SOCIAL ORGANIZATION AND SOCIAL SYSTEM toe -DIVYAGNI SONIute Weml mel eoInareleceleCol aM La oe SIR ATA) mmon purpose and so correlated that effectiveness of each is increased by its relation to the rest. + Organization refers to “the way people relate ‘themselves to one another.” Oa sila (olny + “Social organization is a state of being , a condition in which the various institutions in a society are functioning in accordance with their recognized or implied purposes.” * Thus family, church, temple, college, factory, a play group, a political party, a community all are examples of an social organization,ii All these organizations are called social organization ‘which needed for the smooth running of any society. + Political organization: Government + Economic organization: Factory + Religious organization: Church + Financial organization: Bank + Educational organization: school and colleges+ AGoal: + The member of an organization are inter-related to each other for PU Cere Wet Lee) wee TUT * Preparedness to accept one’s role and status: * Organization is an arrangement of people and parts. Se Siren MU) LB Han me ee PTC) has an assigned role, a position and status. + Common norms: « Every organization has its own rules and regulation which control AML lea + An organization can function smoothly if its members follow the (Clete ea eae* Sanctions: + If a member does not follow the norms he is compelled to follow them through sanctions (conditions) which may range from warning to physical punishment. e.g. expelled, dismissed.y) Democratic participation | ® Authoritarian ‘ity Voluntary association |* Ademocratic participation usually consult with subordinates on planned actions, decisions and participations from them. * Democratic participation includes Participative leaders who encourage group members to participate. Group members feel engaged in the process and are more motivated and creative. * Democratic leaders offer guidance to group members, joyulg Mt also participate in the group and allow input from other group members.* This type of participation is based on the use of coercive power. + Authoritarian participation induced greater dependency on the leader, low frequencies of suggestions for group action and group policy, dissatisfaction with group and high quantity but low quality of productivity. * Authoritarian leaders make decisions independently with little or no input from the rest of the group.ii eV ie Mes) teommak (0) ale: a Mele nro ele amee Wigee] ee) persons organized on the basis of voluntary membership ‘without state control for the furtherance of some relent ki a * Avoluntary association or union is a group of individuals who voluntarily enter into an agreement to forma ats (or organization) to work together for a purpose. Whic! perform varied functions for the welfare, integration and solidarity of the society. » Article 19 (1) (c) of the constitution of India confers on the Indian citizens the ‘right to form association’.eaters Gea ie ie =re geese) gn Ce an Colm (se 1 + It has definite aims and objectives and programmes for fulfillment and achievement. * It has an administrative structure. * It is initiated and governed by its own members. * It raises funds from the contributions or subscription from the members of the local community and/or the beneficiaries of the programmes.« It is an organization where orderly and systematic arrangement of social interaction and consists of a network of interactive relationships. * The people will interact with each other according to shared cultural norms and meanings. * Each and every individual has a role to play which influences the behavior of others. * The behavior of group and people in society is controlled by social institution.* Each and every social systems’ interaction and interrelationships with each other creates a patterns which is called “Social system”. + Definitions: + “Social system means a network of interactive relationships.” - Loomis - “Social system is constituted of a plurality of individual interacting with each other according to shared cultural norms and meaning”.Belief and knowledge: Any proposition about any aspects of the universe that is accepted as true. It may be true or false, verifiable or not, but the people considers it as fai It furnishes the cognitive basis for social action.7 Bersales It represents what we feel about a Particular stimulus. It is articulated in the internal patter of the social system, results from interaction. These are acquired as a product of experience and cultural conditions.Goal and objectives: Members in the social system will expects to accomplish particular goal through appropriate interaction. ‘Norms: Standards to determine right or wrong appropriate on inappropriate , good or bad in social relationships.. The importance of the individual has for the system in which the rank is accorded. * Power: It is the capacity to control others and exhibits authority, Dipsr-tn ei den The society will rewarded or punish the individual depending on the efficiency of their work performance. bap ar (e U1 It is a mean used to attain ends within the system to enable the individuals to perform functions and their roles efficiently.has in society. + In social system each individual has a status. See Cin aol ieee RR Cela Bola Sy Sccn + Ex, In the family there are statuses of father, mother, son, + daughter, etc....likewise there are statuses in a club, school, union or factory.Oa ola Se seclgele- Ure Mit tet eames Cm Ma MN Tole Meme Meter as estimated by a group or a class of persons”. * Ogburn and Nimkoff - “Status is the rank-order position assigned by a group to a role or set of roles”. * Mazumdar - “Status means the location of the individual within the group, his place in the social network of reciprocal obligations and privileges, rights and duties”.s Sethe + [t is one which an individual gets at his birth. + |t is conferred to him by his group or society. = lt may be based on sex, age, caste or colour. * Achieved status: * It is one which an individual achieves by his efforts. + Aman born in a low caste may, be his efforts, elerae li Ma aM Wc eRe ead thereby a high status.a aya nee + Lundberg - “is a pattern of behaviour expected of an individual in a certain group or situation”. * Davis - “Role is the manner in which a person actually carries out the requirements of his position”.Doig OEM icanroaell MUN oae- etal ote] cote isos colour, height, age etc., but also differ in behaviour of se Timorese Laie Sesser) ge- cee) ce ele ee a lel Clee Ce scientists, soldiers etc., Seco sect h ur mC eum nar ates social status and social position. * Role refers to the obligations which an individual has towards his group. + Role is the function of particular individual ina [xclma celle mm aliensystem is based on social interactions: * When a number of individuals act and interact their interactions produce a system, which is called as ‘ social system‘. An individual alone cannot produce it, he has to interact with numbers of individual then only social system is formed . * The interaction should be meaningful: * It isan orderly arrangement of the various expressions of social relationships. They find expression in tradition, customs, mores, laws and in institutions. Aimless and meaningless interactions do not produce social system.a + Social system is a unity: + Where the various parts/ subsystems are arranged in an integrated manner and constitute a social style. It implies order among the interacting units of the Bt * The parts of social system are related on the basis of functional relationship: + Each system has its assigned role and performs it in accordance with united to the each other. It is an arrangement of interdependent interactive parts based on functional relationship.ere eS ue Ocoee 5 il system een TR oR c: does not disturb the social equilibrium , but may be disturb for some time. In spite of social ‘changes social system continues to exist. * Social system has the quality of self-adjustment . + It is the system of interdependent action consist of mechanisms of socialization and social control.oe BRC Mue UR niurlgc iy Pees ieee en social systems: * (1) Classification by Morgan and other Ae) elated ay + (2) Durkheim’s Classification * (3) Sorokin’s Classification— * Morgan and other evolutionists have presented a classification of social systems on the basis of evolution. According to them, society or social system has passed bey icel tcp ag go emcee * (i) Savagery social system, OO Cetera ete Us| Pare altrccekerer eset + They have also classified social systems on the basis of means of livelihood. Thus these social systems have been * (i) Hunting social system, + (ii) Pastoral social system, * (jij) Agricultural social system, and * (iv) Industrial social system.* Durkheim has described two kinds of social systems * (i) Mechanical social system: Mechanical solidarity is the social integration of members of a society who have common values and beliefs, These common values and beliefs constitute a “collective conscience” that works internally in individual members to cause them to cooperate. (ii) Organic social system: It is social integration that arises out of the need of individuals for one another's services. Society relies less UM) Lele Mee meee emule Meme iCal mat relations between different groups and persons, often through the Flere leciml Moh aotolg| ae Tetde uTe Chica + The ancient societies had mechanical system whereas in modern societies we find organic social system.ae * Sorokin has classified the cultural systems. According to him, there are three kinds of cultural systems See ncn + (ii) Ideational, and + (iii) Ideatistic. Under sensate cultural system material happiness is given primary importance whereas under ideational system spiritual happiness is regarded more important. In idealistic cultural system both the material happiness and spiritual happiness are given importancea + There are certain pre-requisites of a harmonious and active social system. It need no emphasis that there should Oey N iT WNTedN ALA Meola) 1 RUAN OLn Ma (ele —aaeTeLeAr 1G system cannot function efficiently. Just as an organism can work as a healthy body only if there is no disorder in its parts, or there is no diseased part, similarly a social system can function efficiently only if there is order among its parts and these parts remain active. * The essential pre-requisites of a healthy social system can be classified into three kinds: * (1) Biological pre-requisites Can ame ren (lec e (leo Po DMO legos Nt] CeDearest en atm and * (a) Adequate number of people and (b) A definite ‘system of procreation. “* There should be sufficient number of people in a Ryofar lea eon Ulan eae caatel ale ae oleh the number should not be too much. Overpopulation is an evil. The number of people in a social system should be neither too less nor too many. Moreover, a social system should ensure a definite ee of procreation to maintain its continuity. There should not be an exceedingly high death rate.Lol Functional pre- isites are those pre-requisites which are Recess m ne aa atnod a aes of the social Pa a 1e-od + (a) Obedience to social norms: San ran core || al has some norms of conduct. There can be no norm- ire Sor he norms are the socially approved ways of behaviour which the members of a’social system are required to observe. If these are violated, social:system cannot function efficiently, * (b) Mechanism of Social Control: * Since some individuals in society violate its norms, therefore, it is essential that requisite mechanisms be provided whereby the individuals may be compelled to observe these norms and the a ‘ system may function in a satisfactory manner. The mechanisms of social control may be formal and informal. * (c) Interest towards Positive Action: Sea ecole MAW mete La eee CU Se A no resentment against ie Bite date eee iE Hue towards Positive actionmembers of a social system should possess a meaningful language to communicate and express themselves. Without language no social system can elem SU ire¥es [is)ode) eels revere esy Uy tarer- (vem Lecca aeecefele-5Cci Pe Cerae) ge) ar Co ay symbol is acai a material object or ia Sis ae Uare cM fel ae MUA Deitel leer 1ale ML colle eM ARO) Cuan CORT Tose) Signalizes his entrance to the space-less, transcendental world of meaning”. A ‘symbol is an object representing an invisible and inaudible object, for example, elem aco elie nec MeL eLey MLC essen Mle A Tce) aco oe eee Tat aT eke) and nations adopt symbols which have importance in their individual and social SMM Tea ana MeS ole] Moni eae T eel Mae -W Cre tame Me \Q (PME LeU uate] Meret otclote ag oa) Tul Geeta Tel au cial be EUriiee lalate Te SP eu liataeln reece TMCMI n(com au om (elt‘Social interaction acts ion. The means of TeV omar 0r tL eeel go) eo a co cta + Social system is a system of interdependent action processes. Our knowledge of individuals informs us that there are tendencies in the individuals to alter established status of social system which disturb the stabilized or equilibrated interaction process. * It is, therefore, of utmost importance that requisite mechanisms be applied for maintaining the equilibrium between the various processes of social interaction so that the social system may function in a satisfactory manner. * These mechanisms have been classified by Parsons into two categories: * (i) Mechanisms of socialization, and + (ii) Mechanisms of social control.ae + Socialization is a process of learning whereby an individual acquires the requisite orientations for satisfactory functioning in a role. The process of Socialization develops a child into a functioning member of society. He adjusts himself with the social situations conforming with social norms, values and standards. But the process of socialization is not confined to the child alone. It goes on throughout life. The case of socialization of the child is singled out because it is in childhood that the major value- orientation patterns are laid down which are not subject to drastic alteration during adult life. Socialization takes place through various motivational processes which may be called the mechanisms. RCAF lalelar e-em ala (ob e mhY Mn eL el socialization. These are re-enforcement extinction, inhibition, substitution, imitation and identification."i + Social control consists of the mechanisms whereby the society moulds its members to conform to the approved pattern of social behaviour. It is evident that there are tendencies in the actor to deviate from the conformity with the normative standards. Such deviance may disintegrate the social system. Through the mechanisms of social control the actor is motivated to abandon his deviance and resume conformity.‘According to Parsons, ‘The most fundamental mechanisms of social control:are to be found in the jormal processes of interaction in an institutionally integrated social system”. Thus institutionalization is ‘one of the primary means of social control through which the different activities and relationships are co- ordinated to minimize conflicts on the social level. A proper institutionalization of ‘time schedule’ for different activities and of priorities can minimize source of serious potential conflict."i » Besides, in every society there isa system of rewards for confirmative and punishments for deviant behaviour. In addition to this system, there are also unconscious mechanisms which counteract deviant behaviour. These may be divided into three classes : (a) those which tend to “nip in the bud” tendencies to development of compulsively deviant motivation before they reach the vicious circle stage, (b) those which insulate the bearers of such motivation from influence on others, and (c) the “secondary defences” which are able to reverse the vicious circle process.5 Eas Eta RMuCieckn mene ecu mes Tcl L ACO aN rSiec Uae ay a Uae a eee ‘eee Sense taCn een CRE Cate + Religion, education, family, government and business all le le-eiat ola leno dale + Thus education creates attitudes which influence the * acceptance or rejection of religious beliefs. + Business conditions may influence the family life. « Unemployment may determine the number of e who feel Heel to ev eal + Thus social institutions are closely related to each other. * The family is the center while education, religion, government and economics are the spokes of the wheel.eakdown of economic institutions may have radical effects upon Viiater-eirarsal lalla “+ Any change in an institution may led toa change in the other ‘institutions. « No institution can avoid affecting other institutions or avoid being iii cac si mela ess Ex, Within the past century, the shift from farm to nonfarm work has reduced the father’s authority, reduced family size as children became an expense rather than an asset, and encouraged FEVER) C Ucn] Ae MAN Liege millions of workers ,to change their family-life routines. The watch- Elomi mele Mee Ml Cone UC UCC so Mor educational institutions Thus changes in one institution force in others. The urban family is a less satisfactory haven for the aged than the family farm used to be; the state responds with Social.