Nursing Theory - is a conceptualization of some aspects of nursing communicated for the

purpose of describing, predicting and or prescribing nursing care.

Theorist Theory

Her view of nursing is not limited only to the

administration of medications and treatment but
“Environmental
Florence Nigthingale rather as being oriented toward providing fresh air,
Theory”
light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet and adequate
nutrition.

Focuses on the individual, the nurse, and the

“Interpersonal
Hildegard Peplau interactive process which is the result of the client
Theory”
nurse relationship.

She de nes nursing as assisting the individual, sick

or well in the performance of those activities that
“14 Basic Human will contribute to health, recovery, or a peaceful
Virginia Henderson
Need Theory” death and that the individual would perform
unaided if he or she had the necessary strength,
will of knowledge.

Emphasizes delivering nursing care for the whole

“21 Nursing
Faye Glenn Abdellah person to meet the physical, emotional, intellectual,
Problems”
social and spiritual needs of the client and family.

Views the client as an integrated being who

interacts with and adapts to the environment.
“The Conservation
Myra Levine Health is terms of four conservation principles:
Model”
conservation of energy, of structural integrity, of
personal integrity and social integrity.

Focuses on how the client adapts to illness and

“Behavioral System
Dorothy Johnson how actual or potential stress can affect the
Model”
ability to adapt.

Considers the individual as an energy eld

coexisting within the universe. The individual is in
“Unitary Human continuous interaction with the environment and is
Martha Rogers
Beings” a uni ed whole, possessing personal integrity and
manifesting characteristics that are more than the
sum of its part.

Developed a de nition of nursing that emphasizes

Dorothea Orem “Self-care Theory”
the client’s self-care needs.

“Goal Attainment Focuses on three dynamic interacting systems:

Imogene King
Theory” personal, interpersonal and social.
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 De n e s a total-p e r so n mo del of n u r sin g,
incorporating a holistic concept and an open-system
approach. The person is dynamic composite of
Betty Neuman “System Model”
physiolo g ical, so cio cu ltu ral, develo pm ental,
psychological, and spiritual components that
function as an open system.

Views the client as an adaptive system. The goal of

nursing is to help the person adapt to changes in
Sister Callista Roy “Adaptation Model”
physiological needs, self-concept, role function, and
interdependent relation during health and illness.

Her philosophy of interpersonal caring, de nes

“Philosophy and
Jean Watson nursing as the outcome of nursing activity in
Caring Model”
regard to the humanistic aspects of life.

The theory of human becoming. States the clients

“Human Becoming
Rosemarie Parse are open, mutual, and in constant interaction with
Theory”
the environment.

As de ned in their theory, caring means that

persons, events, projects, and things matter to
Patricia Benner and “The Primacy of people. Caring creates possibilities for coping,
Judith Wrubel Caring” enables possibilities for connecting with and
concern for others, and allows for the giving and
receiving of help.

Leininger's model assist healthcare professionals to

provide culturally competent care and avoid
“Culture Care stereotyping.
Madeleine Leininger Diversity and The model utilizes three concepts:
Universality” 1.Culture care maintenance/preservation
2.Culture care negotiation/accommodation
3.Cultural restructuring/repatterning

Described 5 levels of nursing experience and

developed:
“From Novice to 1. Novice
Patricia Benner
Expert” 2.Advanced beginner 3. Competent
4. Pro cient
5. Expert

1.Core: the patient

“The Core, Care, 2.Care: the role of the nurse
Lydia E. Hall
Cure” 3. Cure: the medical treatment given by health
care professionals.

“A nurse does not only seek to alleviate physical

pain or render physical care - she ministers to the
“Human-To-Human
Joyce Travelbee whole person. The existence of suffering, whether
Relationship Model”
physical, mental or spiritual is the proper concern
of the nurse”
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 The Metaparadigm of Nursing

The recipient of nursing care like individuals, families and communities.

PERSON Examples: Nigthingale proposed that the physical, intellectual, and spiritual being of a person is not capable of
manipulating the environment to promote health. This means that a person is a passive recipient of care.

The external and internal aspects of life that in uence the person.
ENVIRONMENT Examples: Physical environment is emphasized by Nigthingale in her theory. She focused on ventilation, warmth,
noise, light, and cleanliness.

The holistic level of wellness that the person experiences.

Example: Nigthingale de ned nursing as “a profession for women (a calling) with the goal to discover and use the
HEALTH
laws governing health in the service of humanity”. She believed that the goal of nursing activity should promote
client’s health.

The interventions of the nurse rendering care in support of, or in cooperation

NURSING with the client.
Example: Nigthingale emphasized that a nurse is responsible in promoting well being of clients by manipulating the
environment.

PERSON HEALTH NURSING ENVIRONMENT

Human beings were not de ned by Nightingale (1859/1992) did not de ne (1859/1992) did not de ne health N i g ht i n g a le ' s w r it i n g s re e ct a
Nightingale speci cally. health speci cally. speci cally. community health model in which all

NIGTHINGALE
"What nursing has to do... is to put the that su r ro u n ds hu man bein g s is
patient in the best condition for nature considered in relation to their state of
to act upon him" health.
(Nightingale, 1859/1992)

Humans are de ned as "men, women, Health is "being structurally an d Nursing is an art through which the The environment has physical, chemical
and children cared for either singly or functionally whole or sound." practitioner of nursing gives specialized and biological features. It includes the

OREM
as social units," and are the "material assistance to persons with disabilities family, culture, and community.
object" of nurses and others who which makes more than ordinar y
provide direct care. assistance necessary to meet needs for
self-care.

Individuals have basic needs that are Health was taken to mean balance in all "The unique function of the nurse is to No explicit de nition of the environment,
component of health an d require realms of human life. assist the individual, sick or well, in the though she stated that: "maintaining a
assistance to achieve health an d p e r fo r m a n ce o f t h o s e act i v it i e s supportive environment conducive for
independence or a peaceful death. contributing to health or its recovery health is one of the elements of her 14
HENDERSON that he would perform unaided if he
had the necessary strength, will or
activities for client assistance."

knowledge. And to do this in such a way

as to help him gain independence as
rapidly as possible."

An organism that "strives in its own Health is de ned as "a word symbol Hildegard Peplau considers nursing to Although Peplau does not directly
way to reduce tension generated by that implies forward movement of be a "signi cant, address society/environment, she does

PEPLAU
needs." personality and other ongoing human therapeutic, interpersonal process." encourage the nurse to consider the
processes in the direction of creative, patient's culture and mores when the
constructive, productive, personal, and patient adjusts to hospital routine.
community living."

A person is de ned as an indivisible, Rogers de nes health as an expression Nursing aims to assist people in It is the study of unitary, irreducible,
pan-dimensional energy eld identi ed of the life process ac h i ev i n g t h e i r m a xi m u m h e alt h indivisible human and environmental

ROGERS
b y a p at te r n , a n d m a n if e st i n g potential. elds: people and their world.
characteristics speci c to the whole,
and that can't be predicted from
knowledge of the parts.

Individuals are social beings who are Health is a dynamic life experience of a Environment is the background for Nursing is a process of action, reaction,
rat i o n a l a n d s e n t i e n t. H u m a n s human being, which implies continuous human interactions. It is both external and interaction whereby nurse and
communicate their thoughts, actions, adjustment to stressors in the internal to, and internal to, the individual. client share information about their
KING customs, and beliefs through language. and external environment through
optimum use of one's resources to
perceptions in the nursing situation.

achieve maximum potential for daily

living.

Human being is a valued person to be Health is the unity and harmony within Society provi des the values that Nursing is a human science of persons
care d fo r, re s p e cte d , n u r t u re d , the mind, body, and soul; health is determine how one should behave and and human health-illness experiences
WATSON understood, and assisted; in general a
philosophical view of a person as a fully
a s s o c i ate d w it h t h e d e g r e e o f
co ng r uence between the self as
what goals one should strive toward. that are mediated by professional,
personal, scienti c, esthetic, and ethical
functional integrated self. perceived and the self as experienced. human care transactions.
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