wouldn’t be hungry 9 you’d listen / you would listen
could afford it.
now. 10 you wouldn’t complain or
4 We could have lunch outside
7 If I’d had / If I had had enough you didn’t complain
if it weren’t/wasn’t raining.
5 If I wanted his advice, I’d / I would
money, I’d have got / I would have 11 it wasn’t/weren’t
ask for it. got a taxi. (or … taken a taxi) 12 the weather would change
I had / I could have
8 If Dan had done well/better at 13
39.3 school, he could/would have gone we could have stayed
14
2 I wish I had more free time. to university.
3 I wish Helen were/was here. UNIT 42
4 I wish it weren’t/wasn’t (so) cold. 40.3
42.1
5 I wish I didn’t live in a big city. 2 I wish I’d learned / I wish I had learned
6 I wish I could find my phone. to play a musical instrument (when I 2 is made
was younger). or I wish I could play 3 was damaged
7 I wish I was/were feeling well/better.
… / I wish I was able to play … 4 are shown
8 I wish I didn’t have to get up early
5 were invited
tomorrow. 3 I wish I hadn’t painted it red. or
… the gate red. or I wish I had 6 ’s/is found
9 I wish I knew more about science. 7 were overtaken
painted it a different colour.
39.4 8 are held
4 I wish we’d gone / I wish we had 9 was injured
Example answers: gone by train. or
1 I wish I was at home. I wish we hadn’t gone by car. 10 is surrounded
2 I wish I had a big garden. 11 was sent
5 I wish we’d had / I wish we had had 12 is owned
3 I wish I could tell jokes. more time (to do all the things we
4 I wish I was taller. wanted to do).
42.2
I wish I hadn’t moved (to my new
6 2 When was television invented?
flat). or I wish I’d stayed where I
3 How are mountains formed?
was. / … stayed in my old flat. 4 When was DNA discovered?
5 What is silver used for?

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 Key to Exercises

42.3 UNIT 44 45.3

2 a covers 44.1 2 You’re / You are supposed to
b is covered be my friend.
2 was given
3 a was stolen 3 wasn’t told / was not told 3 I’m / I am supposed to be on a diet.
b disappeared 4 It was supposed to be a joke.
4 ’s paid / is paid
4 a died 5 been shown 5 Or maybe it’s / it is supposed
b were brought up to be a flower.
6 was asked
5 a sank 7 weren’t given / were not given 6 You’re / You are supposed to
b was rescued be working.
8 to be offered
6 a was fired 7 It’s supposed to be open every day.
b resigned 44.2
45.4
7 a doesn’t bother 2 being invited
2 ’re / are supposed to start
b ’m/am not bothered 3 being given
3 was supposed to phone
8 a was knocked 4 being knocked down
4 aren’t / ’re not / are not
b fell 5 being bitten
supposed to put
9 a are they called 6 being treated
5 was supposed to depart
b do you call 7 being stuck
6 isn’t / ’s not / is not supposed to lift
42.4 44.3
2 All flights were cancelled because 2 got stung UNIT 46
of fog. 3 get used
46.1
4 got stolen
3 I was accused of stealing money. 1 b 3 a
4 How is this word used? 5 get paid 2 a 4 b
5 All taxes are included in the price. 6 get broken
7 get asked 46.2
6 We were warned not to go out
7 alone. This office isn’t / is not used 8 got stopped 2 Sarah has her car serviced once a year.
8 any more. Five hundred people 3 Have you had your eyes tested
44.4 recently?
were invited to the wedding.
3 were 4 I don’t like having my hair cut.
4 given
5 It cost fifteen pounds to have my suit
UNIT 43 5 lost cleaned.
43.1 6 being
6 You need to get this document
3 be made 7 get translated as soon as possible.
4 be kept 8 doesn’t
5 have been repaired 9 was 46.3
6 be carried 10 weren’t 2 I had it cut.
7 have been arrested 3 We had them cleaned.
8 be delayed UNIT 45 4 He had it built.
9 have been caused 5 I had them delivered.
45.1
10 be knocked 6 She had them repaired.
2 Many people are reported to
11 be known be homeless after the floods. 46.4
12 have been forgotten
3 The thieves are thought to have got 2 f 5 c
in through a window in the roof. 3 a 6 b
43.2
3 It’s been stolen! / It has been stolen! 4 The driver (of the car) is alleged to 4 e
have been driving at 110 miles an
4 Somebody has taken it. or 46.5
hour. or … to have driven at …
… taken my umbrella. 2 We had our bags searched.
5 He hasn’t been seen since then. 5 The building is reported to have 3 I’ve had my salary increased. or
been badly damaged by the fire.
6 I haven’t seen her for ages. I had my salary increased.
7 Have you ever been stung by a bee? 6 The company is said to be losing a 4 He’s had his application refused. or
lot of money.
8 It’s / It is being repaired at the moment. He had his application refused.
The company is believed to have lost
9 It hasn’t / It has not been found yet. 7
a lot of money last year.
10 The furniture had been moved. The company is expected to make a UNIT 47
8
43.3 loss this year. 47.1
2 A new road is being built 2 (that) it was too far
3 Two new hotels have been built 45.2 3 (that) she didn’t want to go
4 some new houses were being built 2 they’re / they are supposed to be 4 (that) he would let me know next
5 The date of the meeting has been 3 it’s / it is supposed to have been 5 week. (that) he hadn’t seen her for
changed. 4 they’re / they are supposed to have 6 a while (that) I could borrow hers.
6 I didn’t know that our conversation won 7 (that) she wasn’t enjoying it very much
was being recorded. 5 the view is supposed to be 8 (that) he sold it a few months ago
7 Is anything being done about the 6 she’s / she is supposed to be living or he’d sold it … / he had sold it …
problem? 9 (that) she didn’t know
8 They hadn’t / had not been cleaned 10 (that) there were twenty students in
for ages. her class

345
 Key to Exercises

47.2 49.2 50.3

Example answers: 3 Who paid the bill? / Who paid it? 2 She asked me how long I’d
2 wasn’t coming / was going 4 What are you worried about? been in London. or
somewhere else / couldn’t come 5 What happened? … how long I had been …
3 they didn’t like each other / 6 What did she/Diane say? 3 They asked me if/whether I’d been
they didn’t get on with each other 7 Who does it / this book belong to? to London before. or
/ they couldn’t stand each other 8 Who lives in that house? / … I had been …
4 he didn’t know anyone Who lives there? 4 She asked me if/whether I liked
5 she would be away / she was going 9 What did you fall London.
away 10 over? What fell off 5 He asked me where I was staying.
6 you were staying at home 11 the shelf? 6 She asked me how long I was going
7 you couldn’t speak / you didn’t 12 What does it / this word mean? to stay.
speak any other languages 13 Who was she/Sarah with? She asked me if/whether I thought
7
he’d seen you / he saw you last 14 What are you looking for? London was expensive. or
8
weekend Who does she/Emma remind you of? … is expensive.
49.3 They asked me why I’d come to
8
2 How is cheese made? London. or … why I had come …
UNIT 48 3 Why isn’t Sue working today? or … why I came …
48.1 4 What time are your friends arriving?
2 But you said you didn’t like fish. 5 Why was the meeting cancelled?
3 But you said you couldn’t drive. 6 When was paper invented? UNIT 51
4 But you said she had a very 7 Where were your parents born? 51.1
well-paid job. 8 Why didn’t you come to the 2 doesn’t
5 But you said you didn’t have 9 party? How did the accident 3 was
any brothers or sisters. 10 happen? 4 has
6 But you said you’d / you had never 11 Why aren’t you happy? 5 will
been to the United States. How many languages can you speak? 6 should
7 But you said you were working 49.4 7 won’t
tomorrow evening. 2 Don’t you like him? 8 do
But you said she was a friend 3 Isn’t it good? 9 didn’t
8
of yours. 4 Don’t you have any? or Haven’t 10 might
you got any? 11 am … isn’t or ’m not … is or
48.2 can’t … can or can’t … is
2 Tell UNIT 50 would … could … can’t
3 Say 12
50.1
4 said 51.2
2 c
5 told 3 Do you? I don’t.
3 a
6 said 4 Didn’t you? I did.
4 b
7 told 5 Aren’t you? I am.
5 b
8 said 6 Did you? I didn’t.
6 c
9 tell … sai d
7 b 51.3
10 tell … say
8 a Example answers:
48.3 3 So did I. or
50.2
2 her to slow down Did you? What did you watch?
2 How far is it to the airport?
3 her not to worry 3 I wonder how old Tom is. 4 Neither will I. or
4 asked Tom to give me a hand or Won’t you? Where will you be?
4 How long have they been married?
… to help me 5 Do you know how long they have 5 So do I. or
5 asked/told me to open my bag been married?
Do you? What sort of books do
6 told him to mind his own business you like?
6 Could you tell me where the
7 asked her to marry him station is? 6 So would I. or
8 told her not to wait (for me) Would you? Where would you like
if I was late 7 I don’t know whether anyone was to live?
injured in the accident.
7 Neither can I. or
8 Do you know what time you will Can’t you? Why not?
UNIT 49 arrive tomorrow?
So am I. or
49.1 8
Are you? Are you doing something
2 Were you born there? nice?
3 Are you married?
4 How long have you been married?
51.4
5 What do you do? 2 I hope so. 6 I’m afraid so.
6 What does your wife do? 3 I hope not. 7 I think so.
7 Do you have (any) children? or 4 I don’t think so. 8 I’m afraid not.
Have you got (any) children? 5 I suppose so.
8 How old are they?

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 Key to Exercises

UNIT 52 53.2 54.5

52.1 2 making 2 what to do
3 listening 3 how to ride
3 don’t you
4 applying 4 whether to go
4 were you
5 reading 5 where to put
5 does she
6 isn’t he
6 living 6 how to use
7 travelling
7 did it
8 forgetting UNIT 55
8 can’t you
9 paying 55.1
9 will they
10 trying
10 aren’t 2 or do you want me to lend
11 losing
11 there shall you some
12 we 12 interrupting
3 or would you like me to shut it
13 is it 53.3 4 or would you like me to show you
14 aren’t I 2 I don’t mind you driving it. 5 or do you want me to repeat it
15 would you 3 Can you imagine anybody being so 6 or do you want me to wait
16 hasn’t she stupid?
17 should I 55.2
4 We can’t stop it raining. 2 to stay with them
18 had he 5 I don’t want to keep you waiting.
will you 3 to call Joe.
52.2 53.4 4 him to be careful
2 It’s (very) expensive, isn’t it? Example answers: 5 her to give him a hand
3 The course was great, wasn’t it? 2 going out 55.3
4 You’ve had your hair cut, 3 sitting on the floor 2 I didn’t expect it to rain.
haven’t you? or 4 having a picnic 3 Let him do what he wants.
You had your hair cut, didn’t you? 5 laughing 4 Tom’s glasses make him look older.
5 She has a good voice, doesn’t she? 6 breaking down 5 I want you to know the truth.
or She has a good voice, hasn’t she? 6 Sarah persuaded me to apply
or She’s got / She has got a good UNIT 54 for the job.
voice, hasn’t she?
54.1 7 My lawyer advised me not
6 It doesn’t look right, does it? 2 to help him to say anything to the
7 This bridge isn’t very safe, is it? or 3 to carry her bag (for 8 police.
… doesn’t look very safe, does it? 4 her) to meet at 8 I was warned not to believe
52.3 5 o’clock 9 everything he says.
to tell him her name / to give Having a car enables you to
2 Joe, you couldn’t help me (with this get around more easily.
table), could you? 6 him her name
not to tell anyone or (She 55.4
3 Lisa, you don’t know where Sarah 2 to do
is, do you? or promised) she wouldn’t tell anyone.
54.2 3 cry
… you haven’t seen Sarah, have you? 2 to get 4 to study
4 Helen, you don’t have a tennis 3 to live 5 finish
racket, do you? or 4 to play 6 do
… you haven’t got a tennis racket, 5 to tell 7 to do
have you? 6 say or to say 8 drive
5 Anna, you couldn’t take me to the 9 change
station, could you? or 54.3
10 to work
… you couldn’t give me a lift to the 2 to look
station, could you? 3 to move
Robert, you haven’t seen my 4 waiting UNIT 56
6 56.1
keys, have you? 5 to finish
6 barking 2 driving
7 to be 3 to go
UNIT 53 8 having 4 going
53.1 9 missing 5 to win
2 playing tennis 10 to say 6 asking
3 going for a walk 7 asking
4 causing the accident 54.4 8 to answer
5 waiting a few minutes 2 Tom appears to be worried 9 causing
6 not telling the truth or about something. 10 to do
(She admitted) lying. 3 You seem to know a lot of people. 11 being
4 My English seems to be 12 to climb
getting better. 13 to tell
5 That car appears to have 14 talking … to see
broken down.
6 Rachel seems to be enjoying her job.
7 They claim to have solved the problem.

347
 Key to Exercises

56.2 UNIT 58 59.2

2 He doesn’t remember crying 58.1 3 prefer
3 He remembers falling into the river. 4 eat / stay
Example answers:
4 He doesn’t remember saying he 5 I’d rather (wait) / I’d prefer to (wait)
wanted to be a doctor. or 2 I don’t mind playing cards. 6 to go
3 I don’t like being alone. or
He doesn’t remember wanting to be 7 (I’d) rather (think) / (I’d) prefer to
… to be alone.
a doctor. (think)
4 I enjoy going to museums.
5 He doesn’t remember being bitten 5 I love cooking. or I love to cook. 8 I’d prefer
by a dog. 9 go
6 I hate getting up early.
6 He remembers his sister being born 11 I’d rather listen to some music than
(when he was four). 58.2 watch TV.

56.3
2 She likes teaching biology. 12 I’d prefer to eat/stay at home rather
3 He likes taking pictures. or than go to a restaurant.
1 b meeting He likes to take pictures. I’d rather go for a swim than play
c leaving/putting 13
4 I didn’t like working there. tennis. or … than have a game
d to say of tennis.
5 She likes studying medicine.
e lending I’d prefer to think about it for a
6 He doesn’t like being famous. 14 while rather than decide now.
f to call/phone
7 She doesn’t like taking risks. or
2 a doing She doesn’t like to take risks.
b to say 59.3
8 I like to know things in advance.
c wearing / having / taking / 2 (would you rather) I paid it
putting on 58.3 3 would you rather I did it
d leaving / giving up 2 to sit 4 would you rather I phoned her
a to become 3 turning
3
b working 4 doing or to do 59.4
c reading 5 to get 2 came
d going up / rising / increasing 6 being 3 watch
7 to come / to go 4 than
8 living / being 5 didn’t
UNIT 57 6 was
9 to talk
57.1 7 to watch
10 to have / to know / to get /
2 to reach 8 didn’t
to hear / to be told
3 knocking 9 did
4 to put 11 to wait 10 rather than
5 to concentrate 12 losing or to lose
6 asking 58.4 UNIT 60
7 calling 2 I would like / I’d like to have seen the 60.1
8 to remember programme.
2 applying for the job
9 restarting 3 I would hate / I’d hate to have lost 3 remembering names
my watch. 4 winning the lottery
57.2
2 It needs cutting. 4 I would love / I’d love to have met 5 being late
your parents. 6 eating at home
3 They need cleaning.
4 They need tightening. 5 I wouldn’t like to have been alone. 7 having to queue or
5 It needs emptying. 6 I would prefer / I’d prefer to (without) queuing
have travelled by train.
8 being 90 years old
57.3
2 washing UNIT 59 60.2
3 looking 2 by standing
59.1
4 to think 3 by pressing
Example answers:
5 cutting 4 by borrowing
6 to go 2 I prefer basketball to football.
5 by driving
3 I prefer going to the cinema
7 to iron 6 by putting
to watching movies at home.
8 ironing
4 I prefer being very busy to having 60.3
57.4 nothing to do. 2 paying/settling
2 look or to look 6 I prefer to go to the cinema 3 going
3 overhearing rather than watch movies at 4 making
4 smiling home. or 5 being/travelling/sitting
5 make or to make I prefer going to the cinema rather 6 going
6 organise or to organise 7 than watching movies at home. 7 asking/telling/consulting/informing
7 thinking I prefer to be very busy rather 8 doing/having
8 get or to get than have nothing to do. or I 9 turning/going
prefer being very busy to having 10 taking
nothing to do. 11 bending
12 buying

348
 Key to Exercises

60.4 62.2 UNIT 64

2 I’m looking forward to seeing 2 of stealing 64.1
her (again). 3 from taking off
2 I opened the box to see what was in it.
3 I’m not looking forward to going to 4 of getting
3 I moved to a new apartment to be
the dentist (tomorrow). 5 on telling
nearer my friends.
4 She’s looking forward to leaving 6 to eating
school (next summer). 7 for being 4 I couldn’t find a knife to chop the
onions. or
5 They’re looking forward to moving 8 from walking (or … stop people
… a knife to chop the onions with.
(to their new apartment). walking)
5 I called the police to report the
9 for inviting accident.
UNIT 61 10 of using
6 I called the hotel to find out if they
61.1 11 of (not) trying had any rooms free.
2 used to going 62.3 7 I employed an assistant to help me
3 used to working / used to being with my work.
2 on taking Ann to the station
4 used to walking 3 on getting married
5 used to living 64.2
4 Sue for coming to see her
2 to do
61.2 5 (to me) for being late
3 to walk
1 It took her a few months to get used 6 me of not caring about other people 4 to drink
to it. … 5 to put / to carry
She’s used to working nights. / She UNIT 63 6 to discuss / to consider / to talk about
is used to working nights. 63.1 7 to go / to travel
2 When Jack started working in this 2 h 6 a 8 to talk / to speak
job, he wasn’t used to driving two 3 d 7 e 9 to wear / to put on
hours to work every morning, but 4 g 8 c 10 to celebrate
after some time he got used to it. 5 b 11 to help / to assist
… He’s used to driving two hours 12 to be
every morning. / He is used to 63.2
driving … 2 There’s no point in working if you 64.3
don’t need money. 2 to
61.3 3 There’s no point in trying to study if 3 for
2 No, I’m used to sleeping on the floor. you feel tired. or 4 to
3 I’m used to working long hours. There’s no point in studying if … 5 for
4 I’m not used to the crowds (of people). 4 There’s no point in hurrying if you 6 for
have plenty of time. 7 to
61.4 8 for … to
2 They soon got used to her. / … 63.3
to the/their new teacher. 2 remembering people’s names 64.4
3 She had to get used to living in 3 finding a job / getting a job 2 so that I wouldn’t get/be cold.
a much smaller house. 4 getting a ticket for the game 3 so that he could contact me. /
4 She can’t get used to the weather. 5 understanding one another … would be able to contact me.
5 He had to get used to having less 63.4 4 so that nobody else would hear us. /
money. 2 going / travelling / getting so that nobody else could hear us. /
3 getting … would be able to hear us.
61.5
2 drink 4 watching 5 so that we can start the meeting on
5 going / climbing / walking time. / so that we’ll be able to start …
3 eating
4 having 6 getting / being 6 so that we wouldn’t forget anything.
5 have/own 7 practising 7 so that the car behind me could
8 working overtake. / … would be able to
6 go
9 applying overtake.
7 be
8 being 10 trying
UNIT 65
63.5
UNIT 62 2 went swimming 65.1
62.1 3 go skiing 2 The window was difficult to open.
2 doing 4 goes riding 3 Some words are impossible to
3 coming/going 5 ’s/has gone shopping or translate.
4 doing/trying went shopping 4 A car is expensive to maintain.
5 buying/having 5 This meat isn’t safe to eat.
6 solving 6 My house is easy to get to from
7 buying/having/owning here.
65.2
8 seeing 2 It’s an easy mistake to make.
3 It’s a great place to live.
4 It was a strange thing to say.

349
 Key to Exercises

65.3 UNIT 67 68.4

2 glad 6 amazed 67.1 2 Thinking they might be hungry, …
3 to hear 7 to make 3 Being a vegetarian, …
1 b give
4 of you 8 not 4 Not having a phone, …
2 a stopped
5 to help 9 silly 5 Having travelled a lot, …
b stop
6 Not being able to speak the local
65.4 3 a open language, …
2 Paul was the last (person) to arrive. b opened
7 Having spent nearly all our money, …
3 Emily was the only student to pass 4 a say
(the exam). / … the only one to pass b said (says is also possible)
UNIT 69
(the exam). 5 a fell
4 I was the second customer/person to b fall 69.1
complain. 3 We went to a very nice restaurant …
67.2 4 OK
5 Neil Armstrong was the first person/ 2 We saw Clare eating/sitting in a
man to walk on the moon. 5 I use a toothbrush …
restaurant. 6 … if there’s a bank near here?
65.5 3 We saw David and Helen playing 7 … for an insurance company.
2 You’re / You are bound to be tired tennis. 8 OK
3 He’s / He is sure to forget 4 We could smell something burning. 9 … we stayed in a big hotel.
4 It’s / It is not likely to rain or 5 We could hear Bill playing his/the 10 If you have a problem …
It isn’t likely to rain guitar. 11 … It’s an interesting idea.
5 There’s / There is sure to be 6 We saw Linda jogging/running. 12 OK
13 … It’s a good game.
67.3
UNIT 66 14 OK
3 say 8 explode
66.1 4 happen 9 crawling 15 … wearing a beautiful necklace.
3 I’m afraid of losing it. 5 crying 10 riding 16 … have an airport?
4 I was afraid to tell her. 6 put 11 slam
5 We were afraid of missing our 69.2
7 tell 12 lying
6 train. We were afraid to look. 3 a key 8 a question
7 I was afraid of dropping it. 4 a coat 9 a moment
UNIT 68 5 ice 10 blood
8 Don’t be afraid to ask.
68.1 6 a biscuit 11 a decision
9 I was afraid of running out of petrol.
2 Amy was sitting in an armchair 7 electricity 12 an interview
66.2 reading a book.
2 interested in starting 3 Nicola opened the door carefully 69.3
3 interested to know / interested to hear trying not to make a noise. 2 days 8 air
4 interested in studying 3 meat 9 patience
4 Sarah went out saying she would be
5 interested to hear / interested to back in an hour. 4 a queue 10 an umbrella
know (interested in hearing/knowing 5 jokes 11 languages
5 Lisa worked in Rome for two years 6 friends 12 space
is also possible here) teaching English.
7 people
6 interested in looking 6 Anna walked around the town looking
at the sights and taking pictures.
66.3 UNIT 70
2 sorry to hear 68.2 70.1
3 sorry for saying / sorry I said 2 I got very wet walking in the rain. 1 b there’s a lot of noise
4 sorry to see 3 Laura had an accident driving to
2 a Light
5 sorry for making / sorry I made work. b a light
4 My friend slipped and fell getting 3 a time
66.4 off a bus.
1 b to leave b a great time
c from leaving 5 Emily hurt her back trying to lift a 4 a a glass of water
heavy box.
2 a to solve b broken glass
b to solve 6 Two people were overcome by 5 a a very nice room
smoke trying to put out the fire.
c in solving b room
3 a of going / about going 68.3
b to go (or on going) 70.2
Example answers:
c to go 2 bad luck
2 Having bought our tickets / Having 3 journey
d to going got our tickets 4 complete chaos
4 a to buy 3 Having discussed the problem / 5 doesn’t
b on buying Having talked about the problem / 6 some lovely scenery
c to buy Having thought about the problem
d of buying 7 very hard work
4 Having said he was hungry 8 paper
5 Having lost his job / Having given up 9 heavy traffic
his job / Having been fired from his job
10 Your hair is … it
6 Having spent most of his life / Having
lived (for) most of his life

350
 Key to Exercises

70.3 UNIT 72 UNIT 73

2 furniture 7 advice 72.1 73.1
3 chairs 8 experience
1 … and a magazine. The book is in 1 a lift
4 hair 9 experiences
my bag, but I can’t remember 2 a nice holiday … the best holiday
5 progress 10 damage
where I put the magazine. 3 the nearest shop … the end of this
6 permission
2 I saw an accident this morning. A street
70.4 car crashed into a tree. The driver of 4 a lovely day … a cloud in the sky
2 I’d like some information about the car wasn’t hurt, but the car was 5 the most expensive hotel … a
places to visit (in the town). badly damaged. cheaper hotel
3 Can you give me some advice about 3 … a blue one and a grey one. The 6 to travel in space … go to the moon
which courses to do? / … courses I blue one belongs to my neighbours. 7 think of the movie … I thought the
can do? I don’t know who the owner of the ending …
4 I’ve (just) got some good news. / grey one is. 8 Is it a star? No, it’s a planet. It’s the
I’ve (just) had some good news. / My friends live in an old house in a largest planet in the solar system.
4
I (just) got some good news. small village. There is a beautiful
garden behind the house. I would 73.2
5 It’s a beautiful view (from 2 TV
here), isn’t it? like to have a garden like that.
What horrible/awful weather! 3 the radio
6 72.2 4 The television
1 a a 4 a the 5 dinner
UNIT 71 b the b a 6 the same name
71.1 c the c an 7 for breakfast
3 They’re vegetables. 2 a a 5 a the 8 vitamin C
4 It’s a flower. b a b a 9 the internet
5 They’re planets. c the c a 10 the ground … the sky
6 It’s a game. 3 a the 11 The next train … platform 3
7 They’re tools. b the
8 They’re c a 73.3
9 rivers. It’s an 2 … doing the same thing
72.3 3 Room 25 is on the second floor.
10 insect.
They’re languages. 2 the dentist 4 It was a very hot day. It was the
71.2 3 the door hottest day of the year.
2 He’s a waiter. 4 a problem 5 We had lunch in a nice restaurant by
3 She’s a journalist. 5 the station the sea.
4 He’s a surgeon. 6 the post office 6 What’s on at the cinema …
5 He’s a chef. 7 a very good player 7 I had a big breakfast …
6 He’s a plumber. 8 an airport 8 You’ll find the information you need
7 She’s a tour guide. 9 The nearest airport at the top of page 15.
8 She’s an interpreter. 10 the floor
11 the book 73.4
71.3 12 a job in a bank 2 the sea
2 a careful driver 13 a small apartment in the city centre 3 question 3
3 some books 4 the cinema
14 a shop at the end of the street
4 books 5 the question
5 sore feet 72.4 6 breakfast
6 a sore throat Example answers: 7 Gate 24
7 a lovely present 8 the gate
2 About once a month.
8 some students 3 Once or twice a year.
9 without an umbrella 4 About seven hours a night. UNIT 74
10 Some people 5 Two or three times a 74.1
71.4 6 week. About two hours a
2 school
7 day. 3 the school
4 a
5 Some 50 kilometres an hour. 4 school
6 an 5 … get to and from school
7 – (You’re always asking questions!) 6 the school
8 a 7 school
9 – (Do you like staying in hotels?) 8 … walk to school. The school isn’t …
10 Some
11 – (Those are nice shoes.)
12 You need a visa to visit some
countries
Kate is a teacher. Her parents were
13
teachers too.
14 He’s a liar. He’s always telling lies.

351
 Key to Exercises

74.2 75.4 77.2

1 b university 1 stories 3 OK
c university 2 the words 4 … and the United States
d the university 3 the rooms 5 … than the north
2 a hospital 4 public transport 6 OK
b the hospital 5 All the books 7 OK
c the hospital 6 Life 8 … in the Swiss Alps
d hospital 7 The weather 9 The UK …
3 a prison 8 water 10 The Seychelles … in the Indian Ocean
b the prison 9 films (‘films with unhappy endings’ 11 OK
c prison in general) 12 The River Volga flows into the
4 a church Caspian Sea.
b church UNIT 76
c the church 77.3
76.1 2 (in) South America
1 b the cheetah 3 the Nile
74.3
c the kangaroo (and the rabbit) 4 Sweden
2 to work
3 bed 2 a the swan 5 the United States
b the penguin 6 the Rockies
4 at home
5 the bed c the owl 7 the Mediterranean
6 after work 3 a the wheel 8 Australia
7 in bed b the laser 9 the Pacific
c the telescope 10 the Indian Ocean
8 home
9 work 4 a the rupee 11 the Thames
10 like home b the (Canadian) dollar 12 the Danube
c the … 13 Thailand
74.4 14 the Panama Canal
76.2
2 to school 15 the Amazon
2 a 7 a
3 at home or stayed home
(without at) 3 the 8 The
4 a 9 the UNIT 78
4 to work 5 the 10 a 78.1
5 at university
6 the 2 Turner’s in Carter Road
6 in bed
3 the Crown (Hotel) in Park Road
7 to hospital 76.3
4 St Peter’s in Market Street
8 in prison 2 the sick
5 the City Museum in George
3 the unemployed
6 Street Blackstone’s in Forest
UNIT 75 4 the injured
7 Avenue Mario’s in George Street
5 the elderly
75.1 8 Victoria Park at the end of Market
6 the rich
Example answers: Street
2–5 I like cats. 76.4
I don’t like zoos. 2 a German 78.2
I don’t mind snow. Germans / German people 2 The Eiffel Tower
3 Buckingham Palace
I’m not interested in boxing. 3 a Frenchman/Frenchwoman
the French / French people 4 The White House
75.2 5 The Kremlin
4 a Russian
1 b the apples Russians / Russian people 6 Broadway
2 a the people 7 The Acropolis
5 a Japanese
b people 8 Gatwick Airport
the Japanese / Japanese people
3 a names 6 a Brazilian
b the names 78.3
Brazilians / Brazilian people 2 St Paul’s Cathedral
4 a The First World 7 an Englishman/Englishwoman 3 Central Park
War the English / English people 4 the Great Wall
5 b war 8
… 5 Dublin Airport
a hard work
6 The Classic
b the work
75.3 UNIT 77 7 Liverpool University
3 spiders 77.1 8 the National Museum
4 meat 2 The doctor 9 Harrison’s
5 the questions 3 Doctor Thomas 10 Cathay Pacific
6 the people 4 Professor Brown 11 The Morning News
7 Biology 5 the President 12 the Leaning Tower
8 lies 6 President Kennedy 13 Cambridge University Press
9 The hotels 7 Inspector Roberts 14 the College of Art
10 The water 8 the Wilsons 15 The Imperial Hotel is in Baker Street.
11 the grass 9 the United States 16 The Statue of Liberty is at the
12 patience 10 France entrance to New York Harbor.

352
 Key to Exercises

UNIT 79 80.3 UNIT 82

79.1 2 school football team 82.1
3 film production company
2 don’t 6 pair 2 hurt himself
4 life insurance policy
3 doesn’t 7 are 3 blame herself
5 tourist information office
4 some 8 a 4 put yourself
5 them 9 it 80.4 5 enjoyed themselves
2 two-hour 6 burn yourself
79.2 7 express myself
3 two hours
2 means 6 news
4 twenty-pound
3 series 7 species 82.2
5 ten-pound
4 species 8 means 2 me
6 15-minute
5 series 3 myself
7 60 minutes
4 us
79.3 8 twelve-storey
5 yourself
2 don’t 9 five days
3 want 6 you
10 Five-star
4 was 7 ourselves
11 six years old
5 are 8 them
12 six-year-old
9 themselves
6 is or are
7 Do
UNIT 81 82.3
8 do or does 3 feel
9 enjoy 81.1
4 dried myself
10 is or are 3 your friend’s umbrella
5 concentrate
4 OK
79.4 6 defend yourself
5 James’s daughter
2 is too hot 7 meeting
6 Helen and Andy’s son
3 isn’t enough money 7 OK 8 relax
4 isn’t long enough 8 OK 82.4
5 is a lot to carry 9 Your children’s friends 2 themselves
79.5 10 OK 3 each other
11 Our neighbours’ garden 4 each other
3 … wearing black jeans.
4 … very nice people. 12 David’s hair 5 themselves
13 OK 6 each other
5 OK
6 There was a police officer / a 14 my best friend’s party 7 ourselves
15 OK 8 each other
policeman / a policewoman …
16 Ben’s parents’ car 9 introduced ourselves to each other
7 These scissors aren’t … 17 OK
8 OK (The company has is also correct) 82.5
18 OK (the government’s policy is
9 … is a very rare species. 2 I made it myself
10 Twelve hours is … also OK)
3 Laura told me herself / Laura herself
81.2 told me
UNIT 80
2 father’s 4 know themselves
80.1 3 apples 5 cuts it himself
3 train ticket 4 Children’s 6 do it yourself?
4 ticket machine 5 Switzerland’s
5 hotel staff 6 parents’ UNIT 83
6 exam results 7 photos 83.1
7 race horse 8 someone else’s
8 horse race 2 We met a relative of yours.
9 Shakespeare’s
3 Jason borrowed a book of mine.
9 running shoes
4 I met Lisa and some friends of hers.
10 shoe shop 81.3
2 Last week’s storm caused a lot of 5 We had dinner with a neighbour
11 shop window
12 window cleaner damage. of ours.
13 a construction company scandal 3 The town’s only cinema has closed 6 I went on holiday with two friends
down. of mine.
14 car factory workers
15 road improvement scheme 4 Britain’s weather is very changeable. 7 I met a friend of Amy’s at the party.
16 New York department store 5 The region’s main industry is tourism. 8 It’s always been an ambition of
mine to travel round the world.
80.2 81.4
2 seat belt 2 twenty minutes’ walk 83.2
3 credit card 3 two weeks’ holiday / fourteen days’ 2 his own opinions
holiday / a fortnight’s holiday 3 her own business
4 weather forecast
4 an/one hour’s sleep 4 our own words
5 washing machine
6 wedding ring 5 its own private beach
7 room number
8 birthday party
9 truck driver

353
 Key to Exercises

83.3 84.3 UNIT 86

2 your own fault 2 There may be 86.1
3 her own ideas 3 There won’t be
3 no
4 your own problems 4 There’s / There is going to be
4 any
5 his own decisions 5 There used to be
5 None
6 there should be
83.4 6 no
7 there wouldn’t be 7 none
2 make her own (clothes)
3 clean your own (shoes) 84.4 8 any
4 bake our own (bread) 3 there will be an opportunity 9 no
5 write their own (songs) 4 There must have been a reason. 10 any
5 OK 11 none
83.5 6 OK 12 no
2 myself 13 any
7 There used to be a lot of tourists
3 our own 14 no
8 There’s no signal.
4 themselves
9 OK
5 himself 86.2
6 their own 10 There’s sure to be a car park
2 Nobody/No-one.
7 yourself somewhere.
3 None.
8 her own 11 OK 4 Nowhere.
12 there would be somebody … 5 None.
83.6 but there wasn’t anybody.
6 Nothing.
2 Sam and Chris are colleagues of
8 I’m not waiting for anybody/anyone.
mine. UNIT 85 9 I didn’t buy any (bread).
3 I was scared. I didn’t want to go out 85.1 10 I’m not going anywhere.
on my own.
2 some 11 I haven’t read any (books).
4 In my last job I had my own office. 3 any 12 It doesn’t cost anything.
5 He must be lonely. He’s always by 4 some
himself. 86.3
5 any … some
6 My parents have gone away 6 any 2 nobody/no-one
with some friends of theirs. 3 Nowhere
7 some
7 Are there any countries that produce 8 any 4 anything
all their own food? 5 Nobody/No-one
9 some
10 any 6 anywhere
UNIT 84 7 Nothing
11 some … any
84.1 8 Nothing. I couldn’t find anything
85.2 I wanted.
3 There’s / There is
4 there wasn’t 2 somebody/someone 9 Nobody/No-one said anything.
5 Is it 3 anybody/anyone
4 anything 86.4
6 Is there 2 nobody
7 there was 5 something
6 anything or anybody/anyone 3 anyone
8 It isn’t / It’s not 4 Anybody
9 There wasn’t 7 anybody/anyone
8 somewhere 5 Nothing
10 It’s / It is … there isn’t 6 Anything
9 anybody/anyone
11 It was 7 anything
12 Is there … there’s / there is 10 something
11 Anybody/Anyone 8 any
13 It’s / It is … There’s / There is 9 No-one … anyone
14 there was … It was 12 somebody/someone … anybody/
anyone
UNIT 87
84.2 13 anywhere
87.1
2 There’s / There is a lot of salt in the 14 anything
soup. or … too much salt … 15 something 3 OK
3 There was nothing in the box. 16 something … anybody/anyone 4 It cost a lot to …
4 There were about 50 people at the 17 somebody/someone … anybody/ 5 OK
meeting. anyone 6 You have a lot of luggage.
anybody/anyone anything 7 OK
5 There’s / There is a lot of violence in 18
the film. 8 … know many people or … know
6 (example answers) 85.3 a lot of people
There is a lot to do in this town. / 2 Any day 9 OK
… plenty to do in this town. / 3 Anything 10 He travels a lot.
… a lot happening in this town. or 4 anybody/anyone
5 Any job or Anything 87.2
There are a lot of places to go in
this town. 6 anywhere 2 He has (got) plenty of money.
7 Anybody/Anyone 3 There’s plenty of room.
4 … she still has plenty to learn.
5 There is plenty to see.
6 There are plenty of hotels.

354
 Key to Exercises

87.3 88.4 90.2

2 little 2 All of them 2 The whole team played well.
3 many 3 none of us 3 He ate the whole box (of chocolates).
4 few 4 some of it 4 They searched the whole house.
5 little 5 none of them 5 The whole family plays tennis. or
6 many 6 Some of them … play tennis.
7 little 7 all of it 6 Sarah/She worked the whole day.
8 much 8 none of it 7 It rained the whole week.
9 few 8 Sarah worked all day.
UNIT 89 9 It rained all week.
87.4
2 a few dollars 89.1 90.3
3 little traffic 2 Neither 2 every four hours
4 a few years ago 3 both 3 every four years
5 a little time 4 Either 4 every five minutes
6 only a few words 5 Neither 5 every six months
7 Few people 6 both
90.4
87.5 89.2 2 every day
2 a little 2 either 3 all day
3 a few 3 both 4 The whole building
4 few 4 Neither of 5 Every time
5 little 5 neither driver … both / both the / 6 all the time
6 a little both of the cars 7 all my luggage
7 little 6 both / both of
8 a few UNIT 91
89.3
9 a few
2 either of them 91.1
10 a little
3 both of them 3 Each
4 Neither of us 4 Every
UNIT 88 5 neither of them 5 Each
6 every
88.1 89.4 7 each
3 — 3 The movie was both boring and long. 8 every
4 of 4 Neither Joe nor Sam has a car. or
5 — … has got a car. 91.2
6 — 5 Emily speaks both German and 3 Every
7 of Russian. 4 Each
8 of 6 Ben neither watches TV nor 5 every
9 — (of is also correct) reads newspapers. 6 every
10 — 7 That man’s name is either 7 each of
11 — Richard or Robert. 8 every
12 of 8 I have neither the time nor 9 each
the money to go on holiday. 10 Every
88.2 We can leave either today 11 each of
9
3 of my spare time or tomorrow. 12 each
4 accidents
5 of the buildings 89.5 91.3
6 of her friends 2 either 5 any 2 Sonia and I had ten pounds
7 of the population 3 any 6 either each. or
8 birds 4 none 7 neither Sonia and I each had ten pounds.
9 of the players 3 Those postcards cost a pound each
10 of her opinions UNIT 90 / … one pound each. or
11 European countries Those postcards are a pound each /
90.1
12 (of) my dinner … one pound each
3 Everybody/Everyone
88.3 4 Everything 4 We paid 200 dollars each. or
We each paid 200 dollars.
Example answers: 5 all
2 the time 6 everybody/everyone 91.4
3 my friends 7 everything 2 everyone
4 (of) the questions 8 All 3 every one (2 words)
5 the pictures / the photos / 9 everybody/everyone 4 Everyone
the photographs 10 All 5 every one (2 words)
11 everything
6 (of) the money
12 Everybody/Everyone
13 All
14 everything

355
 Key to Exercises

UNIT 92 93.2 94.4

92.1 2 you’re wearing or Example answers:
that/which you’re wearing 2 The reason I left my job was that the
2 A customer is someone who buys
something from a shop. 3 you’re going to see or salary was too low.
that/which you’re going to see 3 I’ll never forget the time I got stuck in
3 A burglar is someone who breaks
into a house to steal things. 4 I/we wanted to visit or a lift.
that/which I/we wanted to visit 4 2009 was the year Amanda
4 A coward is someone who is not brave.
5 A tenant is someone who pays rent 5 I/we invited to the party or got married.
who/whom/that we invited … 5 The reason they don’t have a car is
to live somewhere.
6 you had to do or that neither of them can drive.
6 A shoplifter is someone who steals that/which you had to do
from a shop. 6 The last time I saw Sam was about
I/we rented or that/which I/we six months ago.
7
7 A liar is someone who doesn’t tell rented
the truth. 93.3 7 Do you remember the day we first
met?
A pessimist is someone who expects
8 2 the wedding we were invited to
the worst to happen. 3 the hotel you told me about UNIT 95
4 the job I applied for 95.1
92.2
5 the concert you went to 3 We drove to the airport, which was
2 The waiter who/that served us was not far from the city.
6 somebody you can rely on
impolite and impatient.
7 the people you were with 4 Kate’s husband, who I’ve never
3 The building that/which was met, is an airline pilot. or … whom
destroyed in the fire has now 93.4 I’ve never met …
been rebuilt. 3 – (that is also correct)
5 Lisa, whose job involves a lot of
4 The people who/that were arrested 4 what travelling, is away from home a lot.
have now been released. 5 that
6 Paul and Emily have a daughter,
5 The bus that/which goes to the 6 what Alice, who has just started school.
airport runs every half hour. 7 – (that is also correct)
8 what 7 The new stadium, which will be
finished next month, will hold 90,000
92.3 9 – (that is also correct) spectators.
2 who/that runs away from home
3 that/which were hanging on the wall My brother lives in Alaska, which
8
4 that/which cannot be explained UNIT 94 is the largest state in the US.
5 who/that has stayed there 94.1 Our teacher, whose name I
9
6 that/which happened in the past 2 whose wife is an English teacher have forgotten, was very kind.
3 who owns a restaurant We enjoyed our visit to the museum,
7 who/that developed the theory of 10
relativity 4 whose ambition is to climb Everest where we saw a lot of interesting
5 who have just got married things.
8 that/which can support life
6 whose parents used to work in a circus
92.4 95.2
3 the nearest shop that/which sells 94.2 2 The strike at the factory, which began
4 some things about me that/which 2 more formal I went to see a lawyer ten days ago, has now ended.
were whom a friend of mine (had) 3 I’ve found the book I was looking for
5 The driver who/that caused recommended. this morning. or … the book that/
6 OK (the person who took is also less formal I went to see a lawyer a which I was looking for …
correct) friend of mine (had) recommended. 4 My car, which I’ve had for 15
7 a world that/which is changing 3 more formal The person to whom I years, has never broken down.
8 OK spoke wasn’t very helpful. 5 Few of the people who/that applied
less formal The person I spoke to for the job had the necessary
9 the horse that/which won
wasn’t very helpful. qualifications.
UNIT 93 4 more formal The woman with 6 Amy showed me a picture of her son,
whom Tom was in love wasn’t in who is a police officer.
93.1 love with him.
3 OK (the people who/that we met is less formal The woman Tom was in 95.3
also correct) love with wasn’t in love with him. 2 My office, which is on the second
4 The people who/that work in the floor, is very small.
office 94.3 3 OK
5 OK (the people who/that I work with 2 where (The office I’m using … and The
is also correct) 3 who office which I’m using … are also
6 OK (the money that/which I gave 4 whose correct)
you is also correct) 5 where 4 Sarah’s father, who used to be in the
7 the money that/which was on the 6 whose army, now works for a TV company.
table 7 whom 5 OK (The doctor who examined me
8 OK (the worst film that/which 8 where … is also correct)
you’ve ever seen is also correct)
6 The sun, which is one of millions
9 the best thing that/which has ever of stars in the universe, provides us
happened to you with heat and light.

356
 Key to Exercises

UNIT 96 97.4 99.2

96.1 3 There’s somebody coming. 2 tastes/tasted awful
4 There’s nothing left. 3 feel nervous
2 in which
5 There were a lot of people travelling. 4 smell nice
3 with whom
6 There was nobody else staying there. 5 look wet
4 to which
5 of which
7 There was nothing written on it. 6 sounds/sounded interesting
6 of whom 8 There’s a course beginning next
99.3
7 for which Monday.
2 happy
8 after which 3 happily
UNIT 98 4 terrible
96.2 98.1 5 properly
2 most of which was useless
2 a exhausting 6 good
3 none of whom was suitable b exhausted 7 slow
4 one of which they never use
3 a depressing 8 badly
5 half of which he gave to his parents
b depressed 9 violent
6 both of whom are lawyers c depressed
7 neither of which she replied to 99.4
8 only a few of whom I knew 4 a exciting
b exciting 3 the last two days
10 sides of which were lined with trees 4 the first two weeks of
c excited
11 the aim of which is to save money 5 May the next few days
98.2 6 the first three questions (in the exam)
96.3 2 interested 7 the next two years
2 which makes it difficult to sleep 3 exciting 8 the last three days of our holiday
sometimes.
4 embarrassing
3 which was very kind of her. 5 embarrassed
4 which makes it hard to contact her. UNIT 100
6 amazed
5 which is good news. 100.1
7 amazing
6 which meant I had to wait two hours 8 amused 2 easily
at the airport. 3 patiently
9 interested
7 which means we can’t go away 4 unexpectedly
10 terrifying … shocked
tomorrow. 5 regularly
11 (look so) bored … (really so) boring
6 perfectly … slowly … clearly
8 which she apologised for or for 12 boring … interesting
which she apologised 100.2
98.3 2 selfishly
UNIT 97 2 bored 3 suddenly
97.1 3 confusing 4 sudden
4 disgusting
2 The taxi taking us to the airport 5 badly
5 interested 6 awful
3 a path leading to the river
6 annoyed
4 A factory employing 500 people 7 terribly
7 boring 8 comfortable
5 man sitting next to me on the plane
8 exhausted 9 clearly
6 brochure containing the information
9 excited
I needed 10 safe
10 amusing 11 safe
97.2 11 interesting
12 safely
2 stolen from the museum
3 damaged in the storm UNIT 99 100.3
4 made at the meeting 2 frequently
99.1
5 surrounded by trees 3 fluent
2 an unusual gold ring
6 involved in the project 4 specially
3 a beautiful old house
5 complete
97.3 4 red leather gloves
6 perfectly
3 invited 5 an old American film
7 financially or completely
4 called 6 tiny pink flowers
8 permanently
5 living 7 a long thin face
9 nervous
6 offering 8 big black clouds
10 dangerously
7 caused 9 a lovely sunny day
8 blown 10 an ugly yellow dress 100.4
9 sitting … reading 11 a long wide avenue 2 seriously ill
10 working … studying 12 important new ideas 3 absolutely enormous
13 a nice new green sweater 4 slightly damaged
14 a small black metal box 5 unusually quiet
15 beautiful long black hair 6 completely changed
16 an interesting old French painting 7 unnecessarily long
17 a large red and yellow umbrella 8 happily married
18 a big fat black and white cat 9 badly planned

357
 Key to Exercises

UNIT 101 102.3 104.2

101.1 2 Why are you in such a hurry? 2 quite a good voice
3 I’m surprised it took so long. 3 quite a long way
2 good
4 … but there’s no such company. 4 a pretty cold wind
3 well
5 … why I did such a stupid thing. 5 quite a lot of traffic
4 well
6 Why are you driving so slowly? 6 a pretty busy day
5 good
6 well 7 How did you learn English in such a 7 started fairly recently
7 well short time?
104.3
8 well … good 8 Why did you buy such an expensive
phone? Example answers:
101.2 2 rather long
102.4 3 rather strange
2 well-known
3 well-kept Example answers: 4 rather impatient
2 She’s so friendly. 5 rather expensive
4 well-written
5 well-informed 3 She’s such a nice person.
4 I haven’t seen you for so long. 104.4
6 well-paid 3 more than a little …
5 I didn’t realise it was such a long
4 completely
101.3 way.
5 more than a little …
2 slowly 6 hardly 6 There were so many people. 6 more than a little …
3 lately 7 hard
7 completely
4 fast 8 hardly see UNIT 103
5 hard 9 hard
103.1 104.5
2 quite safe
101.4 3 enough buses
3 quite impossible
2 hardly hear 4 wide enough
4 quite right
3 hardly slept 5 enough time
5 quite different
4 hardly speak 6 enough vegetables
5 hardly said 7 tall enough 6 quite sure
6 hardly changed 8 enough room
7 hardly recognised 9 warm enough UNIT 105
10 enough cups 105.1
101.5
2 stronger
2 hardly any 103.2 3 smaller
3 hardly anything 2 too busy to talk 4 more expensive
4 hardly anybody/anyone 3 too late to go 5 warmer /
5 hardly ever 4 warm enough to sit 6 hotter
6 hardly anywhere 5 too shy to be 7 more interesting / more exciting
7 hardly or hardly ever 6 enough patience to be 8 nearer / closer
8 hardly anybody/anyone 7 too far away to hear harder / more difficult /
9 hardly any 8 enough English to read
10 hardly anywhere 9 more complicated
103.3 10 better
2 This coffee is too hot to drink. 11 worse
UNIT 102 3 The piano was too heavy to move. 12 more often
102.1 4 These apples aren’t / are not ripe further / farther
105.2
2 so enough to eat.
3 such 3 more serious than
5 The situation is too complicated to 4 thinner
4 such a explain.
5 such 5 bigger
6 The wall was too high to climb over. 6 more interested
6 such a 7 This sofa isn’t / is not big enough for
7 so 7 more important than
three people (to sit on).
8 more peaceful than
8 so
8 Some things are too small to see 9 more slowly
9 such a without a microscope. or … to be
10 such seen without a microscope. 10 higher than

105.3
102.2
UNIT 104 2 careful 6 worse
2 The bag was so heavy
3 I’ve got such a lot to do 104.1 3 better 7 than
4 frequent 8 quietly
4 I was so surprised 2 quite hungry
5 more
5 The music was so loud 3 quite often
6 It was such horrible weather 4 quite noisy 105.4
7 Her English is so good 5 quite surprised 2 I ran further/farther than Dan.
8 The hotel was such a long way 6 quite late 3 The journey takes longer by train
9 I had such a big breakfast 7 quite old than by car.
4 My friends arrived earlier than
I expected.
5 The traffic today is worse than usual.

358
 Key to Exercises

UNIT 106 107.2 108.4

106.1 3 The station wasn’t as far as I thought. 2 That’s the funniest joke I’ve ever heard.
4 The meal cost less than I expected. 3 This is the best coffee I’ve ever tasted.
2 much bigger
3 a lot more interesting than 5 I don’t watch TV as much as I use d 4 That’s the furthest/farthest I’ve ever
to. or … as often as I used to. run.
4 a little cooler
5 far more complicated than 6 Karen used to have longer hair. 5 It’s the worst mistake I’ve ever made.
7 You don’t know them as well as me. or It was the worst …
6 a bit more slowly
or … as I do. 6 Who’s the most famous person
7 slightly older
8 There aren’t as many students in this you’ve ever met?
106.2 class as in the other one.
2 any sooner / any earlier UNIT 109
107.3
3 no higher than / no more expensive 109.1
than / no worse than 2 as well as 5 as often as
3 as long as 6 as quietly as 3 Joe doesn’t like football very much.
4 any 4 Dan won the race easily.
4 as soon as 7 as hard as
5 further/farther no 5 OK
worse than 107.4
106.3 6 Have you seen Chris recently?
2 Your hair is the same colour as mine. 7 I borrowed some money from a friend.
2 bigger and bigger
3 more and more nervous 3 I arrived (at) the same time as you. 8 OK
4 worse and worse 4 My birthday is (on) the same day as 9 I ate my breakfast quickly and went
5 more and more expensive Tom’s. or My birthday is the same out. or I quickly ate my break fast
6 better and better as Tom’s. and …
7 more and more time 107.5 10 Did you invite a lot of people to the
2 than 6 much party?
106.4 3 as 7 twice 11 Sam watches TV all the time.
2 The more tired you are, the harder it
is to concentrate.
4 him 8 is 12 OK
5 less 9 me
3 The sooner we decide (what to do), 109.2
the better. 2 I met a friend of mine on my way
UNIT 108
4 The more I know, the less I home.
understand. 108.1
3 I forgot to put a stamp on the
2 the tallest
5 The more electricity you use, the envelope.
higher your bill will be. 3 the worst
4 We bought a lot of fruit in the
4 the most popular
6 The more / The longer she had 5 market. They built a new hotel
to wait, the more impatient 5 the best opposite the park.
she became. 6 the most honest
7 the shortest 6 Did you learn a lot of things at school
today?
106.5
2 more 108.2 7 We found some interesting books in
3 better the library.
3 longer
4 any 4 the most expensive 8 Please write your name at the top of
5 more comfortable the page.
5 the
6 older 6 The eldest or The oldest
7 oldest 109.3
7 elder or older 2 I go to the supermarket every Friday.
8 slightly 8 the quickest
3 Why did you come home so late?
9 no 9 quicker
4 Sarah takes her children to school
10 (The) less (he knows, the) 10 my earliest
every day.
better 11 … the highest mountain in the
5 I haven’t been to the cinema
world … It is higher than … recently.
UNIT 107
12 Do you have a sharper one? 6 I remembered her name after a
107.1 No, it’s the sharpest one I have. few minutes.
2 My salary isn’t as high as yours.
3 You don’t know as much about cars 108.3 7 We walked around the town all
morning.
as me. or … as I do. or … as I 2 It’s the largest country in South
know. America. 8 My brother has been in Canada since
April.
4 We aren’t as busy today as we 3 It was the happiest day of my life.
were yesterday. or … as busy 4 It’s the most valuable painting in the 9 I didn’t see you at the party on
today as yesterday. museum. Saturday night.
Lisa left her umbrella in a restaurant
5 I don’t feel as bad as I did earlier. or 5 It’s the busiest time of the year. 10
last night.
… as I felt earlier. 7 He’s one of the richest men in
the country. The moon goes round the earth
6 Our neighbours haven’t lived here 11
every 27 days.
as long as us. or … as long as we 8 She’s one of the best students in the Anna has been teaching Italian in
class. 12
have. London for the last three years.
7 I wasn’t as nervous (before the 9 It was one of the worst
experiences of my life.
interview) as I usually am. or … as
usual. It’s one of the most famous
10
universities in the world.

359
 Key to Exercises

UNIT 110 111.2 UNIT 113

110.1 2 He hasn’t gone yet. 113.1
3 They haven’t finished (it) yet. / …
3 I usually have … 2 Although I had never seen her before
finished repairing the road yet.
4 OK 3 although it was quite cold
5 Steve hardly ever gets angry. 4 They haven’t woken up yet. 4 although we don’t like them very much
6 … and I also sent an email. 5 She hasn’t found one yet. / … found 5 Although I didn’t speak the language
a job yet.
7 I always have to repeat … well
8 I’ve never worked / I have never 6 I haven’t decided (what to do)
6 Although the heating was on
worked … 7 yet. It hasn’t taken off yet. 7 although I’d met her twice before
9 OK 111.3 8 although we’ve known each other a
10 … my friends were already there. or 3 still long time
… my friends were there already. 4 yet
113.2
5 any more
110.2 2 a In spite of (or Despite)
6 yet
2 Katherine is always very generous. b Although
7 any more
3 I don’t usually have to work on 3 a because
8 still
Sundays. b although
9 already
4 Do you always watch TV in the 4 a because of
10 still
evenings? b in spite of (or despite)
11 already
5 … he is also learning Japanese. 12 yet 5 a Although
6 a We were all on holiday in Spain. b because of
13 still
b We were all staying at the same Example answers:
14 already
hotel. 6 a he hadn’t studied very hard
15 still
7 c We all had a great time. 16 any more b he had studied very hard
a The new hotel is probably expensive. 7 a I was hungry
8 b It probably costs a lot to stay there. b being hungry / my hunger /
a I can probably help you. UNIT 112 the fact (that) I was hungry
b I probably can’t help you. 112.1
110.3 2 even Lisa 113.3
2 usually sleeps 3 not even 2 In spite of playing quite well, we lost
3 It’s / It is usually easy to … or 4 Amy even the game. or In spite of the fact
Usually it’s / it is easy to … 5 Lisa even (that) we played quite well …
4 were both born 6 Kate not 3 Although I’d hurt my foot, I managed
5 She can also sing to walk home. or I managed to
even Lisa
6 Do you usually go … 112.2 walk home although I’d …
7 I have / I’ve never spoken 2 We even painted the floor. 4 I enjoyed the film in spite of the silly
8 We’re / We are still living … 3 She’s even met the prime minister. story. / … in spite of the story being
9 You always have to wait … 4 You could even hear it from the silly. / … in spite of the fact (that) the
10 We might never meet next street. / You could even hear story was silly. or
11 I probably won’t be the noise from … or In spite of … , I enjoyed the film.
12 Will you still be You could hear it / the noise even
5 Despite living in the same building,
13 She’s / She is hardly ever from the next street. we hardly ever see each other. or
14 We would / We’d never have 6 I can’t even remember her Despite the fact (that) we live in …
15 met 7 name. There isn’t even a or We hardly ever see each other
16 It doesn’t always take 8 cinema. despite …
17 We were all … we all fell He didn’t even tell his wife (where They came to the party even though
6
always says … she never does 9 he was going). they hadn’t been invited. or
I don’t even know my neighbours. Even though they hadn’t been
UNIT 111 112.3 invited, they came to the party.
111.1 2 even older
3 He doesn’t write poems any more. 3 even better
113.4
4 He still wants to be a teacher. 4 even more difficult 2 It’s very long though.
5 He isn’t / He’s not interested in 5 even worse 3 We ate it though.
politics any more. 6 even less 4 I don’t like her husband though.
6 He’s still single. 112.4
7 He doesn’t go fishing any more. UNIT 114
2 if
8 He doesn’t have a beard any more. 3 even if 114.1
or He hasn’t got …
4 even 2 in case you get hungry / … you are
10–12 5 even though hungry
He no longer writes poems. 6 Even 3 in case it rains
He is / He’s no longer interested in 7 even though 4 in case you get thirsty / … you are
politics. 8 even if thirsty
He no longer goes fishing. 9 Even though 5 in case you need to call somebody
He no longer has a beard. / He’s no
6 in case you get lonely / … you are
longer got a beard. lonely

360
 Key to Exercises

114.2 115.4 UNIT 117

2 I’ll say goodbye now in case I don’t Example answers: 117.1
see you again (before you go). 2 it’s not too hot.
3 … like his father
3 Can you check the list in case we’ve 3 there isn’t too much traffic.
4 … people like him
forgotten something? / … in case we 4 it isn’t raining.
5 OK
forgot something? 5 I’m in a hurry.
6 Like her mother …
4 Keep the receipt in case they don’t 6 you have something else to do.
7 … like talking to the wall
fit you (and you have to take them 7 you pay it back next week. 8 OK
back to the shop). 8 you don’t tell anyone else.
9 OK
9 you take risks.
114.3 10 like a fish
2 in case I forgot it. 117.2
3 in case they were worried (about me). UNIT 116
116.1 2 e
4 in case she didn’t get the first one. 3 b
/ in case she hadn’t got … 2 I listened as she told me her story.
4 f
5 in case they came/come to London 3 I burnt myself as I was taking
5 d
(one day). a hot dish out of the oven.
6 a
4 The spectators cheered as the two
114.4 teams came onto the field. 117.3
3 If
5 A dog ran out in front of the car as we 2 like blocks of ice
4 in case were driving along the road. 3 like a beginner
5 if
4 as a tour guide
6 in case 116.2
5 like a theatre
7 if 2 As today is a public holiday, all 6 as a birthday present
8 if government offices are shut.
7 like winter
9 in case 3 As I didn’t want to disturb anybody, I 8 like a child
10 in case tried to be very quiet.
4 As I can’t go to the concert, you can 117.4
UNIT 115 have my ticket. 2 like
115.1 5 As it was a nice day, we went for a 3 as
walk by the canal. 4 as
2 You won’t know what to do unless
5 like
you listen carefully. 116.3 6 As
3 I’ll never speak to her again unless 3 because 7 as
she apologises (to me). or 4 at the same time as
8 like
Unless she apologises (to me), I’ll … 5 at the same time as
9 like or such as
4 He won’t understand you unless you 6 because
10 as
speak very slowly. or Unless you 7 because
11 like
speak very slowly, he …
116.4 12 as
5 The company will have to close
3 OK 13 like
unless business improves soon. or 4 when I was in London 14 like
Unless business improves soon, the 5 When I left school 15 as
company … 6 OK 16 like
6 The problem will get worse unless we 7 when I was a child
do something soon. or Unless we
8 OK UNIT 118
do something soon, the problem …
116.5 118.1
115.2 Example answers: 2 You look as if you’ve seen a ghost. /
2 I’m not going (to the party) unless … as if you saw a ghost.
2 I saw you as you were getting into
you go too. / … unless you’re going your car. 3 I feel like I’ve (just) run a marathon. /
too. … like I (just) ran a marathon.
3 It started to rain just as we started
3 The dog won’t chase you unless you playing tennis.
move suddenly. 4 You sound as if you’re having a good
4 As she doesn’t have a phone, it’s time.
4 Ben won’t speak to you unless you quite difficult to contact her.
ask him something. 118.2
5 Just as I took the picture, somebody
5 The doctor won’t see you unless walked in front of my phone. 2 It looks like it’s going to rain.
it’s an emergency. / … unless it’s an 3 It sounds like they’re having an
emergency. argument.
4 It looks like there’s been an accident.
115.3 5 It looks like they don’t have any.
2 unless 7 provided 6 It sounds like you should see a
3 providing 8 Unless doctor.
4 as long as 9 unless
5 unless 10 as long as
6 unless

361
 Key to Exercises

118.3 UNIT 120 121.2

2 as if he meant what he said 120.1 2 at night
3 as if she’s hurt her leg / as if she hurt 3 in the evening
2 by 8.30
her leg 4 on 21 July 1969
3 Let me know by Saturday
4 as if he hadn’t eaten for a week 5 at the same time
4 you’re here by 2 o’clock.
5 as if she was enjoying it 5 we should arrive by lunchtime.
6 in the 1920s
6 as if I was crazy / as if I were crazy 7 in about 20 minutes
7 as if she didn’t want to come 120.2 8 at the moment
8 as if I didn’t exist 2 by 9 in 11 seconds
3 until 10 on Saturdays or … works
118.4 4 by Saturdays
2 as if I was/were 5 until
3 as if she was/were 6 by 121.3
4 as if it was/were 7 by 3 a
8 until 4 both
UNIT 119 9 by 5 a
119.1 10 by 6 both
11 until 7 b
3 during
4 for 12 By 8 a
5 for 13 until 9 both
6 during 14 by 10 b
7 for
8 during (or in) 120.3 UNIT 122
9 for Example answers: 122.1
10 for 3 until I come back
2 on time
11 during 4 by 5 o’clock
3 on time
12 for 5 by 3 April
4 in time
6 until 2028 5 on time
119.2 7 until midnight 6 in time
3 while 8 while 7 in time
4 While 9 120.4
during 8 on time
5 during 10 while 2 By the time I got to the station
3 By the time I finished (work) 9 in time
6 during (or in) 11 During
7 during (or in) 12 while 4 By the time the police arrived
5 By the time we got to the top (of the 122.2
mountain) 2 I got home just in time.
119.3
3 I stopped him just in time.
1 for
4 We got to the cinema just in time for
2 during UNIT 121 the beginning of the film. / … just in
3 while
121.1 time to see the beginning of the film.
4 during (or in)
5 for 2 on
3 in 122.3
6 while 2 at the end of the month
4 at (or on in American English)
7 during (or in) 3 at the end of the
5 on (or I last saw her Tuesday.)
8 for 4 course at the end of
6 in
9 while 5 the race
7 in
10 during at the end of the interview
8 at 122.4
119.4 9 on (or There are usually a lot of 2 In the end she resigned (from her
Example answers: parties New Year’s Eve.) job). or She resigned (from h e r
3 Can you wait for me while I make a 10 at job) in the end.
quick phone call? 11 in 3 In the end I gave up (trying to learn
4 Most of the students looked bored 12 in Japanese / learning Japanese). or I
during the lesson. 13 at gave up (learning Japanese) in the
5 I was asked a lot of questions during 14 on end.
the interview. 15 in 4 In the end we decided not to go (to
6 Don’t open the car door while the car 16 At the party). or In the end we didn’t
is moving. 17 in go (to the party). or We decided
7 The lights suddenly went out while 18 on not to go (to the party) in the end.
we were watching TV. 19 at or We didn’t go (to the party) in
8 What are you going to do while 20 at 5 o’clock in the morning the end.
you’re on holiday? 21 on 7 January … in April
9 It started to rain during the game. 22 on Tuesday morning … in the
It started to rain while we were afternoon or at home Tuesday
10 morning … in the afternoon
walking home.

362
 Key to Exercises

122.5 124.3 126.2

2 In 7 in 2 in 2 I’ve been to … once.
3 in 8 in 3 at 3 I’ve never been to …
4 at 9 in 4 at 4 I’ve been to … a few times.
5 In 10 at … at 5 in 5 I’ve been to … many times.
6 At 6 on
126.3
7 in
8 in 2 in
UNIT 123 3 – (no preposition)
123.1 9 in
4 at
10 on
2 On his arm. or On the man’s arm. 5 to
11 in
3 At the traffic lights.
12 on 6 – (no preposition)
4 On the door. (notice)
13 in 126.4
In the door. (key)
14 on … on 2 I got on
5 On the wall.
6 In Paris. 3 I got out (of the/my
UNIT 125 4 car). I got off (the
7 At the gate. (man )
On the gate. (bird) 5 train).
125.1
I got into the taxi. or
8 On the beach. 2 on a train I got in the taxi. or
3 at a conference
123.2
4 is in hospital / in the hospital 6 I got in.
2 on my guitar I got off (the plane).
5 at the hairdresser’s
3 at junction 14 UNIT 127
6 on his bike
4 in his hand
7 in New York 127.1
5 on that tree
8 at the Savoy Theatre 2 in cold weather
6 in the mountains
3 in French
7 on the island 125.2 4 in love
8 at the window 2 at the station 5 in the mood
3 in a taxi 6 in the shade
123.3
4 at the sports centre 7 in my opinion
2 on
5 on the plane 8 in kilometres
3 at
6 in Tokyo
4 on
7 at school 127.2
5 in
8 at the art gallery 2 on strike
6 on
3 on a cruise
7 in 125.3 4 on fire
8 at 2 in 10 in 5 on a tour
9 on 3 at 11 on 6 on her phone
10 at 4 in 12 at 7 on TV
11 in 5 on 13 in 8 on purpose
12 on 6 at 14 in 9 on a diet
13 in a small village in the south-west 7 in 15 at 10 on holiday
14 on the wall in the kitchen 8 at 16 at … at 11 on business
9 at
12 on the whole
UNIT 124
124.1 UNIT 126 127.3
2 On the second floor. 126.1 2 on
3 at
3 On the corner. or At the corner. 3 at
4 In the corner. 4 in
4 to
5 on
5 At the top of the stairs. 5 to
6 In the back of the car. 6 in
6 into
7 at
7 At the front. 7 – (no preposition)
8 at
8 On the left. 8 to
9 In the back row. 9 on
9 into
10 on
10 At the end of the street. 10 to
11 at
11 at
124.2 12 on
12 to
2 on the right 13 in
13 to
3 in the world 14 on
14 into
4 on the way to work 15 on
15 to
5 on the west coast 16 on
16 – (no preposition)
6 in the front row 17 In
17 to (France) … in (Brazil)
7 at the back of the class 18 in
18 in (Chicago) … to (Boston)
8 on the back of this card 19 on
20 in

363
 Key to Exercises

UNIT 128 129.3 UNIT 131

128.1 2 to 131.1
3 in
2 by email 5 by chance 2 proud of
4 of
3 by mistake 6 by hand 3 ashamed of
5 in or to
4 on purpose 4 typical of
6 for
5 capable of
128.2 7 to or towards
6 scared of
2 on 8 with
7 aware of
3 by 9 of
8 envious of
4 on 10 to
5 by 11 of 131.2
6 in 12 for Example answers:
7 by 13 of 2 I’m hopeless at telling jokes.
8 by 14 with 3 I’m not very good at maths.
9 by bike (or on his bike) … on foot 4 I’m pretty good at remembering
UNIT 130 names.
128.3
130.1 5 I’m good at making decisions.
2 by a professional photographer
3 by mosquitoes 2 That was generous of her. 131.3
4 by Leonardo da Vinci 3 That wasn’t very nice of 2 similar to
5 by one of our players 4 them. That’s very kind of 3 afraid of
6 by lightning 5 you. 4 interested in
7 by Beethoven 6 That isn’t very polite of him. 5 responsible for
That’s a bit childish of them. 6 proud of
128.4 130.2
7 different from / different to
2 with 2 kind to (different than is also correct)
3 by 3 angry with
4 by 4 excited about 8 capable of
5 in 5 impressed by / impressed with 131.4
6 by 6 bored with (bored by is also possible) 2 of furniture
7 with 7 amazed at / amazed by 3 on sport
8 by 8 careless of 4 of time
9 on 5 at her job
10 by 130.3 6 to a doctor
11 by the bed with a lamp and a clock 2 of 7 of him / of Robert
on it 3 to
8 from yours / from your or
4 with
problem to yours / to your
128.5 5 with (by or in are also possible)
problem (different than is also
2 In the last ten years the population 6 to
correct)
has gone up / increased / grown / 7 at/by 131.5
risen by 6 million. 8 with 2 for
3 Helen won (the election) by two votes. 9 about 3 of
4 I missed her/Kate by five minutes. 10 about 4 in
11 for 5 of
UNIT 129 12 about/by/at 6 on
13 to 7 of
129.1
14 of 8 with
2 to the problem 15 by/with 9 on
3 with her brother 16 with
4 in the cost of living 10 of
17 about
5 to your question
18 at/by
6 for a new road 19 for/about
UNIT 132
7 in/to living in a big city 20 at/by 132.1
8 in food prices 21 of 2 a
9 for shoes like these any more 22 to 3 b
10 between your job and mine 23 about 4 b
24 furious with us for making 5 a
129.2 6 a
2 invitation to 7 b
3 contact with
8 a
4 key to (key for is also possible)
9 b
5 cause of
10 b
6 reply to
11 a
7 connection between
12 b
8 photos of
9 reason for
10 damage to

364
 Key to Exercises

132.2 UNIT 134 135.3

3 spoken to 134.1 2 paid for
4 point (them) at 3 accused of
2 hear about
5 look (directly) at 4 depends on
3 heard from
6 listen to 5 live on
4 heard of
7 throw (stones) at 6 apologise to
5 hear from
8 throw (it) to 7 suffers from
6 hear about
9 reply to 8 congratulate (him) on
7 heard of
132.3 135.4
134.2
2 at 2 think about 2 from
3 at 3 on
3 thinking about
4 to 4 think of 4 – (no preposition)
5 to 5 from
5 think of
6 at
6 thinking of or thinking about 6 depends how (no preposition) or
7 at depends on how
7 thought about
8 to 7 on
8 think of
9 at 9 think about 8 of
10 at
10 think (much) of 9 on
11 to 11 thinking about or thinking of
12 think of UNIT 136
UNIT 133 136.1
133.1 134.3 2 happened to
2 of 3 divided into
2 waiting for her to reply
3 about
3 searched my bag 4 invited to
4 of 5 believe in
4 asked him for a receipt
5 to ask the way 5 of 6 fill (it) with
6 to (us) about 7 breaks into
6 discussed the problem
7 nothing about them 7 of 8 Concentrate on
8 about … about … about … about
8 for the airport 9 succeeded in
134.4 10 drove into
133.2
2 to 2 complaining about
136.2
3 think about
3 for 2 I prefer small towns to big cities.
4 about 4 heard of
3 The company provided me with all
5 dream of
5 – (no preposition) the information I needed.
6 about 6 reminded (me) about
4 This morning I spent eighty pounds
7 remind (you) of
7 for on a pair of shoes.
8 about 5 The city is divided into ten districts.
UNIT 135
133.3 135.1 136.3
2 of 2 to
2 for
3 about 3 on
3 of
4 for 4 in
4 of
5 of 5 to
5 – (no preposition)
6 for 6 in
6 for
7 about 7 with
7 of/from
8 – (no preposition) 8 into
8 for
9 in
133.4 9 of
10 for 10 on
2 looking for 11 – (no preposition)
3 looked after 11 on
12 into
4 look for 12 for
13 on
5 looks after 14 into
135.2
6 looking for 15 with
2 for the misunderstanding
133.5 3 her on winning the tournament 16 from (one language) into (another)
2 wait for 4 him from his enemies
3 talk about 5 on bread and eggs 136.4
4 ask (me) for 6 me for the (bad) weather or Example answers:
5 applied for the (bad) weather on me 2 on petrol
3 into a wall
6 do (something) about 7 my friend of stealing a car or
7 looks after or has looked after 4 to volleyball
(that) my friend had stolen a car
8 left (Boston) for 5 in seafood
6 into many languages

365
 Key to Exercises

UNIT 137 138.3 UNIT 140

137.1 2 dropped out 140.1
3 moved in
2 sit down 2 put the heating on
4 left out
3 taking off 3 put the oven on
5 joined in
4 flew away / flew off 4 put the kettle on
6 taken in
5 get out 5 put some music on
6 speak up 7 dropped in
7 get by 140.2
138.4
8 gone up 2 going on
2 Fill them in or Fill them out 3 take off
9 looked round 3 cross it out 4 drove off / went
10 be back 4 let us in 5 off put on
11 broke down 5 get out of
6 set off
12 getting on it
138.5 7 put off
137.2 2 drop out of college 8 called off
2 back at 3 fill in / fill out the application form 9 put on
3 up to 4 get out of going to the party 10 tried on
4 forward to 5 taken in by the email 11 see (me) off
5 away with 6 drop in (and see us) sometime 12 putting (it) off
6 up at 7 was left out of the team or had
7 in through 140.3
been left out …
8 out about 2 took off
3 tried on a/the hat or
UNIT 139 tried a/the hat on
137.3
2 wake me up 139.1 4 was called off
3 get it out 2 a candle 5 see him off
4 give them back 3 an order 6 put them on
5 switch it on 4 a fire
6 take them off 5 a new product UNIT 141
6 a problem
137.4 141.1
3 I have to give them back to her. 139.2 2 c
4 We can turn the TV/television 2 works out 3 b
off. or We can turn off the TV/ 3 carried out 4 a
television. 4 ran out 5 a
5 I don’t want to wake her up. 5 sort out 6 b
6 (example answer) You should put 6 find out / work out / figure out
141.2
your coat on or You should put 7 tried out
8 pointed out 2 finish off
on your coat. 3 drive on / carry on / go on
9 work out
7 I was able to put it out 4 ripped off
10 went out
8 Shall I turn the light(s) on? or 5 getting on
Shall I turn on the light(s)? 11 turned out
6 went off
(example answer) they’ve put the 12 works out / turns out
7 told off
9 13 find out
price(s) up or they’ve put up the 8 went on
price(s) 14 put out
9 get on
I knocked it over 15 figure out / work out
10 10 keep on / keep
139.3 11 get on / carry on
UNIT 138 2 giving/handing out 12 showing off
138.1 3 turned out nice/fine/sunny 13 put off
4 working out 14 went on / carried on
2 eats
3 drop 5 run out of 15 dozed off / dropped off / nodded off
4 fill 6 work out how to use the camera or
141.3
5 moved figure out how to …
2 gets on with
6 checked
139.4 3 carry on / go on / keep / keep on
7 plug
2 try it out 4 finish it off
8 dropped
3 work it out 5 were ripped off
9 dive
4 sorted it out / worked it out 6 go off
138.2 5 pointing it out 7 tell them off
2 in 6 in 8 She keeps on / She keeps
3 into 7 out
4 out 8 out of
5 into

366
 Key to Exercises

UNIT 142 143.2 144.4

142.1 2 used up 2 look it up
3 washed up 3 put up with
2 took them down
4 grow up 4 making it up
3 stand up
5 turn up / show up 5 come up with
4 turned it up
6 gave up 6 tear them up
5 put their bags down
7 taking up 7 saving up for
6 were blown down
8 give up 8 bring it up
7 put them up
9 ended up 9 mix them up / get them mixed up
8 bent down (and) picked them up
10 takes up
142.2 11 make up UNIT 145
2 turned it down 145.1
3 calm him down 143.3
3 tidy it up / tidy up 2 blew away
4 let her down
4 fixed it up 3 put it back
5 written it down
5 keep up with 4 walked away
6 cut them down 5 threw it back (to
6 was brought up
142.3 7 keep it up 6 her) threw them
2 calm down 8 went up to away
145.2
3 slowed down 9 set it up
2 be away / have gone away
4 was turned down 10 gave it up / gave up 3 be back
5 broken down 11 was made up of
4 ran away
6 cut down
5 get away
7 let down UNIT 144 6 keep away / keep back
8 closed down / has closed down
144.1 7 smile back
9 be knocked down
10 turned down 2 d
145.3
11 was knocked down 3 e
2 throw
4 c
12 broke down 3 gets
5 g
4 be
6 a
UNIT 143 5 look
7 b
6 gave
143.1
144.2 7 get
2 went up to / walked up to 8 put
3 catch up with 2 held up
3 did it up
4 keep up with 145.4
4 cheer him up
2 throw it away
144.3 3 take them back
2 blew up 4 pay you back / pay it back
3 beaten up 5 gave them away
4 broken up / split up 6 called back / called me back
5 do up
6 clears up / will clear up
7 mixed up

367
 Key to Additional exercises

22 2 I had reserved a hotel room, but 6 Everybody seems to have gone out.
when I got to the hotel they told 7 We’re / We are thinking of
3 was cancelled
me (that) they had no record of a 8 moving. I was afraid to touch it.
4 has been repaired
reservation in my name. 9 I was afraid of missing my train.
5 is being restored
When I asked (them) if/whether 10 It’s / It is not worth seeing.
6 It’s believed / It is believed
they had any rooms free anyway, 11 I’m not used to walking so far.
7 I’d be fired / I would be fired
they said (that) they were sorry, 12 She seems to be enjoying
8 It might have been thrown
but the hotel was full. herself. or She seemed …
9 He was taught
10 being arrested / having been 3 The immigration officer asked us 13 He insisted on showing them to me.
why we were visiting the country, 14 I’d rather somebody else did it.
arrested or I was arrested
and we told him (that) we were on
11 Have you ever been arrested holiday. 28
12 are reported … have been injured Then he wanted to know how long
we intended to stay and where we 3 I’ve given up reading newspapers.
23 would be staying during our visit. 4 I’d rather not go out tonight. / …
stay at home tonight.
3 ’ve sold / have sold or sold 4
She said (that) she’d phone us
4 ’s been sold / has been sold or from the airport when she arrived. 5 He has trouble sleeping at night.
was sold or She said (that) she’ll phone us 6 Do you want me to phone
from the airport when she arrives. you this evening?
5 are made
6 might be stolen No, she said not to come to the 7 I came in without anybody/anyone
airport. She said that she’d take seeing me. / … without being seen.
7 must have been stolen
8 must have taken the bus. or She said that she’ll 8 I was accused of being a cheat. /
take the bus. … of cheating.
9 can be solved
10 should have left He wanted to know what my job 9 I’m looking forward to seeing
5 was and asked (me) how much I them again.
11 is delayed
earned. or He wanted to know What do you advise me to do?
12 is being built … is expected 10
what my job is and asked (me) 11 I’d like to have gone out with
how much I earn. you last night.
24 I regret not taking your advice. /
… so I told him to mind his own 12
1 Castle Fire business and ended the call. … that I didn’t take your advice.
2 was discovered He said (that) he’d be at the
3 was injured 6 restaurant at 7.30. 29
4 be rescued He said (that) he knew where the
5 are believed to have been destroyed 2 a foreign country … the language
restaurant was. And I told him to
6 is not known 3 an economist … in the United
phone me if there was a problem.
2 Shop Robbery States … for an investment company
You just said (that) you weren’t
1 was forced 4 I love sport, especially tennis … two
7 hungry. or three times a week … not a very
2 being threatened But you said (that) you didn’t like
3 had been stolen good player
bananas. You told me not to buy
4 was later found any. 5 for dinner … after work … to the
5 had been abandoned cinema
6 has been arrested / was 6 When unemployment is … for
arrested people to find work … a big problem
26
is still being questioned 7 an accident … going home … taken
7 3 changing to hospital / taken to the
Road Delays
3 4 hospital … I think most accidents …
is being resurfaced to change
1 5 change by people driving
are asked / are being asked /
2 the name of the hotel … The
have been asked 6 being 8
is expected 7 saying Ambassador … in Queen Street in
3 8 to call the city centre … near the station
will be closed / is going to be close d
4 9 drinking The older one … a pilot … The
will be diverted / is going to be diverted 9 younger one … at school … he
5 10 to be
Accident
4 11 to see leaves school …
was taken
1 12 taking go to university … study law
was allowed
2 13 to be
was blocked
3 14 to think … making
be diverted 30
4 15 living … to move
have been killed
5 16 to be … playing 2 B
17 being stopped … stealing … driving 3 C
25 work … pressing
4 A or B
18
5 C
1 I told her (that) Paul had gone out 6 B
and I didn’t know when he’d be 27 7 A or C
back. 8 A
3 I don’t fancy going out.
I asked (her) if/whether she 4 He tends to forget things. 9 C
wanted to leave a message, but 10 B or C
5 Would you mind helping me? /
she said (that) she’d try again later. 11 B
Do you mind helping me?

370
 Key to Additional exercises

12 A 7 to a party at Lisa’s house 6 k

13 A or B 8 on 7 c
14 B 9 on 8 j
10 to 9 b
31 11 in Vienna … at the age of 35 10 f
12 in this photo … on the left 11 i
3 It’s the most polluted place …
4 I was disappointed that … 13 to the theatre … in the front row
5 OK 14 on the wall by the door / next t o 38
6 Joe works hard, but … the door / beside the door
2 D
7 15 at
… in a large modern building. 3 B
16 on
8 OK (as fast as he can is also correct) 4 B
in a tower block … on the
9 I missed the last three days … 17 5 A
fifteenth floor
10 OK 6 A
on
11 The weather has been unusually 18 7 D
19 by
cold … 8 C
The water in the pool was too 20 on the bus … by car
12 9 C
on
dirty to swim in. 21 10 B
22 in
13 … to wait such a long time. 11 A
in London … to Italy
or to wait so long. 23 12 D
to
OK 24
14 on
15 … I got up earlier than usual. 25 39
2 out to
32 35 3 up with
2 If 1 for 4 forward to
3 when 2 at 5 up with
4 if 3 to 6 out of
5 when 4 to 7 on with
6 if 5 in 8 up with
7 if 6 with 9 back on
8 unless 7 of 10 out about
9 if 8 to 11 on with
10 as long as 9 of
11 in case 10 at/by
40
12 in case 11 of
13 if 12 about 3 turned up / showed up
4 fill it in / fill it out
14 even if
5 knocked down / pulled down /
15 Although 36 torn down
16 Although
1 of 6 give up
17 When 2 after
18 when 7 dozed off / dropped off /
3 – (no preposition) nodded off
4 about 8 split up / break up
33 5 to 9 put up with it
6 – (no preposition) 10 get by
2 on
7 into
3 on Tuesday morning at 9.30 11 went on
4 at / on 8 of (about is also possible) 12 put it off
9 to
5 on
10 – (no preposition)
6 at 41
11 on
7 In
12 of 2 put
8 at 3
13 of moving
9 during
14 – (no preposition) 4 put
10 on Friday … since then in 5 done
11 for 15
16 at (about is also possible) 6 turned / turns
12 at 7 find
17 on
13 at the moment … until Friday 8
18 If Alex asks you for mone y Calm
14 by 9 set
19 I apologised to Sarah for
15 in 10 held
keeping …
I thanked her for everything … 11 left / ’ve left / have left or
34 20 missed / ’ve missed / have missed
1 in 12 works
2
37 13 join
by
3 at 2 h 14 works
4 on 3 e 15 drop / call
5 in 4 g 16 sort / work
6 on 5 a 17 went off … woke me up

371
Index
The numbers in the index are unit amazed astonished
numbers, not page numbers. amazed + to … 65C astonished + to … 65C
amazed at/by 130C astonished at/by 130C
a/an 69–72 American English Appendix 7 at
a/an and the 72, 73A an see a at (time) 121
a little / a few 87D–E angry (about/with/for) 130B at the end and in the end 122B
a/an with quite and pretty 104A annoyed (about/with/for) 130B
such a/an 102 at (position) 123–5
answer at the age of … 127D
able (be able to) 26
an answer to something 129D adjective + at 130C, 131B
about to answer a question (no preposition) verb + at 132
adjective + about 130, 131A 132B attitude (to/towards) 129D
verb + about 133–134
any 69C, 85–86 auxiliary verbs (see also modal verbs)
accuse (of ) 62B, 135A
any and some 85 in questions 49A–B
active and passive 42
anybody/an yone /an ythin g/an ywhere in short answers etc. 51
adjectives 98–101
85–86 in question tags 52
adjective + to … 65–66 not … any 86 avoid (+ -ing) 53A, 56A
the + adjective 76B any and no 86D
adjectives ending in -ing and -ed 98 aware (of ) 131A
any (of ) 88 away (verb + away) 137, 145
order of adjectives 99
any and either 89D
adjectives after verbs 99C
any + comparative 106B back
adjectives and adverbs 100–101 in/at/on the back 124D, Appendix 7
comparative 105–107 any more / any longer 111B
apologise (to somebody for) 62, verb + back 145
superlative 108 132A, 135B bad (at) 131B
adjective + preposition 130–131 baggage (uncountable noun) 70B
apostrophe (in short forms)
admit (+ -ing) 53, 56A
Appendix 5 because (of) 113B–C
advantage (of/in/to) 60A, 129B
apostrophe s (’s) 81 bed (in bed / to bed) 74C, 124A,
adverbs
appear (+ to …) 54C 126A
adjectives and adverbs 100–101
apply (for) 133B been to 8A, 126A
comparatives 105B
approve (of + -ing) 62A, 135A been to and gone to 7B
position of adverbs with the verb
aren’t I? (question tag) 52D before
(always, also etc.) 110
arrange (+ to …) 54A, 56A before + present simple 25A
advice (uncountable noun) 70B arrive (in/at) 126B
advise (+ to …) 55B before + -ing 60B
articles (a/an/the) 69–78 begin (+ -ing or to …) 56C
afford (+ to…) 54A, 56A
a/an 69–72 beginning (at the beginning) 122B
afraid (of ) 131A
a/an and the 72, 73A being (he is and he is being) 4D
I’m afraid so/not 51D believe (in) 136A
the 72–78
afraid to do and afraid of doing 66A school / the school etc. 74 believed (it is believed … ) 45A
after children / the children etc.
after + present simple / present perfect better 105C
75 the with names 77–78 had better 35A–B
25A–B
as 107, 116–118 between (noun + between) 129E
after + -ing 60B, 68B
as soon as 25A–B blame 135B
look after 133D as … as (in comparative sentences) bored
ago 12C 107 bored and boring 98
agree (+ to …) 54A, 56A
as long as 115B bored with 130C
all 88, 90
as (= at the same time as) 116A born (I was born …) 44C
all and all the 75B, 88B
as and when 116 both (of) 89
all (of ) 88
as (= because) 116B both … and 89C
all and both 89D
as and like 117 both and all 89D
all, every and whole 90
as if / as though 118 position of both 110D
position of all 110D ashamed (of ) 131A bother (+ -ing or to …) 56C
alleged (it is alleged …) 45A
ask bottom (at the bottom) 124C
allow (+ to … and -ing) 55B, 66D
ask in passive sentences 44A bound (bound to do) 65E
already 111D
ask (somebody) to do something bread (uncountable noun) 70B
already with the present perfect 7D
48D, 55A break
position of already 110
ask how/what + to … 54D break into 136B
also (position of also) 110
ask somebody (no preposition) break down 137B, 142D
although 113 132B break up 144D
always
ask somebody) for 133B busy (busy doing something) 63D
I always do and I’m always doing 3B
position of always 110

373
 Index

by 120, 128 consist (of ) 135A each (of ) 91

by after the passive 42B, 128C contact (with/between) 129E each other 82C
by (+ -ing) 60B continue (+ to … or -ing) 56C -ed clauses 97
by myself / yourself etc. 83D continuous tenses see present either (of ) 89
by (the time) 120 continuous, past continuous not … either 51C
by and until 120B verbs not used in continuous either … or 89C
by chance / by mistake etc. tenses 4A, 6E, 10D, 16D, either and any 89D
128A 17A elder 106E
by car / by bus etc. 128B contractions (short forms) eldest 108C
a play by Shakespeare etc. 128C Appendix 5 encourage (+ to …) 55B
adjective + by 130C corner (in/at/on the corner) 124E end
call 26 could 26, 27, 29C in the end and at the end 122B
call somebody (no preposition)
could and was able to 26D at the end (position) 124C
132B
could (do) and could have (done) 27 end up 143E
call something off 140B couldn’t have (done) 27E, 28B enjoy (+ -ing) 53A, 54A, 56A, 58A
call somebody back 145C could in if sentences 38C, 39E, 40D enough 103
Appendix 4 I wish I could 41C envious (of ) 131A
can 26 could I/you …? 37 even 112
can I/you … ? 37 could and other modal verbs position of even 110
can and other modal verbs Appendix 4 even if / when 112D
Appendix 4 even though 112D, 113E
countable and uncountable nouns
can’t (cannot) 26, 28 69–70 ever (with the present perfect) 8A
can’t help 57C crash (into) 136B every 90
capable (of ) 131A critical (of ) 131A every and all 90
care (care about, care for, take care of ) crowded (with) 131B everybody/everyone/everything
133C
90A, D
carry damage (uncountable noun) 70B
every and each 91
carry on 53B, 141A damage to 129D
everyone and every one 91D
carry out 139C dare 54B
excited (about) 130B
case (in case) 114 decide
exclamations (What …) 71A–B
causative have (have something decide + to … 54, 56A excuse (for) 62B
done) 46 decide against + -ing
62A delighted (with) expect
cause (of ) 129B I expect so / I don’t expect so 51D
certain 130B demand
expect + to … 55A
certain (+ to …) 65E, 84B demand + should 34A–B
a demand for 129A expected (it is expected that) 45A
certain of/about 131A experience (countable or uncountable
cheque (by cheque) 128B deny (+ -ing) 53, 56A
noun) 70A
church (church / the church) 74B depend (on) 135D
dependent (on) 131B explain 54D, 132A
claim (+ to …) 54C
depressed (and depressing) 98 fail (+ to…) 54A, 56A, 66D
clauses
deserve (+ to …) 54A, 56A
when and if clauses 25 fairly 104
despite 113 famous (for) 131B
if clauses 38–40
did (in past simple questions and fancy (+ -ing) 53A, 56A
-ing clauses 68, 97
relative clauses 92–96 negatives) 5C far
collide (with) 136C die (of) 135A far/further/fart her 105C
comparative 105–107 difference (between) 129E far + comparative 106A
comparative with even 112C different (from/to) 131B, fast 101B
complain (to somebody about/of …) Appendix 7 fed up (with) 60A, 130C
134D difficulty (have difficulty + -ing) 63C feel
compound nouns (a tennis ball, a direct speech and reported speech how do you feel and how are you
headache etc.) 80 47–48, 50B feeling 4C
concentrate (on) 136E disappointed feel like 62A
disappointed + to … 65C feel + adjective 99C, 100C
conditional sentences (if sentences)
disappointed and disappointing 98
if I do… 25C few 69C, 87
disappointed with 130B few and a few 87C–E
if I do and if I did 38
if I knew, if I were etc. 39 discuss (no preposition) 133A few (of ) 88
if I had known, if I had been etc. 40 divide (into) 136B finish
do/does (in present simple questions
unless 115A finish + -ing 53A
and negatives) 2C
as long as 115B finish off 141C
providing / provided 115B do up 144D
first
congratulate (on) 62B, 135D down (verb + down) 137, 142 it’s the first time I’ve … 8C
connection (with/between) 129E dream the first/last/next + to … 65D
conscious (of) 131A dream of + -ing 62A, 66D the first two days 99D
consider (+ -ing) 53, 56A dream about/of 134C fond (of ) 131A
during 119

374
 Index

for going to 20, Appendix 3 hospital (hospital / the hospital) 74B, 125A
for with the present perfect 8B, 9B, going to and will 23 American English Appendix 7
11–12 was/were going to 20D how about (+ -ing) 60A
for and since 12A gone to and been to 7B how long … ? (+ present perfect) 11–12
for and to … (purpose) 64C, 103C good how long is it since … ? 12D
for and during 119 good at 60A, 131B
noun + for 129A good of someone to do something, (be) if 25, 38–40
adjective + for 130D, 131B good to someone 130A if I do … 25C
verb + for 133, 135B good and well 101A if I do and if I did 38
forget (+ to …) 54, it’s no good (+ -ing) 63A if I knew, if I were etc. 39
56A forgive (for) got (have got) 17A, 31D if I had known, if I had been etc. 40
135B frightened (of ) gotten (American English) if and when 25D
131A from if + should 34E
Appendix 7
adjective + from 131B guess (I guess so) 51D if any 85C
verb + from 135C had even if 112D
front (in/at/on the front) 124D, had done (past perfect) 15 if and in case 114B
Appendix 7 had been doing (past perfect as if 118
full (of ) 131A continuous) 16 if (= whether) 50
furious (about/with/for) 130B imagine (+ -ing) 53, 56A
had (past of have) 17
furniture (uncountable noun) 70B impressed (with/by) 130C
if I’d known / I wish I’d known 40
further 105C in
future 19–25, Appendix 3 had in (time) 121
present tenses for the future had done (past perfect) 15 in time and on time 122A
19 going to 20 had been doing (past perfect in the end and at the end 122B
will 21–22 continuous) 16 in (position) 123–126
will and shall 21D, 22D had (past of have) 17 in/of after a superlative 108D
will and going to 23 if I’d known / I wish I’d known 40 in (other uses) 127A, 129C
will be doing (future continuous) 24 had better 35A–B adjective + in 131B
will have done (future perfect) 24 hair (countable or uncountable noun) verb + in 136A, 137, 138
future with when, if etc. 25, 114A, 70A in and into 138A
115C, 119C half (of ) 88 in case 114
happen (to) 136D increase (in) 129C
happy (happy about/with) 130B infinitive (to be, to play etc.) 54–
generous (+ preposition) 130A
hard 101B–C 59, 64–67
geographical names with and
without the 77 hardly 101C–D passive infinitive (to be done ) 43A–B
hate infinitive in reported speech 48D
gerund see -ing
verb + infinitive 54–59
get hate doing / to do 58
continuous infinitive (to be doing) 54C
get in the passive 44D would hate 58B–C
perfect infinitive (to have done) 54C,
get something done 46C have/has 17
have done (present perfect) 7–14 58C
get someone to do something 55B
have been -ing (present perfect infinitive after a question word 54D
get used to 61 verb + object + infinitive 55
get + adjective 99C continuous) 9–10
have and have got 17 verb + infinitive or -ing 55–58
get to (a place) 126B to-infinitive and to + -ing 60C
get in/out/on/off 126D, 138A have breakfast / have a bath etc.
17C, Appendix 7 infinitive for purpose (I called the
get by 137B restaurant to reserve a table) 64
get out of 138C I’m having, we’re having etc. 17C
adjective + infinitive 65–66
get on 137A, 141B have to (and must) 31
infinitive without to
get away (with) 145B have got to 31D
after make and let 55C
get back to 145C have something done 46
see/hear somebody do 67
getting (present continuous) 1C having (done) 53D, 68B–C
information (uncountable noun) 70B
give hear
-ing (being, playing etc.) 53, 55–63
give in passive sentences 44A with the present simple or can 4C
being (done) (passive) 44B
give up 53B, 143E hear someone do/doing 67
verb + -ing 53, 55–59
give out 139C hear of/about/from 134A having (done) 53D, 68B–C
give away 145B help verb + -ing or to … 55–58
glad (+ to …) 65C help + to … 55A preposition + -ing 60, 66
go can’t help 57C
to + -ing and to–infinitive 60C
go swimming/shopping etc. 63E home 74C, 125A, 126C
used to + -ing 61
go on holiday / on a trip etc. 127C hope verb + preposition + -ing 62, 66D
go on 53B, 140B, 141A hope + present simple 22B expressions + -ing 63
go on doing and go on to do 56B hope and wish 41A go swimming / go shopping etc. 63E
go out 139A I hope so / I hope not 51D see/hear somebody doing 67
go off 140D, 141C hope + to … 54A, 56A -ing clauses 68, 97

375
 Index

insist long myself/yourself etc. (reflexive

insist + should 34A–B as long as 115B pronouns) 82
insist on 62A, 136E no longer / not … any longer 111B by myself / by yourself etc. 83D
in spite of 60A, 113 look
instead of (+ -ing) 60A you look and you’re looking 4C names with and without the 77–78
intend (+ to … or -ing) 56C look forward to 60C, 62A, 137C nationality words with the 76C
interested (in) 60A, 131B look + adjective 99C, 100C need
interested in doing and interested to look as if, look like 118 need to do and need doing 57B
do 66B look at 132C a need for 129A
interested and interesting 98 look back (on) 145C needn’t 32
into 126D look for/after 133D needn’t have (done) and didn’t need to
verb + into 136B look up 144D (do) 32 D
in and into 138A needn’t and other modal verbs
lot (a lot /lots) 87A–B
invitation (to) 129D Appendix 4
quite a lot 104A
invite a lot + comparative 106A American English Appendix 7
invite + to … 55B love negative
present simple 2C
invite somebody to something 136D love doing / to do 58
would love 55A, 58B–C past simple 5C
irregular verbs 5B, Appendix 1
negative questions 49D
it and there 84 be / fall in love with
127A no, none and any 86
it’s no good / it’s no use (+ -ing) 63A negative short forms
it’s time … 35C luck (uncountable noun) 70B
luggage (uncountable noun) 70B Appendix 5.3
it’s worth (+ -ing) 63B neither (of ) 89
make
jealous (of ) 131A make somebody do something 55C neither am I, neither do I etc. 51C
just make up 143E, 144A neither … nor 89C
just with the present perfect manage (+ to …) 26D, 54A, 56A neither and none 89D
7D, many (and much) 69C, 87 never
Appendix 7 many (of ) 88 never with the present perfect 8A
just in case married (to) 131B position of never 110
114A just as may 29–30 news (uncountable noun) 70B, 79B
116A just in may as well 30D nice (nice of someone to do something /
time(on)
keen 122A131B
may I … ? 37B–C be nice to someone) 65B, 130A
keep may and other modal verbs no
keep on 53, 56A, 141A Appendix 4 no and none (of ) 86A, 88
keep up (with …) 137C, 143A mean (adjective – mean of someone to do no and any 86 nobody/no–
keep away (from …) 145B something / be mean to someone) 65B one/nothing/nowhere 86B no +
kind (kind of someone to do something means (noun) 79B comparative 106B
/ be kind to someone) 65B, 130A might 29–30 no longer 111B
know (how/what etc. + to …) 54D might in if sentences 30B, 38C, 40D none
might as well 30D none (of ) and no 86A, 88
late and lately 101B
might and other modal verbs none and neither 89D
laugh (at) 132C
Appendix 4 nor
learn (how) (+ to …) 54, 56A
mind (+ -ing) 53, 56A, 58A–B nor am I, nor do I etc. 51C
leave
do you mind if … ? 37C neither … nor 89C
leave for 133B
mine / yours etc. (a friend of mine/ nouns
leave something out 138C
yours) 83A countable and uncountable 69–70
less 107A singular and plural 69, 71, 79
modal verbs (will, can, must etc.)
let noun + noun (compound nouns) 80
21–22, 26–37, Appendix 4
let somebody do something 55C noun + preposition 129
more
let somebody down 142D
more in comparatives 105
like (verb)
not … any more 111B of
like doing / to do 58
most of and ’s 81
would like 37D, 55A, 58B–C all of / none of / most of etc. 88, 96B
most + noun 75A
like (preposition/conjunction) both of / neither of / either of 89, 96B
most (of ) 88
like and as 117 a friend of mine/yours etc. 83A
like and as if 118 the most … (superlative) 108
much (and many) 69C, 87 of/in after a superlative 108D
likely (+ to …) 65E, 84B noun + of 129B
listen (to) 132A much (of ) 88
adjective + of 130A, 131A
little 69C, 87 much + comparative 106A
verb + of 134, 135A
little and a little 87C–E must
must and can’t 28, Appendix 7 off (verb + off ) 137, 140–141
little (of ) 88 offer
must and have to 31
a little + comparative 106A offer in passive sentences 44A
mustn’t 31C, 32A
live (on) 135D offer + to … 54A, 56A
must and should 33A
must and other modal verbs
Appendix 4

376
 Index

on past simple (I did) 5 prepositions 121–136

on my own 83D past simple and past continuous 6C– for and since 12A
on (time) 121 D in questions 49C
on time and in time 122A past simple and present perfect 12– preposition + -ing 60, 66
on (position) 123–125 14 verb + preposition + -ing 62, 66D
on a bus / on a train etc. 125E past simple and past perfect 15C prepositions in relative clauses
on (other uses) 127B–C past simple passive 42C 93C, 96A
adjective + on 131B pay in/of after a superlative 108D
verb + on 135D, 136E, 137, 140– pay in passive sentences 44A like and as 117
141 pay (somebody) for something 135B for and during 119
one another 82C pay back 145C by 120, 128
only (position of only) 110 people 79D by and until 120B
ought to 33D perfect see present perfect, past at/on/in (time) 121–
ought and other modal verbs perfect 122 on time and in time
Appendix 4 perfect infinitive (to have done) 43B 122A
out (passive), 54C, 58C at the end and in the end 122B
out of 126D persuade (+ to …) 55B at/on/in (position) 123–125
verb + out 137–139 phone to/at/in/into 126
out and out of 138A on the phone 127B in/at/on (other uses) 127
own phone somebody (no preposition) by car / by bus etc. 128B
my own house / your own car 83B–C 132B noun + preposition 129
on my own / on your own etc. 83D phone somebody back 145C adjective + preposition 130–31
paper (countable and uncountable) photo/photograph verb + preposition 132–136
70A in a photo 124A phrasal verb + preposition 137C
participle clauses (-ing and -ed a photo of someone 129B present see present continuous,
clauses) 68, 97 phrasal verbs (break down / get on etc.) present simple, present perfect
passive 42–44 137–145 present tenses for the future 19,
passive and active 42A introduction to phrasal verbs 137 Appendix 3
by after the passive 42B phrasal verb + preposition (run away present and past tenses
simple tenses 42C from etc.) 137C Appendix 2
to be done/cleaned etc. (infinitive) position of object (turn the light on / present continuous (I am doing) 1
43A–B turn it on etc.) 137D present continuous and present
perfect tenses 43C verb + in/out 138–139 simple 3–4
continuous tenses 43D verb + on/off 140–141 am/is/are being 4D
being (done) 44B verb + up/down 142–144 present continuous for the future 19,
get 44D verb + away/back 145 20B, Appendix 3
it is said that 45A picture present continuous passive 43D
past (see also past continuous, past in a picture 124A present perfect (simple) (I have done)
perfect and past simple) a picture of someone 129B 7–8
past after if and wish 38–40 plan (+ to …) 54A, 56A present perfect with this morning,
past after I’d rather 59D pleased today etc. 8B, 14B
past after it’s time 35C pleased + to … 65C present perfect simple and continuous
past after as if 118D pleased with 130B 10–11
present and past tenses plenty (of ) 87A present perfect with how long, for and
Appendix 2 plural and singular 69, 71, 79 since 11–12
past continuous (I was doing) 6 they/them/their used for somebody/ present perfect and past simple 12–14
past continuous and past simple nobody etc. 85E, 86C, 90D present perfect and past perfect 15B
6C–D spelling of plural nouns present perfect after when 25B
past continuous and used to 18E Appendix 6 present perfect passive 43C
past continuous passive 43D point present perfect after a superlative
past perfect (simple) (I had done) 15 there’s no point in + -ing 63A 108E
past perfect and present perfect 15B point (something) at 132C American English Appendix 7
past perfect and past simple 15C point out 139C present perfect continuous (I have
past perfect after if 40 police (plural) 79C been doing) 9–10
past perfect passive 43C present perfect continuous and
polite
past perfect continuous (I had been polite of someone to do something / be present continuous 9C
doing) 16 polite to someone 130A present perfect continuous and simple
10–11
prefer 59
present perfect continuous and past
would prefer 55A, 58B–C, 59B
perfect continuous 16B
prefer (one thing) to (another) 59A, 60C,
136D

377
 Index

present simple (I do) relative pronouns 92–96 shout (at/to) 132D

present simple and present who 92–96 show
continuous 3–4 which 92–93, 95–96 show in passive sentences 44A
present simple for the future 19B that 92–94 show someone how/what + to …
present simple after when and if 25, that and what 92D 54D
Appendix 3 whose 94A, 95B show off 141C
present simple passive 42C whom 94B, 95B, 96A–B show up 143E
pretend (+ to …) 54C where 94C, 95B similar (to) 131B
pretty (pretty good, pretty often etc.) of whom / of which 96B simple past see past simple simple
104 rely (on) 135D present see present simple since
prevent (from) 62B, 66D remember with present perfect 8B, 9B, 11–12
prison (prison / the prison) 74B, 125A remember + to … and -ing 56B since and for 12A
probably remember how/what + to … 54D how long is it since … ? 12D
probably + will 22B remind since (= because) 116B
position of probably 110 remind + to … 55B singular and plural 69, 71, 79
problem (have a problem + -ing) 63C remind of/about 134E they/them /their used for somebody/
progress (uncountable noun) 70B reported speech 47–48 nobody etc. 85E, 86C, 90D
progressive tenses see continuous reported questions 50B slightly (+ comparative) 106A
promise responsible (for) 131B smell
promise (+ will/would) 36B rise (in) 129C with the present simple and can 4C
promise + to … 54A, 56A risk (+ -ing) 53A, 56A smell something (burn)ing 67B
protect (from) 135C room (countable or uncountable noun) smell + adjective 99C
proud (of ) 131A 70A so
provide (with) 136C so am I, so do I etc. 51C
provided/providing 115B ’s (apostrophe s) 81, Appendix 5.1 I think so, I hope so etc. 51D
purpose said (it is said that) 45A so that (purpose) 64D
to … for purpose 64 same (the same as) 73B, 107C, 117B so and such 102
on purpose 127B, 128A satisfied so + adjective + that 102B
put satisfied and satisfying 98 so long as 115B
put out 139A satisfied with 130B solution (to) 129D
put off 53B, 140, 141C say some 69C, 71, 85
put on 140 say and tell 48C some with countable nouns 71
put up/down 142A say (+ to …) 48D some and any 85
put up with 144D scared (of ) 131A somebody/someone /so methin g /
put away 145B scenery (uncountable noun) 70B somewhere 85
school (school / the school) 74A some (of ) 88
questions 49–50 search (for) 133B soon (as soon as) 25A–B
present simple questions 2C, 49B see sorry
past simple questions 5C, 49B with the present simple or can 4C sorry + to … 65C
negative questions 49D see someone do/doing 67 sorry to do and sorry for/about doing
embedded questions (Do you know see off 140D 66C
what … ?) 50A seem sorry about/for 130D
reported questions 50B seem + to … 54C feel sorry for 130D
question tags 52 seem + adjective 99C sound
quite 104 –self (myself/yourself etc.) 82, 83D sound + adjective 99C
rather series 79B sound as if 118
would rather 59C shall and will 22D space (space and a space) 73C
shall I/we? 21D speak (to) 132A
I’d rather you did something 59D
Let’s … , shall we? 52D species 79B
rather cold / rather nice etc. 104
shall and other modal verbs spelling Appendix 6
reason (for) 129A
Appendix 4 spend
recommend 34 A–B, 53
American English Appendix 7 spend time + -ing 63D
reflexive pronouns (myself, yourself
shocked spend money on … 136E
etc.) 82
shocked and shocking 98 spite (in spite of ) 113
by myself/you rself etc. 83D
shocked at/by 130C start (start + to … or -ing) 56C
refuse (+ to …) 54A, 56A
short (of ) 131A state verbs (like, know, belong etc.)
regret (+ -ing and to …) 53D, 56B
short forms (I’m, you’ve, didn’t etc.) 4A, 6E, 10D, 16D, 17A
regular and irregular verbs
Appendix 5 still 111
Appendix 1
should 33–34 still and yet 111C
relations hip (with/betwee n) 129E
relative clauses 92–96 should and had better 35B
should and other modal verbs
relative clauses as object 93
Appendix 4
prepositions in relative clauses 93C
two types of relative clause 95 American English Appendix 7

378
 Index

stop the 72–78 turn

stop + -ing 53, 56A the and a/an 72, 73A turn out 139
stop someone (from) + -ing 53C, 62B, the sea, the sky etc. 73C turn on/off 137D, 140A
66D the cinema, the theatre etc. 73D turn up 142A, 143E
stupid (stupid of someone to do school / the school 74 turn down 142
something) 65B, 130A children / the children 75 two–word verbs see phrasal verbs
subjunctive 34B the + adjective (the young etc.) 76B typical (of ) 131A
American English Appendix 7 the + nationality word (the French etc.)
succeed (in + -ing) 62A, 66D, 136A 76C uncountable nouns 69–70
such the with geographical names 77 understand (how/what + to …) 54D
such and so 102 the with streets, buildings etc. 78 university (university / the university)
such as 117A 74B
the + comparative (the sooner, the
suffer (from) 135C better) 106D unless 115A
suggest the + superlative (the oldest etc.) 108B until (or till)
suggest + should 34A–C, 55B until + present simple / present perfect
there (and it) 84
suggest + -ing 53, 54A, 56A 25A–B
there’s no point in … 63A
superlative (longest/best etc.) 108 until and by 120B
there will/must/should etc. 84B
suppose (I suppose so/not) 51D up (verb + up) 137, 142–144
there is + -ing or -ed 97C
supposed (He is supposed to …) 45B they/them/their (used for somebody/ upset (about) 130B
sure anybody/nobody/everybody) 85E, use (it’s no use + -ing) 63A
sure + to … 65E, 84B 86C, 90D used
sure of/about 131B think used to do 18
surprised I think and I’m thinking 4B be/get used to 61
surprised + to … 65C I think so, I don’t think so 51D I am used to doing and I used to do
surprised and surprising 98 think of + -ing 54A, 62A, 18F, 61D
surprised at/by 130C 66D think about and think of usually (position of usually) 110
suspect (of ) 62B, 135A 134B
verbs see also present, past, future,
suspicious (of ) 131A though 113E
passive etc.
as though 118 verbs not used in continuous tenses
tags (question tags) 52 even though 112D, 113E
4A, 6E, 10D, 16D, 17A
take threaten (+ to …) 54A, 56A list of irregular verbs
take care of 133C throw Appendix 1.4
take somebody in 138B throw to/at 132D present and past tenses
take off 140 throw away 137D, 145B Appendix 2
take down 142A till see until
verbs + -ing and verbs + to …
take up 143 time
(infinitive) 53–59
talk it’s the first time I’ve … 8C verb + preposition 62, 132–136
talk to somebody 132A it’s time … 35C phrasal verbs (break down / get on
talk about something 62A, 133A countable or uncountable noun 70A etc.) 137–145
taste on time and in time 122A
with the present simple or can 4C tired wait (for) 133B
taste + adjective 99C tired and tiring 98 want (+ to …) 55A, 66D
teach tired of 130C warn (+ to …) 55B
teach in passive sentences 44A to + infinitive (to be / to do etc.) see was/were 5D
teach somebodyhow to dosomething 54D infinitive was/were -ing (past continuous) 6
teach + to … 55B to 126 was/were going to 20D
telephone see phone to + -ing 60C was/were able to 26D
tell noun + to 129D was and were in if sentences 39C
tell in passive sentences 44A adjective + to 130A, 131B waste (waste time + -ing) 63D
tell and say 48C verb + to 132, 136D weather (uncountable noun) 70B
tell someone to do something 48D, too and enough 103 well 101A
55B top (at the top) 124C were (used with I/he/she/it) 39C,
tell someone what to do 54D translate (from/into) 136B 118D
tell someone off 141C travel (uncountable noun) 70B what
temporal clauses (when clauses) 25 trouble (have trouble doing something) what in questions 49
tend (+ to …) 54A 63C what … for? 64C
than 105, 107 try What … ! (exclamations) 71A–B
thank (for) 62B, 132B, 135B try + to … or -ing 57A what and that (relative clauses) 92D,
that try out 139C 93D
said that 47B try on 140C what and which (relative clauses)
in relative clauses 92–94 96C

379
 Index

when word order

when + present simple / present have something done 46
perfect 25 questions 49
when and if 25D negative questions 49D
when + -ing 68A embedded questions (Do you know
even when 112D what … ?) 50A
when and as 116 reported questions 50B
where (in relative clauses) 94C, 95C order of adjectives 99
whether 50 verb and object together 109A
which place and time 109B
which in questions 49 position of adverbs with the verb (also,
which in relative clauses 92–93, 95–96 always etc.) 110
all/none/s om e of which 96B word order with phrasal verbs (turn on
while the light, turn it on etc.) 137D
while + present simple / present work
perfect 25A uncountable noun 70B, 74C
while + -ing 68A work out 139B
while and during 119C worried (about) 130B
who worse 105C
who in questions 49 worst 108A
who in relative clauses 92–96 worth (it’s worth + -ing) 63B
who and whose in relative clauses 94A would 36
who and whom in relative clauses 94B would and will 36B
whole 90B–C would you like? I’d like 37D
on the whole 127B would in if sentences 38–
40 wish … would 41D
whom
in questions 49C would like/love/hate/prefer + to …
in relative clauses 94B, 96A–B 55A, 58B–C
all/none/some of whom 96B would prefer 58B, 59B
whose (in relative clauses) 94A, 95C would rather 59C–D
why would and other modal verbs
Appendix 4
why isn’t/didn’t (etc.) … ? 49D
why in relative clauses 94D write
will 21–22 write to 132B
will you? 21, 37A write down 142D
will and shall 21D, 22D
will and going to 23 yet
will be doing (future continuous) 24 yet and still 111C
will have done (future perfect) 24 yet + present perfect 7D
will in if and when sentences 25, 115C
will and would 36B, Appendix 4
will in the passive 43A
Don’t … , will you? 52D
will and other future
forms
Appendix 3
will and other modal verbs
Appendix 4
wish 41
I wish I knew etc. 39, 41
I wish I’d known etc. 40C, 41
wish and hope 41A
wish … would 41D
with
noun + with 129E
adjective + with 130B–C, 131B
verb + with 136C
without (+ -ing) 60B
won’t (= will not) 21–22

380