PATHOGENS

PRIORITIZATION
A SCIENTIFIC FRAMEWORK
FOR EPIDEMIC AND PANDEMIC
RESEARCH PREPAREDNESS

JUNE 2024
 TABLE OF CONTENTS African Region
30

Region of the Americas

31
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4
Eastern Mediterranean Region
32
Identifying priorities using the Pathogen Family approach 10
European Region
33
Independent Family Expert Groups (FEGs) examined the
evidence and reviewed individual Families and pathogens,
South-East Asia Region
and the scientific knowledge gaps that need to be addressed 10 34

Family Expert Groups (FEGs) methodology Western Pacific Region

10 35

The Prioritization Advisory Committee (PAC) took a broad KEY COLLABORATIVE GLOBAL RESEARCH ACTIONS
view across all Families and pathogens and outlined priority ACROSS FAMILIES AND PATHOGENS 37
research to accelerate the development and evaluation
challenges of medical countermeasures Collaboration, collaboration, collaboration… 37
14

R for RESEARCH for all Families 17 Collaborative Open Research Consortium (CORC) for each
Priority Pathogen Family 37
Proactive pathogen discovery & Surveillance
19
A navigator’s approach to guide research efforts 38
Targeted basic research
20 Preparing for the inevitable 38

Translational research and product development Accelerating evaluation and deployment of MCMs
20
in the context of epidemics and pandemics 41
Establishing robust clinical trial capabilities and deployment
strategies 20 ANNEX 1. SCIENTISTS WHO EVALUATED THE EVIDENCE
RELATED TO 28 VIRAL FAMILIES AND ONE CORE GROUP OF
Collaborative research BACTERIA, ENCOMPASSING 1,652 PATHOGENS 44
20
ANNEX 2. PRIORITIZATION ADVISORY COMMITTEE (PAC) 51
D for DEVELOPMENT of MCMs against known threats 21

D+ for DEVELOPMENT of MCMs for Prototype Pathogens 24 ANNEX 3. SUMMARY OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INFORMATION ON
PROPOSED PRIORITY PATHOGENS 58
R&D - PREPARING FOR THE INEVITABLE 27
ANNEX 4. CURRENT LANDSCAPE OF CANDIDATE VACCINES
A GLOBAL AND A REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE 29 AND THERAPEUTICS FOR PROPOSED PRIORITY PATHOGENS 60

A scientific framework for epidemic & pandemic preparedness

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY BOX 1 The streetlight effect officials might focus their efforts on
illuminated areas where it is easiest
The metaphor of looking for lost keys to search, rather than where the
The WHO R&D Blueprint for Epidemics has access to MCMs during pandemics, some under a streetlamp – often referred to actual answers might lie. This
a primary goal to accelerate the have emphasized the importance of speed as the 'streetlight effect' – is a proposed Family approach to
development of medical countermeasures and sometimes cost in responding to powerful illustration of the ongoing identifying the next pandemic
(MCMs). Since 2015, its primary goal is to future pandemics. It is equally important challenges and biases in identifying pathogen emphasizes the
make these countermeasures available for in considering the entire value chain to the pathogen that will cause the next importance of broadening our
diseases with epidemic and pandemic take a broader view that recognizes the pandemic. This metaphor highlights perspective strategically.
potential, thereby contributing to the primary importance of quality, equity in how researchers and public health
prevention of Public Health Emergencies access, and trust in the product's safety
of International Concern (PHEICs) and and efficacy. Preparations and
saving lives during outbreaks. The WHO implementation of pandemic response
R&D Blueprint for Epidemics functions as a thus should be country-centered, Preparing fot the next pandemic threat
D
global platform for research and transparent, and collaborative.
development collaboration, stressing the
significance of international cooperation in
expediting the research and development
By prioritizing research on entire pathogen
Families as opposed to a handful of
D+ PRIORITY pathogens
Recognized pathogens anticipated to
pose a significant public health threat
PROTOTYPE pathogens
of medical countermeasures (MCMs) to individual pathogens, this strategy bolsters Representative pathogens from families
with PHEIC and pandemic potential
respond to epidemics and pandemics. At the capability to respond efficiently to
the core of its efforts lies the concept of unforeseen variants, emerging pathogens,
'pathogen prioritization'. This document zoonotic transmissions, and unknown
outlines the findings of a global pathogen threats such as 'Pathogen X.' It also
prioritization process involving over 200 emphasizes the need for prompt R&D for the inevitable
scientists from more than 50 countries identification and characterization of PATHOGEN X
who evaluated the evidence related to 28 emerging threats, the streamlining of
Viral Families and one core group of
Bacteria, encompassing 1,652 pathogens.
global R&D efforts, via collaborative and
efficient research roadmaps and the
R for Research across all FAMILIES
regardless of perceived PHEIC/pandemic potential
This process emphasized the imperative integration of research into outbreak and
nature of collaborative efforts to attain pandemic response. The widespread
global resilience against epidemics and geographic distribution of the viral and Imagine scientists and public health officials as individuals searching for the
pandemics. bacterial families and pathogens identified "lost keys" (the next pandemic pathogen). The area illuminated by the
in this report, with several known to "streetlight" represents the Priority Pathogens, well-studied pathogens with
The approach used advocates for a circulate across diverse nations and readily accessible data that indicate their risk of causing a PHEIC or a
scientific framework to enhance regions globally, underscores the pivotal pandemic. We can expand the lighted area a bit by researching the Prototype
preparedness for forthcoming outbreaks, role of global initiatives in linking national Pathogens and using them as pathfinders within Families to expand our
Public Health Emergencies of and regional research actions. Significantly, knowledge and understanding. Neglecting the “Dark Areas” is not advisable
International Concern (PHEICs), and the strategy advocates for decentralized given the uncertainty about which pathogen will indeed cause the next PHEIC
pandemics by focusing on research of Viral collaborative approaches and supporting or pandemic. The “Dark Areas” in this metaphor include many regions,
and Bacterial Families, rather than isolated research efforts in areas critical for particularly in resource-scarce settings with high biodiversity, which are still
pathogens deemed to present global risks. pandemic research preparedness. This under-monitored and under-studied. These areas might harbour novel
comprehensive approach aims to foster pathogens, but the lack of infrastructure and resources makes it difficult to
It also emphasizes the critical necessity for international collaboration by establishing conduct comprehensive research. The focus on known pathogens can lead to a
investments in research, development, and a global framework for researchers, neglect of emerging or re-emerging pathogens that have not yet caused
innovation on an international scale, developers, policymakers, funders, significant outbreaks but have the potential to do so.
underscoring the need to uphold manufacturers, and institutions, fostering a
fundamental principles. Within this collaborative space to advance research Therefore, the proposed approach of supporting research in all families,
context of numerous collaborative across all Viral and Bacterial Families, as regardless of their pandemic potential, helps mitigate the risk of missing
initiatives striving to support MCM R&D well as R&D for Priority and Prototype potential pandemic pathogens that might be lurking in the "dark areas"
during epidemics and pandemics, pathogens. beyond the immediate reach of current surveillance systems and research
regarding a collaborative effort to ensure efforts.

4 5
The Prioritization meeting held on 9-10 Lastly, besides the pathogens listed in
May 2024 engaged all collaborators in the 2018, the WHO R&D Blueprint for
Pathogen Prioritization process to further Epidemics has supported R&D efforts for
develop a strategy that advocates for Plague, SARS CoV2 and Monkeypox
research spanning various pathogen following the declaration of outbreaks,
families based on our existing PHEICs, or pandemics and considering
understanding of their pandemic the lack of suitable MCMs.
potential. This strategy also emphasizes
research and development efforts aimed
at readiness for both anticipated and
unanticipated threats by focusing on
entire families, Prototype Pathogens, and
Priority Pathogens.

The continuous revision of this strategy

will facilitate the ongoing assessment of
risks associated with emerging infectious
diseases and advancements in scientific
research.

The global health landscape is subject to

constant evolution, with the potential
emergence of new pathogens and
evolution in the threat levels posed by
existing ones. These developments play a
crucial role in shaping strategies to tackle
emerging challenges. The strategy
adopted demonstrates a proactive stance
towards addressing emerging infectious
diseases, as well as improving global
research and development preparedness
and response capabilities. Nota Bene
As scientific understanding deepens, viruses are
renamed, or currently classified as members of one
Table 1 compares the results of previous family may be moved or adopted into another family, or
R&D Blueprint for Epidemics Priority be put into a completely new family of their own. In this
document, an effort was made to refer to the most
Pathogen lists in 2017 and 2018 with the recent recommendations of the International
results from 2024. Following the Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)3. However, to
finalization of the list of Families, Priority facilitate the readers’ review, we have created a
“translation table” (Table 14) that provides the MSL39 Viral
pathogens, and Prototype Pathogens, the Species name and reference to the previous, perhaps
combinations were arranged by family more familiar, names of the various viruses.
and alphabetical order.

ht ps:/www.who.int/publications/m/item/an-r d-blueprint-for-action-to-prevent-epidemics- update-2017

1
Importantly, the outputs in 2024
incorporate for the first time the concept
of the Family approach and the addition

htps:/w w. ho.int/activties/prio tizng-disease -for-es arch-and- ev lopment-inemergency-contexts

of the Prototype Pathogen. Some of the
2
“new” Priority Pathogens incorporated in
the 2024 outputs were noted in 2017 and
or 2018 as pathogens of concern or as
outside the remit of the WHO R&D
Blueprint for Epidemics1,2.
3 https://ictv.global/

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Table 1. Families and Pathogens that were prioritized in the 2024 update, as compared
with the 2017 and 2018 prioritization processes4.

2017 2018 2024 2017 2018 2024

Priority Priority Priority Prototype Priority Priority Priority Prototype
Family PHEIC risk Family PHEIC risk
Pathogens Pathogens Pathogens Pathogens Pathogens Pathogens Pathogens Pathogens
Recombinant Paslahepevirus
Adenoviridae Low-Medium Hepeviridae Low
Mastadenovirus balayani genotype 3
Mastadenovirus Herpesviridae Low
Adenoviridae Low-Medium blackbeardi Crimean Congo Crimean Congo Orthonairovirus Orthonairovirus
serotype 14 Nairoviridae High
Haemorrhagic Fever Haemorrhagic Fever haemorrhagiae haemorrhagiae
Anelloviridae Low
Alphainfluenzavirus Alphainfluenzavirus
Arenaviral Orthomyxoviridae High
Mammarenavirus Mammarenavirus Influenzae H1 Influenzae H1
Arenaviridae hemorrhagic fevers Lassa Fever virus High Alphainfluenzavirus
lassaense lassaense Orthomyxoviridae High
including Lassa Fever Influenzae H2
Mammarenavirus Alphainfluenzavirus
Arenaviridae High Orthomyxoviridae High
juninense Influenzae H3
Mammarenavirus Alphainfluenzavirus Alphainfluenzavirus
Arenaviridae High Orthomyxoviridae High
lujoense Influenzae H5 Influenzae H5
Mamastrovirus Alphainfluenzavirus
Astroviridae Low Orthomyxoviridae High
virginiaense Influenzae H6
Vibrio cholerae Alphainfluenzavirus
Bacteria High Orthomyxoviridae High
serogroup 0139 Influenzae H7
Alphainfluenzavirus
Bacteria High Yersinia Pestis Orthomyxoviridae High
Influenzae H10
Shigella dysenteriae Papillomaviridae Low
Bacteria High
serotype 1 Nipah and related Nipah and Henipavirus Henipavirus
Paramyxoviridae High
Salmonella enterica henipaviral diseases henipaviral diseases nipahense nipahense
Bacteria High non typhoidal Protoparvovirus
Parvoviridae Low
serovars carnivoran
Klebsiella Orthobunyavirus
Bacteria High Peribunyaviridae Low
pneumoniae oropoucheense
Severe Fever with
Orthobornavirus Bandavirus Bandavirus
Bornaviridae Low Phenuiviridae Thrombocytopenia High
bornaense dabieense dabieense
Syndrome
Middle East Phenuiviridae Rift Valley Fever Rift Valley Fever High Phlebovirus riftense
Middle East
Respiratory Subgenus Subgenus Orthopicobirnavirus
Coronaviridae Respiratory Syndrome High Picobirnaviridae Low
Syndrome Merbecovirus Merbecovirus hominis
Coronavirus
Coronavirus Enterovirus
Picornaviridae Medium
coxsackiepol
Other highly
Enterovirus
pathogenic Severe Acute Picornaviridae Medium
Subgenus Subgenus alphacoxsackie 71
Coronaviridae coronaviral diseases Respiratory High
Sarbecovirus Sarbecovirus Enterovirus
such as Severe Acute Syndrome Picornaviridae Medium
deconjucti 68
Respiratory Syndrome Metapneumovirus
Pneumoviridae Low-Medium
Filoviral diseases Orthoebolavirus Orthoebolavirus hominis
Filoviridae Ebola virus disease High Polyomaviridae Low
Ebola zairense zairense
Filoviral diseases Orthomarburgvirus Poxviridae High Orthopoxvirus variola
Filoviridae Marburg virus disease High Orthopoxvirus
Marburg marburgense Poxviridae High
vaccinia
Orthoebolavirus
Filoviridae High Orthopoxvirus Orthopoxvirus
sudanense Poxviridae High
monkeypox monkeypox
Orthoflavivirus Orthoflavivirus
Flaviviridae Zika virus Zika virus High
zikaense zikaense Retroviridae Medium Lentivirus humimdef1 Lentivirus humimdef1
Orthoflavivirus Orthoflavivirus
Flaviviridae High Rhabdoviridae Low Genus Vesiculovirus
denguei denguei
Flaviviridae High Orthoflavivirus flavi Sedoreoviridae Low Genus Rotavirus
Orthoflavivirus Orthoreovirus
Flaviviridae High Spinareoviridae Low
encephalitidis mammalis
Flaviviridae High Orthoflavivirus nilense Alphavirus Alphavirus
Togaviridae High
chikungunya chikungunya
Orthohantavirus Orthohantavirus Alphavirus Alphavirus
Hantaviridae High Togaviridae High
sinnombreense sinnombreense venezuelan venezuelan
Orthohantavirus Pathogen X Pathogen X Pathogen X Pathogen X
Hantaviridae High
hantanense
Orthohepadnavirus
Hepadnaviridae Low hominoidei
genotype C

https:/ www.who.int/activities/prioritizing-diseases-for-research-and-development-in-emergency-contexts
4

8 9
 Figure 1. Overview of the prioritization process within each of the FEGs
Identifying priorities using the Pathogen
Family approach
Independent Family Expert Groups The aim was to foster a consensus
(FEGs) examined the evidence and development process that was
reviewed individual Families and transparent and well-documented. The
pathogens, and the scientific recognized Delphi method was used,
knowledge gaps that need to be starting with participants giving
addressed independent answers to a series of
questions, and then receiving
Starting in late 2022, over 200 scientists anonymized feedback in the form of
from 54 countries evaluated the evidence frequency distributions of pre-coded
related to 28 Viral Families and one core answers and free-text comments from the
group of Bacteria, encompassing 1,652 rest of the group. Our process followed
pathogens (Annex 1). The overall aim of this by at least one meeting (often two or
FEGs was to assemble and debate the more) to discuss and conclude on
current knowledge that would provide consensus recommendations. This
the foundation for the Families and process has the advantage of providing
Pathogens selection and prioritization. within each FEG: a) some limits on the
influence of groupthink and context for
Family Expert Groups (FEGs) dominating views; b) an indication of how
methodology. many experts felt the available knowledge
made them able to answer each question;
Thousands of known viruses and bacteria and c) an indication of the extent of
can infect humans, but only a relatively consensus.
small number have caused pandemics or
large-scale epidemics in history. Much of Potential chairpersons for each group
the information required for were contacted by the WHO Secretariat,
decision-making on many pathogens is from a pool of global experts for each
either unavailable, not documented in the family. Each chairperson was invited to
A review of the International After this step, each member of every
literature, or not conducive to systematic contribute to identifying the expertise
Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses FEG independently completed an
review. The specific number of pathogens needed for each FEG. Potential experts
list5 (2022) helped create an initial online questionnaire for each
to consider can change over time as our that matched those knowledge needs
comprehensive list of viral families pathogen on the agreed list. The
comprehension of infectious diseases were approached by the WHO Secretariat,
containing pathogens that can infect questionnaire was tested with the
expands and as new pathogens emerge based primarily on their scientific
humans and have the potential to assistance of a dozen global experts,
or known ones evolve. expertise, but also aiming to achieve
cause outbreaks. and the final version incorporated the
overall balance in terms of gender and
feedback received.
Family Expert Groups (FEGs) were representativeness of all world regions. To
At their first meeting experts within
established for 28 viral families and one facilitate the latter, the meetings of the
each FEG, experts reviewed the initial The first section of the questionnaire
for bacteria. The expectation was that FEGs were all conducted online. Experts
list of pathogens in their family and included technical questions that
there would be enough common ground signed Declarations of Conflict of Interest
eliminated those considered (based assessed current knowledge (Figure 2).
within each FEG to allow consensus to and Confidentiality Disclosure
on current knowledge) to have very
emerge and to provide a basis for defining Agreements as per WHO guidelines.
low or no epidemic or pandemic
the risks associated with the various
potential. They noted the reasons for
pathogens in each family and for
their elimination. The bacterial FEG
selecting priority pathogens, prototype
also compiled a list of bacterial 5
pathogens, and potential Pathogen X.
pathogens considered to have PHEIC https://ictv.global/
or pandemic potential (Figure 1).

10 11
 Figure 2. Evidence elements considered to assess a pathogen’s potential to cause a Figure 3. Operational definitions used6
PHEIC or pandemic
OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS USED

PRIORITY PRIORITY PROTOTYPE PATHOGEN

FAMILY PATHOGEN PATHOGEN X

A family that contains Existing knowledge of Representative There is evidence to

at least one Priority patterns of pathogens within a suggest that this
Pathogen that can transmission, family selected to pathogen is not
cause a PHEIC (or a virulence, and access serve as a model for currently a PHEIC
pandemic) as defined to MCMs suggests a fundamental research threat. However, given
by the International Pathogen can cause a & translational significant but
Health Regulations. PHEIC (or a research to develop plausible changes in
pandemic) MCMMs that can be biology and current
patterns of
applied to other
transmission and/or
members of the
virulence it couls
family
become a Pathogen X
threat in the future

The second section necessitated expert opportunity for deliberation on the

adjudication, soliciting comprehensive potential exclusion of certain pathogens In addition, some pathogens were These recommendations laid the
evaluations to determine whether each that were determined to pose no designated as Cause for Concern. These groundwork for the final discussions of
pathogen warranted inclusion in either of significant threats upon further pathogens are characterized by limited the overarching Prioritization Advisory
two categories: (i) if there existed evaluation. Following this, participants in existing knowledge of transmission, Committee (PAC) when all FEGs were
substantial evidence indicating its high each FEG completed a post-screening virulence, and MCMs, which prevents joined by additional experts to conclude
transmissibility and virulence, capable of survey for each remaining pathogen, them from being categorized elsewhere. the results of the prioritization process.
triggering a PHEIC or a pandemic if left which encompassed supplementary However, current understanding gives
unchecked, and (ii) if available evidence inquiries and an expanded evaluation cause for concern, nonetheless.
was inadequate to support classification segment.
under (i), but sufficient to raise concerns During the FEGs’ final meetings, reports
and potentially qualify as Pathogen X Each participant was requested to furnish prepared by the WHO Secretariat on the
(refer to operational definition provided a risk assessment for each pathogen, responses to the questionnaires and used
below). taking into account the probability of to debate the risk assessments, and the
triggering a PHEIC or a pandemic, by listings by individual group members
In each Functional Expert Group (FEG), evaluating its transmission capabilities, were discussed. Each FEG provided
participants received individual virulence, and the accessibility of MCMs. A recommendations regarding which
anonymized feedback on their group rating ranging from 1 to 5 (indicating very pathogens should be categorized.
outcomes. Subsequently, a deliberation low to very high risk) or "insufficient data"
session was held, allowing members the to render a judgment was employed.
option to amend their initial responses.
Upon the conclusion of this revision Subsequently, members of the FEG were
phase, the WHO Secretariat reviewed inquired about their inclination to
each survey for comprehensiveness and endorse each pathogen for any of the
to document any open-ended remarks. listed below (see Figure 3), utilizing the 6

The surveys were then finalized to prevent

any further modifications. In certain
groups, there was an additional
provided definitions aimed at enhancing
uniformity within and across FEGs. https:/ www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/emergencies-international-health-regulations-and-emergency-commit ees#
12 13
 The Prioritization Advisory Committee (PAC) took a broad view across all Families
and pathogens and outlined priority research to accelerate the development and
evaluation challenges of medical countermeasures The ISARIC analysis of the FEG members' responses to questionnaires and outcomes
also uncovered a small list of pathogens with similar scores from the experts’ answers
The meeting of the PAC in 2024 served as the culmination of the process initiated in in the categories of Family risk and Priority Pathogens but which were not included in
late 2022. It provided an opportunity to share the outcomes across various viral and the FEGs recommendations. Those pathogens were considered again on Day 2.
bacterial families and finalize the prioritization process (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Objectives of the PAC deliberations Figure 5. The approach used for the deliberations of the PAC

Approach used for the PAC’s deliberations

It was planned that the final advancing the development of MCMs and
recommendations would be informed delineating actions required for each
by the recommendations of each family regarding basic research,
individual FEG but adjusted once a final surveillance, diagnostics, vaccine
review of all families by the PAC development, and antivirals.
members takes place.
PAC members welcomed the regional
On Day 2, deliberations delved deeper analyses and emphasized the varying
into the review process. The relevance of identifying important
Prioritization Advisory Committee families and Priority Pathogens across
discussions were led by the FEGs different Regions. Contextualizing
Chairpersons (Figure 5). research efforts in each Region promotes
equity and fosters multidisciplinary
Despite facing challenges such as collaborations, particularly in "at-risk"
evidence gaps in surveillance, serology, countries. This collaborative approach is
transmission, virulence, and zoonotic the swift integration of research into
infections, the consistency of the results future epidemic responses, supported by
https://blueprint-who-isaric-x36.replit.app/ across the various FEGs underscored the global networks of designated
validity of the methodology. Addressing researchers.
these knowledge gaps is crucial for
14 15
 PAC members were asked to consi-
der strategic research priorities that
have broad applicability across diver-
Figure 6 illustrates the criteria used to
guide the deliberations of the PAC
members while preparing the final
R for RESEARCH for all Families
se regions, as well as to outline those list of Families, and Priority and Proto- The priority of families was evaluated with Families were classified based on their
that are critical for specific regions. type pathogens. The deliberations consideration given to the pathogens capacity to harbour priority pathogens
Furthermore, experts utilized the also considered what biological chan- they encompass. Figure presented below capable of causing a PHEIC or a
identified knowledge gaps to create a ges can trigger a pathogen to depicts the viral and bacterial families that pandemic. Of significance, four families
comprehensive list of research priori- become Pathogen X. were analyzed, along with the results of were previously categorized as low risk by
ties aimed at addressing broader deliberations by the PAC members. their respective FEG (Anelloviridae,
public health concerns and advan- Overall, the PAC members reviewed and Papillomaviridae, Polyomaviridae, and
cing the development of MCMs. discussed evidence from eight DNA virus Herpesviridae), and they were reaffirmed
families, nineteen RNA virus families, and as low risk during the PAC deliberations.
five bacterial families.

Figure 6. Prioritization categories, definitions, and levels Figure 7. Families considered by the PAC and overview of the outcomes of the risk
of PHEIC assessment

Table 2 presents a summary of the conclusions concerning the PHEIC risks associated
with pathogens in specific families. It also outlines the concerns raised by members of
the PAC during discussions on the risks posed by pathogens in different families.

It is crucial to emphasize the need for regular examination of evidence to evaluate

whether families previously deemed of minimal or no risk (due to the absence of known
human-infecting pathogens) could serve as a potential reservoir for pathogen X (as
discussed in the PAC meeting, including arteriviridae, Deltaarterivirus hemfev, etc.).

16 17
 The deliberations also identified key research actions that should be supported across
Table 2. Outcomes of the PAC considerations on the risks of various Families
all Families considered7.

Family PHEIC risk PHEIC or pandemic risk notes on pathogens in each Family Figure 8. Overview of priority research actions
Respiratory transmission for some viruses suggests greater than low risk, but no
Low to
Adenoviridae priority pathogen was selected. Adenovirus can cause outbreaks in military recruits, A scientific framework for epidemic and pandemic researchpreparedness
Medium
and other settings. Capability for recombination can increase tropism/host range.
No known human or mammalian disease. Considered to be low pathogenic or
Anelloviridae Low
pandemic potential.
Some viruses have documented high pathogenicity and transmissibility via rodent
Arenaviridae High
vectors, some human-human transmission.
All viruses have low risk of transmission and relatively low virulence (though some
Astroviridae Low
possible risk to immunocompromised).
Highly pathogenic bacteria with high level enteric or respiratory spread have
Bacteria High
caused and will cause severe outbreaks.
High genetic stability, fatal encephalitis, no evidence of human-to-human
Bornaviridae Low
transmission.
Includes viruses with known risk to cause of pandemics, with multiple pandemic
Coronaviridae High
threats in family.
Includes viruses which are highly pathogenic, history of devastating regional
Filoviridae High
outbreaks.
Flaviviridae High Include multiple insect-vectored pathogenic and virulent viruses.
Hantaviridae High Includes multiple viruses with high virulence.
Hepadnaviridae Low Existing vaccine protects against current Orthohepadnavirus hominoidei strains.
Virulence and pathogenicity for included viruses generally considered low but some
Hepeviridae Low
viruses have large numbers of animal reservoirs.
Herpesviridae has a low PHEIC or pandemic potential, though they cause very
Herpesviridae Low
important diseases, latent infections and long-term consequences.
Nairoviridae High Several viruses with high virulence & broad geographic distribution. Proactive Pathogen Discovery & acknowledged. Particularly, monitoring
New alphainfluenza influenzae strains can evolve quickly and pose high PHEIC and
Orthomyxoviridae High Surveillance activities at interfaces between humans
pandemic risk.
and animals (e.g., slaughterhouses, etc.)
Includes viruses with low PHEIC and pandemic risk (transmission by direct contact).
Papillomaviridae Low
Risks tend to be species-specific and MCMs are available.
Efforts should be directed toward entail enhancing genomic sequencing
Paramyxoviridae High Includes an important priority pathogen. improving the detection, monitoring, and capacities, creating comprehensive
Includes pathogenic members, some with evidence of species jumps, but low risk response to infectious disease outbreaks diagnostic tools, and strengthening
Parvoviridae Low through the utilization of various data worldwide surveillance systems for
for human pandemics and PHEICs.
Peribunyaviridae Low Include viruses with lower virulence than other families in the class Bunyaviricetes. streams and advanced technologies. emerging infectious diseases.
Phenuiviridae High Includes multiple pathogens with high virulence.
Picobirnaviridae Low Pathogenicity in mammals including humans is unclear. It is essential to promptly detect and Efforts aimed at broadening viral
Picornaviridae Medium Includes an important priority pathogen (though vaccine-controllable). characterize new pathogens that have the surveillance and pathogen discovery
Pneumoviridae
Low to Respiratory transmission of some viruses suggests higher than low priority, existing potential to cause pandemics. Adopting a networks are multifaceted, encompassing
Medium orthopnemovirus hominis vaccine. One Health approach, which the incorporation of advanced genomic
Polyomaviridae Low No pandemic or PHEIC risk identified. acknowledges the interconnection of technologies, digital disease detection
Poxviridae High Orthopoxvirus monkeypox caused previous PHEIC.
human, animal, and environmental health tools, and sophisticated risk modeling
Lentivirus humimdef1 caused global pandemic. Delayed but devastating symptoms,
in surveillance and response endeavors, approaches. This encompasses the
Retroviridae Medium ability to jump species contribute to threat. Antivirals are effective. There is no
vaccine.
holds significant importance. The surveillance of zoonotic diseases and
Rhabdoviridae Low Includes viruses with high pathogenicity but relatively low transmissibility.
significance and utility of monitoring antimicrobial resistance.
High global immunity to genus rotavirus makes it an unlikely PHEIC or pandemic migrating birds and wastewater were
Sedoreoviridae Low
pathogen.
Spinareoviruses have a broad host range, infecting animals, fungi and plants, but
Spinareoviridae Low
have low pandemic potential. 7

Togaviridae High
Includes several viruses that cause severe disease and with PHEIC and pandemic
concern. Overall seropositivity rates not known. https:/ cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/consultation-rdb/who-report-scientific-approach-pandemic-preparedness.pdf?sfvrsn=1f209cb3_4
18 19
Targeted basic research capabilities and deployment strategies D for DEVELOPMENT of MCMs against
It is essential to investigate the basic The prompt initiation of clinical trials is
known threats
biology, transmission, and pathogenesis of essential for the prompt evaluation and The risk of Priority Pathogens causing a Pathogens with worldwide distribution
high-risk viral families, prioritizing priority distribution of new medical PHEIC was determined by considering encompass viruses (such as Subgenus
and prototype pathogens. Additional countermeasures during an outbreak. available information on transmission Sarbecovirus, Alphainfluenzavirus
important requirements involve the This involves simplifying trial design and patterns, virulence, and availability of influenzae, Lentivirus humimdef1, and
creation of suitable animal models, establishing public confidence in the countermeasures, indicating the Orthoflavivirus denguei) and bacteria
validated assays, reference materials, and evidence generated. Efforts to streamline potential threat. (such as Salmonella enterica invasive
adjuvants to expedite the development trial design, such as the creation of CORE non-typhoidal serovars and Klebsiella
and assessment of countermeasures. The clinical trial designs capable of swift In the initial prioritization process, no pneumoniae).
comprehension of viral structures, adaptation to evaluate novel treatments priority pathogens were identified for
infection mechanisms, immune and vaccines in the event of an outbreak, four viral families, all of which belong to Moreover, several prototype pathogens
responses, and host interactions is crucial are crucial. Simplified regulatory DNA viruses: Anelloviridae, belonging to lower-risk viral families are
in informing the development of medical processes could facilitate the rapid Herpesviridae, Polyomaviridae, and present in all six regions, such as
interventions. authorization of new vaccines, treatments, Papillomaviridae. Metapneumovirus hominis and Rotavirus.
and diagnostic tools in times of Further information can be found in the
Translational research and product pandemics. This involves the advance Priority pathogens with a high potential section titled Global and Regional
development approval of CORE protocols and the to cause a PHEIC necessitate immediate Perspective.
promotion of cooperation between research and development interventions
It is essential to narrow the gap between international ethics committees and (refer to Table 3). The majority of the
fundamental scientific discoveries and regulatory bodies. newly identified Priority Pathogens align
their practical applications in the field of with those identified in previous
public health. Efforts should include a Collaborative research pathogen prioritization reports issued by
focus on developing broad-spectrum the WHO R&D Blueprint for Epidemics.
antiviral drugs that can be readily In employing a multifaceted research
deployed during an outbreak. strategy is crucial to ensure equitable Table 4 presents a summary of the
Additionally, the creation of vaccines global access and sustain adequate conclusions concerning the PHEIC risks
using a prototype pathogen approach manufacturing capacity. It is essential to associated with the chosen Priority
entails developing MCMs for emphasize the significance of global Pathogens and the concerns raised by
representative viruses within a viral family. networks and capacity enhancement PAC members during discussions on
Such research could facilitate the through collaborative efforts. Collaborative the risks posed by pathogens within
development of MCMs with a broader research that encompasses pathogen different Families. Annexes 2 and 3 offer
spectrum, capable of addressing multiple discovery, basic and translational research, a comprehensive outline of the principal
pathogens or evolving pathogens. product development, clinical epidemiological features of the selected
assessment, and worldwide coordination Priority Pathogens and the potential
Furthermore, there is a necessity for is imperative to bolster preparedness for vaccines and therapies currently in
further research on host-directed Pathogen X and potential future progress.
antivirals that target human proteins vital pandemics. Additionally, the
for the viral life cycle, which can potentially establishment of networks of networks Among the selected Priority Pathogens
provide broad-spectrum activity against and the sharing of data play pivotal roles some exhibit a global distribution, being
multiple viruses; evaluate diverse vaccine in this context. present in all six WHO Regions, while
platforms to ensure rapid adaptability to others are concentrated in specific
new pathogens; rapid development and regions, often associated with the
deployment of monoclonal antibodies for presence of an animal reservoir,
immediate response to emerging transmitting vector, or substandard
pathogens; and point-of-care diagnostics. living conditions.
Establishing robust clinical trial

20 21
 Table 3. Selected Priority pathogens by family and known geographic distribution Table 4. Selected Priority Pathogens by Family and PAC notes during deliberations

Family Priority Pathogen AFR AMR EMR EUR SEAR WPR Family PHEIC risk Priority Pathogen(s) Priority Pathogen notes

Adenoviridae No Priority pathogen proposed Low to

Adenoviridae No Priority pathogen proposed
Anelloviridae No Priority pathogen proposed Medium
Anelloviridae Low No Priority pathogen proposed
Arenaviridae Mammarenavirus lassaense X
Currently causes annual outbreaks in West Africa, highest
Astroviridae No Priority pathogen proposed Arenaviridae High Mammarenavirus lassaense
disease burden with broad range of natural reservoir.
Bacteria Vibrio cholera (O139) X X X X Astroviridae Low No Priority pathogen proposed
Bacteria High Vibrio cholera (O139) Enteric, concern for new O serogroup (Pandemic risk).
Bacteria Yersinia pestis X X
Bacteria High Yersinia pestis Respiratory (Pandemic risk).
Bacteria Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 X X X Bacteria High Shigella disenteriae serotype 1 Enteric, Shiga toxin, concern for other serotypes (Pandemic risk).
Salmonella enterica non Salmonella enterica invasive non
Bacteria X X X X X X Bacteria High Enteric (PHEIC risk).
typhoidal serovars typhoidal
Bacteria High Klebsiella pneumoniae MDR is an emerging issue globally, can cause PHEIC.
Bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae X X X X X X
Bornaviridae Low No Priority pathogen proposed
Bornaviridae No Priority pathogen proposed Beta Subgenus sarbecoviruses considered greatest risk within
Coronaviridae High Subgenus Sarbecovirus
Coronaviridae Subgenus Merbecovirus X family.
Coronaviridae Subgenus Sarbecovirus X X X X X X A subgenus of viruses in the genus Betacoronavirus, including the
Coronaviridae High Subgenus Merbecovirus human pathogen Middle East respiratory syndrome–related
Filoviridae Orthoebolavirus zairense X coronavirus (MERS-CoV).
Filoviridae Orthoebolavirus sudanens X X Filoviridae High Orthoebolavirus zairense No cross-protection among these viruses.
Filoviridae Orthomarburgvirus marburgense X Filoviridae High Orthoebolavirus sudanense Licensed vaccines available for Orthoebolavirus zairense.
A highly virulent disease that causes haemorrhagic fever, with a
Flaviviridae Orthoflavivirus flavi X X Filoviridae High Orthomarburgvirus marburgense
fatality ratio of up to 88%.
Flaviviridae Orthoflavivirus denguei X X X X X X Flaviviridae High Orthoflavivirus flavi Yellow Fever Vaccine available but shortages frequent.
Flaviviridae Orthoflavivirus zikaense X X X X Dengue: severe disease due to antibody-dependant
Flaviviridae High Orthoflavivirus denguei
Hantaviridae Orthohantavirus hantanense X X enhancement ADE.
Flaviviridae High Orthoflavivirus zikaense Previous PHEIC with congenital disease.
Hantaviridae Orthohantavirus sinnombreense X
Spread from rodents to humans, old and new world Hantavirus
Hepadnaviridae No Priority pathogen proposed Hantaviridae High Orthohantavirus hantanense has become endemic in many continents, with sporadic cases
Hepeviridae No Priority pathogen proposed of person-to-person transmission.
Herpesviridae No Priority pathogen proposed It is unclear how climate change and demographic shifts, such
as the continued migration of people from rural to urban settings,
Nairoviridae Orthonairovirus haemorrhagiae X X X X Hantaviridae High Orthohantavirus sinnombreense
will impact both rodent populations and the potential for
Alphainfluenzavirus influenzae transmission to people.
Orthomyxoviridae X X X X X X
H1, H2, H3, H5, H6, H7, H10 Hepadnaviridae Low No Priority pathogen proposed
Hepeviridae Low No Priority pathogen proposed
Papillomaviridae No Priority pathogen proposed
Herpesviridae Low No Priority pathogen proposed
Paramyxoviridae Henipavirus nipahense X X Nairoviridae High Orthonairovirus haemorrhagiae Most widespread haemorrhagic fever virus in the world.
Parvoviridae No Priority pathogen proposed Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus influenzae (H1N1) Ability to reassort places all new types as high risk.
Peribunyaviridae No Priority pathogen proposed Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus influenzae (H2Nx) All proposed priority pathogens also have high virulence.
Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus influenzae (H3N2) All proposed priority pathogens also have high virulence.
Phenuiviridae Bandavirus dabieense X X
Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus influenzae (H5Nx) All proposed priority pathogens also have high virulence.
Picobirnaviridae No Priority pathogen proposed Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus influenzae (H6Nx) All proposed priority pathogens also have high virulence.
Picornaviridae Enterovirus coxsackiepol X X X Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus influenzae (H7Nx) All proposed priority pathogens also have high virulence.
Pneumoviridae No Priority pathogen proposed Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus influenzae (H10Nx) All proposed priority pathogens also have high virulence.
Paramyxoviridae High Henipavirus nipahense Mid-high transmissivity in animals, high virulence, no MCMs.
Polyomaviridae No Priority pathogen proposed
Parvoviridae No Priority Pathogen proposed
Poxviridae Orthopoxvirus variola Peribunyaviridae Low No Priority pathogen proposed
Poxviridae Orthopoxvirus monkeypox X X X X X X Phenuiviridae High Bandavirus dabieense High lethality and known person to person spread.
Retroviridae Lentivirus humimdef1 X X X X X X Picobirnaviridae Low No Priority pathogen proposed
Picornaviridae Medium Enterovirus coxsackiepol Despite vaccines, polio presents continuing PHEIC threat.
Rhabdoviridae No Priority pathogen proposed
Low to
Sedoreoviridae No Priority pathogen proposed Pneumoviridae No Priority pathogen proposed
Medium
Spinareoviridae No Priority pathogen proposed Polyomaviridae Low No Priority pathogen proposed
Togaviridae Alphavirus chikungunya X X X X Poxviridae High Orthopoxvirus variola
As immunity wanes, orthopoxvirus variola has potential to cause
pandemic if released.
Togaviridae Alphavirus venezuelan X Poxviridae High Orthopoxvirus monkeypox Orthopoxvirus monkeypox has caused PHEIC.
Retroviridae Medium Lentivirus humimdef1 No vaccine available yet.
Rhabdoviridae No Priority Pathogen proposed
Sedoreoviridae Low No Priority pathogen proposed
Spinareoviridae Low No Priority pathogen proposed
Togaviridae High Alphavirus chikungunya Aerosol transmission and encephalitis.
Togaviridae High Alphavirus venezuelan Enteric, concern for new O serogroup (Pandemic risk).

22 23
 D+ for DEVELOPMENT of MCMs for Prototype Table 5. Selected Prototype Pathogens by family and known geographic distribution
Pathogens
Perceived
Additional considerations included the Family Prototype Pathogen AFR AMR EMR EUR SEAR WPR
If a Family was considered to contain Risk
pathogens with attributes that suggest geographic distribution of the pathogen Low-
Adenoviridae Mastadenovirus blackbeardi serotype 14 X X
the likelihood (even remote) of causing a and its perceived local and regional Medium

PHEIC, Prototype Pathogens were relevance (e.g., old world vs new world), Adenoviridae
Low-
Recombinant mastadenovirus X X X X X X
differences in pathogenesis (e.g., insect Medium
identified. Anelloviridae Low No Prototype pathogen proposed
Prototype pathogens were not vectors, intermediate hosts), and
Arenaviridae High Mammarenavirus juninense X
recommended for bacteria, because of biocontainment levels (e.g., Orthopoxvirus Arenaviridae High Mammarenavirus lassaense X
the uniqueness of each priority vaccinia selected along with Arenaviridae High Mammarenavirus lujoense X
pathogen (Table 5). Orthopoxvirus monkeypox). Astroviridae Low Mamastrovirus virginiaense X X X X X X
Bacteria High No Prototype pathogen proposed
Selecting Prototype Pathogens is Therefore, multiple prototype pathogens Bornaviridae Low Orthobornavirus bornaense X
were recommended for some virus Coronaviridae High Subgenus Merbecovirus X
challenging due to the breadth and Coronaviridae High Subgenus Sarbecovirus X X X X X X
diversity of some viral Families (Table 6). families. The main reason for selecting
Filoviridae High Orthoebolavirus zairense X
Prototype Pathogens were selected multiple pathogens was the diversity of Flaviviridae High Orthoflavivirus denguei X X X X X X
primarily for their potential ability to viruses within the group, such that the Flaviviridae High Orthoflavivirus encephalitidis X X
serve as a guide for generating study of a single pathogen might not be Flaviviridae High Orthoflavivirus nilense X X X X X X
generalizable evidence and filling sufficient to facilitate the development of Flaviviridae High Orthoflavivirus zikaense X X X X
knowledge gaps that will facilitate the countermeasures that could be useful for Hantaviridae High Orthohantavirus sinnombreense X
the entire group. For example, in the Hepadnaviridae Low Orthohepadnavirus hominoidei genotype C X
development of MCMs for other Hepeviridae Low Paslahepevirus balayani genotype HEV-3 X X X X X X
pathogens in the same family or flavivirus family, additional prototype
Herpesviridae Low No Prototype pathogen proposed
functional group (which may include pathogens were recommended due to Nairoviridae High Orthonairovirus haemorrhagiae X X X X
existing vaccines or countermeasures). differences in vector and viral Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus influenzae (H1N1) X X X X X X
transmission mechanisms. Such Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus influenzae (H5Nx) X X X X X X
Considerations for Prototype Pathogen additional representative family members Papillomaviridae Low No Prototype pathogen proposed
selection varied across the FEGs and were sometimes instead classified as Paramyxoviridae High Henipavirus nipahense X X
“viruses of concern”, as in the parvovirus Parvoviridae Low Protoparvovirus carnivoran X X X X X X
included their importance as human Peribunyaviridae Low Orthobunyavirus oropoucheense X
pathogens, current knowledge of family.
Phenuiviridae High Bandavirus dabieense X X
replication and pathogenesis, the Phenuiviridae High Phlebovirus riftense X
existence of animal reservoirs causing Picobirnaviridae Low Orthopicobirnavirus hominis X X X X X X
cross-species infections, the shared Picornaviridae Medium Enterovirus alphacoxsackie 71 X X X X X X
structural and functional properties, the Picornaviridae Medium Enterovirus deconjucti 68 X X X X X X
existing research knowledge, for Low-
Pneumoviridae Metapneumovirus hominis X X X X X X
Medium
example, the availability of animal Polyomaviridae Low No Prototype pathogen proposed
models that recapitulate human Poxviridae High Orthopoxvirus monkeypox X X X X X X
disease, and the status of Poxviridae High Orthopoxvirus vaccinia X X X
countermeasure development. Retroviridae Medium Lentivirus humimdef1 X X X X X X
Rhabdoviridae Low Genus Vesiculovirus X X X X X X
Where the weight of these Sedoreoviridae Low Genus Rotavirus X X X X X X
considerations was similar among Spinareoviridae Low Orthoreovirus mammalis X X X X X X
Togaviridae High Alphavirus chikungunya X X X X
potential Prototype Pathogens, the PAC
Togaviridae High Alphavirus venezuelan X
also considered additional factors:
burden and type of disease, existing
collaborations, and reagents are likely to
speed up work on one pathogen or
another.

24 25
Table 6. Selected Prototype Pathogens by family and PAC notes during deliberations

Concentrating research efforts on Prototype Pathogens within each virus family is

R&D - PREPARING FOR THE INEVITABLE
expected to increase synergies and opportunities for collaboration, more efficiently
leading to knowledge that can be applied to other pathogens within the same family. Pathogen X is a term used to denote an Utilizing the aforementioned definition,
Ideally, the development of a vaccine or countermeasure for the recommended unidentified or unspecified pathogen. potential Pathogens X was selected for
prototype pathogens will yield sufficient knowledge to facilitate the development of Unknown pathogens with the potential to each pathogen family (excluding bacteria)
parallel countermeasures against related viruses. induce a PHEIC or pandemics in the as outlined in Table 7. This selection of
future. potential Pathogen X from each family
For antivirals, inhibitors of viral enzymes that are similar within the family may be serves as a resource tool for strategizing
effective against multiple family members. For vaccines, this knowledge may facilitate It is challenging to predict the specific necessary research and efforts needed to
understanding of viral antigens likely to induce protective immunity or likely correlates pathogen that may lead to the next enhance the understanding developed
of protection. PHEIC or pandemic. While numerous within the family, thereby effectively
viruses and bacteria capable of infecting addressing spectrum diversity potential
Family Prototype Pathogens Prototype pathogen notes

Adenoviridae Recombinant adenovirus

Recombinant adeno needs more definition. No MCMs available. Recombination should humans exist, only a limited subset has threats. arise.
Adenoviridae Mastadenovirus blackbeardi serotype 14
also be studied.
No MCMs available. Recombination should also be studied.
historically been responsible for
Anelloviridae No Prototype Pathogens proposed pandemics or widespread epidemics. Pre-pandemic readiness should prioritize
Arenaviridae Mammarenavirus juninense Old world, several MCMs under development.
Arenaviridae Mammarenavirus lassaense New world, treatments available. the advancement of discovery, basic, and
Arenaviridae Mammarenavirus lujoense 80% mortality, in single known outbreak. Hence, researchers utilize the term to translational research. It is essential to
Astroviridae Mamastrovirus virginiaense Human origin, association with encephalitis, able to propagate in cell culture.
Bacteria No Prototype Pathogens proposed Prototypes aren’t as meaningful for bacteria. refer to potential infectious pathogens underscore the importance of employing
Bornaviridae
Coronaviridae
Orthobornavirus bornaense
Subgenus Merbecovirus
Spill-over from animal reservoir; fatal encephalitis in humans.
Surveillance should consider animal reservoirs.
without singling out a specific one. This generalizable strategies. This will ensure
Coronaviridae Subgenus Sarbecovirus Surveillance should consider animal reservoirs. term symbolizes a theoretical pathogen that in the event of identifying Pathogen
Concern re different strains and variants of Ebola as a potential threat. Ebola can yield
Filoviridae Orthoebolavirus zairense
information relevant to MCMs for other viruses. that could result in significant outbreaks, X, expedited product development and
Flaviviridae Orthoflavivirus denguei
Flavivirus prototypes chosen to represent different vectors and intermediate hosts -
transmitted by Aedes aegypti
PHEICs, or pandemics. Pathogen X is clinical trials can be promptly initiated.
Flaviviridae Orthoflavivirus zikaense
Flavivirus prototypes chosen to represent different vectors and intermediate hosts - envisioned as an unidentified future
transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes
Flaviviridae Orthoflavivirus nilense Flavivirus prototypes chosen to represent different vectors and intermediate hosts - hazard that could originate from Furthermore, the experts discussed the
Flaviviridae Orthoflavivirus encephalitidis transmitted
Flavivirus
borne virus
by Culexchosen
prototypes mosquitoes
to represent different vectors and intermediate hosts - tick- recognized viruses within each viral family potential alterations in the pathogen’s
Hantaviridae Orthohantavirus sinnombreense Higher lethality with less evidence of person-person spread.

Hepadnaviridae Orthohepadnavirus hominoidei genotype C

Genotype C has higher mortality, higher mutation rate with reported false negative HBsAg or potentially from viruses that are biology, climate, and that could enable
test result and reported lower treatment response.
Human infections with a large number of animal reservoirs, wide geographic distribution.
currently unidentified. any pathogen to evolve into the next
Hepeviridae Paslahepevirus balayani genotype HEV-3 Foodborne transmission (FAO/WHO considered Paslahepevirus balayani one of the top 3 Pathogen X. Of particular significance was
foodborne viral pathogens). Can cause chronic hepatitis, neurological complications.
Herpesviridae No Prototype Pathogens proposed The concept of Pathogen X underscores the discussion on strategies for
Outbreaks occur infrequently, typically infect only very few individuals, and most cases are the importance of readiness for an monitoring these changes.
asymptomatic or mild (e.g. headache, myalgia, joint pain, fever and nausea with
Nairoviridae Orthonairovirus haemorrhagiae
vomiting). However, the disease may present with a sudden onset and rapid deterioration unidentified disease-causing pathogen
to severe haemorrhage, organ shutdown and death (lethality 5–80!% .
Alphainfluenzavirus influenzae (H1N1), Human alphainfluenzavirus influenzae.
with the potential to cause a pandemic.
Orthomyxoviridae
Alphainfluenzavirus influenzae (H5Nx), Avian alphainfluenzavirus influenzae. Regardless of the preparations
Papillomaviridae No Prototype Pathogens proposed
Paramyxoviridae Henipavirus nipahense Pathogenic in humans without effective MCMs. undertaken, it is improbable to have a
Parvoviridae Protoparvovirus carnivoran
Demonstrated ability to jump species and cause severe animal disease. Animal vaccine
exists.
readily available effective vaccine or
Peribunyaviridae Orthobunyavirus oropoucheense Normally not fatal. treatment for a particular pandemic
Phenuiviridae Bandavirus dabieense Causes Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome.
Phenuiviridae Phlebovirus riftense Rodent screening plus seroepidemiology in people at risk. pathogen strain at the onset of the next
Picobirnaviridae Human picobirnavirus No known human disease, likely enteric transmission. pandemic.
Picornaviridae Enterovirus deconjucti 68 Causes outbreaks.
Picornaviridae Enterovirus alphacoxsackie 71 Respiratory transmission and causes paralysis (vaccine available in Asia).

Pneumoviridae Metapneumovirus hominis

Currently causes important outbreaks in children and adults. RSV evolved from avian
metapneumovirus. Key need: antivirals.
Hence, the challenge in pandemic
Polyomaviridae No Prototype Pathogens proposed preparedness lies in acquiring the
Orthopox monkeypox needed to study pathogenesis. Impossible to work with variola
Poxviridae Orthopoxvirus monkeypox
except in special settings. essential knowledge to promptly
Poxviridae Orthopoxvirus vaccinia
Vaccinia provides BSL2 alternative that is cross-protective and likely susceptible to same
antivirals.
disseminate globally high-quality,
Most important human retroviral pathogen, with widespread research programs. Research cost-effective, and reliable
Retroviridae Lentivirus humimdef1
has already shown benefits for understanding of other viruses.
countermeasures.
Rhabdoviridae Genus Vesiculovirus Important as vaccine vector and as potential prototype for future vaccines.
Sedoreoviridae Genus Rotavirus Genus rotavirus vaccines less effective in LMICs.
Have long been considered non-pathogenic, although mild respiratory and enteric
Spinareoviridae Orthoreovirus mammalis diseases have occasionally been reported in young animals and children. Recent data
have shown that MRVs can cause severe disease.
Togaviridae Alphavirus chikungunya Vaccine prototype.
Togaviridae Alphavirus venezuelan Vaccine prototype.

26 27
 Table 7. Some of the proposed Pathogen X and other Pathogens of Concern per A GLOBAL AND A REGIONAL PERSPECTIVE
Family
Priorities may differ if a regional perspective is adopted, as many pathogens are limited
Viral Family Pathogen X Other Pathogens of Concern to, or more of a problem in, particular geographic regions. To stimulate research in each
Adenoviridae Mastadenovirus blackbeardi 21 10 Mastadenovirus species
Adenoviridae Mastadenovirus blackbeardi 55
region it is particularly important to have a locally relevant prototype pathogen. For
Adenoviridae Mastadenovirus blackbeardi 7 many families, a single prototype pathogen was considered sufficient to cover the entire
Adenoviridae Mastadenovirus exoticum family. However, for other families, it was considered necessary to select multiple
Arenaviridae Mammarenavirus chapareense Mammarenavirus cardamones
Arenaviridae Mammarenavirus choriomeningitis Mammarenavirus guanaritoense prototype pathogens, if, for example, potential prototype pathogens were confined to
Arenaviridae Mammarenavirus lujoense certain regions or were transmitted by different vectors.
Arenaviridae Mammarenavirus machupoense
Astroviridae Mamastrovirus mustelae
Astroviridae Mamastrovirus ovis
Astroviridae Mamastrovirus porcine
Astroviridae Mamastrovirus virginiaense
Bornaviridae Orthobornavirus bornaense
Bornaviridae Orthobornavirus sciuri
Coronaviridae Alphacoronavirus suis (CCoV-HuPn-2018) Betacoronavirus gravedinis (PHEV)
Coronaviridae Alphacoronavirus porci Recombinant alphacoronavirus
Coronaviridae Group 2d betacoronaviruses
Coronaviridae Alphacoronavirus amsterdamense
Coronaviridae Subgenus Embecovirus
Coronaviridae Deltacoronavirus (PDCoV)
Filoviridae Orthoebolavirus bombaliense Thamnovirus thamnaconi
Filoviridae Orthoebolavirus X Cuevavirus lloviuense
Filoviridae Orthoebolavirus restonense Dianlovirus menglaense
Filoviridae Striavirus antennarii
Flaviviridae Orthoflavivirus japonicum Orthoflavivirus ilheusense
Flaviviridae Orthoflavivirus encephalitidis Orthoflavivirus usutuense
Flaviviridae Orthoflavivirus nilense Orthoflavivirus wesselsbronense
Flaviviridae Jingmenvirus
Flaviviridae Orthoflavivirus rocio
Flaviviridae Orthoflavivirus spondweni
Hepadnaviridae Orthohepadnavirus felisdomestici Orthohepadnavirus pomi
Hepadnaviridae Recombinant Orthohepadnavirus
Hepeviridae Paslahepevirus balayani (genotype 1)
Hepeviridae Paslahepevirus balayani (genotype 2)
Hepeviridae Paslahepevirus balayani (genotype 3)
Hepeviridae Paslahepevirus balayani (genotype 4)
Orthomyxoviridae Alphainfluenzavirus influenzae (H9N2)
Orthomyxoviridae Betainfluenzavirus influenzae
Paramyxoviridae Henipavirus hendraense Orthorubulavirus mapueraense
Paramyxoviridae Pararubulavirus menangleense
Paramyxoviridae Pararubulavirus sosugaense
Paramyxoviridae Parahenipavirus genus
Parvoviridae Protoparvovirus carnivoran Amdoparvovirus carnivoran
Parvoviridae Erythroparvovirus primate
Phlebovirus napoliense, Phlebovirus siciliaense, Phlebovirus
Phenuiviridae Phlebovirus riftense
toscanaense
Picobirnaviridae Orthopicobirnavirus hominis
Picornaviridae Enterovirus deconjucti 68 Enterovirus-X
Picornaviridae Enterovirus alphacoxsackie 71
Pneumoviridae Metapneumovirus avis
Pneumoviridae Metapneumovirus hominis
Pneumoviridae Novel emerging pneumovirus
Poxviridae Orthopoxvirus cowpox Orthopoxvirus alaskapox
Poxviridae Orthopoxvirus vaccinia
Reovirales Orthoreovirus mammalis
Gammaretrovirus gibleu-like viruses in koalas, bats
Retroviridae Lentivirus humimdef2
and rodents
Retroviridae Lentivirus simimdef Deltaretrovirus priTlym3
Rhabdoviridae Genus Ledantevirus
Rhabdoviridae Genus Tibrovirus
Rhabdoviridae Genus Vesiculovirus
Togaviridae Alphavirus eastern Alphavirus onyong
Togaviridae Alphavirus madariaga
Togaviridae Alphavirus mayaro
Togaviridae Alphavirus rossriver

28 29
 African Region Region of the Americas
Particular priorities in the African Region include the Filoviruses (Orthoebolavirus
zairense, sudanense, and marburgense), Orthopoxvirus monkeypox, and The priority pathogens specific to the Region of the Americas are Orthohantavirus
Mammarenavirus lassaense. Others include all three priority Orthoflaviviruses sinnombrense, and Alphavirus venezuelan. All three priority Orthoflaviviruses
(denguei, encephalitidis, and zikaense), and Alphavirus chikungunya. (denguei, encephalitidis, and zikaense) are endemic in the Region. The prototype
Of the global pathogens, Lentivirus humimdef1, has particular significance. All five viruses specific to the Region of the Americas are: Mammarenavirus juninense and
bacterial priority pathogens are also significant in this Region (Vibrio cholera O139, Orthobunyavirus oropoucheense.
Yersinia pestis, Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1, Salmonella enterica (invasive
non-typhoidal), Klebsiella pneumoniae). The following Prototype Pathogens are Table 9. Selected Priority Pathogens with circulation in the WHO Americas
specific to the African Region: Mammarenavirus lujoense and the Phlebovirus Region
riftense. Family PHEIC risk Priority Pathogens Prototype Pathogens
Arenaviridae High Mammarenavirus juninense
Table 8. Selected Priority Pathogens with circulation in the WHO African Bacteria High Klebsiella pneumoniae
Bacteria High Salmonella enterica non typhoidal serovars
Region
Family PHEIC risk Priority Pathogens Prototype Pathogens Bacteria High Yersinia Pestis
Arenaviridae High Mammarenavirus lassaense Mammarenavirus lassaense Coronaviridae High Subgenus Sarbecovirus Subgenus Sarbecovirus
Arenaviridae High Mammarenavirus lujoense Filoviridae High
Bacteria High Klebsiella pneumoniae
Flaviviridae High Orthoflavivirus denguei Orthoflavivirus denguei
Salmonella enterica non typhoidal
Bacteria High Flaviviridae High Orthoflavivirus flavi
serovars
Flaviviridae High Orthoflavivirus zikaense Orthoflavivirus zikaense
Bacteria High Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1
Bacteria High Vibrio cholerae serogroup 0139 Flaviviridae High Orthoflavivirus encephalitidis
Bacteria High Yersinia Pestis Flaviviridae High Orthoflavivirus nilense
Coronaviridae High Subgenus Sarbecovirus Subgenus Sarbecovirus Hantaviridae High Orthohantavirus sinnombreense Orthohantavirus sinnombreense
Filoviridae High Orthoebolavirus sudanense Nairoviridae High
Filoviridae High Orthoebolavirus zairense Orthoebolavirus zairense Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H1 Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H1
Filoviridae High Orthomarburgvirus marburgense Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H2
Flaviviridae High Orthoflavivirus denguei Orthoflavivirus denguei Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H3
Flaviviridae High Orthoflavivirus flavi Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H5 Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H5
Flaviviridae High Orthoflavivirus zikaense Orthoflavivirus zikaense Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H6
Flaviviridae High Orthoflavivirus nilense
Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H7
Hantaviridae High
Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H10
Nairoviridae High Orthonairovirus haemorrhagiae Orthonairovirus haemorrhagiae
Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H1 Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H1
Paramyxoviridae High
Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H2 Phenuiviridae High
Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H3 Poxviridae High Orthopoxvirus monkeypox Orthopoxvirus monkeypox
Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H5 Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H5 Poxviridae High Orthopoxvirus vaccinia
Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H6 Togaviridae High Alphavirus chikungunya Alphavirus chikungunya
Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H7 Togaviridae High Alphavirus venezuelan Alphavirus venezuelan
Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H10 Picornaviridae Medium Enterovirus alphacoxsackie 71
Paramyxoviridae High Picornaviridae Medium Enterovirus deconjucti 68
Phenuiviridae High Phlebovirus riftense Retroviridae Medium Lentivirus humimdef1 Lentivirus humimdef1
Poxviridae High Orthopoxvirus monkeypox Orthopoxvirus monkeypox
Adenoviridae Low-Medium Mastadenovirus blackbeardi serotype 14
Togaviridae High Alphavirus chikungunya Alphavirus chikungunya
Adenoviridae Low-Medium Recombinant mastadenovirus
Picornaviridae Medium Enterovirus coxsackiepol
Pneumoviridae Low-Medium Metapneumovirus hominis
Picornaviridae Medium Enterovirus alphacoxsackie 71
Picornaviridae Medium Enterovirus deconjucti 68 Anelloviridae Low
Retroviridae Medium Lentivirus humimdef1 Lentivirus humimdef1 Astroviridae Low Mamastrovirus virginiaense
Adenoviridae Low-Medium Recombinant mastadenovirus Bornaviridae Low
Pneumoviridae Low-Medium Metapneumovirus hominis Hepadnaviridae Low
Anelloviridae Low Hepeviridae Low Paslahepevirus balayani genotype 3
Astroviridae Low Mamastrovirus virginiaense Herpesviridae Low
Bornaviridae Low Papillomaviridae Low
Hepadnaviridae Low Parvoviridae Low Protoparvovirus carnivoran
Hepeviridae Low Paslahepevirus balayani genotype 3
Peribunyaviridae Low Orthobunyavirus oropoucheense
Herpesviridae Low
Picobirnaviridae Low Orthopicobirnavirus hominis
Papillomaviridae Low
Polyomaviridae Low
Parvoviridae Low Protoparvovirus carnivoran
Peribunyaviridae Low
Rhabdoviridae Low Genus Vesiculovirus
Picobirnaviridae Low Orthopicobirnavirus hominis Sedoreoviridae Low Genus Rotavirus
Polyomaviridae Low Spinareoviridae Low Orthoreovirus mammalis
Rhabdoviridae Low Genus Vesiculovirus
Sedoreoviridae Low Genus Rotavirus
Spinareoviridae Low Orthoreovirus mammalis

30 31
 Eastern Mediterranean Region European Region
Subgenus merbecoviruses and enterovirus coxsackiepol are particular priorities in In addition to the priority pathogens with global distribution, Orthonairovirus
the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Bacterial pathogens are also significant haemorrhagiae occurs in the European Region. The prototypes Orthoflavivirus
including Vibrio cholera O139 and Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1. encephalitidis and Orthobornavirus bornaense are mostly found in the European
Region.
Table 10. Selected Priority Pathogens with circulation in the WHO Eastern
Mediterranean Region Table 11. Selected Priority Pathogens with circulation in the WHO European
Region
Family PHEIC risk Priority Pathogens Prototype Pathogens
Arenaviridae High Family PHEIC risk Priority Pathogens Prototype Pathogens
Bacteria High Klebsiella pneumoniae Arenaviridae High
Salmonella enterica non Bacteria High Klebsiella pneumoniae
Bacteria High
typhoidal serovars Salmonella enterica non typhoidal
Bacteria High Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 Bacteria High
serovars
Bacteria High Vibrio cholerae serogroup 0139 Coronaviridae High Subgenus Sarbecovirus Subgenus Sarbecovirus
Coronaviridae High Subgenus Merbecovirus Subgenus Merbecovirus Filoviridae High
Coronaviridae High Subgenus Sarbecovirus Subgenus Sarbecovirus Flaviviridae High Orthoflavivirus denguei Orthoflavivirus denguei
Filoviridae High Orthoebolavirus sudanense Flaviviridae High Orthoflavivirus encephalitidis
Flaviviridae High Orthoflavivirus denguei Orthoflavivirus denguei Flaviviridae High Orthoflavivirus nilense
Flaviviridae High Orthoflavivirus nilense
Hantaviridae High Orthohantavirus hantanense
Hantaviridae High
Nairoviridae High Orthonairovirus haemorrhagiae Orthonairovirus haemorrhagiae
Nairoviridae High Orthonairovirus haemorrhagiae Orthonairovirus haemorrhagiae
Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H1 Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H1
Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H1 Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H1
Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H2
Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H2
Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H3
Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H3
Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H5 Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H5
Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H5 Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H5
Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H6
Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H6
Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H7
Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H7
Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H10
Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H10
Paramyxoviridae High
Paramyxoviridae High
Phenuiviridae High
Phenuiviridae High
Poxviridae High Orthopoxvirus monkeypox Orthopoxvirus monkeypox
Poxviridae High Orthopoxvirus monkeypox Orthopoxvirus monkeypox
Poxviridae High Orthopoxvirus vaccinia
Togaviridae High
Togaviridae High Picornaviridae Medium Enterovirus alphacoxsackie 71
Picornaviridae Medium Enterovirus coxsackiepol Picornaviridae Medium Enterovirus deconjucti 68
Picornaviridae Medium Enterovirus alphacoxsackie 71 Retroviridae Medium Lentivirus humimdef1 Lentivirus humimdef1
Picornaviridae Medium Enterovirus deconjucti 68 Adenoviridae Low-Medium Recombinant mastadenovirus
Retroviridae Medium Lentivirus humimdef1 Lentivirus humimdef1 Pneumoviridae Low-Medium Metapneumovirus hominis
Adenoviridae Low-Medium Recombinant mastadenovirus Anelloviridae Low
Pneumoviridae Low-Medium Metapneumovirus hominis Astroviridae Low Mamastrovirus virginiaense
Anelloviridae Low Bornaviridae Low Orthobornavirus bornaense
Astroviridae Low Mamastrovirus virginiaense Hepadnaviridae Low
Bornaviridae Low Hepeviridae Low Paslahepevirus balayani genotype 3
Hepadnaviridae Low Herpesviridae Low
Paslahepevirus balayani Papillomaviridae Low
Hepeviridae Low
genotype 3 Parvoviridae Low Protoparvovirus carnivoran
Herpesviridae Low Peribunyaviridae Low
Papillomaviridae Low Picobirnaviridae Low Orthopicobirnavirus hominis
Parvoviridae Low Protoparvovirus carnivoran Polyomaviridae Low
Peribunyaviridae Low Rhabdoviridae Low Genus Vesiculovirus
Picobirnaviridae Low Orthopicobirnavirus hominis Sedoreoviridae Low Genus Rotavirus
Polyomaviridae Low Spinareoviridae Low Orthoreovirus mammalis
Rhabdoviridae Low Genus Vesiculovirus
Sedoreoviridae Low Genus Rotavirus
Spinareoviridae Low Orthoreovirus mammalis

32 33
 South-East Asia Region Western Pacific Region
Bacterial pathogens are priorities in the South-East Asia Region including Vibrio Influenza and Subgenus sarbecoviruses are a high priority in the Western Pacific
cholera O139 and Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1. The priority pathogens region. The priority pathogens henipavirus nipahense, Orthohantavirus hantanense
Henipavirus nipahense and Bandavirus dabieense are endemic in the South-East and Bandavirus dabieense are endemic in the Western Pacific Region, as are the
Asia Region, as are the mosquito-borne Orthoflavivirus denguei and zikaense, and mosquito-borne Orthoflavivirus denguei and Alphavirus chikungunya.
Alphavirus chikungunya. The prototype pathogen Orthohepadnavirus hominoidei
genotype C is most common in the South-East Asia Region. Table 13. Selected Priority Pathogens with circulation in the WHO Western
Pacific Region
Table 12. Selected Priority Pathogens with circulation in the WHO South East Family
Family Priority Pathogens Prototype Pathogens
Asia Region Risk
Arenaviridae High
Bacteria High Vibrio cholera (O139)
Family PHEIC risk Priority Pathogens Prototype Pathogens
Salmonella enterica non typhoidal serovars
Arenaviridae High
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Bacteria High Klebsiella pneumoniae
Salmonella enterica non typhoidal Bunyavirales Nairoviridae High Orthonairovirus haemorrhagiae Orthonairovirus haemorrhagiae
Bacteria High
serovars
Bacteria High Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1
Bunyavirales High Orthohantavirus hantanense
Bacteria High Vibrio cholerae serogroup 0139
Bunyavirales
Coronaviridae High Subgenus Sarbecovirus Subgenus Sarbecovirus Hantaviridae
Filoviridae High Bunyavirales High Bandavirus dabieense Bandavirus dabieense
Flaviviridae High Orthoflavivirus denguei Orthoflavivirus denguei Phenuiviridae
Flaviviridae High Orthoflavivirus zikaense Orthoflavivirus zikaense
Coronaviridae High Subgenus Sarbecoviruses Subgenus Sarbecoviruses
Flaviviridae High Orthoflavivirus nilense
Hantaviridae High Filoviridae High
Nairoviridae High Flaviviridae High Orthoflavivirus denguei Orthoflavivirus denguei
Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H1 Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H1 Orthoflavivirus zikaense Orthoflavivirus zikaense
Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H2
Orthoflavivirus nilense
Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H3
encephalitidis
Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H5 Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H5
Alphainfluenzavirus influenzae (H1N1),
Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H6 Alphainfluenzavirus influenzae (H2Nx),
Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H7 Alphainfluenzavirus influenzae (H3N2), Alphainfluenzavirus influenzae (H1N1),
Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus Influenzae H10 Orthomyxoviridae High Alphainfluenzavirus influenzae (H5Nx), Alphainfluenzavirus influenzae (H5Nx),
Alphainfluenzavirus influenzae (H6Nx),
Paramyxoviridae High Henipavirus nipahense Henipavirus nipahense Alphainfluenzavirus influenzae (H7Nx),
Phenuiviridae High Bandavirus dabieense Bandavirus dabieense Alphainfluenzavirus influenzae (H10Nx)
Poxviridae High Orthopoxvirus monkeypox Orthopoxvirus monkeypox Henipavirus nipahense Henipavirus nipahense
Paramyxoviridae High
Orthopoxvirus vaccinia Orthopoxvirus vaccinia
Poxviridae High Orthopoxvirus vaccinia Orthopoxvirus
Poxviridae High Orthopoxvirus monkeypox
Togaviridae High Alphavirus chikungunya Alphavirus chikungunya monkeypoxOrthopoxvirus vaccinia
Picornaviridae Medium Enterovirus coxsackiepol Togaviridae High Alphavirus chikungunya Alphavirus chikungunya
Picornaviridae Medium Enterovirus alphacoxsackie 71 Enterovirus D68, (EV-D68)
Picornaviridae Medium Human polioviruses
Picornaviridae Medium Enterovirus deconjucti 68 Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71)
Human immunodeficiency virus 1
Retroviridae Medium Lentivirus humimdef1 Lentivirus humimdef1 Retroviridae Medium Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1)
(HIV-1)
Adenoviridae Low-Medium Recombinant mastadenovirus Low-
Adenoviridae Human mastadenovirus B
Pneumoviridae Low-Medium Metapneumovirus hominis Medium
Low-
Anelloviridae Low Pneumoviridae
Medium
Metapneumovirus hominis
Astroviridae Low Mamastrovirus virginiaense Astroviridae Low Mamastrovirus 9 (GII.B-human)
Bornaviridae Low
Bornaviridae Low
Orthohepadnavirus hominoidei
Hepadnaviridae Low Bunyavirales Low
genotype C
Hepeviridae Low Paslahepevirus balayani genotype 3 Peribunyavirus
Herpesviridae Low Hepdnaviridae Low
Papillomaviridae Low
Hepeviridae Low Paslahepevirus balayani, genotype 3
Parvoviridae Low Protoparvovirus carnivoran
Peribunyaviridae Low Parvoviridae Low Carnivore protoparvoviruses (CPV)
Picobirnaviridae Low Orthopicobirnavirus hominis Picobirnaviridae Low Human picobirnavirus
Polyomaviridae Low
Reoviriales Low Orthoreovirus mammalis
Rhabdoviridae Low Genus Vesiculovirus
Spinareoviridae
Sedoreoviridae Low Genus Rotavirus Genus Rotavirus
Sedoreoviridae
Spinareoviridae Low Orthoreovirus mammalis Rhabdoviridae Low Genus Vesiculovirus

34 35
 KEY GLOBAL COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH
ACROSS FAMILIES AND PATHOGENS
The WHO's scientific framework for supported by one or more WHO
pandemic preparedness emphasizes a Collaborative Centers, using an agreed
comprehensive approach to research and approach and common goals.
development8. By focusing on entire
pathogen families and Priority and Decentralized Approach: the CORCs,
Prototype pathogens, the strategy aims to distributed globally, will be implemented
create generalizable knowledge and tools using a decentralized structure that
that can be rapidly adapted to emerging promotes equitable participation from
threats. This framework underscores the researchers in high-, middle-, and
importance of global collaboration, low-income countries, particularly those
sustained support, and equitable access. from locations where pathogens are
Implementing these key research actions known to circulate.
will significantly enhance the world's
ability to detect, prevent, and respond to The aims of the CORCs
potential pandemic threats. Coordinating
and accelerating global research must This Consortia approach aims to leverage
promote universal values. Regarding a scientific advancements and global
collaborative effort to ensure access to collaboration to ensure rapid, equitable,
MCMs during pandemics, some have and effective research and development.
emphasized the importance of speed and The CORC initiative aims to establish a
sometimes cost in responding to future network of international research
pandemics. It is equally important to take consortia focused on priority Families,
a broader view that recognizes the Priority pathogens and Prototype
primary importance of quality, equity in pathogens. This concept builds on the
access, and trust in the products' safety WHO's scientific framework for pandemic
and efficacy. As a community, we need to research preparedness and leverages
explore the different scientific challenges global scientific expertise to enhance our
openly and broadly. collective ability to detect, prevent, and
respond to emerging pathogen threats9.
Collaboration, collaboration,
collaboration… A concerted parallel effort to advance
research in all priority Families
Collaborative Open Research
Consortium (CORC) for each Priority CORCs aim to promote collaborative
Pathogen Family approaches to: (i) assess and characterize
the diversity of pathogens in each Family,
A key action for improving global research their evolution and potential for zoonotic
collaboration and, advance research spill-over events; (ii) promote targeted
preparedness and response to epidemics basic research, and (iii) support the R&D of
and pandemics include establishing a MCMs. Each CORC will operate in parallel
CORC for each Family. Each CORC is with the others to accelerate the

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8 9

36 37
development of MCMs, while establishing Family TPPs provide the vital public surveillance information is essential for an memory phenotypes, has the potential to
sustainable processes aiming to improve health specifications and attributes applied research programme. lead to more effective pandemic vaccines.
research preparedness and response. necessary in formulating vaccines, Rapid detection and isolation of human
treatments, or diagnostic tests with a International networking will be essential monoclonal antibodies is at the nexus of
A navigator’s approach to guide generalizability approach in mind. to ensure at-risk populations have reagents needed for developing vaccines
research efforts assurance that developing MCMs remain and diagnostics and the development of
Preparing for the inevitable. relevant to the contemporary risk. This potential therapeutic MCMs.
The navigator's approach In the context of objective will require in-country
R&D for pandemic preparedness this By prioritizing research on entire Families collaboration to monitor both in humans Translational Research and Product
approach entails knowing the destination as opposed to a handful of individual and potential zoonotic or other reservoirs Development
(equitable access to effective MCMs for Priority Pathogens, this strategy bolsters of infectious agents. Coordinated and
epidemic and pandemic response) and the capability to respond efficiently to collaborative viral monitoring in hotspot Equitable access to knowledge of
the best route to get there (collaborative unforeseen variants, emerging regions is a priority. Initiatives aiming to discoveries, research methods and
Research and R&D approaches). pathogens, zoonotic transmissions, and enhance genomic sequencing, manufacturing methods is important to
unknown threats such as 'Pathogen X.' bioinformatics, and data sharing to rapidly address local problems before they
The focus of this objective is on identify and characterize in real-time become global.
developing comprehensive Roadmaps It also emphasizes the need for prompt novel pathogen threats globally.
and TPPs while building the necessary identification and characterization of For example, developing of reagents and
infrastructure for sustained global emerging threats, the streamlining of Targeted basic research tools and MCMs development (vaccines,
cooperation in research and development. global R&D efforts, via collaborative and therapeutics, and diagnostics) using
efficient research Roadmaps and the The genetic and molecular composition cutting-edge technologies like AI,
Global R&D and Innovation Roadmaps for integration of research into outbreak and of an infectious disease agent provides structural biology, and high-throughput
each Family. These Roadmaps identify the pandemic response. invaluable data to inform and design screening. Further research is expected to
knowledge gaps and research priorities in MCMs. Without basic research, MCMs improve predictions of how genetic
all areas of pandemic preparedness Depending on what Pathogen X turns out design is at risk of becoming outdated sequences lead to pathogenicity and
research, including enabling research. to be, there may be gaps in the and at worse, redundant in the face of antigenicity (termed “functional
These Roadmaps function as strategic pre-pandemic research, and activities natural evolution. Sharing the outcome viromics”). These methods combined
blueprints, regularly updated, guiding outlined in this document aim to and potential rewards of such basic with high throughput synthetic biology
crucial research initiatives focused on promptly fill these knowledge gaps. research will be essential in ensuring that will enable rapid execution of
each identified priority Viral or Bacterial meaningful collaborations are formed and design-build-validate cycles to aid in
Family. They draw on expertise from The lessons drawn from the COVID-19 endure even in the event of an epidemic designing antigens that will induce the
scientists and experts across the world. pandemic underscore the importance of or a new pandemic. Sharing resources will desired immune responses.
These roadmaps are debated openly and continued investment in basic, clinical, also be essential to the downstream
benefit from inputs from various and implementation research, technology applied research. Equitable access to knowledge of
stakeholders. development, and engineering discoveries, research methods and
innovation. A brief summary is presented Critical needs include improved manufacturing is critical to address local
WHO priority Family-specific Target below. understanding of pathogen microbiology problems before they become global.
Product Profile (TPPs) for MCMs. For all (i.e., virology and bacteriology), Animal models enable the study of viral
Priority Pathogens Families, these TPPs Pathogen Discovery and Surveillance pathogenesis (e.g., virulence, pathogenesis and vaccines in live
will help to guide research directed pathogen-host interactions) and organisms containing the full range of cell
toward the development of one or more Basic research into infectious disease is immunology (including protective and organ types, including the diverse
prototype vaccines, therapeutics and the foundation of design for applied immune responses against different types elements of the immune system.
diagnostics. These TPPs will emphasize research. Even when MCMs exist, the of pathogens). Improved high-throughput
research needs that may be generalizable relevance of these MCMs needs to be tools to apply cutting-edge science to Target Product Profiles and Vaccine
both within and outside of a given Family. assured in the event of natural evolution pandemic research will increase its Development
These Family-specific TPPs are to be in the face of selective pressure. Whilst impact. Understanding the roles of
distinguished from TPPs that are laboratory isolates are invaluable to MCMs different arms of the immune system in To maximize pandemic preparedness, it
developed for specific products intended development, being able to reach into protection, and how to induce immune will be important to emphasize
to address individual pathogens. The at-risk populations to obtain meaningful responses with particular specificities and generalizability and high-priority

38 39
 pathogen Families and prototypes in Clinical Trial Infrastructure and Research Accelerating evaluation and
infrastructure development. An example Finding mechanisms to make Deployment Capacity deployment of MCMs in the context of
of considerations to bear in mind is small-market MCms economically feasible epidemics and pandemics
presented here. and sustainable would be a more Outbreaks often occur in areas where
For all priority Families, a WHO pathogen productive way to have vaccines readily these do not exist, thus efforts aiming to In the context of outbreaks, the aim is to
family-specific target product profile (TPP) available for future potential pandemic facilitate the development of research provide a blueprint that contributes to the
will help to guide research directed threats. GMP material is needed to capability are needed. Those efforts must rapid start of simple trials integrated into
toward the development of one or more perform clinical studies during epidemics, include technology sharing and transfer initial outbreak response (randomized
prototype vaccines, therapeutics and and it is considered important to fund and, access to funding sources to bring trials or randomization during
diagnostics. These TPPs will emphasize and study candidate MCMs for Families those resources to at-risk locations10. deployment). It also incorporates
research needs that may be generalizable with pandemic potential, even if Building infrastructure for simple clinical elements to facilitate the rapid
both within and outside of a pathogen short-term public health needs are less trials integrated into outbreak response deployment of candidate MCMs (as
Family. These Family-based TPPs are to be clear. and ensuring efficient research expanded access/compassionate use) if
distinguished from TPPs that are deployment of MCMs11. evidence is available/ is emerging that
developed for products intended to The ultimate goal (and pre-pandemic they are efficacious and safe.
address individual pathogens. The Family stopping point) of vaccine development WHO independent Expert Groups provide
TPPs provide the vital specifications and for each pathogen Family will need to be advice on which candidate MCMs should The availability of candidate MCMs is one
attributes necessary in formulating individually considered. For example, if be given priority for evaluation in the of the essential steps to evaluate
vaccines, treatments, or diagnostic tests regulators indicated that phase 1 or phase context of an outbreak. candidate MCMs and generate data
with a generalizability approach in mind. 2 data for a prototype vaccine could required for regulatory review, eventual
support going directly into phase 3 with a Harmonization of research protocols and licensure, and policy recommendation,
Monitor the pipeline of candidate MCMs pandemic vaccine, this could be an tools are being made to standardize viral considering the limited time-span to
and prioritize for evaluation during argument for obtaining phase 1 or phase 2 assays, animal models, reagents, and evaluate field efficacy during outbreaks
outbreaks data before the next pandemic. Decisions CORE protocols for clinical evaluation caused by infrequent and unpredictable
▶ A critical activity in delivering effective about performing phase 3 studies would across Families12 to streamline research diseases outbreaks.
medical countermeasures is the likely depend on independent reviews, during epidemics and pandemics. This
dissemination of the best available regulatory science, and various regulatory proactive approach facilitates the In addition, greater global coordination
knowledge and evidence on the clinical pathways. agreement on clinical trial designs and and a new mechanism for the supply,
development pipeline of candidate the selection of investigational products financing, and maintenance of candidate
vaccines and treatments. Independent expert evaluation of various and candidates to prioritize in clinical vaccines in preparation for future
▶ This is achieved by meticulously tracking candidate MCMs will contribute to trials during an outbreak. outbreaks of priority pathogens is needed.
the progress of promising candidate achieving this. Unless there is substantial
products throughout the clinical research progress on broadly protective vaccines In the context of epidemics and Through these efforts candidate MCMs
pipeline. (though it’s unlikely that an effective pandemics, the WHO R&D Blueprint for will be promptly evaluated according to
vaccine will be on the shelf when a Epidemics and other stakeholders innovative simple protocols, which meet
Product development and production pandemic occurs), stockpiling of collaboratively co-Sponsors clinical trials the highest scientific and ethical
candidate vaccines is unlikely to be highly integrated into the outbreak response for standards, and which generate results to
Further work on vaccine platforms, and in successful or cost-effective. MCMs with Ministries of Health. inform regulatory assessment and policy
particular, identification of vaccine decisions, while ensuring that national
platforms that induce the types of Similar efforts and deliberations are Valid and rigorous observational and individual interests are respected.
immune responses likely to be important important and will be promoted for effectiveness studies are needed, Such simple protocols can be integrated
for members of an individual pathogen Therapeutics and Diagnostics. especially during an epidemic or in the outbreak response. In addition, the
Family, could help to maximize protective outbreak, to advance evidence-based collaborative approach pursued puts the
responses. To maximize pandemic Through collaboration with at-risk programmatic and policy decisions13. Ministries of Health at the core of all
preparedness, to the extent possible, it will countries, there is a need to help build the research efforts during outbreaks.
be important to emphasize infrastructure to enable production and
generalizability and high-priority
pathogen Families and prototypes in
development of MCMs in at-risk locations,
as appropriate.
10

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infrastructure development.
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40 41
 Table 14. “Translation table” MSL39 Viral Species name and previous, perhaps Family Previous Name MSL39 Viral Species Name
more familiar, names of the various viruses. Hantaviridae Hantaan orthohantavirus Orthohantavirus hantanense
Hantaviridae Hantaan virus Orthohantavirus hantanense
Family Previous Name MSL39 Viral Species Name Hantaviridae Sinnombre virus Orthohantavirus sinnombreense
Adenoviridae Adenovirus B Mastadenovirus blackbeardi Hepadnaviridae Domestic Cat Orthohepadnavirus Orthohepadnavirus felisdomestici
Adenoviridae Human mastadenovirus E Mastadenovirus exoticum Hepadnaviridae Hepatitis B virus genotype C Orthohepadnavirus hominoidei genotype C
Cardamones variant Wenzhou virus Hepadnaviridae Pomona bat Orthohepadnavirus Orthohepadnavirus pomi
Arenaviridae Mammarenavirus cardamones
(CVWV) Hepeviridae Hepatitis E virus Paslahepevirus balayani
Arenaviridae Chapare virus Mammarenavirus chapareense Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
Arenaviridae Junin virus Mammarenavirus juninense Nairoviridae Orthonairovirus haemorrhagiae
virus (CCHF)
Arenaviridae Lassa Fever virus Mammarenavirus lassaense Orthomyxoviridae Influenza A Alphainfluenzavirus influenzae
Arenaviridae Lujo virus Mammarenavirus lujoense Orthomyxoviridae Influenza B Betainfluenzavirus influenzae
Arenaviridae Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Mammarenavirus choriomeningitis Paramyxoviridae Hendra virus Henipavirus hendraense
Arenaviridae Machupo virus Mammarenavirus machupoense Paramyxoviridae Mapuera virus Orthorubulavirus mapueraense
Arenaviridae Venezuelan Hemorrhagic Fever virus Mammarenavirus guanaritoense Paramyxoviridae Menangle virus Pararubulavirus menangleense
Arteriviridae Simian hemorrhagic fever virus Deltaarterivirus hemfev Paramyxoviridae Nipah virus Henipavirus nipahense
Astroviridae Mamastrovirus 10 - mink Mamastrovirus mustelae Paramyxoviridae Sosuga virus Pararubulavirus sosugaense
Astroviridae Mamastrovirus 13 - ovine Mamastrovirus ovis Parvoviridae Carnivore amdoparvoviruses (AMDV) Amdoparvovirus carnivoran
Astroviridae Mamastrovirus 9 Mamastrovirus virginiaense Parvoviridae Carnivore protoparvoviruses Protoparvovirus carnivoran
Bornaviridae Mammalian Bornavirus 1 (BoDV-1) Orthobornavirus bornaense Parvoviridae Primate erythroparvoviruses (SPV) Erythroparvovirus primate
Variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (VSBV- Peribunyaviridae Oropouche virus Orthobunyavirus oropoucheense
Bornaviridae Orthobornavirus sciuri
1) Phlebovirus napoliense, Phlebovirus siciliaense,
Coronaviridae Alpha recombinant CoV Recombinant alphacoronavirus Phenuiviridae Phlebovirus Sandfly fever virus
Phlebovirus toscanaense
Canine coronavirus-human Phenuiviridae Rift Valley Fever virus Phlebovirus riftense
Coronaviridae Alphacoronavirus suis (CCoV-HuPn-2018)
pneumonia-2018 (CCoV-HuPn-2018) Phenuiviridae SFTS virus Bandavirus dabieense
Coronaviridae Human coronavirus NL63 (Bat) Alphacoronavirus amsterdamense Picobirnaviridae Human picobirnavirus Orthopicobirnavirus hominis
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Picornaviridae Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) Enterovirus alphacoxsackie 71
Coronaviridae Subgenus Merbecovirus
Coronavirus Picornaviridae Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) Enterovirus deconjucti 68
Coronaviridae Porcine deltacoronavirus PDCoV Deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) Picornaviridae Polio virus Enterovirus coxsackiepol
Porcine hemagglutinating Pneumoviridae Avian metapneumovirus Metapneumovirus avis
Coronaviridae Betacoronavirus gravedinis (PHEV)
encephalomyelitis virus Pneumoviridae Human metapneumovirus Metapneumovirus hominis
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Poxviridae Alaskapox virus Orthopoxvirus alaskapox
Coronaviridae Subgenus Sarbecovirus
coronavirus
Poxviridae Cowpox virus Orthopoxvirus cowpox
Swine acute diarrhea syndrome Poxviridae Monkeypox virus Orthopoxvirus monkeypox
Coronaviridae Alphacoronavirus porci
coronavirus (SADS-CoV)
Poxviridae Vaccinia virus Orthopoxvirus vaccinia
Filoviridae Bombali viruss Orthoebolavirus bombaliense
Poxviridae Variola virus Orthopoxvirus variola
Filoviridae Ebola virus Orthoebolavirus zairense
Reovirales Mammalian orthoreovirus Orthoreovirus mammalis
Filoviridae Huángji o virus Thamnovirus thamnaconi
Retroviridae GALV virus Gammaretrovirus gibleu
Filoviridae Lloviu virus Cuevavirus lloviuense
Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-
Filoviridae Marburg virus Orthomarburgvirus marburgense Retroviridae Lentivirus humimdef1
1)
Filoviridae Mengla virus Dianlovirus menglaense
Human immunodeficiency virus 2 (HIV-
Filoviridae Reston virus Orthoebolavirus restonense Retroviridae Lentivirus humimdef2
2)
Filoviridae Sudan ebolavirus Orthoebolavirus sudanense
Retroviridae Human T-lymphotropic virus 3 (HTLV-3) Deltaretrovirus priTlym3
Filoviridae Xilang virus Striavirus antennarii
Retroviridae Simian immunodeficiency virus Lentivirus simimdef
Flaviviridae Dengue virus Orthoflavivirus denguei
Rhabdoviridae Genus Ledantevirus Genus Ledantevirus
Flaviviridae Ilheus virus Orthoflavivirus ilheusense
Rhabdoviridae Genus Tibrovirus Genus Tibrovirus
Flaviviridae Japanese encephalitis virus Orthoflavivirus japonicum
Rhabdoviridae Genus Vesiculovirus Genus Vesiculovirus
Flaviviridae Jingmen tick virus Jingmenvirus
Togaviridae Chikungunya virus Alphavirus chikungunya
Flaviviridae Rocio virus Orthoflavivirus rocio
Togaviridae Eastern equine encephalitis virus Alphavirus eastern
Flaviviridae Spondweni virus Orthoflavivirus spondweni
Togaviridae Madariaga virus Alphavirus madariaga
Flaviviridae Tick-borne encephalitis virus Orthoflavivirus encephalitidis
Togaviridae Mayaro virus Alphavirus mayaro
Flaviviridae Usutu virus Orthoflavivirus usutuense
Togaviridae Onyong-nyong virus Alphavirus onyong
Flaviviridae Wesselsbron virus Orthoflavivirus wesselsbronense
Togaviridae Ross River virus Alphavirus rossriver
Flaviviridae West Nile virus Orthoflavivirus nilense
Togaviridae Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus Alphavirus venezuelan
Flaviviridae Yellow fever virus Orthoflavivirus flavi
Flaviviridae Zika virus Orthoflavivirus zikaense

42 43
ANNEX 1. Scientists who evaluated the evidence Bacteria
1. Nicholas Feasay, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, the United Kingdom
related to 28 Viral Families and one core group 2. Benjamin Howden, Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Australia
3. Ann E Jerse, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, United
of Bacteria, encompassing 1,652 pathogens States of America
4. Gagandeep Kang, Vellore Christian Medical College, India
Adenovirida 5. Samuel Kariuki, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kenya
6. Myron M. Levine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, United States
1. Mária Benkő, HUN-REN Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungary of America
2. Renald Gilbert, National Research Council, Canada 7. Khitam Muhsen, School of Public Health, Tel Aviv University, Israel
3. Gregory C. Gray, University of Texas Medical Branch, United States of America 8. Javier Pizarro-Cerda, Institut Pasteur, France
4. Joanne Langley, Dalhousie University and IWK Health Centre, Canada 9. Firdausi Qadri, International Centre for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh
5. Thomas Lion, St.Anna Children´s Cancer Research Institute, Austria 10. Christoph Tang, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford,
6. Donald Seto, George Mason University, United States of America the United Kingdom
7. Jim Wellehan, University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine,
United States of America Bornaviridae
1. Markus Bauswein, Institut für Klinische Mikrobilogie und Hygiene,
Anelloviridae Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Germany
1. Mariet Feltkamp, Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands 2. Martin Beer, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
2. Jelle Matthijnssens, University of Leuven, Rega Institute, Belgium 3. Liv Bode, Virology and Infectious diseases, independent senior research scientist,
3. Joaquim Segalés, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Institute of Agrifood Germany
Research and Technology, Spain 4. Daniel Dunia, University Toulouse, Purpan Hospital, France
4. Lia van der Hoek, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Netherlands 5. Mady Hornig, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, United
States of America
Arenaviridae 6. Susan Payne, retired, Texas A&M University, United States of America
1. Remi Charrel, Aix Marseille Université, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Marseille, France 7. Dennis Rubbenstroth, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
2. Juan Carlos de la Torre, The Scripps Research Institute, United States of America 8. Martin Schwemmle, Institute of Virology, University Clinic Freiburg, Germany
3. Delia A. Enria, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas, Argentina 9. Barbara Schmidt, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Germany
4. Stephan Günther, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Germany 10. Dennis Tappe, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Germany
5. Sylvanus Okogbenin, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital and Ambrose Alli 11. Keizo Tomonaga, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan
University, Nigeria 12. Peng Xie, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China
6. Jiro Yasuda, National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of
Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University, Japan Bunyavirales
1. Felicity Burt, University of the Free State, Faculty of Health Sciences, South Africa
Astroviridae 2. Miles Carroll, University of Oxford, Pandemic Sciences Institute, the United
1. Carlos Federico Arias, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Kingdom
Autónoma de México, Mexico 3. Nazif Elaldi, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Turkey
2. Ákos Boros, University of Pécs, Medical School, Hungary 4. Önder Ergönül, Koç University Iş Bank Center for Infectious Diseases, Turkey
3. Paola de Benedictis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Italy 5. Roger Hewson, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, the United
4. Vijaykrishna Dhanasekaran, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Kingdom
Hong Kong, China 6. Bushra Jamil, The Aga Khan University, Pakistan
5. Susana Guix, University of Barcelona, Spain 7. Ali Mirazimi, Karolinska Institute Research area, Sweden
6. Christine M Jonassen, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Norway 8. Mostafa Salehi-Vaziri, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Iran
7. Rosa Maria Pinto, University of Barcelona, Spain 9. Pragya D Yadav, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Virology,
8. Stacey Schultz-Cherry, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, United India
States of America
9. David Wang, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, United Coronaviridae
States of America 1. Kyeong-Ok Chang, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University,
10. Huachen Maria Zhu, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, United States of America
China 2. Gabriel Leung, LKS Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of
Hong Kong, China

44 45
 3. Malik Peiris, LKS Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of 3. Helene Norder, Gothenburg University, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden
Hong Kong, China 4. Qiuwei Abdullah Pan, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Netherlands
4. Stanley Perlman, University of Iowa, United States of America 5. Nicole Pavio, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health
5. Timothy Sheahan, University of North Carolina, United States of America and Safety, France
6. Zhengli Shi, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China 6. Michael A Purdy, retired, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United
7. Kanta Subbarao, The Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Australia States of America
8. Linfa Wang, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 7. Eike Steinmann, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University, Germany
8. Ting Wu, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, China
Filoviridae
1. Stephan Becker, Institut für Virologie, Phillipps Universität Marburg, Germany Herpesviridae
2. William Fischer, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, United States 1. Lynn W. Enquist, Princeton University, United States of America
of America 2. Herman Favoreel, Ghent University, Belgium
3. Placide Mbala, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Democratic Republic 3. Klaus Frueh, Oregon Health & Science University, United States of America
of the Congo 4. Felicia Goodrum, University of Arizona, United States of America
4. Sabue Mulangu, Ridgeback Biotherapeutic, United States of America and 5. Eain A. Murphy, SUNY - Upstate Medical University, United States of America
University of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo 6. Nikolaus Osterrieder, Freie Universität, Germany
5. Nancy Sullivan, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston 7. Daniel Streblow, Oregon Health & Science University, United States of America
University, United States of America
Orthomyxoviridae
Flaviviridae 1. Christopher Chiu, Imperial College London, the United Kingdom
1. Alan Barrett, University of Texas Medical Branch, United States of America 2. Hideki Hasegawa, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
2. Sonja Best, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, United States 3. Nailya G. Klivleyeva, Research and Production Center for Microbiology and
of America Virology, Kazakhstan
3. Patricia Brasil, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Brazil 4. Florian Krammer, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States
4. Philippe Desprès, La Reunion University, La Réunion of America
5. Mike Diamond, Washington University School of Medicine, United States 5. Tommy Lam, The University of Hong Kong, China
of America 6. Mai Quynh Le thi, National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Viet Nam
6. Andrea Gamarnik, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Argentina 7. Kanta Subbarao, The Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Australia
7. Eva Harris, University of California, United States of America 8. Richard J. Webby, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, United States of America
8. Laura Kramer, School of Public Health, State University of New York, United States
of America Papillomaviridae
9. Ira Longini, University of Florida, United States of America 1. Paul KS Chan, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
10. Neelika Malavige, Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative and University of Sri 2. Zigui Chen, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka 3. Lisa Mirabello, National Cancer Institute, NIH, United States of America
11. Lee-Ching Ng, National Environmental Agency, Singapore 4. Koenraad van Doorslaer, University of Arizona, United States of America
5. Fanghui Zhao, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, China
Hepadnaviridae
1. Marceline Djuidje Ngounoue Epse Ndzie, University of Yaoundé, Cameroon Paramyxoviridae
2. Anand Gaurav, School of Health Sciences & Technology, India 1. Danielle Anderson, The Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Australia
3. Neeraj Masand, LLRM Medical College (Government), India 2. Dalan Bailey, The Pirbright Institute, the United Kingdom
4. Salu Olumuyiwa Babalola, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Nigeria 3. Anne Balkema-Bushann, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
5. Vaishali Patil, Charak School of Pharmacy, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, 4. Sandra Diederich, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
India 5. Gabor Kemenesi, University of Pécs, National Laboratory of Virology, Hungary
6. Saroj Verma, K.R. Mangalam University, India 6. Benhur Lee, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States of America
7. Bryan Tegomoh, University of California, United States of America 7. Piet Maes, Rega Institute at the University of KU Leuven, Belgium
8. Mustafizur Rahman, International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research,
Hepeviridae Bangladesh
1. Kavita Lole, Indian Council of Medical Research, National Institute of Virology, India
2. Xiang-Jin Meng, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, United States Parvoviridae
of America 1. Eric Delwart, retired, UCSF, Vitalant Research Institute, United States of America

46 47
2. Anna-Maria Eis-Hübinger, Institut für Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn,
Germany 3. Michael Carr, National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin,
3. Giorgio Gallinella, University of Bologna, Italy Ireland
4. Modra Murovska, Riga Stradins University, Latvia 4. Yuan Chang, University of Pittsburgh, Hillman Cancer Research Institute, United
5. Colin Parrish, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, United States States of America
of America 5. Sayeh Ezzikouri, Institut Pasteur, Morocco
6. Judit Pénzes, Rutgers University, United States of America 6. Mariet Feltkamp, Leiden University Medical Center, Netherlands
7. Maria Söderlund-Venermo, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, 7. Michael Imperiale, University of Michigan, United States of America
Finland
Poxviridae
Picobirnaviridae 1. Rafael Blasco, Centro Nacional INIA, Consejo superior de investigaciones
1. Souvik Gosh, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts and Nevis, cientificas, Spain
West Indies 2. Clarissa Damaso, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
2. Pattara Khamrin, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand 3. Inger Damon, retired, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), United
3. Yashpal Singh Malik, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, States of America
India 4. Gunasegaran Karupiah, University of Tasmania, Australia
4. Niwat Maneekarn, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand 5. Andreas Nitsche, Robert Koch Institut, Germany
5. Gisela Masachessi, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Córdoba, 6. Stefan Rothenburg, University of California, Davis, United States of America
Argentina
Rhabdoviridae
Picornaviridae 1. Martin Faye, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Senegal
1. Kimberley Benschop, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, 2. Anthony Fooks, Animal & Plant Health Agency, the United Kingdom
Netherlands 3. Marie-Paule Kieny, Drugs for Neglected Diseases and Medicines Patent Pool
2. Edson Elias da Silva, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Brazil Foundation, Switzerland
3. Thea Kølsen Fischer, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, 4. Matthias Schnell, Thomas Jefferson University, United States of America
Denmark 5. Nikos Vasilakis, University of Texas Medical Branch, United States of America
4. Heli Harvala Simmonds, NHS Blood and Transplant, the United Kingdom 6. Supaporn Wacharapluesadee, Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases
5. Min-Shi Lee, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan Clinical Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thailand
6. Steve Oberste, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States
of America Reovirales
7. Miao Xu, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, China 1. Terence Dermody, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, United States
8. Hongjie Yu, Fudan University, School of Public Health, China of America
2. Jelle Matthijnssens, Rega Institute, University of KU Leuven, Belgium
Pneumoviridae 3. Polly Roy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, the United Kingdom
1. Larry J. Anderson, Emory University School of Medicine, United States of America
2. Louis J. Bont, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Netherlands Retroviridae
3. Ruth Karron, Johns Hopkins Vaccine Initiative, Bloomberg School of Public 1. Gloria Arriagada, Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile
Health, United States of America 2. Alex Greenwood, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research and Freie
4. Jerome H. Kim, International Vaccine Institute, Republic of Korea Universität Berlin, Germany
5. Claudio Lanata, Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Peru 3. Theodora Hatziioannou, Rockefeller University, United States of America
6. Octavio Ramilo, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, United States of America 4. Aris Katzourakis, University of Oxford, the United Kingdom
7. John Williams, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, United States of America 5. Pontiano Kaleebu, Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of
8. Heather Zar, University of Cape Town, South Africa Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda
9. Mohammed Ziaur Rahman, International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, 6. Eric M. Poeschla, University of Colorado School of Medicine, United States
Bangladesh of America
7. Gilda Tachedjian, Burnet Institute for Medical Research and Public Health,
Polyomaviridae Australia
1. Christopher Buck, US National Cancer Institute, United States of America
2. Sébastien Calvignac-Spencer, Helmholtz Institute for One Health, University of Togaviridae
Greifswald, Germany 1. Felicity Burt, University of the Free State, Faculty of Health Sciences, South Africa
2. Naomi Forrester-Soto, The Pirbright Institute, the United Kingdom

48 49
3. Kylene Kehn-Hall, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, United
States of America
ANNEX 2. Prioritization Advisory
4. Sandra López Vergès, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama Committee (PAC)
5. Thomas Morrison, University of Colorado School of Medicine, United States
of America PAC Members

Rafael Blasco, delegate Poxviridae, Centro Nacional INIA, Consejo superior de

investigaciones cientificas, Spain
Sébastien Calvignac-Spencer, chairperson Polyomaviridae, Helmholtz Institute
for One Health, University of Greifswald, Germany
Miles Carroll, chairperson Bunyaviridae, University of Oxford, Pandemic Sciences
Institute, the United Kingdom
Cristina Cassetti, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, United
States of America
Marco Cavaleri, European Medicines Agency, Netherlands
Zigui Chen, chairperson Papillomaviridae, The Chinese University of Hong Kong,
China
Beth-Ann Coller, Retired, Vaccine Development, United States of America
Terence Dermody, chairperson Reoviridae, UPMC Children’s Hospital of
Pittsburgh, United States of America
Herman Favoreel, delegate Herpesviridae, Ghent University, Belgium
Peter Figueroa, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
Naomi Forrester-Soto, chairperson Togaviridae, The Pirbright Institute, the
United Kingdom
Simon Funnell, Health Security Agency, the United Kingdom
Felicia Goodrum, chairperson Herpesviridae, University of Arizona, United States
of America
Souvik Gosh, delegate Picobirnaviridae, Ross University, School of Veterinary
Medicine, St. Kitts and Nevis, West Indies
Barney Graham, Morehouse School of Medicine, United States of America
Stephan Günther, chairperson Arenaviridae, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for
Tropical Medicine, Germany
Nivedita Gupta, Indian Council of Medical Research, India
Hideki Hasegawa, chairperson Orthomyxoviridae, National Institute of
Infectious Diseases, Japan
Eva Harris, chairperson Flaviviridae, University of California, United States of
America
Theodora Hatziioannou, chairperson Retroviridae, Rockefeller University, United
States of America
Christine M Jonassen, chairperson Astroviridae, Norwegian Institute of Public
Health, Norway
Pontiano Kaleebu, Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of
Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Uganda
Jorge Kalil, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
Marie-Paule Kieny, chairperson Rhabdoviridae, Drugs for Neglected Diseases
and Medicines Patent Pool Foundation, Switzerland
Claudio Lanata, chairperson Pneumoviridae, Instituto de Investigación
Nutricional, Peru
Joanne Langley, chairperson Adenoviridae, Dalhousie University and IWK
Health Centre, Canada

50 51
 Myron M. Levine, chairperson Bacteria, University of Maryland School of Medicine, WHO Leadership and R&D Blueprint for Epidemics Team
United States of America
Gabriel Leung, chairperson Coronaviridae, The University of Hong Kong, China Michael J. Ryan, Executive Director WHO Health Emergency programme
Ian Lipkin, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, United States of and Deputy Director-General, WHO
America Ana Maria Henao Restrepo, Lead, R&D Blueprint team for Epidemics, WHO
Ira Longini, University of Florida, United States of America Regine Coste, R&D Blueprint team for Epidemics, WHO
Piet Maes, chairperson Paramyxoviridae, Rega Institute at the University of KU Adourahamane Diallo, Consultant, R&D Blueprint team for Epidemics
Leuven, Belgium Nigel Gay, Consultant, R&D Blueprint team for Epidemics
Yashpal Singh Malik, chairperson Picobirnaviridae, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary Patrick Lydon, R&D Blueprint team for Epidemics, WHO
and Animal Sciences University, India Philip Renatus Krause, Consultant, R&D Blueprint team for Epidemics
Xiang-Jin Meng, chairperson Hepeviridae, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Neddy Mafunga, R&D Blueprint team for Epidemics, WHO
University, United States of America César Muñoz-Fontela, Consultant, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical
Vaishali Patil, chairperson Hepadnaviridae, Charak School of Pharmacy, Medicine, Germany
Chaudhary Charan Singh University, India Ximena Riveros, R&D Blueprint team for Epidemics, WHO headquarters,
Stanley Plotkin, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America Switzerland
Rino Rappuoli, Biotechnopole Foundation of Siena, Italy Colin Sanderson, Consultant, London School of Hygiene and Tropical
Helen Rees, Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Medicine, the United Kingdom
Witwatersrand, South Africa Alhassane Touré, Consultant, R&D Blueprint team for Epidemics, France
Stefan Rothenburg, chairperson Poxviridae, University of California, Davis, United
States of America Invited Observers during Day 1 of the PAC meeting
Dennis Rubbenstroth, delegate Bornaviridae, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
Heli Harvala Simmonds, chairperson Picornaviridae, NHS Blood and Transplant, Partner organizations
the United Kingdom
Eric J Snijder, Leiden University Medical Center, United States of America Aurelia Nguyen, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance
Maria Söderlund-Venermo, chairperson Parvoviridae, University of Helsinki, Simon Allan, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance
Finland Derrick Sim, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance
Samba Sow, Center for Vaccine Development, Mali Marta Tufet, Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance
Nancy Sullivan, chairperson Filoviridae, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Engelbert Bain Luchuo, International Development Research Centre,
Laboratories, Boston University, United States of America Canada
Petro Terblanche, Afrigen Biologics and Vaccines, South Africa Montasser Kamal, International Development Research Centre, Canada
Keizo Tomonaga, chairperson Bornaviridae, Institute for Life and Medical Charu Kaushic, McMaster University, Canada
Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan Natacha Lecours, International Development Research Centre, Canada
Lia van der Hoek, chairperson Anelloviridae, Amsterdam University Medical Zee Leung, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Canada
Centers, Netherlands Esther Coronado Martinez, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Canada
Valdilea Veloso, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fiocruz, Samuel Oti, International Development Research Centre, Canada
Brazil Wolfgang Philipp, European Commission, European Health Emergency
Supaporn Wacharapluesadee, delegate Rhabdoviridae, Thai Red Cross Emerging Preparedness and Response Authority (HERA)
Infectious Diseases Clinical Center, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangin Brim, European Health Emergency Preparedness and Response
Thaïland Authority (HERA), European Commission
Linfa Wang, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore Ana Burgos-Gutierriez, European Commission, European Health
Judith Wong, National Environment Agency, Singapore Emergency Preparedness and Response Authority (HERA), Belgium
Mukhlid Yousif, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, South Africa Agnes-Marta Molnar, European Commission, European Health Emergency
Preparedness and Response Authority (HERA)
International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infection Consortium Richard Hatchett, CEPI
(ISARIC) Peter Hart, CEPI
Jakob Cramer, CEPI,
Esteban Garcia, University of Oxford, the United Kingdom Lindi Dalland, CEPI
Laura Merson, University of Oxford, the United Kingdom Bill Dowling, CEPI
Amanda Rojek, University of Oxford, Oxford Global Health, the United Kingdom Caroline, Forkin, CEPI
Richard Jarman, CEPI

52 53
 Nicole Lurie, CEPI Marissa Alejandria, University of the Philippines, Philippines
Alexander Precioso, CEPI Rajiv Bahl, Indian Council of Medical Research, India
Gerald Voss, CEPI Ralf Bartenschlager, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Germany
Georges Thiry, CEPI Larry Brillant, Pandefense Advisory, United States of America
Stacey Wooden, CEPI Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk, University of Utah College of Pharmacy, United
Isabel Oliver, UK Health Security Agency, the United Kingdom States of America
Stephen Oakeshott, UK Research and Innovation, the United Kingdom Chetan Chitnis, Institut Pasteur, France
Jo Mulligan, Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office, the United Kingdom Ziyaad Dangor, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
Mariana Delfino-Machin, UK Research and Innovation, the United Kingdom Gordan Dugan, University of Cambridge, the United Kingdom
Nel Druce Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office, the United Kingdom Kenshi Furushima, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan
Bassam Hallis, UK Health Security Agency, the United Kingdom Sarah Gilbert, University of Oxford, the United Kingdom
Anna Kinsey, UK Research and Innovation, the United Kingdom Tom Fleming, University of Washington, School of Public Health, United
Lewis Peake, UK Health Security Agency, the United Kingdom States of America
Cathy Roth, Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office, the United Kingdom Andre Henriques, CERN, Switzerland
Alex Pym, Wellcome Trust, the United Kingdom Irina Isakova-Sivak, Institute of Experimental Medicine Saint Petersburg,
Titus Divala, Wellcome Trust, the United Kingdom Russia
Josie Golding, Wellcome Trust, the United Kingdom Gladys Kalema-Zikusoka, Conservation Through Public Health, Uganda
Charlie Weller, Wellcome Trust, the United Kingdom Florian Krammer, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States of
Peter Dull, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, United States of America America
Wolfram Morgenroth, BMZ Federal Ministery for Economic Cooperation and Igor Krasilnikov, St. Petersburg Institute Vaccines & Sera, Russia
Development, Germany Richard Kuhn, Purdue University, United States of America
Veronika von Messling, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Federal Martin Landray, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
Ministry of Education and Research, Germany Jason McLellan, University of Texas, United States of America
Armelle Pasquet-Cadre, Inserm, France Liz Miller, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, the United
Yazdan Yazdanpanah, Inserm, France Kingdom
Veronika von Messling, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Federal Armelle Phalipon, Institut Pasteur, France
Ministry of Education and Research, Germany Andrew Rambaut, University of Edinburgh, the United Kingdom
Gary Disbrow, US Department of Health and Human Services United States Hervé Raoul, ANRS Inserm, France
of America Karin Bok, National Institutes of Health, United States of America Rumi Sano, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan
Christopher Houchens, US Department of Health and Human Services, United Yot Teerawattananon, NUS Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health,
States of America Singapore
Taylor Kimberly, National Institutes of Health, United States of America David Veesler, University of Washington, United States of America
Jane Knisely, National Institutes of Health/NIAID, United States of America Cesar Victora, University of Oxford, the United Kingdom
Hilary Marston, US Food & Drug Administration, United States of America Andrew Ward, The Scripps Research Institute, United States of America
Kaitlyn Morabito, National Institutes of Health, United States of America Yohei Yamanaka, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan
Chris White, US Department of Health and Human Services, United States of
America Other invited WHO colleagues
Daniel Wolfe, US Department of Health and Human Services, United States of
America Nyka Alexander, WHO Headquarters
Jean Patterson, National Institutes of Health, United States of America Benedetta Allegranzi, WHO Headquarters
Theodore Pierson, National Institutes of Health/NIAID, United States of America Ayman Badr, WHO Headquarters
Steven Smith, National Institutes of Health/NIAID, United States of America April Baller, WHO Headquarters
Marianne Stanford, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Canada Isabel Bergeri, WHO Headquarters
Agenla Tessarolo, European Commission, European Health Emergency Rick Brennan, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
Preparedness and Response Authority (HERA), Belgium Ciro Ugarte Casafranca, WHO Regional Office for the Americas
Edwin Ceniza Salvador, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern
Other invited Experts Mediterranean
Jane A. Cunningham, WHO Headquarters
Priyamvada Acharya, Duke University School of Medicine, United States of Miranda Deeves, WHO Headquarters
America Stéphane de la Rocque de Severac, WHO Headquarters

54 55
 Janet Victoria Diaz, WHO Headquarters Pankaj Saxena, WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia
Abeer Eltelmissany, WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean Lisa Scheuermann, WHO Headquarters
Pierre Formenty, WHO Headquarters Alice Simniceanu WHO Headquarters
Rogerio Paulo Gaspar, WHO Headquarters Gabriella Stern, WHO Headquarters
Lydie Gassackys, WHO Regional Office for Africa Lorenzo Subissi, WHO Headquarters
Nathalie German Julskov, WHO Regional Office for Europe Kate Medlicott, WHO Headquarters
Nina Gobat, WHO Headquarters Ryoko Takahashi, WHO Headquarters
Abdou Salam Gueye, WHO Regional Office for Africa Joao Paulo Toledo, WHO Headquarters
Heraa Hajelsafi, WHO Headquarters Maria van Kerkhove, WHO Headquarters
Margaret Ann Harris, WHO Headquarters Laura Alejandra Velez Ruiz Gaitan, WHO Headquarters
Reena Hemendra Doshi, WHO Regional Office for Africa Julie Viry, WHO Headquarters
Jean-Michel Heraud, WHO Headquarters Sophie von Dobschuetz, WHO Headquarters
Sarah Hess, WHO Headquarters Kai Von Harbou, WHO Headquarters
Ana Hoxha, WHO Headquarters Gundo Weiler, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific
Patrik Humme, WHO Headquarters Victoria Willet, WHO Headquarters
Chikwe Ihekweazu, WHO Headquarters Wenqing Zhang, WHO Headquarters
Chinwe Iwu Jaja, WHO Regional Office for Africa Tiequn Zhou, WHO Headquarters
Anoko Julienne, WHO Regional Office for Africa
Mory Keita, WHO Regional Office for Africa
Shagun Khare, WHO Headquarters
Ivana Knezevic, WHO Headquarters
Olivier Le Polain, WHO Headquarters
Dianliang Lei, WHO Headquarters
Rosamund Lewis, WHO Headquarters
Katherine Littler, WHO Headquarters
Ramona Ludolph, WHO Headquarters
Sandra Machiri, WHO Headquarters
Judith Martinez, WHO Regional Office for the Americas
Issa Matta, WHO Headquarters
Anne Helene Mazur, WHO Headquarters
Steven McGloughlin, WHO Headquarters
Maria Consuelo Miranda Montoya, WHO Headquarters
Ryoko Miyazaki-Krause, WHO Headquarters
Madison Moon, WHO Headquarters
Thomas Moran, WHO Headquarters
Oliver Morgan, WHO Headquarters
Miriam Nanyunja, WHO Regional Office for Africa
Tim Nguyen, WHO Headquarters
Joseph Okeibunor, WHO Regional Office for Africa
Babatunde Olowokure, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific
Nadege Ondziel-Banguid, WHO Regional Office for Africa
June Orbe, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific
Boris Pavlin, WHO Headquarters
Leandro Pecchia, WHO Headquarters
Odie Pineda, WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific
Ingrid Rabe, WHO Headquarters
Andrea Alois Reis, WHO Headquarters
Diana Rojas Alvarez, WHO Headquarters
Jamie Rylance, WHO Headquarters
Kolawole Salami, WHO Headquarters

56 57
ANNEX 3. Summary of Epidemiological Disclaimer
Information on Proposed Priority Pathogens The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not
Vector/ Extent of person-to- Areas with Documented
imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WHO in preference to others of a
Family Pathogen Mode of Transmission Spread
Reservoir person transmission Transmission similar nature that are not mentioned.
Contact with infected
Mammarenavirus Mastomys Sufficient to cause West African countries, including
Arenaviridae rodents, person-to-person Africa
lassaense rodents outbreaks Nigeria, Liberia, Sierra Leone
transmission All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information
Aquatic Fecal-oral transmission,
Bacteria Vibrio Cholerae (sero 01) environment, contaminated water Some South Asia
Primarily in Developing countries,
potential for global spread
contained in this DRAFT landscape. However, the published material is being
human hosts
Humans,
sources
distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The
Nosocomial transmission,
Bacteria Klebsiella Pneumonia environmental
reservoirs
person-to-person spread
Some Global Reported worldwide responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader.
Flea-borne transmission,
Asia, Africa,
Endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, In no event shall WHO be liable for damages arising from its use.
Bacteria Yersinia Pestis (Plague) Rodents, fleas person-to-person spread Some and the Americas, potential for
Americas
of pneumonic plague global spread
Fecal-oral transmission,
Sufficient to cause Primarily in Developing countries,
Bacteria Shigella Dysenteria 1 Humans contaminated
outbreaks potential for global spread
food/water
Humans,
Salmonella Enterica animals, Foodborne transmission, Sufficient to cause
Bacteria Global Reported worldwide distribution
(invasive non-typhoidal) environmental person-to-person spread outbreaks
reservoirs
Orthohantavirus Inhalation of virus from Primarily confined to endemic
Hantaviridae Field mice Little or none Asia
hantanense rodent excreta regions in Asia
Orthohantavirus Inhalation of virus from Primarily confined to North
Hantaviridae Deer mice Little or none North America
sinnombreense rodent excreta America
Tick-borne transmission,
Orthonairovirus Asia, Africa, Primarily confined to endemic
Nairoviridae Ticks, livestock contact with infected Some
haemorrhagiae Europe regions in Africa, Asia, Europe
animals
Ticks, small
Phenuiviridae Bandavirus dabieense Tick-borne transmission Little or none Asia Outbreaks in parts of Asia
mammals
Bat-borne transmission,
Sufficient to cause Asia, Middle- Outbreaks in parts of Asia and
Coronaviridae Sub genus Merbecoviruses Bats, humans potential for person-to-
outbreaks East the Middle East
person spread
Bat-borne transmission, Sufficient to cause
Coronaviridae Sub genus Sarbecoviruses Bats, humans Global Global, already caused a PHEIC
person-to-person spread outbreaks
Unknown,
Orthoebolavirus Contact with infected Sufficient to cause Central and Primarily in Central and East
Filoviridae potential
sudanense bodily fluids outbreaks East Africa Africa
animal reservoir
Fruit bats,
Orthomarburgvirus Contact with infected Sufficient to cause Central and Primarily in Central and East
Filoviridae potential
marburgense bodily fluids outbreaks East Africa Africa
animal reservoir
Fruit bats,
Contact with infected Sufficient to cause Central and Primarily in Central and West
Filoviridae Orthoebolavirus zairense potential
bodily fluids outbreaks East Africa Africa
animal reservoir

Mosquitoes, non- Mosquito-borne Africa, South In parts of Africa and South

Flaviviridae Orthoflavivirus flavi Little or none
human primates transmission America America

Aedes Mosquito-borne Widespread in tropical and

Flaviviridae Orthoflavivirus denguei Little or none
mosquitoes transmission subtropical regions
Mosquito-borne
Americas,
Aedes transmission, potential for Outbreaks in the Americas,
Flaviviridae Orthoflavivirus zikaense Some Africa, Asia,
mosquitoes vertical and sexual Africa, Asia, and the Pacific
Pacific
transmission
Respiratory transmission,
Alphainfluenzavirus Avian reservoirs, Asia, Africa, Outbreaks in parts of Asia, Africa,
Orthomyxoviridae potential for zoonotic Little or none
influenzae H5,H6,H7,H10 humans Europe and Europe
transmission
Respiratory transmission,
Alphainfluenzavirus Avian reservoirs, Sufficient to cause Outbreaks in parts of Asia and
Orthomyxoviridae potential for zoonotic Asia, Europe
influenzae H2 humans outbreaks Europe
transmission
Respiratory transmission,
Alphainfluenzavirus Avian reservoirs, Sufficient to cause
Orthomyxoviridae potential for zoonotic Global Worldwide distribution
influenzae H1,H3 humans outbreaks
transmission
Bat-borne transmission,
Paramyxoviridae Henipavirus nipahense Bats, humans potential for person-to- Little or none Asia Outbreaks in parts of Asia
person spread
Fecal-oral transmission,
Sufficient to cause Primarily confined to Afghanistan
Picornaviridae Enterovirus coxsackiepol Humans contaminated water Asia
outbreaks and Pakistan
sources
Respiratory transmission, Sufficient to cause Historically widespread, now
Poxviridae Orthopoxvirus Variola Humans Eradicated
direct contact outbreaks confined to laboratories
Animal-to-human Endemic in Central and West
Rodents, Sufficient to cause
Poxviridae Orthopoxvirus Monkeypox transmission, person-to- Global Africa, already caused a PHEIC
humans outbreaks
person spread with global spread
Bloodborne transmission,
Retroviridae Lentivirus humimdef1 Humans Endemic in humans Global Worldwide distribution
sexual transmission
Aedes Mosquito-borne Asia, Africa, Outbreaks in parts of Africa, Asia,
Togaviridae Alphavirus chikungunya Little or none
mosquitoes transmission Americas and the Americas
Mosquitoes, Mosquito-borne Central and Outbreaks in parts of Central
Togaviridae Alphavirus Venezuelan Little or none
rodents transmission South America and South America

58 59
ANNEX 4. Current landscape of candidate Family Pathogen Vaccine name Platform
Phase of
Developer Source
development

Vaccines and Therapeutics for proposed Priority

https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31 94282/
Shigella ETEC live
attenuated vaccine

Pathogens
Bacteria Shigella Dysenteria 1 Live attenuated Preclinical
consisting of six Shigella
strains

ht ps:/w w.who.int/ eams/immunization-vac ines-and-biol gicals/diseases/cholera

Shantha
Vibrio Cholerae Killed whole-cell
Bacteria Shanchol Licensed Biotechnics/Sanofi
(sero 0139) bivalent (O1 and O139)
Pasteur
Candidate vaccines
Bacteria
Vibrio Cholerae
(sero 0139)
Euvichol
Killed whole-cell
bivalent (O1 and O139)
Licensed EuBiologics
ht ps:/w w.who.int/ eams/immunization-vac ines-and-biol gicals/diseases/cholera
ht ps:/w w.who.int/ eams/immunization-vac ines-and-biol gicals/diseases/cholera
Phase of
Family Pathogen Vaccine name Platform Developer Source
development Vibrio Cholerae Killed whole-cell
Bacteria Euvichol-Plus Licensed EuBiologics

https:/ctv.eva.com/study/ose-rangi -study-safety-olerabilty-and-im unogenicty-ofino-450-inhealthy-volunters-ingha

(sero 0139) bivalent (O1 and O139)
Mammarenavirus
Arenaviridae INO-4500 DNA Phase 1 Inovio Pharmaceuticals PharmAthene UK
lassaense Bacteria Yersinia Pestis rF1 and rV Antigens Recombinant Phase 1 NCT00246467
Limited
Bacteria Yersinia Pestis Flagellin/F1/V Recombinant Phase 1 NIAID NCT01381744

https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04055454
ht ps:/w w.ox.ac.uk/news/2021-07-26-phase-i trial-begins-new-vac ine-against-plague
Mammarenavirus Live-attenuated Institut Pasteur, Themis
Arenaviridae MV-LASV Phase 1
lassaense Measles Virus vector Bioscience Bacteria Yersinia Pestis ChAdOx1 PlaVac Viral Vector Phase 1 University of Oxford

Mammarenavirus Vesicular Stomatitis

https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04794218 DynPort Vaccine

https:/ clincaltrials.gov/study/NCT0586873 ?cond=rVSV%E2%8 %86G-LASV-GPC&rank=2

Arenaviridae rVSV-LASV Phase 2 IAVI rF1V Vaccine with CpG
lassaense Virus (VSV) vector Bacteria Yersinia Pestis Recombinant Phase 2 Company LLC, A GDIT NCT05506969
1018
Company

https:/ w w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pi/S0264 10X08010 62?via%3Dihub

Jiangsu Province
Mammarenavirus Bacteria Yersinia Pestis plague vaccine(F1+rV) Live Attenuated Phase 2b Centers for Disease NCT05330624
Arenaviridae ML29 Reassortant virus Preclinical
lassaense Control and Prevention

DynPort Vaccine
Bacteria
Klebsiella
Pneumonia
Ribosomal fraction Ribosomal Clinical https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8412853/ Bacteria Yersinia Pestis rF1V vaccine Recombinant Phase 2b Company LLC, A GDIT NCT01122784

https:/ clincaltrials.gov/study/NCT0495 34 ?cond=Klebsiela%20Pneumonia&term=vac ine&rank=1

Company
Klebsiella LimmaTech Biologics Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Hygiene
Bacteria Klev4V Bioconjugate Phase 1/2 Bacteria Yersinia Pestis EV 76 NIIEG Live Whole Cell Phase 4
Pneumonia AG (Russian abbreviation—NIIEG, Kirov)

Bacteria
Klebsiella
Pneumonia
Capsular
poliysaccharides
Subunit Phase 1/2
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8412853/
Bacteria Yersinia Pestis Y. pestis CO92 LMA* Live attenuated Preclinical https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34142207/
Bacteria Yersinia Pestis Y. pestis CO92 LMP Live attenuated Preclinical https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34142207/
https:/ www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6656602/
Outer Membrane
Klebsiella
Bacteria Proteins (OMP)-based Protein Preclinical Various
Pneumonia
vaccine Bacteria Yersinia Pestis
Y. pestis EV76-B-
SHU pla!
Live attenuated Preclinical https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34142207/
Bacteria
Klebsiella
Pneumonia
Fimbriae Subunits Protein Preclinical
https:/ www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8412853/ Bacteria Yersinia Pestis
Y. pestis CO92
pgm pPst
Live attenuated Preclinical https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34142207/
Bacteria
Klebsiella
Pneumonia
Toxins Protein Preclinical
https:/ www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8412853/ Bacteria Yersinia Pestis
Calcium Phosphate
based Protein-coated Subunit Preclinical
https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34142207/
Bacteria
Klebsiella
Lipopolysaccharides Subunit Preclinical
https:/ www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8412853/ Microcrystals F1V

ht ps:/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34142 07/
Pneumonia
Single dose F1-V
Bacteria
Klebsiella
Pneumonia
Outer membrane
vesicles (OMBVs)
Subunit Preclinical
https:/ www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8412853/ Bacteria Yersinia Pestis
polyanhydride
nanoparticle coupled Subunit Preclinical

https:/ www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8412853/
with cyclic
Klebsiella Inactivated K. Whole Cell
Bacteria Preclinical dinucleotides
Pneumonia pneumoniae vaccine Vaccines/Cell Lysates
Bacteria Yersinia Pestis rv10 Subunit Preclinical
https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34142207/
https:/ www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8412853/
Mixed bacterial
Klebsiella Whole Cell Peptidoglycan-Free
https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34142207/
Bacteria vaccines (MBV) with Preclinical
Pneumonia Vaccines/Cell Lysates Bacteria Yersinia Pestis OMV (Bacterial Ghosts)- Subunit Preclinical
heat-killed pathogens
phage lytic system

Bacteria
Klebsiella
Pneumonia
Respivax
Whole Cell
Vaccines/Cell Lysates
Preclinical
https:/ www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8412853/ Bacteria Yersinia Pestis
Manganese silicate
nanoparticle rF1-V10
Subunit Preclinical
https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34142207/
polymeric F1 + LcrV
https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34142207/
https:/ academic.oup.com/ofid/article/10/Sup lement_1/S58/718 90
Bacteria Yersinia Pestis Subunit Preclinical
Salmonella Enterica (ILB1)-R

https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34142207/
Bacteria (invasive non- iNTS-typhoid conjugate Conjugate Phase 1 Y. Pseudotuberculosis-
Bacteria Yersinia Pestis Subunit Preclinical
typhoidal) based LcrV MPLA OMV

https:/ academic.oup.com/ofid/article/10/Sup lement_1/S58/718 90 https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34142207/

Salmonella Enterica GMMA-based bivalent
Outer membrane GSK Vaccines Ins. For Bacteria Yersinia Pestis LicKM-LcrV-F1 Subunit Preclinical
Bacteria (invasive non- (S. Typhimurium/S. Phase 1
vesicles Global Health (GVGH)
https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34142207/
typhoidal) Enteritidis) Microvessicle
Bacteria Yersinia Pestis Subunit Preclinical

https:/ academic.oup.com/ofid/article/10/Sup lement_1/S58/718 90

Salmonella Enterica Trivalent (S. Typhi/S. University of (Bacteroides spp.) F1-V
Bacteria (invasive non-
typhoidal)
Typhimurium/S.
Enteritidis)
Conjugate Phase 2 Maryland/Bharat
Biotech
Bacteria Yersinia Pestis DNA F1-V vaccines Vector-Based Preclinical https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34142207/
https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34142207/
https:/ academic.oup.com/ofid/article/10/Sup lement_1/S58/718 90
Salmonella Enterica O:4 and O:9 conjugate Bacteria Yersinia Pestis Ad5-F1+ Ad5-LcrV Vector-Based Preclinical
Boston's Children's
Bacteria (invasive non- (S. Typhimurium/S. Conjugate Preclinical

https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34142207/
Hospital
typhoidal) Enteritidis) - MAPS Bacteria Yersinia Pestis Ad5-YFV Vector-Based Preclinical

https:/ academic.oup.com/ofid/article/10/Sup lement_1/S58/718 90

Salmonella Enterica
Bacteria (invasive non-
typhoidal)
Trivalent (S. Typhi/S. Typhimurium/S. Enteritidis) Preclinical SK Bioscience/IVI Bacteria Yersinia Pestis T4-Phage Vector-Based Preclinical https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34142207/

60 61
 Phase of Phase of
Family Pathogen Vaccine name Platform Developer Source Family Pathogen Vaccine name Platform Developer Source
development development

Bacteria Yersinia Pestis

S. Typhimurium
expressing plague Vector-Based Preclinical
https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34142207/ Coronaviridae Sarbecoviruses Mucosal vaccine Live attenuated Preclinical https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-42349-5
antigens
Coronaviridae Sarbecoviruses
Universal Sarbecovirus
n/a Preclinical
Shionogi & KOTAI
https:/ www.shionogi.com/global/en/news/2023/6/230619_1.html
Bacteria Yersinia Pestis
S. Typhi expressing
Vector-Based Preclinical https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34142207/ Vaccine Biotechnologies
plague antigens
Lactiplantibacillus
Coronaviridae Sarbecoviruses Mosaic-8 Nanoparticle Preclinical CalTech https:/ www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abq0839
Bacteria Yersinia Pestis plantarum expressing Vector-Based Preclinical https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34142207/ IgG Fc-conjugated RBD of the original SARS-
lcrV Coronaviridae Sarbecoviruses CoV-2 strain (WA1) plus a novel STING agonist- Preclinical Fudan University, China
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36897979/
https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34142207/
based adjuvant CF501 (CF501/RBD-Fc)
Bacteria Yersinia Pestis F1 mRNA-LNP Vector-Based Preclinical

ht ps:/ journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.p at.1010 78

Adenovirus

https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34142207/
Y. pseudotuberculosis Orthoebolavirus Ad26.ZEBOV/MVA-BN- Janssen/Bavarian
Bacteria Yersinia Pestis Vector-Based Preclinical Filoviridae vector/Modified Licensed
producing F1 zairense Filo Nordic
vaccinia Ankara (MVA)
Bacteria Yersinia Pestis
Self-amplifying RNA
Vector-Based Preclinical https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34142207/
ht ps:/ journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.p at.1010 78
(F1+LcrV)
Orthoebolavirus Ervebo (rVSV G-ZEBOV- Recombinant vesicular

https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34142207/
F. tularensis capB + F1- Filoviridae Licensed Merck
Bacteria Yersinia Pestis Vector-Based Preclinical zairense GP) stomatitis virus (rVSV)
LcrV/PA

Nairoviridae
Orthonairovirus
haemorrhagiae
Russian/Bulgarian
Vaccine
Inactivated Licensed in Bulgaria

The Scientific and

https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34142207/ Filoviridae
Orthoebolavirus
zairense
Ad5-EBOV Viral Vector
Licensed I
China
BIT CanSino
ht ps:/ journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.p at.1010 78
https:/ clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03020771?cond=cchf&rank=2
Orthonairovirus GamEvac-Combi and
Nairoviridae KIRIM-KONGO-VAX MVA based vaccine Phase 1 Technological Research
haemorrhagiae GamEvacLyo

ht ps:/ journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.p at.1010 78

Council of Turkey
Orthoebolavirus Heterologous prime-
Filoviridae Viral Vector Licensed in Russia/Phase 3 in Guinea

https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28250124/
Orthonairovirus zairense boost w/ rVSV and Ad5
Nairoviridae DNA Vaccine DNA Preclinical Linköping University expressing EBOV GP
haemorrhagiae
(Makona)
Nairoviridae
Orthonairovirus
mRNA-LNP vaccine mRNA Preclinical
Public Health Agency
https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34817199/
ht ps:/ journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.p at.1010 78
haemorrhagiae of Sweden
Orthoebolavirus

https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30947619/
Orthonairovirus Replicon particle Replicon particle Filoviridae DNA Vaccine DNA Phase 1
Nairoviridae Preclinical zairense
haemorrhagiae vaccine vaccine

Nairoviridae
Orthonairovirus
haemorrhagiae
GEM-PA vaccine Subunit Protein Preclinical https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36016285/ Filoviridae
Orthoebolavirus
zairense
DNA plasmid vaccine DNA Phase 1
ht ps:/ journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.p at.1010 78
Nairoviridae
Orthonairovirus
haemorrhagiae
ChAdOx2 CCHF Viral Vector Preclinical University of Oxford
ht ps:/w w.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PI S2352-3964%2823%290 08 -9/fultext Filoviridae
Orthoebolavirus
zairense
Monovalent
nanoparticle
Nanoparticle Phase 1
ht ps:/ journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.p at.1010 78
Orthonairovirus
https:/ journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0091516
ht ps:/ journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.p at.1010 78
Nairoviridae MVA CCHF Viral Vector Preclinical UKHSA
haemorrhagiae
Orthoebolavirus

https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31123310/
Orthonairovirus University of Texas Filoviridae Vesiculovax Viral Vector Phase 1 Auro Vaccines
Nairoviridae rVSV Viral Vector Preclinical zairense
haemorrhagiae Medical Branch

Phenuiviridae
Bandavirus
dabieense
DNA Vaccine DNA Preclinical
https:/ www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-1 815-4 Filoviridae
Orthoebolavirus
zairense
INO-4201 DNA Phase 1b Inovio Pharmaceuticals https:/ academic.oup.com/jid/article/220/3/400/5395966
Phenuiviridae
Bandavirus
dabieense
rHB2912aaNSs and
rHB29NSsP102A
Live attenuated Preclinical
https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/4/627

https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/16/1/128
Filoviridae
Orthoebolavirus
zairense
cAd3-EBOZ/ChAd3-EBO- Chimpanzee
Z adenovirus vector
Phase 2/3 GlaxoSmithKline
ht ps:/ journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.p at.1010 78
Bandavirus Recombinant Viral
https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/4/627 Filoviridae
Orthomarburgvirus
marburgense
VRC-MARDNA025-00-
VP
DNA Plasmid Phase 1
NIAID Vaccine
Research Center https:/ clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00997607?cond=marburg&rank=9
Phenuiviridae
dabieense
rVSV-SFTSV
Vector
Preclinical
https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/16/1/128 Filoviridae
Orthomarburgvirus
Ad26-MARV Viral Vector Phase 1
Janssen
https:/ www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9534391/
marburgense Pharmaceuticals
https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/4/627
https:/ clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03475056?cond=marburg&rank=2
Bandavirus Recombinant Viral Orthomarburgvirus
Phenuiviridae
dabieense
LC16m8 - MVA
Vector
Preclinical
https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/16/1/128 Filoviridae
marburgense
cAd3-Marburg Vaccine Viral Vector Phase 1 NIAID

Coronaviridae Merbecoviruses MERS DNA DNA Preclinical https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8603276/ Filoviridae

Orthomarburgvirus
marburgense
rVSV G-MARV-GP Viral Vector Phase 1 Public Health Vaccines https:/ clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06265012?cond=marburg&rank=3
Coronaviridae Merbecoviruses
AcHERV-MERS-S1
pcDNA3.1-S1 pS1
DNA Preclinical https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8603276/ Filoviridae
Orthomarburgvirus
marburgense
cAd3-Marburg vaccine Viral Vector Phase 2 Sabin Vaccine Institute https:/ clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05817422?cond=marburg&rank=1
Coronaviridae Merbecoviruses pSDER-pSDTM DNA-protein Preclinical https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8603276/ Filoviridae
Orthomarburgvirus
marburgense
Several Preclinical
https:/ www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9560149/
Orthoebolavirus Parainfluenza virus
Coronaviridae Merbecoviruses RBD-LSRBD-NP(cdGMP) Nanoparticle Preclinical https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8603276/ Filoviridae
sudanense
HPIV3-SUDV GP
vector
Phase 1 NIAID NCT03462004

Coronaviridae Merbecoviruses SRBD-HBD2 Protein Preclinical https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8603276/ Filoviridae

Orthoebolavirus
sudanense
rVSV G-SEBOV-GP Viral Vector Phase 1 IAVI
ht ps:/ clincaltrials.gov/study/NCT05724 72?cond=sudan&term=vac ine&rank=3
Trivalent RBD
https:/ www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10245799/
ht ps:/ clincaltrials.gov/study/NCT04041570?cond=sudan&term=vac ine&rank=4
Coronaviridae Merbecoviruses Recombinant protein Preclinical
Nanoparticle Vaccine Orthoebolavirus
Filoviridae cAd3-EBO S Viral Vector Phase 1 NIAID
Coronaviridae Merbecoviruses
RV/MERSMERSBLPRVDP
MERS/S1
Viral or bacterial vector Preclinical https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8603276/ sudanense

Coronaviridae Merbecoviruses
rAd/spikePIV5/MERS-S
ChAdOx1-MERS
Viral Vector Preclinical https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8603276/ Filoviridae
Orthoebolavirus
sudanense
ChAdOx1 biEBOV Viral Vector Phase 1b University of Oxford
ht ps:/ clincaltrials.gov/study/NCT05301504?cond=sudan&term=vac ine&rank=6
Coronaviridae Sarbecoviruses VBI-2901
eVLP (enveloped virus-
like particle)
Preclinical VBI Vaccines
htps:/w .vbiacnes.om/pres-laes/vbi-acnes-pacornavius-acine-adi te-vbi2901-nduce-broadn-urable-potcive-t rsagint-varnts-ofcner/ Filoviridae

Filoviridae
Orthoebolavirus
sudanense

Orthoebolavirus
sudanense
cAd3-Sudan Ebolavirus

MVA-SUDV
Chimpanzee
adenovirus vector

Modified Vaccinia
Ankara (MVA) vector
Phase 2

Preclinical
Sabin Vaccine Institute
ht ps:/ clincaltrials.gov/study/NCT06036 02?cond=sudan&term=vac ine&rank=2
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-022-00512-x

62 63
 htps:/w .mdpico/142-87/1498
Phase of Phase of
Family Pathogen Vaccine name Platform Developer Source Family Pathogen Vaccine name Platform Developer Source
development development

htps:/ w w.niad.nih.gov/news-ev nts/experimental-nih-sudan-virus-vac ine-protects-mac ques

Flaviviridae Orthoflavivirus flavi VINFLAPI001/2010 Inactivated Preclinical
Orthoebolavirus Vesicular Stomatitis
Filoviridae VSV-SUDV Preclinical NIAID

htps:/w .ncbilmh.gov/pmcartiles/PMC10283/
sudanense Virus (VSV) vector Chumakov Institute
Flaviviridae Orthoflavivirus flavi Inactivated Preclinical
inactivated YF vaccin
Orthoflavivirus Chimeric virus Recombinant vaccinia
Flaviviridae Dengvaxia Licensed Sanofi Pasteur Flaviviridae Orthoflavivirus flavi Viral vector Preclinical
denguei YFV/DEN1-4 virus/17D YFV
Orthoflavivirus Live atteunuated and
Flaviviridae TV003/TV005 Phase 3 NIAID and Butantan
denguei chimeric virus Flaviviridae Orthoflavivirus flavi MVA-YF and dVV-YF Viral vector Preclinical
Orthoflavivirus
Flaviviridae TAK-003 Chimeric viruses Phase 2 Takeda
denguei Flaviviridae Orthoflavivirus flavi MVA-BN-YF Viral vector Phase 1
Orthoflavivirus
Flaviviridae TDEN Live attenuated Phase 1/2 WRAIR and GSK
denguei Flaviviridae Orthoflavivirus flavi pYF17D-16 iDNA DNA Preclinical
Orthoflavivirus
Flaviviridae DPIV Inactivated Virus Phase 1 WRAIR, GSK, FIOcruz pBeloBAC-FLYF and
denguei Flaviviridae Orthoflavivirus flavi DNA Preclinical
pBeloBAC-YF/ C
Orthoflavivirus Preclinical/Ph US AMRDC, WRAIR,
Flaviviridae TVDV DNA vaccine
denguei ase 1 NMRC and Vical Flaviviridae Orthoflavivirus flavi pShuttle/YFV-17D DNA Preclinical
Orthoflavivirus
Flaviviridae V180 Recombinant protein Phase 1 Merck
denguei Flaviviridae Orthoflavivirus flavi p/YFE and pL/YFE DNA Preclinical
International Centre for
Orthoflavivirus
Flaviviridae DSV4 Virus-like particles Preclinical Genetic Engineering Flaviviridae Orthoflavivirus flavi CJaYZ Virus-like particles Preclinical
denguei
and Biotechnology
Flaviviridae Orthoflavivirus flavi (YF) prME mRNA RNA Preclinical

htps:/acdemi.oufp/artcledi10.93fmsp/a675120
CAS laboratory of
Orthoflavivirus Molecular Virology and Re-encoded wild-type
Flaviviridae E80-mRNA mRNA Preclinical Flaviviridae Orthoflavivirus flavi Live attenuated Preclinical
denguei Immunology, Institute YF viruses
Pasteur of Shanghai
Flaviviridae Orthoflavivirus flavi YFE and YFE-LicKM Subunit vaccine Preclinical
Orthoflavivirus
Flaviviridae ZPIV Inactivated Phase 1 NIAID/WRAIR/BIDMC New manufacturing
zikaense Flaviviridae Orthoflavivirus flavi vYF-247 Preclinical
tools
New manufacturing
Orthoflavivirus Flaviviridae Orthoflavivirus flavi YFCEF-01-07 Preclinical
Flaviviridae PIZV/TAK-426 Inactivated Phase 1 Takeda tools
zikaense
Orthohantavirus
Hantaviridae NONE Multiple types NONE NONE NONE
sinnombreense
Orthoflavivirus
Flaviviridae VLA1601 Inactivated Phase 1 Valneva Austria GmbH
zikaense Alphainfluenzavirus Licensed Seasonal flu Computationally
Orthomyxoviridae Licensed
influenzae H1,H3 vaccines optimized HA antigens
Orthoflavivirus Bharat Biotech
Flaviviridae BBV121 Inactivated Phase 1 Alphainfluenzavirus Universal Influenza
zikaense International Orthomyxoviridae Inactivated Phase 2 Sanofi Pasteur NCT03300050
influenzae H1,H3 Vaccine Candidate

htps:/w w.fda.gov/ ac ines-blo d-biol gics/vac ines/influenza-virus-vac ine-h5n1-national-stockpile

Orthoflavivirus Alphainfluenzavirus
Flaviviridae VRC5288 DNA vaccine Phase 1 NIAID, VRC H5N1 influenza virus
zikaense Orthomyxoviridae influenzae Inactivated Licensed
vaccine
H5,H6,H7,H10

htps:/w w.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10 58720/

Orthoflavivirus
Flaviviridae VRC5283 DNA vaccine Phase 2 NIAID, VRC Alphainfluenzavirus AS03-adjuvanted pre-
zikaense
Orthomyxoviridae influenzae pandemic H5N1 Inactivated Licensed
H5,H6,H7,H10 influenza vaccine
Orthoflavivirus GeneOne Life
Flaviviridae GLS-5700 DNA vaccine Phase 1 Alphainfluenzavirus MF59-adjuvanted
zikaense Science/Inovio Novartis Vaccines and
Orthomyxoviridae influenzae seasonal influenza Live attenuated Licensed
Diagnostics Inc.
H5,H6,H7,H10 vaccine (Fluad®)
Orthoflavivirus

https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26082783/
Flaviviridae rZIKV/D430–713 Live attenuated Phase 1 NIAID Alphainfluenzavirus H5N1 pandemic live-
zikaense
Orthomyxoviridae influenzae attenuated influenza Live attenuated Licensed
H5,H6,H7,H10 virus vaccination
Orthoflavivirus

htps:/w .emauropa.eu/nmedicns/human/EPARpandemic-nflueza-vcine-h51astrzenca-previously-pandemic-nflueza-vcine-h51medi mune

Flaviviridae mRNA 1325 mRNA Phase 2 Moderna Therapeutics
zikaense
Alphainfluenzavirus Pandemic influenza
Orthomyxoviridae influenzae vaccine H5N1 Live attenuated Licensed
Orthoflavivirus
Flaviviridae mRNA 1893 mRNA Phase 2 H5,H6,H7,H10 Astrazeneca
zikaense

https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25446831/
Orthoflavivirus Themis Bioscience Alphainfluenzavirus H7 pandemic live-
Flaviviridae MV-ZIKA-RSP Viral Vector Phase 1 Orthomyxoviridae influenzae attenuated influenza n/a Phase 1
zikaense GmbH
H5,H6,H7,H10 vaccines (pLAIV)

https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31079849/
Orthoflavivirus Themis Bioscience Alphainfluenzavirus
Flaviviridae MV-ZIKA Viral Vector Phase 1 Orthomyxoviridae influenzae H10N8 vaccine Phase 1
zikaense GmbH
H5,H6,H7,H10

ht ps:/ clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04579250?cond=h10&rank=1
Orthoflavivirus Alphainfluenzavirus
Flaviviridae ChAdOx1 ZIKA Viral Vector Phase 1 University of Oxford Orthomyxoviridae influenzae VRC-FLUNPF0103-00-VP Live attenuated Phase 1
zikaense
H5,H6,H7,H10

ht ps:/ www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10 58720/

Orthoflavivirus Janssen Vaccines and Alphainfluenzavirus
Flaviviridae Ad26.ZIKV.001 Viral Vector Phase 1 H5 candidate vaccine strain
zikaense Prevention BV Orthomyxoviridae influenzae Phase 2
A/17/turkey/Turkey/05/133
H5,H6,H7,H10

ht ps:/ www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/14/9/891 ht ps:/ clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03283 19?cond=h7&rank=2

Flaviviridae Orthoflavivirus flavi YF17D Live attenuated Licensed Alphainfluenzavirus
Orthomyxoviridae influenzae Panblok H7 Live attenuated Phase 2 BARDA
Flaviviridae Orthoflavivirus flavi XRX-001 Inactivated Phase 1 H5,H6,H7,H10

64 65
 Phase of Phase of
Family Pathogen Vaccine name Platform Developer Source Family Pathogen Vaccine name Platform Developer Source
development development

ht ps:/ www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10 58720/ htps:/clin altri s.gov/study/NCT058 4381?cond=HIV&intr=vacine&ag Filters=taus:rec%20act%20not,sudyTpe:int&rank=26

Alphainfluenzavirus
Orthomyxoviridae influenzae H7N9 LAIV mRNA Preclinical Lentivirus
Retroviridae VIR 1388 DNA Phase 1 Vir Biotechnology, Inc.
H5,H6,H7,H10 humimdef1

Paramyxoviridae
Henipavirus
mRNA-1215 vaccine
Subunit (Hendra virus
Phase 1 NIAID https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05398796
htps:/clin altri s.gov/study/NCT04826094?cond=HIV&intr=vacine&ag Filters=taus:rec%20act%20not,sudyTpe:int&rank=15
nipahense glycoprotein)
Env-C Plasmid DNA and
Paramyxoviridae
Henipavirus
nipahense
HeV-sG-V Viral Vector Phase 1 AuroVaccines
https:/ classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04199169 Retroviridae
Lentivirus
humimdef1
HIV Env gp145 C690
protein
Engineered
immunogen
Phase 1 NIAID

Paramyxoviridae
Henipavirus rVSV Nipah Virus Subunit (soluble F and
Phase 1 https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05178901
nipahense Vaccine G proteins)
Retroviridae
Lentivirus
eOD-GT8 60mer mRNA Phase 1 IAVI https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37224227/
ht ps:/ www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7870971/
Subunit (stabilized humimdef1
Henipavirus
Paramyxoviridae Nipah vaccine prefusion F trimer, Preclinical Lentivirus
nipahense Retroviridae mRNA-1644/v2-Core mRNA Phase 1 IAVI, Moderna NCT05001373
multimeric G) humimdef1

https:/ www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7300195/
htps:/clin altri s.gov/study/NCT05217641?cond=HIV&intr=vacine&agFilters=taus:rec%20act%20not,sudyTpe:int&rank=17
Henipavirus
Paramyxoviridae Nipah vaccine Viral Vector Preclinical BG505 MD39.3 mRNA,
nipahense
Lentivirus BG505 MD39.3 gp151

ht ps:/ w w.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIS2352-3964%282 %290 587-4/fultext

Retroviridae Recombinant Phase 1 NIAID
Henipavirus humimdef1 mRNA or BG505 MD39.3
Paramyxoviridae VSV-NiVG Live attenuated virus Preclinical gp151 CD4KO mRNA
nipahense

htps:/clin altri s.gov/study/NCT057286?cond=HIV&intr=vacine&ag Filters=taus:rec%20act%20not,sudyTpe:int&rank=35

Novel Oral Polio
Picornaviridae
Enterovirus
coxsackiepol
Vaccine type 2
(nOPV2)
Inactivated virus EUL https:/ www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10109087/ Retroviridae
Lentivirus
SOSIP v8.2 763 Phase 1
Fundacion Clinic per a
humimdef1 la Recerca Biomédica
Enterovirus Inactivated Poliovirus
Picornaviridae Live attenuated virus Licensed Multiple
coxsackiepol Vaccine (IPV)

htps:/clin altri s.gov/study/NCT048 75?cond=HIV&intr=vacine&ag Filters=taus:rec%20act%20not,sudyTpe:int&rank=43

Enterovirus Oral Polio Vaccine Inactivated Sabin
Picornaviridae Licensed Multiple Lentivirus ANRS, Emerging
coxsackiepol (OPV) strains Retroviridae EHVA P01 Phase 1

ht ps:/ clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05850364?cond=polio%20vac ine&rank=16

humimdef1 Infectious Diseases
Enterovirus Inactivated virus,
Picornaviridae Sabin-IPV Phase 3 Sinovac Biotech

htps:/clin altri s.gov/study/NCT0467408?cond=HIV&intr=vacine&ag Filters=taus:rec%20act%20not,sudyTpe:int&rank=16

coxsackiepol microneedle patch
CH505TF gp120,

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-022-00443-7
Enterovirus Microneedle Array Lentivirus HIV Vaccine Trials
Picornaviridae Virus-like particles Preclinical Retroviridae adjuvanted with GLA- Adenovirus vector Phase 1
coxsackiepol Patch IPV humimdef1 Network
SE

htps:/w .ncbilmh.gov/pmcartiles/PMC1086953/
Enterovirus Protein subunit
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/13/3/224
htps:/clin altri s.gov/study/NCT049830 ?cond=HIV&intr=vacine&ag Filters=taus:rec%20act%20not,sudyTpe:int&rank=30
Picornaviridae VLP Polio Vaccine Preclinical
coxsackiepol vaccine Ad26.Mos4.HIV prime
Ectodomains Lentivirus and a boost with Bivalent subunit Janssen
Orthopoxvirus Protein subunit Retroviridae Phase 1/2a
Poxviridae A33/B5/A27 + Preclinical humimdef1 Modified Vaccinia vaccine Pharmaceuticals
Monkeypox vaccine Ankara (MVA)-BN-HIV
Alhydrogel and CpG
Orthopoxvirus 10 epitopes with 147 Protein subunit Lentivirus Prime-boost (viral
Poxviridae Preclinical Retroviridae AIDSVAX B/E Phase 3 VaxGen NCT00006327, NCT00002441
Monkeypox amino acid residues vaccine humimdef1 vector + subunit)
Orthopoxvirus multi-epitope vaccine Protein subunit Lentivirus ALVAC-HIV + AIDSVAX
Poxviridae Preclinical Retroviridae Live attenuated Phase 3 Sanofi Pasteur, VaxGen NCT00223080
Monkeypox with GPGPG linkers vaccine humimdef1 B/E

htps:/w .fdagov/news-evnts/pres-an ouncem nts/fda-p roves-firt-vacine-prevnt-disea -caused-chikung ya-virus

Orthopoxvirus MHC-I, MHC-II, and B-
Poxviridae Virus-like particles Preclinical
Monkeypox cell epitopes Alphavirus
Togaviridae Ixchiq mRNA Licensed Valneva Austria GmbH
Orthopoxvirus Novovirus shell and VLP chikungunya
Poxviridae DNA Vaccine Preclinical
Monkeypox platform

Poxviridae
Orthopoxvirus
Monkeypox
Plasmid DNA encoding
MPOX orthologs
DNA Vaccine Preclinical Togaviridae
Alphavirus
chikungunya
mRNA-1388 mRNA Phase 1 Moderna https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37210308/
Poxviridae
Orthopoxvirus
Monkeypox
Plasmid cocktail mRNA vaccine Preclinical Togaviridae
Alphavirus
chikungunya
mRNA-1944 Viral Vector Phase 1 Moderna https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34887572/
Poxviridae
Orthopoxvirus
Monkeypox
mRNA encoding three
mABs
Live attenuated Preclinical Togaviridae
Alphavirus
chikungunya
ChAdOx1 Chik Viral Vector Phase 1 University of Oxford https:/ classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04440774
Poxviridae
Orthopoxvirus
Monkeypox
IMVAMUNE Live attenuated Phase 3 Bavarian Nordic Togaviridae
Alphavirus
chikungunya
MV-CHIK Virus-like particle (VLP) Phase 2
Themis Bioscience
GmbH https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30409443/
Poxviridae
Orthopoxvirus
Monkeypox
MVA-BN Live attenuated Phase 2 Bavarian Nordic Togaviridae
Alphavirus
chikungunya
PXVX0317 CHIKV-VLP DNA Phase 2 Bavarian Nordic https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03483961
ht ps:/ clincaltrials.gov/study/NCT0 582504?cond=Venezuelan%20Equine%20Encephalits&rank=3
Orthopoxvirus
Poxviridae Imvanex Adenovirus vector Licensed Alphavirus
Monkeypox Togaviridae VEE DNA Vaccine VLP Phase 1 US Dept of Defense
venezuelan

Retroviridae
Lentivirus
humimdef1
Ad4-Env150KN/Ad4-
Env145NFL + VRC-
HIVRGP096-00-VP
Adenovirus vector Phase 1 NIAID
htps:/clin altri s.gov/study/NCT0387 12 ?cond=HIV&intr=vacine&ag Filters=taus:rec%20act%20not,sudyTpe:int&rank=45 Togaviridae
Alphavirus
venezuelan
VRC-WEVVLP073-00-VP VLP Phase 1 NIAID
ht ps:/ clincaltrials.gov/study/NCT03879603?cond=Venezuelan%20Equine%20Encephalits&rank=6
Retroviridae
Lentivirus
humimdef1
AdC6-HIVgp140 and
AdC7-HIVgp140
Adenovirus vector Phase 1
HIV Vaccine Trials
Network
htps:/clin altri s.gov/study/NCT05182 5?cond=HIV&intr=vacine&ag Filters=taus:rec%20act%20not,sudyTpe:int&rank=25 Togaviridae
Alphavirus
venezuelan
VEE VLP Vaccine
Modified Vaccinia
Ankara (MVA)
Phase 1 SRI International
ht ps:/ clincaltrials.gov/study/NCT037 69 4?cond=Venezuelan%20Equine%20Encephalits&rank=8
ht ps:/ www.bavarian-nordic. om/investor/news/news.aspx?news=6 67
htps:/clin altri s.gov/study/NCT045 3016?cond=HIV&intr=vacine&ag Filters=taus:rec%20act%20not,sudyTpe:int&rank=18
Alphavirus
ChAdOx1.tHIVconsv1 Togaviridae MVA-BN WEV Multiple Phase 2 Bavarian Nordic
venezuelan
Lentivirus prime followed by Bivalent subunit
Retroviridae Phase 1 University of Oxford
humimdef1 MVA.tHIVconsv3 and vaccine
MVA.tHIVconsv4 boost Togaviridae
Alphavirus
venezuelan
Multiple Preclinical Multiple https:/ www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7350001/
htps:/clin altri s.gov/study/NCT04658 67?cond=HIV&intr=vacine&ag Filters=taus:rec%20act%20not,sudyTpe:int&rank=5
AIDSVAX B/E+ IHV01
Lentivirus
Retroviridae and A244/AHFG CMV Vector Phase 1 WRAIR
humimdef1
(w/ALFQ)

66 67
Candidate therapeutics
Family Pathogen Treatment Phase of development Resource
Family Pathogen
Mammarenavirus
Treatment Phase of development Resource
Off-Label Use/Phase
Phenuiviridae
Bandavirus
dabieense
methylprednisolone/IVI
G/tocilizumab/heparin
Phase 4 https:/ clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05604859?cond=sfts%20virus&rank=1

ht ps:/ w w.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9510271/
Arenaviridae Ribavirin NCT06212336
lassaense 2/3 Bandavirus
Phenuiviridae Flurdarabine Preclinical
Mammarenavirus dabieense
Arenaviridae
lassaense
LHF-535 Phase 1 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36314868/
Bandavirus
Phenuiviridae nifedipine Preclinical
Mammarenavirus dabieense
Arenaviridae Dexamethasone Phase 2 NCT06222723
lassaense Bandavirus
Phenuiviridae Quinoline Analogues Preclinical
Mammarenavirus dabieense
Arenaviridae Favipiravir Phase 2/3 NCT06212336; NCT06222723
lassaense
Coronaviridae Sarbecoviruses mAbs binding hACE2 Preclinical https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-023-01389-9
Arenaviridae
Mammarenavirus
lassaense
ARN-75309 Phase 1
htps:/w .intrepidal nce.org/wp-conte /uploads/204/ INTREPID-Aliance-Antivral-Cincal-Devlopment-Landscape-29APR204.pdf Filoviridae
Orthoebolavirus
zairense
Inmazeb (Atoltivimab,
Maftivimab, and
Odesivimab-ebgn)
Licensed https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31774950/

htps:/w .ncbilm.nhgov/pmcartiles/PMC1096543/
Bacteria
Klebsiella
Pneumonia
Antibiotics (multiple) Licensed
Filoviridae
Orthoebolavirus
zairense
mAb114 - ansuvimab
(Ebanga)
Licensed https:/ journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1012038#sec0 5
Bacteria
Klebsiella
Phage Therapy Preclinical Filoviridae
Orthoebolavirus
MBP134 Phase 1/2
https:/ www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6341996/

htps:/journals.po rg/plosathgens/article?d=10.37/journal.p t10238#sec05

Pneumonia zairense
Klebsiella Traditional Chinese
Bacteria Preclinical Orthoebolavirus
Pneumonia Medicine Filoviridae Galidesivir Preclinical
zairense
Antimicrobial
Klebsiella
Bacteria Nanoparticle Preclinical
Pneumonia Orthoebolavirus
Technology Filoviridae GP inhibitors Preclinical
zairense
Antisense
Klebsiella Oligonucleotides &
Bacteria Preclinical Orthoebolavirus Bispecific antibody
Pneumonia Gene Editing Filoviridae Preclinical
zairense targeting GP and NPV-1
Technologies
Klebsiella Adaptor-associated
Bacteria Novel Antibiotics Preclinical Orthoebolavirus
Pneumonia Filoviridae kinase 1 (AAK1) Preclinical
zairense
inhibitors

htps:/w .ncbi.nlm.nihgov/pmc/articles/PMC9 4 81 /
Klebsiella
Bacteria Antimicrobial peptides Preclinical
Pneumonia Orthomarburgvirus
Filoviridae Galidesivir Preclinical
Bacteria Shigella Dysenteria 1 Antibiotics (multiple) Licensed marburgense

ht ps:/ www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5972638/
Orthomarburgvirus
Vibrio Cholerae (sero Antibiotics Filoviridae Favipiravir Preclinical
Bacteria Licensed marburgense
0139) (Azirthromycin)
Orthomarburgvirus
Vibrio Cholerae (sero Antibiotics Filoviridae mAbs Preclinical
Bacteria Licensed marburgense
0139) (Erythromycin)
Orthomarburgvirus
Bacteria
Yersinia Pestis
(Plague)
Antiobiotics Licensed https:/ www.who.int/health-topics/plague#tab=tab_3 Filoviridae
marburgense
siRNA Preclinical

htps:/kce.fgovbe/sit /default/fies203- /ADVICE_Ribavrin%20LF-CHF_INAL.pdf;clin altri s.gov/study/NCT0594 5?cond=chf&rank=1

Orthomarburgvirus
Filoviridae antisense PMOs Preclinical
marburgense

https:/ pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31774950/
Orthonairovirus
Nairoviridae Ribavirin Off-Label Use/Phase 1 Inmazeb (Atoltivimab,
haemorrhagiae Orthoebolavirus
Filoviridae Maftivimab, and Licensed for Zaire
sudanense
Odesivimab-ebgn)

htps:/w .ncbi.nlm.nihgov/pmc/articles/PMC10 398/

Orthonairovirus
Nairoviridae
haemorrhagiae
Orthonairovirus
Favipiravir

Antibody-based
Phase 1
Filoviridae
Orthoebolavirus
sudanense
mAb114 - ansuvimab
(Ebanga)
Licensed for Zaire
https:/ journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1012038#sec0 5
Nairoviridae Preclinical
haemorrhagiae therapies
Filoviridae
Orthoebolavirus
MBP134 Phase 1/2
https:/ www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6341996/

htps:/journals.po rg/plosathgens/article?d=10.37/journal.p t10238#sec05

Orthonairovirus 2 -Deoxy-2 - sudanense
Nairoviridae Preclinical
haemorrhagiae fluorocytidine
Orthoebolavirus
Orthonairovirus Filoviridae Galidesivir Preclinical
Nairoviridae Molnupiravir Preclinical sudanense
haemorrhagiae
Orthonairovirus
Nairoviridae Corticosteroids Preclinical Orthoebolavirus
haemorrhagiae Filoviridae GP inhibitors Preclinical

ht ps:/ w w.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9510271/
sudanense
Bandavirus
Phenuiviridae Plasma Exchange Ad Hoc use
dabieense
Orthoebolavirus Bispecific antibody
Bandavirus Filoviridae Preclinical
Phenuiviridae Favipiravir Clinical Use sudanense targeting GP and NPV-1
dabieense
Bandavirus Adaptor-associated
Phenuiviridae Ribavirin Clinical Use Orthoebolavirus
dabieense Filoviridae kinase 1 (AAK1) Preclinical
sudanense
inhibitors

68 69
 htps:/w .fronties.rg/aticles10.389/fcimb.20 94657/ful
Family Pathogen Treatment Phase of development Resource Family Pathogen Treatment Phase of development Resource

ht ps:/ journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.p at.1012038#sec0 5

Adaptor-associated Orthoflavivirus
Orthoebolavirus Flaviviridae 3-110-22 Preclinical
Filoviridae kinase 1 (AAK1) Preclinical zikaense
sudanense
inhibitors Orthoflavivirus
Flaviviridae ZINC40621658 Preclinical

htps:/clincaltri s.gov/study/NCT06 5 9?cond= engue&star=20 -01 _&ag Filters=phase:0%201%203%20 ,staus:com%20act,sudyTpe:int&rank=2

zikaense
Orthoflavivirus Orthoflavivirus FDA-approved for
Flaviviridae EYU688 Phase 2 Flaviviridae Atovaquone
denguei zikaense malaria
Orthoflavivirus

htps:/clin altri s.gov/study/NCT0467342?cond= engue&star=20 -01 _&ag Filters=phase:0%201%203%20,staus:com%20act,sudyTpe:int&rank=12

Flaviviridae Phloretin Preclinical
zikaense
Orthoflavivirus
Flaviviridae Montelukast Phase 2/3 Orthoflavivirus Clinical use for other
denguei Flaviviridae MTX
zikaense treatment
Orthoflavivirus

htps:/clin altri s.gov/study/NCT0427317?cond= engue&star=20 -01 _&ag Filters=phase:0%201%203%20,staus:com%20act,sudyTpe:int&rank=17

Flaviviridae JG40, JG132, and JG345 Preclinical
zikaense
Orthoflavivirus AV-1 (monoclonal
Flaviviridae Phase 1 Orthoflavivirus QC, MQ, and FDA approved for
denguei antibody) Flaviviridae
zikaense GSK369796 malaria

htps:/clin altri s.gov/study/NCT0612934?cond=engue&star=20 -10_&agFilters=phase:0%21%203%20,staus:com%20act,sudyTpe:int&rank=1

Orthoflavivirus Approved for other
Flaviviridae Memantine
zikaense diseases
Orthoflavivirus

htps:/ubmed.ncbilm.nhgov/3712463/ htps:/w.inredalcog-t/ups204INTREPDAliance-tvrC opmLdscae-29APR04.f

Flaviviridae Carica Papaya Phase 3 Orthoflavivirus
denguei Flaviviridae A-12 Phase 1 for cancer
zikaense
Orthoflavivirus FDA approved for HCV
Orthoflavivirus Flaviviridae MMPD
Flaviviridae JNJ-64281802 Phase 2 zikaense infection
denguei
Orthoflavivirus Alphainfluenzavirus
Flaviviridae Ivermectin Phase 2/3 Orthomyxoviridae GP681 Phase 3
denguei influenzae
Orthoflavivirus
Flaviviridae AT-752 Phase 2
denguei
Orthoflavivirus Alphainfluenzavirus
Flaviviridae Doxycycline Phase 2 Orthomyxoviridae ZX-7101A Phase 3
denguei influenzae
Orthoflavivirus
Flaviviridae Eltrombopag Phase 2
denguei
Orthoflavivirus Alphainfluenzavirus
Flaviviridae UV-4B Phase 1 Orthomyxoviridae CC-42344 Phase 1
denguei influenzae
Orthoflavivirus
Flaviviridae Zanamivir Phase 1
denguei
Orthoflavivirus Alphainfluenzavirus
Flaviviridae VIS513 Phase 1 Orthomyxoviridae HCN042 Phase 2
denguei influenzae
Orthoflavivirus
Flaviviridae Ketotifen Phase 4
denguei
Orthoflavivirus Alphainfluenzavirus
Flaviviridae Rupatadine Orthomyxoviridae Amantadine Licensed
denguei influenzae
Orthoflavivirus
Flaviviridae Metformin Phase 1/2
denguei
Alphainfluenzavirus
Orthoflavivirus Orthomyxoviridae Baloxavir Marboxil Licensed
Flaviviridae Vitamin E influenzae
denguei
Orthoflavivirus
Flaviviridae Vitamin D

htps:/w .fronties.org/aticles/10.389/fcimb.20 94657/ful

denguei
Alphainfluenzavirus
Orthoflavivirus Approved antiparasitic Orthomyxoviridae Favipiravir Licensed
Flaviviridae Polyanion suramin influenzae
zikaense drug
Orthoflavivirus
Flaviviridae Brcomocriptine Preclinical
zikaense Alphainfluenzavirus
Orthomyxoviridae Laninamivir Licensed
Orthoflavivirus Clinically used influenzae
Flaviviridae Novobiocin
zikaense antibiotic
Orthoflavivirus
Flaviviridae Compounds 1 and 2 Preclinical
zikaense Alphainfluenzavirus
Orthomyxoviridae Oseltamivir Licensed
Orthoflavivirus Asunaprevir and influenzae
Flaviviridae FDA-approved
zikaense simeprevir
Orthoflavivirus FDA-approved for HCV
Flaviviridae Sofosbuvir Alphainfluenzavirus
zikaense infection Orthomyxoviridae Peramivir Licensed
influenzae
Orthoflavivirus
Flaviviridae 4-HPR Preclinical
zikaense

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Family Pathogen Treatment Phase of development Resource

htps:/w .scienc direct.om/scienc /article/pi S1473 09 210 40 X?dgcid=author

Family Pathogen Treatment Phase of development Resource
Henipavirus Sulfonamide
Paramyxoviridae Preclinical
Alphainfluenzavirus nipahense compounds
Orthomyxoviridae Rimantadine Licensed
influenzae
Henipavirus
Paramyxoviridae Monoclonal Antibodies Preclinical
nipahense
Alphainfluenzavirus

htps:/w .intrepdalince.org/wp-conte/uploads/204 /INTREPD-Aliance-Ativral-Cnical-Devopment-Ladscpe-29APR024.pdf

Orthomyxoviridae Zanamivir Licensed
influenzae
Enterovirus
Picornaviridae V-7404 Phase 1
coxsackiepol
Alphainfluenzavirus Licensed by other
Orthomyxoviridae Enisamium (VR17-04)
influenzae international authority
Enterovirus
Picornaviridae Pocapavir Phase 1
coxsackiepol

ht ps:/ w w.mdpi.com/19 -4915/15/4 937

Alphainfluenzavirus Licensed by other
Orthomyxoviridae Triazavirin
influenzae international authority Orthopoxvirus
Poxviridae Cidofovir Off label use
Monkeypox
Orthopoxvirus
Poxviridae Brincidofovir Off label use/Phase 1
Alphainfluenzavirus Licensed by other Monkeypox
Orthomyxoviridae Umifenovir
influenzae international authority Orthopoxvirus
Poxviridae Tecovirimat Off label use/Phase 3

htps:/w.fdagovcnsumer/f-pblicatonswme/hv-daiscne-hlpyou
Monkeypox

Paramyxoviridae
Henipavirus
Ribavirin (antiviral) Clinical trials
ht ps:/ w w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pi /S1473 09 210 40 X?dgcid=author Poxviridae
Orthopoxvirus
Monkeypox
VIGIV Off label use

htps:/w.ciendrtom/sceailpS1473092 X?dgci=author
nipahense
Lentivirus Nucleoside Reverse
Paramyxoviridae
Henipavirus
nipahense
Remdesivir (antiviral) Preclinical https:/ www.science.org/doi/epdf/10.1126/scitranslmed.aau9242?src=getftr Retroviridae
humimdef1 Transcriptase Inhibitors
Licensed

Non-Nucleoside
Henipavirus Lentivirus
Paramyxoviridae Favipiravir Preclinical Retroviridae Reverse Transcriptase Licensed
nipahense humimdef1
Inhibitors

Henipavirus Lentivirus
Paramyxoviridae Chloroquine Preclinical Retroviridae Protease Inhibitors Licensed
nipahense humimdef1

Henipavirus Lentivirus
Paramyxoviridae Heparin Preclinical Retroviridae Fusion Inhibitors Licensed
nipahense humimdef1

Henipavirus Lentivirus
Paramyxoviridae Rintatolimid Preclinical Retroviridae CCR5 Antagonists Licensed
nipahense humimdef1

Henipavirus Lentivirus Integrase Strand Transfer

Paramyxoviridae Griffithsin Preclinical Retroviridae Licensed
nipahense humimdef1 Inhibitor (INSTIs)

Henipavirus VIKI-dPEG4-Toco, VIKI- Lentivirus

Paramyxoviridae Preclinical Retroviridae Attachment Inhibitors Licensed
nipahense PEG4-chol humimdef1

Henipavirus Lentivirus Post-Attachment

Paramyxoviridae Gliotoxin Preclinical Retroviridae Licensed
nipahense humimdef1 Inhibitors

Henipavirus Lentivirus
Paramyxoviridae Bortezomib Preclinical Retroviridae Capsid Inhibitors Licensed
nipahense humimdef1

Henipavirus Lentivirus Pharmacokinetic

Paramyxoviridae Balapiravir Preclinical Retroviridae Licensed
nipahense humimdef1 Enhancers

Paramyxoviridae
Henipavirus
nipahense
Lumicitabine Preclinical
Retroviridae
Lentivirus
humimdef1
Gene Therapy Preclinical
ht ps:/ medic ne.wustl.edu/news/6-2-mil on-to-help-develop-gene-therapy-for-hiv/
Paramyxoviridae
Henipavirus
nipahense
CH25H Preclinical
Retroviridae
Lentivirus
humimdef1
Immunotherapy Preclinical
ht ps:/ health.ucdavis.edu/news/headlines/clincal-trial-begins-using-car-t cels-to-potentialy-cure-hiv/2023/04
Paramyxoviridae
Henipavirus
KIN1408 Preclinical
Togaviridae
Alphavirus
chikungunya
Several antivirals Preclinical https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8310245/
nipahense
Togaviridae
Alphavirus
venezuelan
Small molecule antiviral Preclinical https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9958955/
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