National water use efficiency support program

India
Rajesh Yadav Senior project Officer ADB

National Water Mission

Delhi, 25 February 2019
National Water Use Efficiency Improvement
Support Program - Scoping Study

 NWUEISP study completed in August 2014 to support the

implementation of the NWM and the 12th FYP

 NWUEISP study takes stock of water use efficiency issues in MMI in

India and proposes a framework for assessing MMI performance,
identify main weaknesses leading to low efficiency and propose
modernization plan.

 ADB presented NWUEISP for MMI schemes in DEA in October 2014

and to Secretary Ministry of Water Resources in November 2014.

 Subsequent presentations on NWUEISP framework were also made

to NWM from time to time.
National Water Use Efficiency Improvement
Support Program - Scoping Study
National Water Use Efficiency Improvement
Support Program - Scoping Study
National Water Use Efficiency Improvement
Support Program - Scoping Study

RDTA – 7967 pilot tested the

NWUEISP framework on 2 MMI in
India – Dharoi in Gujarat and
Sanjay Sarovar in Madhya
Pradesh. Completed in June 2015.
National Water Use Efficiency Improvement
Support Program - Scoping Study

 ADB proposed Project Preparatory TA loan to enable the

State Governments / UTs to develop project proposals and
help States to implement the NWUEISP for improvement
of Water use efficiency for MMI projects.
 NWM in May 2016 constituted a Project Technical
Coordination Unit (PTCU) for achieving greater Irrigation
Water Use efficiency and Water Productivity.
 NWM requested State Governments to identify pilot MMI
projects having low WUE and to formulate project
proposals in line with the framework.
National Water Use Efficiency Improvement
Support Program - Scoping Study

 NWM in July 2016 shared list of States, and Projects which can be
considered as part of the National program.
 Presentation was again made to Secretary, Ministry of Water Resources
on 6 July 2017 and another on 19 January 2018 wherein Mission
Director, NWM also participated.
National Water Use Efficiency Improvement
Support Program - Scoping Study

 Rajasthan, Manipur, Madhya Pradesh have shown

interest to proceed further with the modernization
proposal.
 NWM identified six another proposals with 5 states which
includes Telangana, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Punjab.
 Presentation was again made to Secretary, Ministry of
Water Resources on 6 July 2017 and another on 19
January 2018 wherein Mission Director, NWM also
participated.
 The process however has not moved further, except MP
moving ahead with the proposed projects including
Sanjay Sarovar Modernization Plan.
 The next Part of the presentation is on Project Rationale
and outcome of scoping study.
NWUEISP

Rationale
 Rationale : India Water Accounting

 MOWR estimates total utilizable water resources of 1,123 BCM with

a current water demand of 710 BCM rising to 1,093 BCM by 2030
(54% increase in the next 15-20 years).

 Less optimistic estimates predict that with the current pattern of

demand about half the demand will not be met by 2030 (2030 WRG,
2009)
Growing regional water scarcity by 2050

Water and Food

Scarce River Basins

Options to reduce scarcity:

• Increase crop productivity per
drop
• Increase ground water recharge
• Increase economic value of
water
• Inter-basin transfer
11
Source: Amarasinghe et.al. 2007 (IWMI)
 Level of Water Scarcity
Total renewable Potentially utilizable water resource (PUWR) b Water resources available per
a water resource capita
No . River basin
(TRWR) Surface Ground Total Percentage from TRWR PUWR
water c groundwater
water
3 3
km km km3 km3 % m3 m3
All basins 1,887 690 343 1,033 33% 2,025 1,108
d
17 basins 1,253 666 308 975 32% 1,411 1,098
1 Indus 73.3 46 14.3 60.3 24% 1,501 1,235
2 Mahi 11 3.1 3.5 6.6 53% 1,649 990
Westerly 3 Narmada 45.6 35 9.4 43.9 21% 2,542 2,448
flowing 4 Sabarmati 3.8 1.9 2.9 4.8 60% 631 797
rivers 5 Tapi 14.9 14.5 6.7 21.2 32% 831 1,183
6 WFR1 15.1 15 9.1 24.1 38% 257 409
7 WFR2 200.9 36.2 15.6 51.8 30% 3,871 998
8 Brahmani and Baitarni 28.5 18.3 3.4 21.7 16% 1,703 1,296
9 Cauvery 21.4 19 8.8 27.8 32% 656 852
10 EFR1 22.5 13.1 12.8 25.9 49% 1,169 1,346
11 EFR2 16.5 16.7 12.7 29.4 43% 423 753
Easterly
12 Ganga 525 250 136.5 386.5 35% 1,418 1,044
flowing
13 Godavari 110.5 76 33.5 109.8 31% 1,441 1,431
rivers
14 Krishna 78.1 58 19.9 77.9 26% 1,133 1,130
15 Mahanadi 66.9 50 13.6 63.6 21% 2,463 2,341
16 Pennar 6.3 6.3 4.0 10.9 37% 440 762
17 Subarnarekha 12.4 6.8 1.7 8.5 20% 829 568
18 Bramhaputra 585.6 24.3 25.7 48 54% 17,661 1,448
19 Meghna 48.4 1.7 8.5 10.2 83% 4,830 1,018

Notes: a. Refer to map given in Figure 5.

b. Source: CWC (2002).
c. The volume of potentially utilizable groundwater resources is the volume of groundwater replenished from normal natural discharge
d. All the basins except the Brahmaputra and Meghna.
 Improving Water Use Efficiency

 Agriculture estimated 80% all water withdrawal

 Irrigation Water Use Efficiency estimated at 38% (very low).

 Major and Medium Irrigation schemes represent 80% of

Government created irrigated potential.

 Focus on MMI. What to do?

 Public Irrigation Investments

Trends of public expenditure in major and medium irrigation

and net irrigated area under different sources in India
60 42

50 36
(billion US$, in 2000 prices)

30

Net irrigated area

40

(million ha)
Expenditure

24
30
18
20
12

10
6

0 0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Expenditure Tanks Canals Groundwater
 Need for a Paradigm Shift

 IDs should: “move away from a narrow engineering-construction-

centric approach to a more multi-disciplinary, participatory
management approach for MMI schemes, with a focus on command
area development and a sustained effort at improving water use
efficiency” (para. 5.5,12th FYP)
 NWUEISP scoping study

Key Findings and Recommendations

Public Irrigation Systems:
Desired Future?

This change demands

proactive management of
systems

17
 Identify core processes in MMI schemes
Policy Water resources; agriculture; livelihoods; environment; etc.

Legislation Irrigation Act; Environmental legislation; PIM Act; etc.

Manage-
ment Irrigation Dept. WUA Farmer GW Board Farmer ID
organisation

Manage- Plan
Operate Operate Transport Main-
ment Monitor Allocat Apply Allow for
Maintain Maintain Market tenance
processes e
Rainfall Agric.
Core Storag Conveyan Distributi Applicati production
Diversi Drainag
processe e ce on on Ground and
on e
s water marketing

River Water Water Water Water Water Land Water

Inputs flow Water
Rainfall Labour
Crop inputs

Drained
Outputs Water Timely Filled Filled land
Stored Allocated Agricultural
water root root Low
water water production
delivery zone zone water
table
Performance Volume Crop yield
Volume Water Conveyance Distribution Application used Depth to
indicators Crop
stored diverted efficiency efficiency efficiency
production
18GW
 Identified Problem Tree
Reduced water availability Reduced water Reduced water availability Low levels of farmer Low levels of ISF collection
for agriculture availability for domestic for the environment income And access to NIMF
EFFECTS and industrial use

CORE
Low water use efficiency and productivity compromises water resource availability and other uses
PROBLEM

Inadequate I&D Inadequate management and Inadequate management and Inadequate

CAUSES Non- Non- Non-
Infrastructure physical Operation of main system physical
Operation of distribution system capacity
physical physical
Building and
training
services
Irrigation design does Inadequate Inadequate Inadequate Inadequate Inadequate
not match current maintenance management operation management maintenance
needs
Poorly
Insufficient funds Outdated data performing
Focus on construction Large number of small Poor water
collection and WALMIs
System designed for landholdings distribution
processing methods
protective irrigation
Constrained system No accountability to
Top-down PIM Acts Lack of WUA field staff Limited
operation water users Lack of knowledge (no water masters) number of
Faulty design and skills experience
ID not multidisciplinary Inadequate WUA NGOs to
Needs based formation and support support PIM
Changed hydrology Scheduling does not
budgeting absent match supply with Lack of water
Lack of participation demand management
Limited water
Lack of field channels No asset WUAs not functioning knowledge and
management
–CAD not Complete management plans skills
Limited control and extension
Outdated management
measurement services
Information system Lack of control over
funds constrains Low levels of
Lack of control and No routine Water charge not adoption of modern
service delivery
measuring structures maintenance by linked to service technology by
WUAs Lack of MOM delivery farmers
knowledge and skills

Poor service limits

Inadequate
ISF collection
performance
measurement and
accountability Lack of planned
conjunctive use

INTERVENTIONS Re-engage with PIM and PPP Restructure

19
Upgrading and Asset management and build
modernization of planning and Upgraded management and operation procedures Support for adoption of modern technology capacity
physical increased
infrastructure maintenance funding Capacity building and training Capacity building and training
Approach for a Solution
Identifying cost-effective measures for
improving WUE
“Low hanging fruit” - Low j Identified Action
cost, high return quadrant)
- Improvement in Water Use Efficiency

High

b
a
z
Impact

m
c
s p

Low
Low High

Cost (financial, resources, effort, etc.)

21
Central Concept - Improving service delivery
Payment
Service
Agreement
Service S Water
Provider C User

S - Specification Service
C - Conditions

22
Central concept – Improving service
delivery
Service delivery encompasses the following:

• ID staff or third party (PPP) are responsible for service delivery

and scheme performance
• Focus on productive irrigated agriculture
• Improved scheduling to match supply and demand
• Linking service delivery to fee collection
• Using modern technology – Remote sensing for crop area and
ET; GIS: MIS; SMS linked to web pages, etc.
• Improved control and measurement (linked to scheduling)
• Adequate maintenance budget (linked to service delivery)
• Partnership with water users (through WUAs)
• Plan and manage for conjunctive use
• Supported by effective education and training

23
 Analytical Tools Developed for
Rapid Appraisal and Planning - 1
Benchmarking Benchmarking based on FAO RAP approach
Focus Group Quick non-quantitative assessment of current farming systems,
Discussions constraints and indicative responses to possible initiatives
(FGDs)
Participatory More detailed structured and detailed surveys including some
Rural quantitative assessment of constraints, issues and responses to
Approach possible initiatives
(PRA)
Sample area Semi-detailed studies in a sample areas including infrastructure,
profiling agriculture and social and institution as in conjunction with FGDs
Medium and Quick analysis of land-use from freely available medium resolution
detailed level imageries over 5 schemes
remote Pilot analysis over a selected area using high detail analysis to
sensing assess crop productivity
 Analytical Tools Developed for
Rapid Appraisal and Planning - 2
Sub-basin Scheme water balance of both surface and sub-surface
water balance systems
Institutional and Compiling and integrating the outputs of RAP and PRA
technical including costs
analysis
Improved water Prefeasibility plans to assess options and present
management proposals to improve water management and agriculture

Preliminary Preliminary plans for scheme modernization and increase

plans for water efficiencies;
management Report
 NWUEISP Summary - 1

 Require a “paradigm shift” in the way irrigation schemes are

managed

 Upgrade and modernize control and measurement in canal

systems, with associated step-changes in O&M procedures

 IDs need to adopt a service delivery approach using modern

technology (remote sensing, GIS, etc.)

 Focus on service delivery and performance management, including

rapid appraisal and benchmarking

 Re-engage with PIM – provide support and leadership, strengthen

WALMIs and NGOs
 NWUEISP Summary - 2

 Develop approaches and procedures for conjunctive use of surface

and ground water

 Quantify MOM costs using asset management planning and provide

adequate funds, either from users or government. Properly
maintained I&D systems should become the norm, not the
exception.

 Strengthen CAD&WM and agricultural support programmes

 Piloting of modern approaches to MOM – it’s time to move forward

in changing the basic approach, processes and expectations.

 Involve the private sector in innovative ways – introduction of

modern technology, management contracts, etc.
 NWUEISP – Conceptual Approach

• Support both physical and non-physical modernization

innovations:
– Physical: Upgrade/modernize to improve the ability to convey,
control and measure irrigation water
– Non-physical: Management strengthened to improve the planning,
delivery and monitoring irrigation water; institutions strengthened
to better support efficient irrigation management, implement PIM –
explore PPP
– Develop models of modernized MMI schemes in several candidate
states. Work with states which are ready to reform and use these
successes to show case best practices to less eager/capable
states.
• MOWR/CWC are enabled to better service candidate
states with their infrastructure and reform programs – incl.
provision on consulting services for RAP, capacity
building, etc. MOWR/CWC catalyst role to
encourage/demonstrate other states reform. 28
NWUEISP Implementation Framework
 NWUEISP – TA loan

• Scope:
• Capacity building on irrigation
modernization
- performance assessment : RAP, Remote sensing,
PRA, water accounting, etc.
- Finding solutions : innovations in IT, conveyance,
control structure, flow measurement; PPPs for
irrigation, performance based MOM, etc
 NWUEISP – TA loan

• Scope:
• Support states MMIs modernization project
design
- modernization plans
- feasibility studies
- detailed designs
- tender documents
 NWUEISP – TA loan
• Resources :
- International and national consultants
- International and national academia and
applied research organizations -
partnerships
- Study tours
• Tentative Budget
-$20 to 30 million USD
 NWUESIP : Next Steps

• Confirm with DEA feasibility of the proposed approach

and willingness to proceed with project preparation
• Consult states, assess interest to join the scheme
• Appoint a focal person to work on project preparation
and be the contact for ADB officer
• Prepare a preliminary project proposal (PPR) for the TA
loan using DEA format - This can be done with support
from ADB if required
• Submit the PPR to DEA for screening committee
clearance
• Inform ADB when/if clearance is obtained and request
ADB to field fact finding mission. 33
Thank You
ryadav@adb.org