Matter and its properties

LECTURE

Matter is anything that

occupies space and has
mass. It is composed of
atoms, ions and molecules.
 Composition of Matter

A. Quarks and Antiquarks are the fundamental

particles.
B. Atoms are the basic building blocks of
ordinary matter. Atoms are composed of
particles called protons, electrons and neutrons.
C. Molecules –molecule is a group of atoms
bonded together.
D. Ions – an atom that has gained or lost
electrons.
Arrangement of particles in
matter
• solid the form of matter characterized
by rigidity; a solid is relatively
incompressible and has fixed shape
and volume.
• liquid the form of matter that is a
relatively incompressible fluid; a liquid
has a fixed volume but no fixed shape.
• gas the form of matter that is an easily
compressible fluid; a given quantity of
gas will fit into a container of almost
any size and shape.
Classify the following substances according
to three states of matter:
1. Syrup
2. Air
3. Dry ice
4. Alcohol
5. Cotton
INTERCONVERSION OF THE
STATES OF MATTER
 5 States of Matter
Aside from solid, liquid and gas, there are
two more states of matter discovered
recently.
4. Plasma, that is consist of ionized gas making it
electrically conductive and responsive to strong
electromagnetic fields.
Examples:
• Lightning
• Polar Aurorae
• Ionosphere
• Sun and other stars
 What happens if you hold a
plasma ball?
• If you touch the plasma ball, all of the
electrons will go through you to the ground.
You see only one big spark inside the ball
where you put your hand. If you stand on a
stool, you are insulated from the ground and
get filled with electrons. So if you hold a
light bulb, it will light up.
 5 States of Matter
5. Bose-Einstein condensate
➢The fifth state of matter base from the
work of Albert Einstein and Satyedra
Nath Bose.
➢ First condensate produced last 1995 by
W. Ketterle, E. Cornell, C. Weimann.
➢It is formed by a system of bosons which
is confined in an external potential and
cooled near 0 K or absolute zero.
 PROPERTIES OF MATTER
• Physical Property: A characteristic of a substance
that can be observed without changing the
identity of the substance.
– Size
– Texture
– Color
– Shape
– Mass
– Volume
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 Matter has Observable
Properties
◼ Physical Change:

◼ A change in any physical property of a substance, not in

the substance itself.
◼ Stretching a rubber band is a physical change because
the size changes however, the material that makes up
the rubber band does not change

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 Physical Properties
• Ductility The ability to be pulled into a thin
strand.
Examples: Wire, Paper clip, Copper wire See full size image

http://us1.webpublications.com.au/static/images/articles/i1091/109181_6lo.jpg www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phase-trans/2001/adi/SGiron.jpg
 Physical Properties
• Malleability: The ability to be pressed or
pounded into a thin sheet.
See full size image

Example : Tin foil

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 Physical Properties
• Boiling Point:
temperature at which
a substance changes
from a liquid to a gas
Example: Water to
steam
www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/163boilingpt.html
 Physical Properties
• Melting point:
temperature at
which a substance
changes from a
solid to a liquid

Example: Ice cube

melts to a puddle of
water http://www.uniongas.com/images/meltingIcetechnology.jpg
 Physical Properties
• Electrical conductivity:
The ability to transfer
thermal energy from one
area to another.
Examples :
a. Water conducts
electricity so never swim
during a lightning storm .
b. Plastic foam is a poor
genchem.chem.wisc.edu
conductor, so a hot drink
won’t burn your hand.
 Physical Properties
• Solubility: ability to
dissolve in another
substance.
• Three ways to increase
solubility
– Heat or make warmer www.pullouttheplug.co.uk
– Grind or smash
– Stir or mix
Example : Adding sugar to
coffee
 Physical Properties

• Density - amount of
matter in a given
volume.
• D=m/v(mass/volume) Seven Layer Density Column

• Ice cubes float in

water because they
are less dense than
liquid water
www.stevespanglerscience.com/img/cache/bcb9b8...
 Calculating Density
Density= Mass/Volume

A marble has a volume of 5 cm3 and a

mass of 15 g. What is the density of the
marble?
Given: m=15 g, V= 5 cm3
Formula: D=M/V
Solution: D= 15g/ 5 cm3
= 3g/cm3
 Practice Exercises

1. A bar of copper has a mass of 216 g and a

volume of 24 cmᴲ. What is the density of
copper?
2. The density of a candy bar is 0.95g/cmᴲ. The
mass of the candy bar is 70 g. What is the
volume of the candy bar?
3. An ice cube has a volume of 36 cmᴲ. If the
ice cube has a density of 1.2 g/ cmᴲ, what is the
mass of the ice cube?
 PRACTICE EXERCISES
4. At 4⁰C, pure water has a density of 1 g/mL (1
g/cmᴲ). Suppose that you have 2 liters of pure
water at this temperature. What is the mass of this
water?
5. What is the mass of ethyl alcohol that exactly fills
a 200.0 mL graduated cylinder. The density of ethyl
alcohol is 0.789 g/mL.
6. What is the volume of a silver metal that has a
mass of 2500.0 g. The density of silver is 10.5
g/cmᴲ.
 Chemical Properties of
Matter

• Chemical Properties: Describe how

substances can form new substances.
• Chemical properties can be identified
by the changes that they produce.
• Chemical Change: The change of one
substance into another substance.
How can you say that
there’s a chemical
change happen?
 Signs of a Chemical Change

1. Production of an odor.
• Eggs rotting produce a
sulfur smell.
• Lightning produces a
fresh and clean smell
due to its reaction with
Oxygen in the www.panelbuildersinc.net

atmosphere.
 Signs of a Chemical Change
See full size image

2. Change in Temperature
• Exothermic Reaction: Energy
is released and surrounding
area of reaction increases www.webergallery.com/Rusting%20Away-CT.htm

temperature (Rusting)
See full size image

• Endothermic Reaction:
Energy is absorbed and
surrounding area of reaction
decreases in temperature www.superstock.com/stock-photos-images/1613R-7178

(antacid and water)

 Signs of a Chemical Change

3. Change in Color
• Fruit ripening
(green tomatoes
to red tomatoes)
• Rust
www.uncp.edu/home/mcclurem/ptable/iron/fe.htm
 Signs of a Chemical Change

4. Formation of Bubbles
Vinegar and Baking Soda

• Vinegar and
baking soda
• Antacid and water
eco-centric.blogspot.com
 Signs of a Chemical Change

5. Formation of a Solid or Precipitate:

Example: clams

• The shells of clams and

mussels are precipitates
from a chemical change
of substances from the
animal and sea water
unsportsmanlikecomment.files.wordpress.com
 Test Yourself!
A. Classify the following as either physical
or chemical property:
1. Ozone in its pure form is blue in color.
2. Molybdenum steel used in rifle barrels is
resistant to acids.
3. Mercury is a liquid metal.
4. The soil in some parts of laguna is red .
 Test Yourself!

B. Classify the following substances if

physical or chemical change:
1. Melting of ice in the Arctic Circle
2. Evaporation of water in ocean.
3. Rusting of nail.
4. Digestion of your snack.
5. Curdling of milk during summer.
 Some physical properties are
measurable. These measurable
properties are categorized into:
1. Intensive properties – Properties that are not
dependent on the amount of substance.
Examples: Temperature, melting point, boiling
point, and density
2. Extensive properties- Properties that depend
on the amount of substance.
Examples:
Mass, length, and volume
 TEST YOURSELF!
Classify the following examples as
intensive or extensive properties:
1. Boiling point
2. Weight
3. Volume
4. Density
5. Solubility
 Sources:
• Chemistry by Raymond Chang,
Tenth Edition.
• Chemistry by Steven S. Zumdahl, Sixth
Edition.
• Chemistry by Mortimer, Sixth Edition.
• General Chemistry System by Marwani
and Albar.
• https://www.nyu.edu/pages/mathmol/te
xtbook/whatismatter.html
• https://courses.lumenlearning.com/bou
ndless-chemistry/chapter/physical-and-
chemical-properties-of-matter/