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/ 11
Report | une, 2024
A Global South with Chinese characteristics
By Niva Yau
TABLE OF CONTENTS
+ Intreduetion
+ Taining future authortavians
+ Party govemance asthe root ofall success
+ Globalimalications and recommendations
Introduction
[At the peak of Chins’ ecanemie grt toward the end ofthe 2010s, Being began to advocate fo an akernatve mode of governance tha
prertizes economic development and rejects the centrality ofthe protection of inevidual rights ane “Western” democratic processes. At the
near ofthis new push to legitimize authortarian governance was the example of China's own remarkably rapid economic development under
Chinese Communist Party (CCP} leadership and an imple astetion tha such sucessful growth legimizes nat only China's aun autocratic
system, but aso other non-democratc poliieal systems. The global implications ef his development have grown clearer as Beijing has embarkee
‘ona steally expanding mission to promote its potical system alongside is economic success in counties across the Global South
‘As eully as 1985, Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping explained, n plo language, thet the Chinese pelcalsystem would resist changes desoite
‘economic integration with the wail, He tld the Tanzanian president atthe time, “Our reform san experiment net only in China but ake
international, ene we belleve ill be suecessul we are successful. it ean provide some experience for developing counties" In 207, 8
new Chinese lead XI Jinping repeated this sentiment using similar language
‘The People’s Republic of China (PRC) has long pursued foreign acceptance of Chinese poticelnaratves ane encouraged thelr adoption to
‘urtner Chines interests? However, Chine typclly does nat need to cajole counties inte accepting ts messaging about successful
Ldevelosment Many developing country leaders, having witnessed the Chinese ‘economic miracle" in whch developed ata remarkable pace
after fst pening its economy tothe wold in the late 1870s, ake seriously Chinas narrative about the benefits ofa mare authoritarian system
and ae wiling to consider the caleulated risk of experimenting with what Belg Is eteing. Even as Chinas economic growth has stowed.
signicantl and ts peltical system has grown more repressive under Xi the numberof counties welcoming Chinese governance lessons
continues to grow, enhancing Behng's label nfuence. This hes significant implications or the utue of democracy the protection af indivi
rights, and the nature af the global ore
Training future authoritarians
(One ofthe most dveet ways that Being prometes authoritarian governance is through traning programs forforelgn goverment ofa on
Chinese governance practices, This repo investigates & new dataset af Chinese government files on such snings uncovering how Being
uses these sessions to reel promote eos and practices that mary ecanemies snd pais to make 2 ease foils euthoritaran capa
mocel. Beyond encouraging sympathy for Chinese narratives among oils across the Global South, the programs alse provi practical
sek adaptation of Chinese practices The sessions ako sppeas te seve intligence-colection aurpotes by
‘equiring each parteipantte submit reports detaing thet prot exchanges and engagements with other freign counties en spect taining
subjects. This report outlines the content Beling teaches ofcias in various Geveloping countries and the anticioated benefs 9 Beling fom
‘these programs. als explains ow these intatves into China's broacer ambitions to undermine the liberal democratic norms that eutenty
underpin tne global rer. The author abtained 1.691 es fom the Chinese Minsty af Commerce (MOFCOM) containing ceseipons of 795 governmental Yang
programs delveres fpesumebly online n 2021 and 2022 cng the pandemic. Esch program éescripon certains tle indicating te subject
oftraining: the name af the Chinese eniy subcontracted to dever the
ing the timing and language of struction; vite countries and
regions group size the professional background and demographic requrements for ranges; and training program objectves. Adationaly, each
deserntioninluded an outine ofthe taining content, eluding names of instructors an contac information fr subcontract ents
1m 188, Being began delivering ining programs, st branded a freign assistance, in coardnation withthe United Nations Development
rogram {UNDP} 2s pat a a efoto provide aid and base skis te developing countes ? In 1998, the Chinese government broke aay fom
‘hat cooperation arrangement and began offering its own centrally planned traning programs directly to governmental fils rom counties
e208 the Global South, Gojing reportedly hosted 120,000 trainees tram the Global South between 1881 ns 2008, with & 000 programs across
‘went fxel areas, With nial success, the programs expanded trom thelr anginal objective an he number of trainees incteszed nthe next
‘decade, with 49348 tsinees in 95% programs between 2010 and! 2012, snc mere than 200,000 tainees in round 7000 programs between
2013 ane 2018,"
Figure 1. Annual average number of PRC training programs delivered to the Global South
Eviconce in the newly obtained 2021 anc 2022 fis ineieates thatthe objectives of Chinese governmental raining programs fr foreign ofa
have changed significant Trainings arene longer foreign assistance programe with primal humanitarian azeetance aims, but clesly serve to
‘rect inject naratves that mary authoritarian governance with economic development—in other wore, te promote an autocratic approach to
‘governance,
According t across reference of public releases, the current protcel of govelrmental taining programs invelves receiving foreign ols sent
te mainland Caina in accordance with alateral agreements ¥ These waning programs focus on specife areas, and are cenaly planned bythe
Chinese government with designated regional quotas. © A review of these “specie areas" alsa shows thal these programs difer fom taining
‘on humanitarian ald foreign assistance, and bale sls that Beling Gelveted in cooperation with UNDP Inthe 1980s and 1990s, Rather, the
‘waning efor authortavian principles in areas suchas la enforcement journalism, legal sues, space technologies, ane many ether topes
Given that in China, la enforcement is designed te protect the state ane the Paty rather than the people, journalism i preseribed 1 create
‘ational unity athe than act as a check against the system, and the laws intended te protect the regime rather tan its etizeny, these alg
programs natural offer foreign ofits etferentlessons than they would receve trom democratic counter
According to the files obtained, the Chinese embassy ina county identifes or raining peal is noifed roughly tee manths before» taining
program is expected tobe hosted, and the relevant desk a the Chinese embassy i asked wih selecting and inving targeted indviduale nthe
host courte. For example, the Chinese Ministy of Publle Security ataché at the embassy woul be responsible for nvtng lea law-enforcement
prezentatves join programs organizes by the Chinese Ministy of Puble Security Atleast eleven Chinese government minsties and Paty
“departments have delivered taining programs 0 foreign government oficial inthe past he years, including he Minsty of Commerce
Misty of Foreign fairs, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministy of Ines and Information Technology, Minis of Justice, Ministry of
Ecology and Erviranmen, Misty of Culture ane Touts, National Health Commission, Misty of Emergency Management Inerstionsl
LUsison Deparment and Ministry of Puble Security.” According tothe fl, wihin each of these Chinese minsties and departments, an
“international cooperation ane exchange” ofc then coordinates to subcontract the delivery ofthe traning program toa hosting entity. often
with 2 quasiehlan Chinese entiy with extensive testo the government. The MOFCOM fles show that the 795 valnng programs were
suacontractes to It hosting eis in 2021 andl 2022.
“Gen the vast number of Chinese ministries and department found to have proviced training to foreign government ofcils nthe past few
years, ts resonable to conclude that these programs were not paused during the pandemic but simply moved to an one format. review of
the 795 descriptions shows that 21128 ndivcuals pareipsted in one raining programs that were provided by MOFCOM in 2021 and 2022.
‘Theze programs were centered on lectures and included relevant vital ste vis. They ranged from one to 60 days in length: 42 percent ofa programs were between twelve ane ‘ourteen ays, and 34 percent were between 18 and 21 days. Program size was between 15 and 60
Dartcpants, and 68 percent ofthe programs were designed for 25 participants. Basel on the traning description, neal al the programs
Because his research dataset was Initedto progran-deserpion Mes ram the MOFCOM, thee remain abvious bine spots to understanding the
{ull scope and depth of Chinese governance-expot taining programs fr freign governmental offcals. However, precisely because the dataset
neve concerns those eainings delvered by the MOFCOM, examination ofthe files permits unigue insights int how the PRC mstries economies
snd potties ints taining, revesing that Chinese economic achievements are used to supper authoritarian ideals,
‘This repert maps the governance practices Bejing is prometing in counties across the Global South. tees not attempt to examine the
‘tfctiveress of these etfs, which is autside the seope of tris project. Folow-on research endeavors involving leal experts wil be necessary
{or exlorstion ot inevdual government’ receptvty to PRC natratves an practices, which Ukely determined by @ mac of lca interest and
polticl contests.
Party governance as the root of all success
‘chinese training programs focused specially on governance practices have vadionaly been implemented bythe International Liaison
Department (LD), an agency under the Cental Committe ofthe CCP whose core function sparl-to-pary diplomacy. hts pltical engagement
wth otner counties’ peltical partes, me ILD has long conducted traning sessions on Chinese goveinance te promete CCP deslogy, wth the
tated intent to conduct ‘state governance experience exchange (if REIDREESG22G0"Intaly such trainings were hels exclusively Between the
CCCP and counties with ane-pary rule or corresponding Lent party stuctutes, such as Vietnam * This sno longer the case, The ILD walsing
sessions have expanded to incliée session in non-communis and ner-suthottaran counties. tthe same time, ether entties in the Chinese
‘government nave begun eancuing the awn “state governance experience exchanges” Inthe late 2000s, similar language on “state
‘governance experience exchange” began to surface in foreign poley documents deserbing engagements with developing regions and
courte, ineluding Lain Amerie in 2008, Kazakhstan 2008, La0s and Myanmar in 2010, ane Mongolian 207. demonstrating the expanded
Since then, each tsning. ne malter the subject, has contained language on CCP ideology an organization and related contbutions tothe
PRC's achievements in that subject area. Ih this way, authoritarian governance choles ae being promoted even in the mast niche of subject
Even programs on seemingly innocuous topes tke Beekeeping, bamboo forest, meteorology, 0 low-cetben developmental begin by Bieting
partcpants about the Chinese reform and guiding management principles raised atte ates: plenary sessions ofthe Party commitee. The
programs highlight where success tacts for poverty aileviaion or pandemic management aignsted, an then velate these otneples tothe
technical subject areas being covered. This approach Is employed to malrtain consistency of nartatve Glivery ea vaity of auslences. Inthe
program descriptions obtained, targeted foreign goveinment officials range fom the highest poles levelto the technecrat level andl from
senior-level dvectorshios to juni staff members of partments working on paltieal fas, the ecanemy, edueaton. agveulue, signee, and
According toa revew of the 795 training descriptions ootsined the couse ofthe resestch project, MOFCOM traninge cover a vast vaity of
inteimstionsl appliestin of BeiDou ne Chinese glosal navigation satelite
system) and blockchaln and information secu technologhes. However, despite MOFCOMs rem alte provides traning on topics that do not
seem inmeciately related to race, such asthe fle of think tanks for implementing the Bel and Read Inatve, navonal pole on ethnic
urban governance, social secunty ane welfare, and smart ies
For the purpose of his research, the 795 trsning programs were reviewed and categorize into =i groupe based on thelr reported actives az
‘utlned in the fs. The flowing grou lsbels were created by the author.
4. clearly authoritarian: The fst group deseribes training programs which incide exit lessons on PRC practices that are widely regarded in
Iberal democracies a cractinfongements on petzonal freedom. This inchides PRC endorsement ot non-democratc regime practces i political
‘government, and legal fairs, ineluding aéminstrative contel over tre mea information, and population. ‘The project is intaded to further introduce the contents, principles and vlucs of "8 Jinping:
{The Governance of China” Volume IL sais first two volumes to developing counties, s0 38
to facilitate practical efforts under the Helt and Road Initiative and strengthen exchanges and
‘cooperation on national goverance and capacity building between China and developing
countries. The project aims to equip heed-ofstate seior advisers and cabinet members of
Objectives | developing countries with a comprehensive understanding of China's national governance
practices and capacities, with e paniular focus on practices of soc
‘management in response to Covid-19 and development challenges brought bythe pandemic. It
will also sock to expand the international influence ofthe modernized govemance system of
China,
sobilzation and
Fle: Seminar en national governance fr ptesidential advisers of developing counties
‘To enable tines to gain indepth understanding of Chines experience in safe cy constnction,
exablih a plaonn for communication with offi of rolevant counties, establish «network of
Objectives | domestic and intemational industry experts, and promote inteational project cooperation and
‘ectnologieal prodoct export
Fle: Seminar on planning capability of safe cityfor Attica counties
2. Potentially authoritarian: These training programs contain lessons on PRC practices which have, in some cases, intnged on personal
‘reedom ot ingrectly aided iningement of personal freedoms and indvidvalrights. Ths includes, for example, training on dvabpurpare
technologies that could be exploited 1 access individual’ data in ways that expand state suvellence and conve aver elizens persons! ives
‘Through a mulki-angle and all-round presentation of China's experience in new media
‘development, the seminar analyzes China's medis tegration and innovation theories wade he
backdrop of COVID-19, while sharing practice of ews writing, program creation, and material
colletion applicable to new mein pltfonns. The seminar ams to promote common media
evelopment, as well es international media exchanges and cooperstion between China and
BAR counties
Objective
Fle: Seminar an new media for Belt and Road counties
infrastructure
nd resource access: These raining programs ae centered on zetng standards and imparting ndutialeehnlel se fr
various aspect of inrastucture and resource extraction, which may further PRC access to citeal resources. Ths includes fer example
renewable energy appieton, mechanization ofthe agtleuttal sector, and technologies in minng, copper processing, an blatechrology
53. undersand marine goologie survey cst protection, sad also China's strategies oa
tmatie ecological revival and protection through modifying industry structures of maine
sono
Objectives
Fle: Marine geologic survey and coastal protection sins
Intelligence value of the trainings
As cetalles nthe tes, the mayory ofthese tlnng programs, ne mate the category, equle parilpants to submit a reper aria othe
waning. The wabngs, therefore, prove relable teligence benef tothe Chinese government. Evens an auclenee dacs net engage
‘withthe program content or demonstrate reeepliiyta party seologies ane narratives, the report submited by parteinants contin,
Potentially valuable ivormation that Being "atinely receives en masse. Foreign offal are askeeto write about current developments in
‘ther counsyrestecto he raining subject. their county's curent cooperation and partnership with other countries on that subject ane
potental ideas for colaboraton wth the PRC on that subject.
Beyone obtaining immediate, updated, and accurate inteligence trom foreign government oficial, this approach enables Belg to asseee
‘the ute wiingness te cooperate on that subject Speen the process drecty lentes the seope af petetial areas of eaoperaion from leacing experts end eta in charge. prepares the way fr polentlnformaleseussion about future cooperation, and, most
important, ents ineviduts whe sre wiling te falta ane bull long-lasting relations wth China, With thi in ine, his reseateh effort
focused ontsiningssimec! at expanding Chins footarit in the Global South's infrastructure, rezoures, information operations, 6
security domains.
4. Information operation access: These traning programs ae centered on active that might further PRC access fore information aperstions
such a programs on Chinese culure and Mandti-anguage prometion for reign oficial
2, familiarize participants with the current situation of volunteer activities and
Objectives | organizations in China;
Fle: Seminar on inviting heads of foreign volunteer organizations to China
'5. Security access: The ‘ith group involves and descrives training programs centered on aciites that may further PRC access tothe senstive
securlyinfnstuctre of» foreign county, such as programs on aviation emergency satelite imagery and geeenemieal mapping.
‘Though the tning, the tranoes can basically master can basically master basially master
how to use blockchain technology and other Key techies technology to msinain information
snd data security and ensure the construction of national big data indy, sa improve the
Chet y and ensure th > national big data indus, nprove th
‘sewal production and management effcieney by relying on big data technology, lay @
{foundation for fsture work and promote cooperation and exchange with China
on blockchain and information securly technology for developing counts
‘The seminar sins to help participants understand the development of China's national
conditions and the new achievements since Reform and Opening-up. Participants are azo
‘expected to learn about the management theories and operation medes in Chinese ports and
‘apply such theories and experiences In thelr ports, so that they can improve port
‘management level and enhance exchanges and cooperation between China and other
developing countries in terms of port and transport.
Objectives
Fle: Seminar on pork management for Central and Eastern European counties
{6 Others: The sith group incuces a other sining programs that de nat ftinte the above categories, such as pest contra, climate change,
seybean production, toursm development, and prescheol- education sector cepacty bulling
‘Among the 795 taining courses ofered by MOFCOM between 2021 and 2022, about 25 percent af the programs were categorized 2s clearly
suthorarian, 10 percent ss potentially uthoritaran, 22 percent as relate ta inastueture ane resource access, five percent as related to
security access, wo percent as Invormation-aperation access, and 35 percent as “ethers” Figure 2. Author categorization of PRC governmental
Commerce in 2021 and 2022 (6)
Cleary autertarian Polenteby Aubertaran Inestuclve ard Resource Access Secury Access Wemtion Operon Recess Obes
ining programs for the Global South provided by the Ministry of
‘Based on this eategorzation, the research then focused on examining fies of traning programs that were not eategotized 2s clearly authoritarian
‘or potentally authoritarian. This revealed te extent to which Being usee potentially authortaran means to infuence governance choices by
Injecting nacatves tat mary authoritarianism wth various successes related tothe economy, further demonstrates that PRC training programs
‘hat appear tebe focused on wade, nfastucture and ether nominaly nen-peltical topics are als ert to promote China's governance model
‘The following ate just wo examples out af the huneted ffs in whieh the same pater can be abservel none fle enttled “Seminar an
International aplication of BeiDou and remote sensing” and in another, "Seminar on port management for Cental and Eastern Eurepean
counties the taining content species ten and teen sub-colegaries, respectively At east wo of ee sub-cetegories are completely
unrelated to the training subject, instead focusing on China's reform ane opening-ua process. poverty:alevaton programs. and manag
‘he COVID-19 pandemic nighlghtng the success of Chinas perteulr governance model in handling these challenges, The Ysining programs
conletenly and repeatedly mind weinees across the oval Soutn that ll of China's achievements are attrbute tos political cholees an
ment of
authortarian governance practices
4 Introduction to main training courses
Introduction to | (2) China's experience in economic development and reform and opening up: understand
training | china's achievements since reform and opening up the phased characteristics of
contents | contemporary China's development and important strategic opportunities;
{2} covib-19 Chinas epidemic prevention and contro: sharing China's COVID-19 epidemic
prevention and control experience;
Fle: Seminar on part management for Cental and Eastern European counties (13) Invoduetion t0 Chiaa's national conditions: introduce the basi situation of China to
participants through several dimensions such as histor, cute, polities, diplomacy, language,
‘and recent curent affirs;
Seminar | (14) China's poverty alleviation experience sharing: introduce China's experience and
Content | achievements in achieving overall poverty alleviation and moving towards a new stage of
evelopment
(18) Saring of China's ani-epdemie experience: Introduce China’ experience infighting the
‘new COVID-19 epidemic and touching stories thet occured during the prio,
File Seminar on international application on Beidou and remote sensing
Despite the lack of access to he exae lecture mates used in these programs, a revew ef the isto instructors lees insight into the kindof
narrates the lecturers deliveree to freign governments. For example, Dr. Ding itn (fy was one of sx instuctrs forthe 13-day taining on
port management A researcher al the state.becked Development Research Center a the State Counel, Ding has wien supaort of
Internationalzing China's cutreny to bypass “Waster contol” over anil mechanisms and setting Up averseas Chinese econamie zanes to
relocate pars ot Chinese production to developing counties before commodities are inaized for exaort te Europe and Norn Amerie, ensuring
China's stoke in the global supply ehain and embecding Chinese assets abroad "These are posits commanlyhelé by many Chinese
scademics and exper.
Ding, however also has 2 more distnctve track record ae an acwocate for Chinas authorarian system, For example, ns lengthy 2017 online
Iecture tile "Advantages ofthe Chinese system of governance” (->FRESISEHESY, Ding exaiity explained thatthe Chine
muscle is 9 result of“ good democrat system of socialist governance with Chinese choracterstis, our democracy isthe rel democracy” (AL
Dpbsh OMAR NAL BIEIT, SAIDESRIERTERIRE) and that “sometimes people cont know how ther vn society shoulé even,
ane they nee tobe guided by strong leaders to show the way"( ARWRERA INU RETR TSAR, REMADOREA ASE
5875187 Dine’ entine lature deals ows in veting-based democratic systems, potting te the constant ehange ef governments and party
poltics as inetfiient and waste of resources Ding makes the case that one-party authori polis isthe only fesse system for Cana: We
se 9 mulethnie, mutseulturl county ave have multiparty pales, then our county will break apart and flino ews, destroying alle
have bul" PRE—NER, SLU, ATS IUE, MA, AMAT, KAM ERGSAE, RIERY RRR TMCS SS
2) Ding has also fueled disinformation against Japan and the United States, claiming Japan éared“t release nuclear-contaminateé water
‘because thas the backing ofthe United States” (AIRGAS AIR TEF NIG HISLSEBIA) wn Tokyo released wastewater tram the
Fukushima nuclear plant that was ht by = tsunam in 201 ater receiving approvalto Go se om the International Atomic Energy Agency"
Global implications and recommendations
‘The findings catalogued in his report underscore that the PRC is engaged!ina concerted effor to promote authortatian governance cross the
Ldeveloning werld, using Is nth eeanomle success as the simary argument fr why counties need net adopt "Western” democrat proclees to
‘achieve ther development goals. This is occuring across Chinese training ptegrams in Global South counties, regardless ofthe oter-unvelated
subjects purportedly aderessed. While Baling aten suggests that count
‘han adopting the Chinese model completely PRC thnngs clear highlight aspects oft authoritarian model as centrale the blueprint of
successful development that others can emulte
5 shoule pursue approaches specif other own local contents rater
Chinas they to continue exsancing taining efor to promete autocratic governance, Numeraus taining programs curently conducte in
China for foreign geveinment officials re steady 2eing maved to counties aerass the Global Sauth, with new Chinese institutions set upto
‘deliver programe that ate both longer term and more zophistictee, I 2022, 3 Chinese pltical leadership school war opened in Tanzania,
{delivering the same type of governance training program eutine above that marries authoritarianism with eeanamie success. If successful,
‘bis kind of setup i likely to be recrested elsewhere For example, Luben Wershops Were roduc in 2016 asa vecational equivalent of the
Confucis Institutes anc there are now 27 workshops worlwice, an increase fom 18 in 2021. Where Confucius Insitute are state-sponsored
‘centers teaching Chinese language snd cule, Luban Workshops are state-sponsored classrooms teaching Chinese industial skis and
standard. Given the Frings in ths repor, itis teasonabl to assume these workshops wil weave lessons an the benef of China's
_authottarian macel into vocational lasses. Beling’s growing eve te promotes model appears unafected bythe marked slondown in China's economic growth and the well documented
structural challenges facing China's economy, many of which area esult ofan authori system under the CCP that increasingly priostizes
‘example at the heart of China's promotion of authortaran governance-ts own remarkable development since te ate 1970s into the were
second largest eeoneny—may 30 fling apart
Many developing counties, owever, are not attuned to the mounting challenges China facing ae silvalue the lessons of te countrys
success under authoritarian ule, presenting ample oppertuntes forthe PRC to expand and deepen is taning programs across the Global
‘South The potentalimplcatons ofthese continued efor are signifeant and wise ranging
First, more counves may entertain ane potently adapt autherrian governance practices shavee by Bejing a they seek the potents Benes
‘ot economic engagement with Chins, More research ie needed to determine the ukimate impact of China's governance trainings abroad on
reciolent countries poltial practices. However, foreign leaders areacy routinely accept and endorse Bejing’ perspectve on Crinese domestic
'ssues ang intersational psitons in the hopes of maintaining or increasing Chinese investment ane contibutions to ther rations éomestic
Ldevelooment. Ae China's combined economic andl potialniuence mounts, more counties cependent on Chin wil lkely welcome ke
lessons and may even sacrfie their own immediate interest in return forte long-teim promizes that Bling offers. In some cases, China's
success in elle eature”—the extensive compton of county: key plies! ane business lenders, reculing in thet serving China’ interests
above tose ofthe own cizens—il likely contioue to local otis’ lings to welcome Chinese trainings. The ete capture dynamic may
also increase the Ikelinood that lessons learned in these wanings wil be incorporate inte ther county's governance practices.
Second, China's clear propagands effort through the
‘round the world regarding Chinas successes anc the benef of engagement with the PRC to advance Being’ preferred messaging. Beying
‘engaged ina global propaganda ett to “tell China's story wll" as Xi has put, ane counter decades of perceivee dominance ofthe global
information space bythe Unite States ane other developed demacraces, inclcingregareing the legimsey of nonademocrate governenee
=ystems such ae own. eluded in tls endeavor are eet to train and cutive local journals to wite postive stots about China, inset
ining will combine with he CP's broter efoto shape naritives in counties
‘offs Chinese propngans in eal mec aut, deliv Inllored disinformation regaiaing the Unite States an! the filings of cemocratic
‘dovernanee™, and desley United Front groups?® to co-opt loca eltes ™ Aeros these eats, Beling’s messaging consistently uneerseores Its
development successes while Ignoring Inconvenient tats about China's mare recent economic downturn, reinforcing the nation that
‘counties in he Global South might benef rom following China's developmental path
‘Third China's expanding prometion of authararian practices may fster greater iological and pelicalpolrizaion global as demoeracy’s
presumee status asthe ideal form of government i thrown inte greater doubt Even if mest counves exposed te CCP weinings de net adept =
winlesale authoritarian approach fo governance the selective acoption of aspects of China's system wll mean that more counties choose notte
‘numberof countries have been inspired to adopt as2ecs of China's top-down regulatory policies onthe interet.2? This namic
compcatng effets te maintain a more united approach tintemet management potertally Fagmenting the internet into competing
technaspheres. More fundamentally, poteril PRC success in encouraging more sympathetic Views ef auecratle metheds—and cticalvews of
Ldemocracy—across the Global South woulégracualy undermine the aot ofthe United States ane ether éemecraces to credibly speak of
‘common fature and interests among countries bonded by democratic values ane aspirations
The fest step in adetessing these dynamics i to recognize the extent ofthe problem, conducting further stuies such as this one onthe nature of
various PRC etfors te promote ts model and then, mast erticly, determining the actual impact ef these ers in increasing developing