Research, Management and Leadership (Review TCUP) o Gain richer familiarity regarding phenomena

• Systematic, empirical, controlled and critical o 100% known to RN

investigation, or a hypothetical (hypothesis) • EXPLORATORY
proposition related to nature phenomenon o Explore to those areas that is unknown
• Must be conducted to affirm or deny hypothesis o Observe more
• PHENOMENON/PHENOMENA- anything affects the o 0% still unknown by the RN
human life
o Disease, signs and symptoms, procedure, MD, • EXPERIMENTAL
antidote, virus, bacteria o Perform manipulation
• HYPOTHESIS- educated guess, scientific guess, o Perform intervention
tentative statement of a supposed answer to your • DEVELOPMENT
problem o From improvement of system of care
o Not yet known if true or false, right/wrong o To develop, improve the existing
• PHENOMENON+HYPOTHESIS= RESEARCH PROBLEM o present method of care
o Without hypothesis there is no research problem
on a problem ETHICS AS A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
• SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVE
4 MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH o For patient benefits
o Has good faith
• SYSTEMATIC • CONSENT/COOPERATION
o Follow step by step process/procedure o Get appropriate consent from the owner
o From identification of problem to conclusion o Legally, who owns the patient chart HOSPITAL
• EMPIRICAL • INTEGRITY
o Proper objective o What you’ve worked hard for
o To collect data, facts and evidence to support
• EQUITABLE
hypothesis
o If you use or utilize research of another
o Readily observable (objective)
researcher give acknowledgement
• CONTROLLED o PLAGIARISM is illegal replication or duplicate or
o Proper planning/direction replicate another use of research without
o Must be appropriate system, strategy, method appropriate knowledge of the researcher
and scheme • NOBLE
o Researched design- used to look for the truth o Proper respect to the same subject (Human
/date Rights)
• CRITICAL INVESTIGATION o 3 BASIC RIGHTS OF SUBJECT/SAMPLE RESEARCH
o Fact finding investigation o They have the right not to arm- includes,
physical, mental, moral, harm *PHYSICAL HARM
PURPOSE OF SCIENTIFIC NURSING RESEARCH NEGLIGENCE*
• DESCRIPTIVE  COMMISION- unacceptable in standard of
o Observe, describe, record down the results, use practice
senses
  OMMISION- no intervention done *MENTAL 10.Interpretation of data phase
HARM* 11.Communicating your conclusion and recommendation
 ASSAULT- threatened, a mere mental fear
 BATTERY- provide physical harm, force the STEP 1- IDENTIFICATION of research problem
patient *MORAL HARM* • Problem research- something /anything that requires
 SLANDER/ORAL DEFAMATION- morally solving through scientific investigation
destroyed the reputation of the client • Source of problem in Nursing research
 LIBEL- you had published picture of a o Concept in nursing- heart disease, M.I
person thru TV, MAGAZIN o Literature, essay, book, journal
o They have the right self determination o Issues
o They have the right of privacy o Experience
• TYPE OF PRIVACY o Nursing problem
o ANONIMITY- privacy are regard to identify of the o Theories
patient • CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH
o CONFIDENTIALY- privacy of the information or o General applicability- useful and applicable for
data all
 RESTRAINT- dependent (stay with the o BASIC PURE RESEARCH- results is for personal
patient) knowledge curiosities, applicable to research
 Two types of restraints o APPLIED RESEARCH- problem solving of others,
• Physical- vest or jacket focus on other problem
• Chemical- valium o RESEARCHABLE- capable of collecting data
o TRUTHFULNESS- put only the data you have o FEASIBLE- measureable
collected  Factors/parameters
o IMPORTANCE- important to nursing • Time
o FACTUAL- facts or data • Money
o IDEAL- you need to comply on the step by step • Instrument
process (Identification-conclusion)  Apparatus
o COURAGE- • Population
• Experience of the researcher
RESEARCH PROCESS II SETP IN BASIC PROCEDURE o IMPORTANCE- importance of nursing profession
o NOVELTY- originality
1. IDENTIFICATION- of research o SIGIFICANCE- related to nursing profession
2. Review of related literature
 Variable- anything which is subject to
3. Formulation of conceptual and theoretical framework
change for manipulation
4. Formulation of hypothesis
5. Selecting the appropriate research design  2 Major Variables of the study
6. Selecting your population and sample • Independent variable- cause target
7. Conducting a pilot/trial study population
8. Collecting of data phase • Dependent Variable- effect
9. Analysis of data phase response
 • Example: hypothesis- a study on • Revision of terms
the different income of a Filipino o STEP 2- review of related literature
nurse working at PGH NYGH o Purpose- update, overview, background, key to
INDEPENDENT TARGET DEPENDENT theoretical and conceptual framework
Hospital- PGH & Population $-P income
NYGH Conceptual framework Research work
Place of work Filipino Effect variable Formulated Researcher
Casual variable nurses Authors Research work only
Can be sold Future use of purpose
• Intervening variable- comes Books, general
between dependent and
independent • Step 3 FORMULATION OF CONCEPTUAL AND
o Example: organism variable, THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
internal factor, sex, gender, • Theory- relationship between concept
colour • Conceptual framework- illustration showing
• Extraneous variable- external relationship between variable
influence can be changed • Paradigm- diagrammatic presentation/illustration
o Ex. Allure, citizenship, between variable
educational status • STEP 4- formulation of hypothesis
• Dichotomous variable- 2 o Hypothesis- mere educated guess, temporary,
choices/results tentative
o Ex. Male/female o Types of Hypothesis
• Polychotomous variable- multiple  Null or statistical hypothesis- no
choices/multiple variable relationship or difference between 1
o Ex. Prepared foods variable to another
RESEARCH  Single variable- alternative operational
• Identify problem research hypothesis, shows difference
• Purpose- objective (SMART) between 1 variable to another single
o S-smart variable
o M- measurable  Complex hypothesis- shows
o A-attainable relationship/shows difference between
o R-realistic two or more variable
o T-time bound • Using other intervening variable
• Define terms • Same as simple hypothesis
o Conceptual definition- dictionary  Directional Hypothesis- used only
meaning/ordinary diction of nurses directional of the relationship between
 Ex.toxic-waste products variable
o Operational definition- difference in accordance  Non-directional hypothesis- only predicts
of how the researcher used his problem the relationship but has no specific
 Ex. Very busy day for nurses direction between variable
• STEP 5 Research design o Stratified random sampling- first created a
o Systematic, controlled plan for finding answer substrata in a population before doing
problem randomization, un-identical group
o It is the roadmap, blueprint to provide result o Cluster random sampling- create sub areas in
o Plan, structure/strategy conducting an the population before doing randomization, to
investigation hospital in Manila, UST 3rd floor, south wing tb
• Application-useful/applicable to whom? patients
o Basic/pure research o Systematic Sampling- list of names appearing in
o Applied research population, choose a multiple number
• Method- observe o Non-probability- pre selected group, based
o Experimental- active participation group, non equal chance for all
o Accidental/convenience- accessible, near to the
o Manipulation (cause & effect)
researcher, based on proximity of sample
o Give certain intervention
o Purposive/judgemental- based on popularity,
o Controlled setting
common knowledge
 Ex. Laboratories/researched unit o Snowball sampling- based on lat referral
o Non experimental- research is a passive
o Quota Sampling-
participant
• Step 7 trial Study
o Observes and describe, record
o Natural setting-where people naturally exist • Step 8 collection of data phase- information are being
gathered from subject to verify a given hypothesis
such as homes, hospital, schools, office,
o Questionnaires- method of collecting data using
community
a paper and a pencil instrument completed by a
• Data
subject
o Qualitative- subjectively collected-internal,
o Types of questionnaires-
physical, the subject just said it
o Belief, understanding, emotions, opinions,  Checklist/dichotomous- yes or no option
attitude, behaviour, culture, perception, feelings  Rating scale- choices arranged in order by
o Quantitative- data collected is based on the subject according to a certain
underlying criteria
objective reasoning, numerical interpretation
o EX. TEMP, bp result, weight, distance, height,  Multiple choice- a, b, c, d
reading observable using sense o Record- published, documented- easiest, pre
• Step 6 selecting your population and sample existing data, journal, essay, documents,
newspaper, patient chart
• Population- bigger than the sample
o Interview- use oral communication
• Sample- data, people o Observation-
• Sampling  participants- the observe involve in the
o Probability- equal chance for all, equal setting together with the subject active
opportunity as a sample to be chosen participant
o Simple random sampling- only for identical  non participants- the researcher is merely
group, same qualifications, equal opportunities, viewing the subject
method: draw out o problem encountered
  hawthorns effect- obviously, consciously
being observed, experimental
 remedy- perform double blind research
must not now that they are being
observed
 halo effect- effect by special treatment or
relationship, rating/performance, because
of special relationship praised
• Step 9- analysis for data phase
o Stage whrein the researcher is performing a
body of knowledge out of data collected affirms
or deny hypothesis
o Method of analysis of data (tabulation,
measurement of data)
o Nominal- tabulating data based on category
 Ex. Male/female
o Ordinal- tabulating data base on ranking
 Ex. Good, better, best, mild, moderate,
severe
o Interval- tabulating data based on measurement
 Ec. Numerical value
• Step 10 interpretation of data phase
o 2 methods of interpretation
 Quantitative method- present the result
using numerical graphical
• Ex. Pie chart, line graph
 Qualitative- narrative method, through
words, sentences, phrases
• Step 11 communicating your conclusion
o Explaining the result of the investigation by
publishing it, spoken presentation and mass
report
o Conclusion-final answer of your research
o Recommendation- suggestion to other
dissemination
 Write a book thesis- most basic
 Symposium, oral method- conference
 Publication/published- more wider, journal
 Internet- modern technology