Intorduction o Epoch- a period of time that is

important in history
CRITERIA FOR HEROES

 1993 – the country was preparing for the

commemoration of the centennial of the
The National Historical Institute (NHI; presently declaration of the Philippine Independence.
The National Historical Commission of the
Philippines
March 28,1993 – president Fidel V.
 The country’s agency in charge of historical Ramos issued executive order No.75
matters creating the National Heroes Committee
 Prescribes the passage that of 50 years before whose aim is “to study, evaluate, and
a person is confirmed as hero. explicitly recommend Filipino national
 If the person is still being admired after that personages as national heroes in
period and his ideals are still invoked and recognition to their sterling, character and
appreciated, the person passed the test of time remarkable achievements”.
and is considered as hero.
June 3 1993 – a round-table discussion for
1965 NHI’s definition/criteria of being a Hero the criteria for the national heroes occur
which was attended by historians namely
 Approved by a committee, headed by Director
Carlos Quirino of the National Library
Hero is defined as o Onofre D. Corpuz
 An admirable leader towering over his o Carmen Guerrero-Nakpil
peers who is: o Dr. Samuel K. Tan
 serving a novel cause o Dr. Marcelino Foronda
 possessing exceptional talent. o Dr. Alfredo Lagmay,
 Distinguished valor/hold o Dr. Bernardita R. Churchill
enterprise o Dr. serafin D. Quiason
 Exercising a determinative o Professors Ambeth R. Ocampo
influence over the spiritual life
& Minerva Gonzales
of his people in a particular in
 remarkable event
Dr. Corpuz drafted a definition of a hero
The Criteria also mention that the hero:

 during extreme stress and difficulties  “ Heroes are those who have a
project himself by his own fortitude. concept of nation and thereafter
 by his own sacrifice to be the aspire and struggle for the nations
inspiration of his countrymen in leading freedom..
them to their rightful destiny. o He explained, that our own
 must exhibit self-denial and abandoned struggle for freedom was
his personal interests to place those of begun by Bonifacio and
his country before any other. finished by Aguinaldo, the
 Whose deeds and acts are proudly latter formally declaring
emulated by grateful people that after revolution a success.
his death - In reality Revolution:
 Render him singular tribute  has no end
 Honor him with public worship  are only the beginning
 Acknowledge his meritorious  “Heroes are those who define and
services to mankind by contribute to a system of life and
spontaneous national freedom and order for a nation.
recognition o Freedom without order
will only lead to anarchy
Moreover, criteria is specified:  He cited that a person who make
the country’s Constitution and laws
 Hero must exercise a determinative could be heroes like:
influence over at the spiritual life of his o Apolinario Mabini
people in an event great significance. o Claro M. Recto
 One must project himself by his own
fortitude, effort and sacrifices to be the
beacon light of his oppressed Person’s Nationalism
countrymen to their rightful destiny.
 important element on considering
Characteristics of a person to be examined heroism
before he could be considered a hero  a person could be considered a
hero if he has a concept of nation
thereafter aspires and struggles for
 Motives and method employed in the the nations’s freedom
attainment of the idea
o Did the person concerned sacrifice
purely and exclusively for the welfare National Hero
of the country or were there any selfish
or ulterior motives in the making of  must be guided by the conviction and
such sacrifice? national identity.
 The moral character of a person  Means that the person must
o Did he do anything immoral to taint his identify himself with the nation
personal character? If there was any ad would be willing to sacrifice
immorality, did it affect his work, for its benefit.
society or ideal? Example
 Jose Rizal
 Andres Bonifacio
 The influence of the person to his age or
 Graciano Lopez Jaena
epoch and succeeding eras.
 Marcelo H. del Pilar
November 15, 1995 – the National Heroes  created by Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on
Committee decided to adapt a criteria stating that: December 25,2004. Republic Act N. 9256
 Commemorated every August 21,
 A hero is part of the people’s expression o The Anniversary of the
 The process of the people’s assassination of then- Senator
internalization of a hero’s life and Benigno ‘Ninoy” Aquino Jr.
works takes time, with the youth o was the leading symbol of the anti-
performing part of that internalization dictatorship struggle against the
 A hero thinks of the future, especially the President Ferinand E. Marcos.
future generations.
 The choice of the hero involves not Other National Heroes:
only the recounting of an episode or
events in history but of the entire
o Andres Bonifacio
process that made this person a hero
o Emilio Jacinto
 This involves the understanding of the
o Apolinario Mabini
historical conditions in which the hero
had lived o Marcelo H. del Pilar,
And those who helped guide the Philippines to
being a nation-state.
Dr. Serafin Quason’s definition
LESSON 1: THE CONDITION OF EUROPE, AMERICA
 a hero is an event-making man who helps & SPAIN
create the fork in the historical time that he
faces.
 Heroes in democracy should be great figures in Rizal’s Century: The 19th Century
the Patheon of thought , the main ideas, and
social vision of scientific and artistic power.  Was a century of change
 During the last two decades of the previous
Philippines has set aside 4 days to honor its century, age of enlightenment reached its
heroes zenith in France, cultimating in the French
Revolution in 1789
o In this age, ideas of freedom, liberty,
Rizal Day is commemorated every December 30 and equality, and the belief in the
sovereignty of the people in
 Origin came from the decree issued by General determining government thundered all
Emilio Aguinaldo on December 20,1898 across Europe
 it declared the 30th day of December as o The revolution resulted in the toppling
national mourning day in honor of Jose of the monarchy of King Louis XVI and
Rizal amd other victims of the Philippine the ushering of the French Republic.
Revolution o France slide back to monarchy
 Aguinaldo’s decree did not specifically declare following the establishment of
Rizal as national hero, it was a tribute to his Napoleon Bonaparte’s French
heroism. Empire and the resorted Bourbon
dynasty, the ideas of Philosophers
On December 30,1898 in Daet Camarines Norte, a such as;
filipino masons erected in a simple monument  Jean-Jacques
dedicated to Rizal  Montesquieu
 Francois-Marie Arouet (Voltaire)
 Englishman John Lock
 The monument bears the words “Jose Rizal”
“Noli Me Tangere” and “El Filibusterismo”
(two prominent novels) and the word “Morga” EUROPE
refers to the book Sucesos de las Islas
Filipinas annonated in 1890  Europe went up in revolution from 1848
 The monument in Daet antedated the Rizal because the struggle for equal rights with the
monument which was constructed at the regimes of absolute monarchs in France and
Luneta Park in Manil in 1991 it was Austria seeking more responsible government.
constructed through public subscription by
Filipinos
1861

Bonifacio Day on December 30

 The year of Rizal’s Birth, Tsar Alexander II
emancipated Russian serfs.
 honor Andres Bonifacio the founder of the  The year that the Italians under Giuseppe
Kataas-taasan, Kagalang- galng na Katipunan Garibaldi threw out the Australian and took
ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK ANB) which over the papal lands.
launch the Philippine revolution in 1896
 the celebration was made possible by the
Italian Nationalism
issuance of Act No. 2946 by the Philippine
Legislature on Febuary 16, 1921
 Ended the domination of the church and united
the various Italian states in one country
National Heroes Day
 GERMAN
 Was in the process f unification which lasted
 The Third holiday until 1871
 every last Sunday of august
 celebration of this holiday became possible in
United States: President Abraham Lincoln
accordance to the Public Act No. 3827
passed by Philippine Legislature on
October 28, 1931  Emancipated the black slaves but also
triggered the American Civil War which lasted
form 1861-1865
Ninoy-Aquino Day
  at the south of the U.S border, Mexican troops  Ferdinand VII died and the Cortes was again
dealt a humiliating defeat on the French- restored.
supported regime of Archduke Maximalian. o At this time the, the body held
a secret session in which it was
FRANCE decided that the PH should not
be accorded representation.
o Representation in this body
 regime of Napoleon II was crumbling after the
was one of the reforms
debacle in Mexico. Later, the French overthrew
demanded by reformist like
the monarchists and established a republic.
Rizal. It would have given the
Filipinos the right to be hear in
the body and equal rights with
the Spaniard
Countries that won their independence from Spain
through revolution:
The country was ruled by his daughter Queen
o Mexico Isabella II
o Chile o Whose rule was characterized by
o Argentina decadence and mismanagement
o Venezuela  Other European power such as Great
o Columbia Britain and France become leading powers
o Ecuador in the continent.
o Peru
o Nicaragua
o El Salvador
Condition in Asia in the 19th Century
o Honduras
 European penetration renewed efforts with the
The other remaining colonies of Spain weakening of Spain and Portugal and the rise
of Great Britain and France
o Philippines
The Opium war of 1839-1842
o Cuba
o Puerto Rico  Paved way for British to gained its colony in
o Spanish Sahara Hong Kong and forced Chinas to open five
ports to its traders because of their defeat.
The Need for Reforms: Representation
1856-1858
Napoleon’s Time  China was humiliated with another defeat in
the Arrow war when the British now joined by
 Spain was part of the France’s alliance against French forced China to open the whole country
the Great Britain in the continental system foreigners.
 With the alliance Napoleon invaded Spain in  Great Britain enlarge its colony in Hong Kong
1808 and installed his brother Joseph as the
by takingover Kowloon
king
 Spaniards resisted the French 1854
 Spanish Patriots declared allegiance to their
crown prince Ferdinand and gathered in thein  Japan was forced open b Americans under
the city of Cadiz where they crafted a Commodore Mathew Perry unlike China the
constitution Japanese were able to parry western request to
o Constitution of Cadiz – had a novel make Yokohama a treaty port
feature of the following colonies to be
represented in the Spanish parliament 1858
called the Cortis and PH was given a
representation for the very first time  India became a crown glory of
o Ventura Boys- a Spaniard born in PH, Great Britain following the
was selected to represent the colony suppression of the Sepoy Mutiny
o When Napoleon was defeated, in 1857
Ferdinand became King Ferdians VII
and abolished the Cortes, saying “the Burmese Wars in 1824-1826, 1826-1863 & 1885-
body encroached on powers belonged 1886
solely to him”
 The decision was unpopular as  Burma became a colony of Great Britain after
Spain’s American colonies three Burnese wars
began to revolt and sought
independence.  near the Ph, Indo-China became a
protectorate of France following the
1920 suppression of the kingdoms of Annam and
Cochin-China
 The Spaniard people rose up and heldn the  Filipino troops form Manila played a role in
king hostage the conquest of Indo- China for France.
o They force him to reconvene  Malaysia became a protectorate and
the Cortes and restore the eventually a colony of Great Britain while
representation of the colonies Indonesia was conquered by the Dutch
 the restoration of Cortes was short lived as Netherlands.y
France, under Bourbons, sent an army which
restored Ferdinand to absolute rule and caused
the abolition of the Cortes

CO
1833