Questions: Reproductive system in human

1. Characterize Reproductive system in human

-reproduction – the process by which organisms make more organisms like themselves
-human reproductive process – two kinds of sex cells (gametes)
-male gamete – sperm, female gamete – the egg or ovum - they meet in female´s reproductive system to create new
individual
-male and female reproductive system are both essential for reproduction
-human pass certain characteristics of themselves to the next generation through their genes (special carries of human
traits)
2. List reproductive organs in male

3. Characterize testes and epididymis

Testes
-two testes which produce and store millions of tiny sperm cells
-oval shaped – length: 5 cm, diameter: 3 cm – located outside of pelvis
-part of endocrine system – produce hormones (testosterone)
-testosterone – major part during puberty
-during puberty, the older he gets, the more testosterone he produces
-testosterone – causes males to develop deeper voice, bigger muscles, body and facial hair and stimulate sperm
production
Epididymis
-alongside the testes
-set of coiled tubes (one for each testes) – connect to the vas deferens
-support maturation of sperms, storage of sperms
4. Characterize vas deferences, semen,, scrotum
Vas deferences (ductus deferens)
-50 cm, connects epididymis and urethra
-muscular tube that passes upward alongside the testicles and transports the sperm-containing fluid – semen
Semen – seminal fluid (located in pelvis)
-originates from seminal vesicles
-contains: sperm, proteolytic and alcalic secrete, other enzymes and fructose
-elements which promote the survival of sperm, provide medium through which they can move or swim
-ejaculation – discharge of semen
Scrotum
-pouch-like structure outside the pelvis in which testes and epididymis hang
-bag of skin – helps to regulate the temperature of testicles (need to be keep cooler than body temperature to produce
sperm)
-it changes size to maintain right temperature
 -body is cold – scrotum shrinks and gets tighter to hold in body heat
-body is warm – scrotum become larger and floppier to get rid of extra heat
-size changes – involuntary changes (the brain and nervous system give cue to change size)
-has many oils and sweat glands
5. Characterize accessory glands – semenal vesicles and prostate gland
-accessory glands – provide fluids that lubricate the duct system and nourish the sperm
Semenal vesicles - sac-like structures
-attached to the vas deferens to the side of the bladder – semen – alcalic secrete
-helps with movement of sperms, provide nutritions 50 - 80 percent of ejaculate
Prostate gland
-20 g, produce some parts of semen – 15 – 30 percent of ejaculate,
-surrounds the ejaculatory ducts at the base of urethra (bellow bladder)
-urethra – channel which carries semen outside of the body through penis
-part of urinary system – channel through which urine passes as it leaves the bladder and exists the body
6. Characterize penis
-made of two parts: shaft and glans
-shaft - main part of the penis
-glans - is the tip, at the end of the glans is small slit or opening where semen and urine exit the body, inside the penis –
made of spongy tissue, can expand and contract
-foreskin - fold of skin at the end of the penis covering the glands
7. Describe some disorderes of male reproductive organs
- Testicular injury – mild injury can cause severe pain, bruising, or swelling
- Variocele – when varicose vein is abnormally swollen in the network of veins that run from
testicles
- Testicular cancer – most common cancer in men under 40yr

8. List sexually transmitted diseases

-HIV – human immunodeficiency virus
-AIDS – acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
-HPV – human papilloma virus
-syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhea (kvapavka) , herpes genitalis, hepatitis B, trichomonas vaginalis
9. List female reproductive organs – external and internal
-external - mons pubis, vulva: labia major, minor, clitoris, hymen
-internal - ovary, fallopian tubes (oviducts), uterus, vagina, atrium of vagina, cervix
10. Compare male and female reproductive system
-different in shape and structure
-male reproductive system – produces, stores and delivers sperm to fertilize the female egg
-female reproductive system – almost entirely hidden within the pelvis - produces eggs, provides a suitable environment
for fertilization, nourishes the developing embryo and gives birth
11. Describe mons pubis and external reproductive organs in female
Mons pubis
-inverted triangular area of fatty tissue covered by hair- bearing skin lying on top of pubic bone
-extends from pubic hairline to the glands of clitoris inferiorly
-labia major – two prominent longitudinal cutaneous folds located between the mons pubis and the perineum– area
between the anus and the scotum or vulva
External reproductive organs – called vulva
-located between legs, outer parts of vulva cover the opening to the narrow canal – vagina
-fleshy area located just above the top of the vaginal opening – mons pubis
-thin sheet of tissue which partially covers the opening of the vagina – hymen
-two pairs of skin flaps which surround the vaginal opening – labia major/minor
-clitoris – located toward the front of the vulva where the folds of the labia join, is small cylindrical structure similar to
male penis – contains erectile tissue
-inside the labia – openings to the urethra and vagina
12. Characterize vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries and breasts
Vagina - 8 – 12 cm long tubular structure, extends from vaginal opening to the uterus
-muscular walls lined with mucous membrane
-serves as female organ of copulation and birth canal
Uterus - first part – cervix – houses fetus during pregnancy and opens to the vagina
-long: 6-8 cm, wide: 4-5 cm
-shaped like inverted pear
-muscular, expandable organ with thick walls
-parts: fundus of uterus, body, endometrium, cervix
Fallopian tubes - upper part of the uterus, connect uterus with ovaries
Ovaries - two oval-shaped organs that lie to the right and left of the uterus
-produce, store and release eggs through the fallopian tubes into the uterus
-produce: estrogen and progesterone
Breasts - mammary glands inside the breast secrete milk after childbirth
 13. Disorderes of female reproductive organs
- Ovarian cysts – noncancerous sacs filled with fluid
- Tumors
- Vaginal bleeding – in premenstrual girls, due to the presence of a foreign body in the vagina, ex.
wadded-up toilet paper

14. Describe ovarian cycle

-follicular phase – growing and development of egg – result: graaf follicles
-ovulation – between 14th and 16th day graaf follicles burst and mature egg is released from ovary – egg is ready for
fertilization
-luteal phase – corpus luteum acts like endocrine gland – produces progesterone – last temporarily
-If fertilization does not occur it disappears and becomes corpus albicans and appears every 28 days
-If fertilization occurs it will last until the 4th month of pregnancy, it stops maturation of other follicles, and it became
corpus luteus graviditalis
15. Describe uterine – menstrual cycle – briefly
-characterized by morphological and physiological changes of uterus
-effected by hormones, corpus luteum, follicles
-mucus on the wall of uterus is getting prepared for receiving a fertilized egg
phases:
1. menstrual – 1st to 4th day of menstrual cycle, shedding of the uteral lining, bleeding from vagina, when lining of
uterus is detached bleeding stops
2. proliferative – 5th to 14th day, effect of estrogen of mature follicles, first part is regeneration – lasts 2 days –
regenerative epithel covers the uterus, then mucus is produced and becomes thicker
3. secretory – from 15th to 28th day, effected by progesterone, mucus and wall of uterus become thicker, covered by
secretions and supported by blood, getting ready to receive a fertilized egg
4. ischemic
-28th day, if egg was not fertilized, corpus luteus disappears and the level of hormones become lower

16. Characterise ontogenesis in human

- The development of an organism from fertilization until the organism dies
- Development before birth – prenatal
- Development after birth - postnatal
17. Describe process of prenatal development in human
- Zygote – undergoes process of division and form different levels of organisation of the cells
1st stage : MORULA – consists of 16 blastomers. Morula moves into the uterus,and lasts from 70
– 80 hours
2nd stage: BLASTOCYST – a round structure with a small cavity, between the 6th and 7th day,
it is able to attach to the wall of the uterus, this process lasts 5 days
3rd stage: GASTRULA – differentiation of embryoblast and the formation of 3 embrional
layers: endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm.

- nutrition of embryo
- occurs through the wall of the blastocyst from the mucus membrane of the uterus from glands
and blood vessels – it is called histiotrophic state of nutrition
- placenta
- - in the further development villi of the uterus are formed, and from these villi blood flows into
the chorionic villi, which are the part of the placenta. Chorionic villi are part of the fetal placenta.
This is called the hemotrophic state of nutrition.
- After the 2nd month, the fetus receives nutrition through the PLACENTA. It is fully developed
in the 4th month of pregnancy.
 - Human placenta:
- Chorion disc, villi, umbilical cord
- Umbilical cord provides contact between the fetus and the mother organism
- Development inside of uterus ends after birth

18. Characterise the phases of labor

1. stage – opening of the cervix – latent phase
- The first stage is the longest part of labor and can last from 12 to 20 hours.
- It begins when the cervix starts to open and ends when it is completely open - at 10 centimeters.
- Contractions get stronger as time progresses. Mild contractions begin 15 to 20 minutes apart and
last 60 to 90 seconds.
- The contractions become more regular until they are less than 5 minutes apart. This part of labor
(called the Latent Phase) is usually experienced in the comfort of your home.
- Membranes break down and amniotic fluid is discharged. Contractions are affected by the
hormone oxytocine

2. The Second Stage of Labor (Delivery)

- The second stage of labor begins when the cervix is fully open at 10 centimeters.

- This stage continues until your baby passes through the birth canal, vagina, and is born.

- This stage may last one to two hours or longer.

- Contractions may feel different from the initial stage of labor. The First inhalation of the baby starts the functioning
of lungs.

3. The Third Stage of Labor - placental

- The third stage of labor begins after the baby is born and ends when the placenta separates from the wall of the
uterus and is passed through the vagina, and also birth membranes.

- This stage is often called delivery of the "afterbirth" and is the shortest stage of labor.

- It may last from a few minutes to 10 minutes. You will feel contractions, but they will be less painful. This phase is
followed by puerperium – šestonedelie.

- It is the process of uterus regeneration and changing of pregnancy features and hormones in the mother’s organism.

19. Characterise different stages of postnatal development in human

1.Newborn: novorodenec
- until the 28th day after being born
- the size of the newborn baby is around 51 cm ( and 3,500g)
- body proportion includes a relatively big head, long torso and short extremities
- reflexes: sucking, respiratory, swallowing, and gripping.
2. Infant: dojča
- until the 1st year of life
- the size of the body 75 cm and 10 kg
- the only source of food is the mother´s milk
- the first period is characterized by intensive growth and development of the nervous system, as well as feeling.
- first primary – milk teeth appear
- baby can sit, stand , and crawl
3. Toddler: batoľa
- until the 3rd year of life
- progress in speech formation, functioning of particular organs, motor and neuropsychical development
- all milk teeth are formed entirely
- fontanela is being closed – veľký lupienok na lebke
Fontanela je väzivový lupienok, ktorý sa nachádza u dieťaťa na lebke medzi jednotlivými kosťami. Postupne však osifikuje a v dvoch
rokoch už sú kosti úplne zrastené. Existuje fontanela čelná (fonticulus frontalis), fontanela záhlavná (fonticilus occipitalis), fontanela
klinová (fonticulus sphenoidalis) a fontanela postranná (fonticulus mastoideus). Fontanely sú významné predovšetkým počas pôrodu ,
pretože sa vďaka nim môžu jednotlivé lebečné kosti priblížiť a zúžiť tak lebku
4. Pre-school age: predškolský vek
- until the age of 6
- formation of behaviour, progress in the development of the nervous system
- body proportions are changing - the first change of the body (thin and longer torso and longer extremities)
- development of permanent teeth
5. Young school age: mladší školský vek
- until the age of 10
- permanent teeth have developed
- social development and also learning
6. Late school year: neskorší školský vek
- from 11 to 15 years of age
- period of puberty
- merphological, physiological and mental changes – psychical changes
- development of sexual characteristics in both girls and boys
- high production of hormones, development of reproduction, psycho – sexual development
7. Youth: mladosť
- from 16 to 21 years old
- ossification of bones ends
- growth is slowed down and at the end permanently stopped
8. Adulthood: Dospelosť
- ends at age 60
- organism is fully developed
- end of development of nervous system
- the highest physical and mental activity of a human
- from age 20 – 25 ideal for maternity
- 1. Fully matured adult by age 30
2. Maturity till 45
3. Middle- aged – till 60
9. Old age: Staroba
- starts after 60 years of age
- activity of organs slow down