Lesson 10: Workplace Communication as Technical and Professional Examples: Emails, memos, presentations, meetings and negotiations

Communication
4. Medium: Employs diverse communication channels to facilitate effective
Workplace Communication refers to the exchange of information, ideas, communication and collaboration within the workplace.
feedback, and messages among individuals within an organization. It Examples: Face to face interactions, written correspondence, virtual
encompasses various forms of communication, including verbal, written, meetings, digital platform and phone calls.
nonverbal, and digital channels.
5. Purpose: Seeks to foster effective collaboration, conflict resolution, and
Workplace Communication as Technical Communication achievement of organizational goals while promoting a positive work
environment and professional relationships
1. Focus: Mainly focused on conveying technical information, instructions, or
data in clear, concise and understandable manner.
Lesson 11: Written Communication in the Workplace and its Tips
2. Audience: Targets specific audiences who require detailed information to
perform tasks.  As the sender initiates the process, the intended reader is expected
Examples: Engineers, and Technicians to respond according to the nature of the business letter.

3. Content: It includes manuals, reports, specification and documentation  A business letter, for example, must be deemed worthy to be read in
related to technical processes, products or systems order for the sender to gain feedback.
Examples: User guide, quick reference guides and newsletters
 The message, the purpose, and the target receiver or audience must
4. Medium: Utilizes special tools or formats all be considered in writing any business letter.
Examples: Diagrams, charts, technical drawings or software documentation
 The message and its purpose should be clear for the letter to be
5. Purpose: Ensure clarity, accuracy, and understanding of technical content, properly understood by the intended receiver
facilitating the successful execution of tasks, projects or operations within
the workplace
Workplace correspondence involves three factors:
Workplace Communication as Professional Communication  sender
 message
1. Focus: Encompasses a broader range of interactions within professional
 receiver
settings, aimed at achieving organizational goals and building relationships.
Note: When you write a business letter, read your work as if you are the
target reader and ask yourself the following questions:
2. Audience: Addresses diverse audiences within the workplace with varying
levels of technical expertise.
• Does the message appear to be important?
Examples: Colleagues, clients, supervisors and stakeholders
• Is the message easy to understand?
3. Content: Comprises various forms of communication, focusing on
conveying ideas, sharing updates, building relationships and achieving
organizational objectives.
 Tips for Effective Written Communication in the Workplace format are not indented, and the spacing between paragraphs mirrors
that of the full block structure.
 To ensure the Effectiveness of Written Communication Materials in c) semi-block
the Workplace, the following qualities must be remembered: The semi-block, also known as the indented style, bears a
resemblance to the full block format but carries a more informal
A-ccuracy-it must stay true to facts tone. In this format, each paragraph begins with an indentation of
B-revity-must be kept short and five-character spaces and is separated by a double space,
C-larity - message should understood easily maintaining left justified text alignment. The date and closing are
typically aligned in a manner similar to the full block style.
 Select the format that is standard, prescribed, and acceptable to the
institution represented or the parties in the transaction.
Lesson 11: Letter of Inquiry, Its Response and Letter of Claim
 Courtesy, whether in written or oral form, is more implicit than Letter of Inquiry
explicit in purposive communication A letter of Inquiry, also known as a letter of interest, is written to ask for
specific information regarding a particular subject matter. Letters are usually
written to inquire regarding particular goods or services of a business. It is
Lesson 11: Business Letters and Its Standard Formats often used in business settings to ask questions, make requests, or gather
BUSINESS LETTER additional information.
Characteristics:
Business Letters are essential in the workplace, especially in the A. Write clearly and concisely.
external operations of an organization. It is through business letters than an B. Be considerate and provide a sufficient timeline.
organization can reach out to its clients and vice versa. The different kinds of C. Provide a route for a response, such as a self-addressed stamped
business letters illustrate the different communication situations that envelope
constantly need to be addressed by the internal and external functions of an
organization. Types: There are three primary categories of Inquiry letters:

LETTER FORMAT A. Status Inquiries are typically sent to request references or

Refers to the way your letter looks on the page recommendations.

The three standard formats of business letter are: B. Routine Inquiries are letters written to an individual information.
a) full-block
All text, including dates and enclosures, is aligned to the left margin. C. Sales-Related Inquiries are written to a company or individual to
It typically adheres to closed punctuation rules, with a colon or comma obtain information about a product or service and may be the first
following the salutation. However, in variations that use open step of collecting information for a report.
punctuation, the salutation does not end with punctuation.
b) modified-block Components:
In this format, the main body of the text is left-aligned, while the
sender’s address, date, and signoff are right-aligned. Notably, the date A. Introduction: Provide the audience with basic information about who,
and sign-off are positioned closer to the center but still offset to the what, and why.
right. Unlike the semi-block format, paragraphs in the modified block
 I. Introduce yourself and where you are from. Characteristics:
A. Incorporate a professional and courteous tone.
II. IProvide a statement of purpose. B. Remain clear and concise.
C. Include any and all relevant facts, including any copies of
III. Include some subtle flattery, but only if the purpose is not sale receipts, names of people, or pictures of the product.
related Components:

B. Body: Provide the recipient with the inquiry. A. Background Information:

I. In a Sales Inquiry, it might include the dimensions of product, I. State the subject and purpose of the letter.
quality, price, service terms, discount rates, or any other II. Identify the problem and include all of the relevant information
pertinent information. III. Stick to the facts.

II. If you are sending an inquiry for information, you will list no B. Cause and Effect:
more than five questions.
I. Explain the problem logically and clearly in a specific language.
C. Conclusion: The conclusion functions to establish goodwill and express II. Explain the effects of the problem.
gratitude.
C. Expected solution or amendment to the problem:
I. Thank the recipient for his or her time and consideration.
I. State what you expect the company to do to solve the problem.
II. Include any permission you may need for quoting him or her in your II. Do not threaten to bring legal action.
work (If you are seeking information). III. Always send your letter expecting the company to cooperate.
IV. Be specific about your expectations and give a time period.
III. Provide your contact information: Address, e-mail, phone number,
etc D. Conclude:
I. Express gratitude to your reader for his or her response to your
Response to Inquiries request.
Letter of Inquiry should always and promptly be responded to. II. Provide your contact information.
Professional and business ethics demand that the receiver of such a letter
take the action that the sender expects
Lesson 11: Adjustment Letter and Letter of request
Letter of Claims
Adjustment Letter
A letter of claim is usually used in legal matters to assert some kind of is a response to a letter of complaint
wrongdoing. This letter aims to notify the one responsible for the said
wrongdoing and demands, a response that would address its effects. Claims How to Write an Adjustment Letter?
are also used in the context of legal matters, especially in instances of a 1. Make sure the paper has the Letter Head
breach of contract. 2. Type the date below the letterhead.
3. Write the inside address
 4. Put in an attention line reading and distribution within the organization. Memos are often used for
5. Insert a salutation internal communication between employees, departments, or teams.
6. State a subject line
7. Create the body. What to Include?  Types of Memos
• Acknowledgment of receipt of our complaining customer. 1. Instruction Memo - contains directives that organization members
• Expression of our apology. need to follow.
• Explanation of the problem. Example: a memo to remind employees to strictly follow the company's
• Solution of the problem: It can be an action or reimbursement. dress code
• Statement we will avoid doing the same mistake.
8. Do not forget to put in a complimentary closing. 2. Request Memo - contains a request for the provision of facilities and
9. Close it with a signature line. services.
Example: request for the use of the conference room for a meeting

Letter of Request 3. Announcement Memo-notice of an important event in the

reports situations which demand actions and decisions to be acted organization.
upon. Example: hiring, company fire drill

How to Write a Request Letter? 4. Transmittal Memo - notice officially announcing the release of a
1. Collect information relating to your request report.
2. Create an outline Example: memo transmitting the annual report to the manager
3. Introduce yourself
4. Make your request 5. Authorization Memo - granting permission to the undertaking of an
5. Explain the reason for the request operation in the organization.
6. Offer to provide additional information Example: permission to receive a document
7. Show your gratitude and conclude the letter
 Format of a Memo
Tips for Writing a Request Letter The format of a memo typically follows a standard structure, which includes
1. Use a professional format. the following elements:
2. Be polite and professional.
3. Be clear and direct. 1. Header-The header contains information about the memo's origin,
4. Review your request letter. including the date, to whom it is addressed, from whom it is sent, and the
subject.
Lesson 11: Memos, Reports and Other Written Documents in the
Workplace 2. Introduction - This section introduces the purpose of the memo and
Memorandums provides a brief overview of what the memo will cover. It should be concise
and to the point.
commonly referred to as memos, are written communications typically used
within an organization to convey important information, announcements, 3. Body-The body of the memo contains the main content, including any
instructions, or reminders. They are usually brief and formatted for quick relevant information, explanations, requests, or instructions. It should be
organized logically, with clear headings or bullet points if necessary to The Minutes of the Meeting has the following components:
improve readability.
Introduction
4. Conclusion/Summary - The conclusion summarizes the key points of the
1. name and address of the organization
memo and may reiterate any action items or recommendations. It should
leave the reader with a clear understanding of the memo's main message. 2. type of meeting (special, executive, committee, board, regular,
emergency)
5. Closing-A closing statement, such as "Thank you for your attention to this 3. call to order – time, date, presiding officer
matter," is often included as a polite way to end the memo. 4. attendance for groups less than twenty (20) members, with both the
present, late, and absent included
6. Attachments - If there are any additional documents or materials
referenced in the memo, they should be listed under an "Attachments" Body
section at the end of the memo. 1. reading, correction, and approval of minutes of the previous
meeting
7. Distribution - If the memo is being distributed to multiple recipients, a
2. business arising from the previous meeting
distribution list may be included at the end to indicate who else is receiving
3. new business
the memo
Conclusion
Note: The following should be considered in writing a memorandum:
 Use of formal or academic language 1. announcement - time and date of the next meeting
 Clarity 2. other matters new matters that may need to be covered in future
 Conciseness meetings,
 General use of active voice of the verb 3. time of adjournment
 Absence of grammar lapses 4. name and signature of the minutes-taker
5. name and signature of the presiding officer
Incident Report
An incident report, also called accident report, records the occurrence Clubs, organizations, and companies have prescribed formats for the
of an unusual event in the workplace. This report usually follows a template minutes of their meeting. The minutes-taker has to be flexible enough to
that comes in forms to be filled out by the witness to the incident. The main adopt what is customary to the group.
components of an incident report are the problem description, action
In preparing the minutes of the meeting, the minutes-taker must ensure
taken, and recommendations.
that the minutes are:
1. in chronological order; ( can be narrative or bullet form)
Lesson 11: Minutes of the Meeting 2. factual, brief, and free from editorial comments or slanting
A meeting is a gathering of people to discuss, plan, make of factual statements;
3. the gist or a recording of summary of the meeting and not
decisions, and resolve issues together. For documentation purposes, a
a transcription of the matters discussed; and
detailed and descriptive report is prepared. 4. a verbatim report of parliamentary points, motions,
resolutions and points of order
Lesson 12: Effective Workplace Communication and Job Interview/ 6. What are your likes and dislikes in a work environment?
Common Job IQs 7. What are you looking for in a job?
8. What are the significant experiences you've gathered from previous jobs
Effective Workplace communication you've had?

It refers to the ability to convey information, ideas, and thoughts

clearly, accurately, and respectfully in a professional environment. Lesson 12: Practical Reminders in Becoming an Effective
Importance: Workplace Communication

 It can help bring about healthy relationships among co-workers 1. Know yourself in relation to your superiors, co-
 It can create a productive work environment workers, and clients.
 This reduces the likelihood of misunderstandings, errors, and 2. Manage time well while working.
confusion. 3. See more of the lights and less of the shadows in
others.
Job-Interview 4. Accept your own limitations and those of others.
 A job interview is a formal meeting between a job seeker and 5. Keep communication lines open when needed.
a potential employer or hiring manager.
As an effective workplace communicator, you must be able to
 It is a selection process used by organizations to help
handle conflicts in the workplace. You should know how to resolve
determine whether a job candidate has the necessary
conflicts that would definitely affect workplace productivity.
knowledge, skills, and abilities to do the job.
 Its primary purpose is for the employer to assess the The following is a list of toxic attitudes of workplace bullies
candidate's qualifications, skills, experience, and suitability for that you need to recognize, avoid, and address for the workplace
a specific job position environment to remain healthy and productive (Harvey et al., 2006):
 As a job seeker, a job interview is a crucial opportunity to ed
showcase your skills, experience, and qualifications to a
1. Calling out a target in public for being different or because he/she
potential employer.
is not a part of the 'in group'
 It is in the job interview that an individual can prove that he or
she is an effective workplace communicator. 2. Using people as scapegoats to draw attention to the victims or to
reduce attention on the bully for a failure of the group; the
Common Job Interview Questions scapegoat's status seems to more threatened than that of the bully's

1. What can you tell me about yourself? 3. Someone with more power or a higher position in the organization
2. Why do you think you are good fit for this job? sexually harasses a co-worker
3. What do you know about our company/organization?
4. What are your strengths and weaknesses? 4. Increasing workload and pressure to perform with unrealistic
5. Why do you want to be part of this company/ organization? deadlines and the like
5. Targeting an individual, preventing access opportunities, Lesson 13: Features of Academic Writing and Rhetorical
withholding information, or physically/ socially isolating an individual Situations/Academic Writing Style

6. Failing to give credit to individuals who deserve recognition, Academic writing

setting workers overemphasizing failures up to fail and are texts that a student normally encounters in his or her formal
schooling or the texts usually assigned by a teacher for the students to
7. Inflicting physical abuse on or causing harm to targeted individual analyze.
or group.
One should be guided by the following characteristics:
Aside from dealing with workplace bullies, an effective
workplace communicator must also be ready to resolve issues of 1. Formal-do not use abbreviated words, idioms, and colloquial words.
workplace mobbing and addressing the concerns of angry customers
2. Impersonal - do not address the readers directly by using "you".
or clients. Workplace mobbing is when a worker or group of co-
workers harasses other co-workers in order to secure the removal or 3. Structured - choose passive construction to focus on the action.
termination of the one being targeted for harassment. For
employees dealing with angry customers or clients, one must 4. Hedged-use cautious language that enhances your credibility as an
remember that "the customer is always right," no matter what, even if academic writer.
they are truly difficult to deal with.
The most common example of academic writing is an abstract. (2nd page)
If not addressed, the entire company suffers with reduced
employee motivation and low morale affecting the productivity of Rhetorical situations
both. The company higher-ups and employees must work together to a piece of writing is shaped and influenced by its surrounding
circumstances and contexts. The rhetorical situations include the purpose,
achieve a work-life balance where the workplace ensures the welfare audience, genre, stance, and medium.
for all.
1. Purpose - an effective communicator writes with a clear purpose, which
Mutual respect and concern for one another as work partners and
helps shape the style, the tone, the manner, and even the medium through
collaborators in the company undertakings will ensure a healthy work which ideas will be expressed.
environment that one desires to stay and be happy working. A stress-
free working atmosphere is priceless, and rewarding. As an effective 2. Audience - it is important to know the details of the audience such as
workplace communicator, one should be responsible for working their cultural background and the language they use are important aspects
towards upholding workplace professionalism at all times. to consider in writing.

3. Genre determines the structure or the format of the text.

4. Stance this pertains to the attitude of the writer towards the topic or the
subject. It affects how the readers interpret not just the message but also
the personality of the writer.
5. Medium-is the way information is conveyed from the sender to the CHOOSING A TOPIC
receiver of the message. The topic is the main subject of your research paper. Therefore, it
has to be properly identified and carefully thought of. In searching for or
Academic writing style conceptualizing a research topic, consider one that you are interested in and
One's style in writing must be considered. The purpose of academic which would also be of interest to others. Topic relevance and material
writing is anchored on informing a reader of an idea which is guided by facts availability are crucial, while avoiding controversial or unsupported topics is
and evidence. On the other hand, non-academic writing is not necessarily advised.
intended for a particular audience in a particular field or discipline.
To further help you in your topic search, consider the following tips and
Academic texts - it is expected to be formal and follows a definite structure: guidelines:
introduction, body, and conclusion. 1. Randomly write down all possible topics you can think of.
2. Brainstorm with your classmates and peers.
Non-academic texts - no particular format or structure and tone can be 3. Conceptualize topics based on socially relevant issues.
informal or conversational 4. Be updated on current events by reading the newspaper and watching the
news,
5. Ask suggestions form professionals and experts in the fields that are
Lesson 14: Definition of Research and Choosing a Topic/ Narrowing connected to your possible topics.
Down a Research Topic 6. List down questions you want to answer.
7. Look for recommendations from research papers that are of interest to
Research is a systematic process of inquiry that involves gathering, you.
analyzing, interpreting, and evaluating information to increase 8. Observe possible problems present in your community.
understanding, discover new knowledge, or solve problems. It typically 9. Look at issues from different perspectives.
follows a structured methodology and employs various techniques to
investigate a topic or question. NARROWING DOWN A RESEARCH TOPIC
BASIC STEPS IN WITING A RESEARCH PAPER Narrowing down a research topic involves dividing a broad area of
1. Choose a research topic interest into a manageable focus, starting with brainstorming and
preliminary research. Through reflection and consultation with mentors or
2. Narrow down the topic advisors, researchers refine their interests, define the study's scope, and
formulate clear research questions. This process maximizes as resources and
3. Survey Resources makes meaningful contributions to the field.
4. Quote, Paraphrase Summarize

5. Make an outline

6. Write a first draft

7. Reference
Lesson 14: Formulating a Thesis Statement Lesson 14: Gathering Materials
Formulating a Thesis Statement TYPES OF SOURCES

"Thesis Statement is the view or perspective that you make out of your 1. PRIMARY SOURCES
topic." These are the sources that contains first-hand information about
the topic. It includes original materials created at the time of the event or
Step 1: Narrowing down your topic
by the person directly involved in the event.
• Brainstorm potential research topics. Examples: Interviews, films, autobiographies, photographs, and diaries

• Consider your interests and passions. 2. SECONDARY SOURCES

These are the sources that serve as interpretation and analysis of

• Think about current events or issues
primary sources. It provides elaborations and clarifications about the main
Step 2: Determining the Controlling Idea source of information to offer more unbiased views that the main sources.

Examples: Scholarly journals, books, reviews, encyclopedia and editorials

• What is my opinion about the topic?
DOING LIBRARY RESEARCH
• What exactly do I want to prove in my research?
LIBRARY – a repository of several types of documented information. A place
• What are the issues I am deeply passionate about? that contains materials such as books, journals, manuscripts, etc. Since it
houses numerous materials, it was classified into two systems which are the
• What are my claims about them? following:

Step 3: Formulating your Thesis Statement 1. Library of Congress Classification (LCC)

A system divides all knowledge into 21 main classes, represented by
Definite Topic + Definite Claim = THESIS STATEMENT letters of the alphabet and used in bigger libraries, particularly the Library
of Congress in the United States.
Example: Social media addiction has a negative impact on mental health
among teenagers 2. Dewey – Decimal Classification (DDC)

Do's and Don'ts of Thesis Statements the DDC system categorizes knowledge into ten main classes, each
 Do: Be specific represented by a numerical range and it is usually used in smaller libraries.
 Don't: Be vague
PRINTED MATERIALS
 Do: Take a stand
 Don't: Be neutral 1. Find general information from the library’s card catalog or
 Do: Be concise
 Don't: Be wordy OPAC (Online Public Access Catalog).
2. Check for the availability of other materials that the library can offer. - an integral part of this process is designing a questionnaire to be
answered by the participants.
3. Conduct a general reading on your topic and start taking note of different
ideas presented by the sources. Some guidelines before deciding to conduct a survey:

4. It is valuable to get hold of all sources related to your topic. - you have to be clear with the research you are doing
- who your participants will be
5. Look for specific information (scan) and ger the main idea (skim).
- how are you going to present them in your research paper
6. Consider other resources such as documentaries, films, videos and
recordings if necessary. IMPORTANT DETAILS IN LOCATING PRINTED AND ONLINE
MATERIALS
ONLINE RESOURCES
Printed Materials:
1. Be sure to only get sources from reputable websites or online database.
- type
2. If you are to use online sources such as websites, be sure to cite them - title
properly in your research paper. - author/s
- year of publication
3. Assess online sources carefully.
- place of publication
Lesson 14: Researching Beyond the Library and Locating Online - volume and page range (if any)
Materials
Online Materials:
INTERVIEW (Qualitative Research) - title
- author/s
- data gathering process in which a respondent is directly asked questions - date retrieved
valuable to research. - web page title
- website URL
- it is usually geared towards addition, clarification, and verification of
information obtained from written resources.

Types of Interviews:

1. Structure - questions are predetermined in a set order

2. Semi-Structure - combines set questions with flexibility for follow-ups.

3. Unstructured - explores topics without a fixed set of questions.

SURVEY (Quantitative Research)

- a method used to collect data from a sample of individuals to gain insights

into their opinions, behaviors, attitudes, or characteristics.

Writing a Research Paper  To define the research question(s) of the study.
 To give a very brief background of relevant theory and
Why do you need to learn how to write a research paper? practice for your topic.
 In college, you will be asked to write many research papers, 3. Literature Review
and you need to learn what goes into writing a successful  To summarize what conclusions have been reached in the
paper. research literature and whether different writers agree or not.
 This PowerPoint presentation will give you step-by-step  To highlight main issue and controversies around the problem.
directions on how most high school and college 4. Methodology
teachers/professors expect you to write a basic research  To demonstrate that you are aware of the research methods
paper. used to study this topic.
Learning Targets:  To explain and justify the method of data collection and
1. How to choose a topic? analysis.
2. How to write a thesis or introductory statement? 5. Results
3. Understand the difference between plagiarism and acceptable  To present the findings of your research in an orderly manner,
plagiarism
using heading planned in your methodology or headings
4. Learn how to use “parenthetical notations.”
arising from patterns found in the research.
5. Bibliography & proper format.
6. Discussion
RESEARCH  To comment on the trends/findings and show your
 From an old French word “sercher” to seek or prefix “re” understanding of what your data suggests.
again.  To highlight anything unexpected that came up.
7. Conclusion
 It is defined as “intensive search with the purpose of becoming
 To sum up your findings and highlight the significance of the
certain”.
outcomes of your study.
 It is a systematic investigation into reality to gain knowledge.
 To discuss the limitations of your study and indicate where
further research is needed.
Structure of a research paper:
8. Reference
Main parts of a composition:
 To list alphabetically all the reference materials that have
a) Introduction
been cited in the text of the report.
b) Body
9. Appendices
c) Conclusion
 To present relevant details such as letters to participants
Purpose of this sections:
and organizations.
1. Abstract
 To present details of questionnaires, surveys and other
 To briefly introduce the reader to the aims of the study, the
relevant instrument that you developed for the purpose of
methodology, results and findings.
the study.
2. Introduction/ thesis statement
 To present relevant documents, e.g. Reports/policy/
 To state a clear overall purpose for the study, often framed in a
historical documents.
discussion of the need the research is satisfying.
How to write these sections?  To explain and justify the method of data collection and analysis.

 Abstract  Conclusion
It is a summary of a body of information; it expresses the main claim  The ‘results and ‘discussion’ should be the focus of this part.
and argument of a paper.  To sum up your findings and highlight the significance of the
Questions that an abstract answers: outcomes of your study.
 Why did you do this study or project?  To outline any implication or recommendations indicated by
 What did you do and how? the findings.
 What did you find?  Results - to present the findings of your research in an orderly
 What do your findings mean? manner, using heading planned in your methodology or
headings arising from patterns found in the research.
 Introduction  Discussion - show your understanding of what your data
The primary purpose of an introduction is to frame the paper for its suggests.
readers.
It should provide:  Reference(s)
 brief description of the topic  reference materials that have been cited in the text of the
 statement as to why the topic is worth researching or why it report.
could be found interesting Referencing your paper
 statement of the research objectives.  References need to contain all works cited in the text.
 statement of the method(s) and the scope of study.  References should consistently follow one recognizable
 An overview of the rest of the paper. system.
 Appendices
 Literature review  To present relevant details such as letters to participants and
Four guide questions: organizations.
 What is the present state of knowledge regarding the topic  To present details of questionnaires, surveys and other
under consideration? relevant instrument that you developed for the purpose of the
 How are the studies related to the one being proposed? study.
 What is the quality of the studies reviewed?  To present relevant documents, e.g. Reports/policy/ historical
 How will the proposed study contribute to the existing documents.
literature?
Choosing a subject for research Paper
 Methodology  that interests you but from which you can still learn much
 To demonstrate that you are aware of the research methods used  not too broad
to study this topic.  not too difficult, one for which you can find materials from
 To justify the research method and approach you have taken or popular magazines or books aimed at general reading.
your study.  that has some interest for the average reader.
 Gathering of Materials Parenthetical Citations
 Observation or experience Quoting means to REPEAT another source word for word, using
 Interview quotation marks.
 The library
 Special bulletins and reports Keys to Parenthetical Citations
 Keep quotes short
Make a Preliminary Outline  Give only information needed to identify the source on your
 Have some ideas of topics in which you will be needing Works Cited Page
information.  You don’t need to cite information that is “common
 Begin your reading with a few general articles which give an knowledge”
overall survey.
 Try to anticipate the important questions your paper will have When to quote an Author?
to answer.  To show that an authority supports your point;
 Jot down what seems to be the major divisions of the subject.  To present a position or argument;
 To include especially moving or historically significant
Example: language; and
 To present a particularly well-stated passage whose meaning
would be lost or changed if paraphrased or summarized.

Documenting a Source

PLAGIARISM
 Passing of someone else’s work as your own, whether we do
this deliberately or not.
 Not acknowledging when using information (i.e. data, tables,
figures or graphics) from other writers.
 Inadequately paraphrasing a source.

Why use a Consistent Format?

 Helps your reader understand your arguments and the
sources they’re built on.
 Allow readers to cross-reference your sources easily I they
are doing further research.
 Provides consistent format.
 Gives you credibility and reliability as a writer
 Why should you bother?
 It demonstrates you have looked up the information to prove
your points.
 Colleges require a specific format

Formatting your research paper

 MLA Format (Modern Language Association)
- is the official guide to non-fiction writing widely adopted by
schools, academic departments, and instructors

 APA Format (American Psychological Association)

- is an academic format commonly used to cite sources within the
social sciences.
- Used by various other scientific journals (including medical and
public health journals), textbooks, and academia.

 ACM Format (Association for Computer Machinery)

-is the largest and oldest international scientific and industrial
computer society where they publish their own journals or
proceedings.

Bibliography is a list of the sources you used to get

information for your report.

Note: As a rule of academic writing, students need to admit the truth

when they use other people's ideas, views, data, information, written
materials, audiovisual resources, etc. When you use a direct
quotation or copied section, follow cite the source and no
bibliography truth secret. It intends to tell reader about accuracy,
value and relevancy of the sources that are cited.