PHYSICS SCRAPBOOK

(E-BOOK)

NAME: IKMAL HAMZAH BIN ISMAIL KHAIRI

MATRIC NO.: A240024
CLASS: FOUNDATION 1 ABU BAKAR
TITLE: THE SOLAR SYSTEM
LECTURER: DR. FAZIDAH MOHD IDRIS
 CONTENTS

ITEM PAGE

1. ADKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2

2. THE SOLAR SYSTEM 3

3. DID YOU KNOW? 7

4. INAQ 8

5. REFERENCES 9

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Alhamdulillah. Grateful to the Divine Providence for His permission I be able to
complete my scrapbook for the subject of The Solar System.
On this occasion, I would like to thank all those involved in making this
scrapbook possible. Especially to my lecturer, Dr. Fazidah Mohd Idris, as she
has given me a lot of guidance throughout the process in finish this
scrapbook. Her guidance has helped me a lot in fulfilling this entrusted task.
Furthermore, I would also like to thank all my family members who have
provided so much moral and support to accomplish this task.
In addition, I thank my colleagues for their generous support. This message is
also addressed to all parties involved in finishing this scrapbook either directly
or indirectly.

Thank you.

2
 THE SOLAR SYSTEM
Introduction
A solar system is a group of planets and other bodies that revolve around a
star. Our solar system has one star, eight planets, five officially named dwarf
planets, hundreds of moons, thousands of comets, and more than a million
asteroids. It is located in the Milky Way, a barred spiral galaxy with two major
arms, and two minor arms.

The Sun
• A star in the middle of the Solar System with temperatures above 6000°C.
• Its relative mass is approximately 333,000 Earth Masses (1.989 × 1030 kg)
and makes 99.8% of the Solar System's total mass.
• Has a diameter of 1.39 million km.
• All of the Solar Systems’ planets revolve around the Sun.
• Provides heat and light for life on Earth to survive.

Mercury
• The closest planet to the Sun (58 million km)
• Relative mass: 0.0553 Earth Masses (3.301×1023 kg)
• Diameter: 4,879 km
• Gravitational pull: 3.7 m s-2
• Average surface temperature: (430°C) during the day, (-180°C) at night
• Duration of a year (in Earth days): 88 days
• Duration and speed of one rotation: 58 days 16 hours, 10.83 km h-1
• Number of satellites or moons: 0
• Surface: Rocky and heavily cratered

Venus
• The second planet away from the Sun (108 million km)
• Relative mass: 0.815 Earth Masses (4.867×1024 kg)
• Diameter: 12,104 km
• Gravitational pull: 8.87 m s-2
• Average surface temperature: 471°C
• Duration of a year (in Earth days): 225 days
• Duration and speed of one rotation: 243 days 26 minutes, 1,574 km h-1
• Number of satellites or moons: 0
• Surface: Rocky with volcanoes and thick clouds of sulfuric acid.

Earth
• The third planet away from the Sun (150 million km)
• Relative mass: 1 Earth Mass (5.972×1024 kg)
• Diameter: 12,756 km
3
 • Gravitational pull: 9.81 m s-2
• Average surface temperature: 16°C
• Duration of a year (in Earth days): 365 days
• Duration and speed of one rotation: 23 hours 56 minutes, 1,574 km h-1
• Number of satellites or moons: 1
• Surface: Diverse, with water covering about 71%

Mars
• The fourth planet away from the Sun (228 million km)
• Relative mass: 0.107 Earth Masses (6.417×1023 kg)
• Diameter: 6,794 km
• Gravitational pull: 3.71 m s-2
• Average surface temperature: -28°C
• Duration of a year (in Earth days): 687 days
• Duration and speed of one rotation: 24 hours 36 minutes, 866 km h-1
• Number of satellites or moons: 2
• Surface: Rocky and covered with iron (III) oxide dust, giving it its reddish
appearance

Jupiter
• The fifth planet away from the Sun (778 million km)
• Relative mass: 317.8 Earth Masses (1.899×1027 kg)
• Diameter: 142,980 km
• Gravitational pull: 24.79 m s-2
• Average surface temperature: -108°C
• Duration of a year (in Earth days): 4,333 days
• Duration and speed of one rotation: 9 hours 55 minutes, 45,583 km h-1
• Number of satellites or moons: 95
• Surface: Gas giant with no solid surface; composed mainly of hydrogen
and helium

Saturn
• The sixth planet away from the Sun (1.43 billion km)
• Relative mass: 95.2 Earth Masses (5.685×1026 kg)
• Diameter: 120,540 km
• Gravitational pull: 10.44 m s-2
• Average surface temperature: -138°C
• Duration of a year (in Earth days): 10,759 days
• Duration and speed of one rotation: 10 hours 33 minutes, 36,840 km h-1
• Number of satellites or moons: 146
• Surface: Gas giant with no solid surface; famous for its ring system

4
Uranus
• The seventh planet away from the Sun (2.87 billion km)
• Relative mass: 14.5 Earth Masses (8.682×1025 kg)
• Diameter: 51,120 km
• Gravitational pull: 8.87 m s-2
• Average surface temperature: -195°C
• Duration of a year (in Earth days): 30,687 days
• Duration and speed of one rotation: 17 hours 14 minutes, 14,794 km h-1
• Number of satellites or moons: 28
• Surface: Ice giant with a rocky core surrounded by water, ammonia, and
methane ices, which gives it a blue colour

Neptune
• The farthest planet away from the Sun (4.5 billion km)
• Relative mass: 17.1 Earth Masses (1.024×1026 kg)
• Diameter: 49,530 km
• Gravitational pull: 11.15 m s-2
• Average surface temperature: -214°C
• Duration of a year (in Earth days): 60,190 days
• Duration and speed of one rotation: 16 hours, 9,719 km h-1
• Number of satellites or moons: 16
• Surface: Ice giant similar to Uranus

Comparison Of Planet Distance from The Sun

Distance Unit Astronomical Light years Kilometres (km)
Planet Unit (AU)

Mercury 0.39 AU 6.12 ×10-6 light years 58 million km

(3.3 light minutes)
Venus 0.72 AU 1.14 ×10-5 light years 108 million km
(6 light minutes)
Earth 1.00 AU 1.58 ×10-5 light years 150 million km
(8.3 light minutes)
Mars 1.52 AU 2.42 × 10-5 light years 228 million km
(12.7 light minutes)
Jupiter 5.20 AU 8.23 × 10-5 light years 778 million km
(43 light minutes)
Saturn 9.54 AU 1.505 × 10-4 light years 1.43 billion km
(1.3 light hours)
Uranus 19.22 AU 3.027 × 10-4 light years 2.87 billion km
(2.7 light hours)
Neptune 30.06 AU 4.746 × 10-4 light years 4.5 billion km
(4.2 light hours)

1 AU = Average distance between the Earth and the Sun (150 million km)
1 light minute = Distance of light travelled in 1 minute (18 million km)
1 light hour = Distance of light travelled in 1 hour (1.1 billion km)
1 light year = Distance of light travelled in 1 year (9.46 trillion km)
5
Converting Units
1 Light year = 63 240 AU
AU = Light years × 63 240
Light years = AU / 63 240
1 light year = 9.46 trillion km
Kilometres = Light years × 9.46 trillion
Light Years = Kilometres / 9.46 trillion
1 AU = 150 million km
AU = Kilometres × 150 million
Kilometres = AU / 150 million

Relationship Between the Temperature of a Planet and The Sun

• The temperature of a planet depends on its distance from the Sun.
• Earth is hotter than Mars as its distance from the Sun is closer than Mars’s.
• Jupiter is colder than Earth as its distance from the Sun is farther than
Earth’s.
• Mercury is closer to the Sun, but Venus is the hottest planet as it has a
thick atmosphere mostly made of carbon dioxide, which traps heat very
well unlike Mercury’s thin atmosphere.
• Neptune is farther from the Sun, but Uranus is the coldest planet as its
atmosphere, made mostly of hydrogen and helium, doesn't hold heat
as well as Neptune's methane-filled atmosphere.

Relationship Between Density and Gravitational Pull of The Planets

• The gravity on the surface of a planet depends on its mass and density.
• The gravity of Mercury and Mars is lower than Earth as their masses is
lower than Earth.
• The gravity of Venus is almost same as Earth as their mass is almost same.
• The gravity of Jupiter is much higher than Earth as the mass is extremely
high.
• Saturn, Uranus and Neptune have high mass, but the gravity is not as
high as Earth because these 'giant gas' planets have low density.

Relationship Between Distance, Time and Speed

• The further a planet is from the Sun, the more time it needs to orbit the
Sun.
• Mercury has the shortest year as it is the closest to the Sun.
• Neptune has the longest year as it is the farthest from the Sun.

6
 DID YOU KNOW?
• Mercury has extreme temperatures. Daytime temperatures can reach
up to 430°C, while nighttime temperatures can drop to -180°C due to its
thin atmosphere.
• Venus is often called Earth's "sister planet" because of its similar size and
mass.
• Venus rotates in the opposite direction to most planets, meaning the Sun
rises in the west and sets in the east.
• Earth is the only known planet where water exists in liquid form on the
surface, supporting life.
• Mars has the largest volcano (Olympus Mons) and canyon (Valles
Marineris) in the Solar System.
• Jupiter’s famous Great Red Spot has been raging for at least 350 years
and is three times larger than Earth.
• Saturn's rings are made of ice and rock and are the most extensive ring
system in the Solar System.
• Saturn is less dense than water, meaning it would float if placed in a large
enough body of water.
• Uranus has an extreme axial tilt of 98°, causing it to essentially orbit the
Sun on its side.
• Neptune has some of the strongest winds in the Solar System, reaching
speeds of over 2,000 km h-1.
• Pluto was classified as a planet until 2006, when it was reclassified as a
dwarf planet by the International Astronomical Union (IAU).
• Pluto's orbit is highly elliptical, sometimes bringing it closer to the Sun than
Neptune.

7
 INAQ

ْ َ‫س َوالْقَ َم َر ۖ كُ ٌّل فِي فَلَ ٍك ي‬

" ‫سبَ ُحو َن‬ َ ‫ق اللَّيْ َل َوالنَّ َها َر َوالشَّ ْم‬
َ َ‫"وهُ َو الَّذِي َخل‬
َ
[Surah Al-Anbiya: 33]

Translation: "And it is He who created the night and the day and the sun
and the moon; all [the heavenly bodies] in an orbit are swimming."
This verse emphasizes that all celestial bodies, including planets, move in
orbits, reflecting the Quran’s recognition of the ordered nature of the
universe.

8
 REFERENCES

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System
• https://app.pandai.org/note/read/kssm-sc-08-12-01/kssm-f2-sc-12/sistem-suria
• https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/
• https://www.ck12.org/flexi/earth-science/planets-of-the-solar-system/what-is-
the-distance-of-each-planet-from-the-sun/
• https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/moons/
• https://web.pa.msu.edu/people/frenchj/solarsystemscale/
• https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/years-on-other-planets/en/
• https://chatgpt.com
• https://quran.com/en/al-anbya/33/
• https://www.canva.com/design/DAGFfuQsQNs/hpdMSBr-
1UJrsOgFO1UgHw/edit?utm_content=DAGFfuQsQNs&utm_campaign=design
share&utm_medium=link2&utm_source=sharebutton
• https://www.canva.com/design/DAGHXvRM8tA/9jRxm6rBPOEFaNxnz4tpjQ/e
dit?utm_content=DAGHXvRM8tA&utm_campaign=designshare&utm_mediu
m=link2&utm_source=sharebutton
• https://www.canva.com/design/DAGHVDGAB8g/bpeHrlen_AIa_LnUPhnycQ/
edit?utm_content=DAGHVDGAB8g&utm_campaign=designshare&utm_medi
um=link2&utm_source=sharebutton/