IM No.

:GE IT - 1S-2022-2023
Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

Bayombong Campus

DEGREE PROGRAM BSED 2F COURSE NO. GE IT

SPECIALIZATION COURSE Living in the IT ERA

TITLE
YEAR LEVEL 2nd Year TIME FRAME 6 hrs. WK NO. 1-2 IM NO. 01

I. LESSON TITLE- Chapter I - INTRODUCTION TO ICT

A. History of ICT
B. Uses of ICT In Our Daily Lives
C. Impact of ICT in The Society
D. Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives
E. History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods

II. LESSON OVERVIEW

The quickening pace of evolution in technology is very evident in this era. It

seems that it is progressing faster than ever. From year to year, the evolution of
technology is one of staggering promise and opportunity--as well as uncertainty.
Basically, technology has been around before, and as long as there are people,
information technology will be there also because there were always ways of
communicating through technology available at that point in time. The future may be
unknown, but digital advancement continues to reshape our world in ways that
encourage people to form new habits, find new ways to work together, and become
better human beings. And, in most cases, these changes translate into a range of
opportunities and disruptions across every industry. Humans have always been quick
to adapt technologies for better and faster communication.

III. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

1. illustrate the importance of ICT and its impact in our daily life;
2. recall the people, companies and personalities behind computer technology
development; and
3. describe the antiquity and development of computer technology.

IV. LESSON CONTENT

A. History of ICT

ICT, or information and communications technology (or technologies), is the infrastructure

and components that enable modern computing.
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Although there is no single, universal definition of ICT, the term is generally accepted to
mean all devices, networking components, applications and systems that combined allow
people and organizations (i.e., businesses, nonprofit agencies, governments and criminal
enterprises) to interact in the digital world.

B. Uses of ICT In Our Daily Lives

Communication

We all know that ICT take a major role for us by means of communicating, way back in the
past our parents use to make letter and send it via post mail. But now with the help of ICT it
is easier to communicate with our love ones. We can use cellular phones that design for
communicating with other people even they are miles away far from you.

Nowadays people are in touch with the help of ICT. Through chatting, E-mail, voice mail and
social networking people communicate with each other. It is the cheapest means of
communication.

ICT allows students to monitor and manage their own learning, think critically and creatively,
solve simulated real-world problems, work collaboratively, engage in ethical decision-
making, and adopt a global perspective towards issues and ideas. It also provides students
from remote areas access to expert teachers and learning resources, and gives
administrators and policy makers the data and expertise they need to work more efficiently.

Job Opportunities

In the employment sector, ICT enables organizations to operate more efficiently, so

employing staff with ICT skills is vital to the smooth running of any business. Being able to
use ICT systems effectively allows employees more time to concentrate on areas of their job
role that require soft skills.

For example, many pharmacies use robot technology to assist with picking prescribed drugs.
This allows highly trained pharmaceutical staff to focus on jobs requiring human intelligence
and interaction, such as dispensing and checking medication.

Nowadays, employers expect their staff to have basic ICT skills. This expectation even
applies to job roles where ICT skills may not have been an essential requirement in the past.

Nowadays, finding a job is different, you can just use your smart phone, laptop, desktop or
any gadgets that is available in the comfort of your home.

Education

Information and Communications Technology (ICT) can impact student learning when
teachers are digitally literate and understand how to integrate it into curriculum.

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Schools use a diverse set of ICT tools to communicate, create, disseminate, store, and
manage information. In some contexts, ICT has also become integral to the teaching
learning interaction, through such approaches as replacing chalkboards with interactive
digital whiteboards, using students’ own smartphones or other devices for learning during
class time, and the “flipped classroom” model where students watch lectures at home on the
computer and use classroom time for more interactive exercises.

When teachers are digitally literate and trained to use ICT, these approaches can lead to
higher order thinking skills, provide creative and individualized options for students to
express their understandings, and leave students better prepared to deal with ongoing
technological change in society and the workplace.

Socializing

Social media has changed the world. The rapid and vast adoption of these technologies is
changing how we find partners, how we access information from the news, and how we
organize to demand political change.

The internet and social media provide young people with a range of benefits, and
opportunities to empower themselves in a variety of ways. Young people can maintain social
connections and support networks that otherwise wouldn't be possible and can access more
information than ever before. The communities and social interactions young people form
online can be invaluable for bolstering and developing young people's self-confidence and
social skills.

As the ICT has become ubiquitous, faster and increasingly accessible to non-technical
communities, social networking and collaborative services have grown rapidly enabling
people to communicate and share interest in many more ways, sites like Facebook, Twitter
LinkedIn You tube, Flicker, second life delicious blogs wiki’s and many more let people of all
ages rapidly share their interest of the movement without others everywhere. But Facebook
seems to be the leading areas of where people communicate and share their opinions. What
a change! “Nothing is permanent, but change” (As Heraditus in the 4thcentury BC). Internet
can be seen as the international networks of interconnection of computer networks, the main
purpose for the institution of internet are quest for information i.e. browsing, electronic mail,
knew groups fill transfer and access and use of other computer. Socialization can be seen
as a process by which a child adapts a behavior to be an effective member of the society,
which can only be achieved through learning or education.

C. Impact of ICT in The Society

Positive impacts of Information and Communication Technology

• Access to information: Increase in access to information and services that has

accompanied the growth of the Internet. Some of the positive aspects of this
increased access are better, and often cheaper, communications, such as VoIP phone
and Instant Messaging.

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• Improved access to education, e.g., distance learning and online tutorials. New ways
of learning, e.g., interactive multi-media and virtual reality.
• New tools, new opportunities: ICT gives access to new tools that did not previously
exist: digital cameras, photo-editing software and high-quality printers, screen
magnification or screen reading software enables partially sighted or blind people to
work with ordinary text rather than Braille.
• Communication: Cost savings by using e.g., VoIP instead of normal telephone, email /
messaging instead of post, video conferencing instead of traveling to meetings,
ecommerce web sites instead of sales catalogues. Access to larger, even worldwide,
markets.
• Information management: Data mining of customer information to produce lists for
targeted advertising. Improved stock control, resulting in less wastage, better cash
flow, etc.
• Security: ICT solves or reduces some security problems, e.g. Encryption methods can
keep data safe from unauthorized people, both while it is being stored or while it is
being sent electronically.
• ICT allows people to participate in a wider, even worldwide, society.
• Distance learning: students can access teaching materials from all over the world.
• ICT facilitates the ability to perform ‘impossible’ experiments’ by using simulations.
• Creation of new more interesting jobs. Examples would be systems analysts,
programmers and software engineers, as well as help desk operators and trainers.

Negative impacts of Information and Communication Technology

• Job loss: Manual operations being replaced by automation. e.g., robots replacing
people on an assembly line. Job export. e.g., Data processing work being sent to
other countries where operating costs are lower. Multiple workers being replaced by a
smaller number who are able to do the same amount of work. e.g., A worker on a
supermarket checkout can serve more customers per hour if a bar-code scanner
linked to a computerized till is used to detect goods instead of the worker having to
enter the item and price manually
• Reduced personal interaction: Most people need some form of social interaction in
their daily lives and if they do not get the chance to meet and talk with other people,
they may feel isolated and unhappy.
• Reduced physical activity: This can lead to health problems such as obesity, heart
disease, and diabetes.
• Cost: A lot of ICT hardware and software is expensive, both to purchase and to
maintain. An ICT system usually requires specialist staff to run it and there is also the
challenge of keeping up with ever-changing technology.
• Competition: this is usually thought of as being a good thing, but for some
organizations being exposed to greater competition can be a problem. If the
organization is competing for customers, donations, or other means of funding
nationally or even internationally, they may lose out to other organizations that can
offer the same service for less money.

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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

D. Definition of Computer

• Computer is a programmable machine.

• Computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability
to store, retrieve, and process data.
• Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions
(program).
• Computer is any device which aids humans in performing various kinds of computations
or calculations.

Three principal characteristics of computer:

• It responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner.
• It can execute a pre-recorded list of instructions.
• It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts of data.

E. Applications of ICT (Computers) in Our Daily Lives

1. Business
Almost every business uses computers nowadays. They can be employed to store and
maintain accounts, personnel records, manage projects, track inventory, create
presentations and reports. They enable communication with people both within and
outside the business, using various technologies, including e-mail. They can be used to
promote the business and enable direct interaction with customers.

2. Education
Computers can be used to give learners audio-visual packages, interactive exercises,
and remote learning, including tutoring over the internet. They can be used to access
educational information from intranet and internet sources, or via e-books. They can be
used to maintain and monitor student performance, including through the use of online
examinations, as well as to create projects and assignments.

3. Healthcare
Healthcare continues to be revolutionized by computers. As well as digitized medical
information making it easier to store and access patient data, complex information can
also be analyzed by software to aid discovery of diagnoses, as well as search for risks of
diseases. Computers control lab equipment, heart rate monitors, and blood pressure
monitors. They enable doctors to have greater access to information on the latest drugs,
as well as the ability to share information on diseases with other medical specialists.

4. Retail and Trade

Computers can be used to buy and sell products online - this enables sellers to reach a
wider market with low overheads, and buyers to compare prices, read reviews, and
choose delivery preferences. They can be used for direct trading and advertising too,
using sites such as eBay, Craigslist, or local listings on social media or independent
websites.

5. Government
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Various government departments use computers to improve the quality and efficiency of
their services. Examples include city planning, law enforcement, traffic, and tourism.
Computers can be used to store information, promote services, communicate internally
and externally, as well as for routine administrative purposes.

6. Marketing
Computers enable marketing campaigns to be more precise through the analysis and
manipulation of data. They facilitate the creation of websites and promotional materials.
They can be used to generate social media campaigns. They enable direct
communication with customers through email and online chat.

7. Science
Scientists were one of the first groups to adopt computers as a work tool. In science,
computers can be used for research, sharing information with other specialists both
locally and internationally, as well as collecting, categorizing, analyzing, and storing data.
Computers also play a vital role in launching, controlling, and maintaining space craft, as
well as operating other advanced technology.

8. Publishing
Computers can be used to design pretty much any type of publication. These might
include newsletters, marketing materials, fashion magazines, novels, or newspapers.
Computers are used in the publishing of both hard-copy and e-books. They are also
used to market publications and track sales.

9. Arts and Entertainment

Computers are now used in virtually every branch of the arts, as well as in the wider
entertainment industry. Computers can be used to create drawings, graphic designs, and
paintings. They can be used to edit, copy, send, and print photographs. They can be
used by writers to create and edit. They can be used to make, record, edit, play, and
listen to music. They can be used to capture, edit and watch videos. They can be used
for playing games.

10. Communication
Computers have made real-time communication over the internet easy, thanks to
software and videoconferencing services such as Skype. Families can connect with
audio and video, businesses can hold meetings between remote participants, and news
organizations can interview people without the need for a film crew. Modern computers
usually have microphones and webcams built-in nowadays to facilitate software like
Skype. Older communications technologies such as email are also still used widely.

11. Banking and Finance

Most banking in advanced countries now takes place online. You can use computers to
check your account balance, transfer money, or pay off credit cards. You can also use
computer technology to access information on stock markets, trade stocks, and manage
investments. Banks store customer account data, as well as detailed information on
customer behavior which is used to streamline marketing.

12. Transport
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Road vehicles, trains, planes, and boats are increasingly automated with computers
being used to maintain safety and navigation systems, and increasingly to drive, fly, or
steer. They can also highlight problems that require attention, such as low fuel levels, oil
changes, or a failing mechanical part. Computers can be used to customize settings for
individuals, for example, seat setup, air-conditioning temperatures.

13. Navigation
Navigation has become increasingly computerized, especially since computer technology
has been combined with GPS technology. Computers combined with satellites mean that
it's now easy to pinpoint your exact location, know which way that you are moving on a
map, and have a good idea of amenities and places of interest around you.

14. Working from Home

Computers have made working from home and other forms of remote working
increasingly common. Workers can access necessary data, communicate, and share
information without commuting to a traditional office. Managers are able to monitor
workers' productivity remotely.

15. Military
Computers are used extensively by the military. They are used for training purposes.
They are used for analyzing intelligence data. They are used to control smart technology,
such as guided missiles and drones, as well as for tracking incoming missiles and
destroying them. They work with other technologies such as satellites to provide
geospatial information and analysis. They aid communications. They help tanks and
planes to target enemy forces.

16. Social and Romance

Computers have opened up many ways of socializing that didn't previously exist. Social
media enables people to chat in text or audio in real time across large distances, as well
as exchange photographs, videos, and memes. Dating sites and apps help people to find
romance. Online groups help people to connect with others who have similar interests.
Blogs enable people to post a variety of views, updates, and experiences. Online forums
enable discussions between people on specialist or general topics.

17. Booking Vacations

Computers can be used by travelers to study timetables, examine route options, and buy
plane, train, or bus tickets. They can be used to explore and book accommodation,
whether traditional hotels, or through newer services, such as Air BnB. Guided tours,
excursions, events, and trips can also be explored and booked online using computers.

18. Security and Surveillance

Computers are increasingly being combined with other technologies to monitor people
and goods. Computers combined with biometric passports make it harder for people to
fraudulently enter a country or gain access to a passenger airplane. Face-recognition
technology makes it easier to identify terrorists or crimina ls in public places. Driver
plates can be auto scanned by speed cameras or police cars. Private security systems
have also become much more sophisticated with the introduction of computer technology
and internet technology.
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19. Weather Forecasting

The world's weather is complex and depends upon a multitude of factors that are
constantly changing. It's impossible for human beings to monitor and process all the
information coming in from satellite and other technologies, never mind perform the
complex calculations that are needed to predict what is likely to happen in the future.
Computers can process the large amounts of meteorological information.

20. Robotics
Robotics is an expanding area of technology which combines computers with science
and engineering to produce machines that can either replace humans, or do specific jobs
that humans are unable to do. One of the first use of robotics was in manufacturing to
build cars. Since then, robots have been developed to explore areas where conditions
are too harsh for humans, to help law enforcement, to help the military, and to assist
healthcare professionals.

F. History of Computer: Basic Computing Periods

Earliest Computers originally calculations were computed by humans, whose job title was
computers.

• These human computers were typically engaged in the calculation of a mathematical

expression.
• The calculations of this period were specialized and expensive, requiring years of
training in mathematics.
• The first use of the word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who
carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued to be used in that
sense until the middle of the 20th century.

a) Tally sticks
A tally stick was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers,
quantities, or even messages.

e Figure
1.1 Tally Sticks

b) Abacus
An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing
mathematical calculations.

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• The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C.

• The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first used in China in around
500 B.C.
• It used to perform basic arithmetic operations.

Figure 1.2 Abacus

c) Napier’s Bones
• Invented by John Napier in 1614.
• Allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by
moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards.

Figure 1.3 Napier’s Bones

d) Slide Rule
Invented by William Oughtred in 1622.
• Is based on Napier's ideas about logarithms.
• Used primarily for – multiplication – division – roots – logarithms – Trigonometry •
Not normally used for addition or subtraction.

Figure 1.4 Slide Rule

e) Pascaline
• Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.
• It was its limitation to addition and subtraction.
• It is too expensive.

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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE

Figure 1.5 Pascaline

f) Stepped Reckoner
• Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.
• The machine that can add, subtract, multiply and divide automatically.

Figure 1.6 Stepped Reckoner

g) Jacquard Loom
• The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in
1881.
• It is an automatic loom controlled by punched cards.

Figure 1.7 Jacquard Loom

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h) Arithmometer
• A mechanical calculator invented by Thomas de Colmar in 1820,
• The first reliable, useful and commercially successful calculating machine.
• The machine could perform the four basic mathematic functions.
• The first mass-produced calculating machine.

Figure 1.8 Arithmometer

i) Difference Engine and Analytical Engine • It an automatic, mechanical calculator

designed to tabulate polynomial functions. • Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822
and 1834
• It is the first mechanical computer.

Figure 1.9 Difference Engine & Analytical Engine

j) First Computer Programmer

• In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that he use the binary system.
• She writes programs for the Analytical Engine.

Figure 1.10 Augusta Ada Byron

k) Scheutzian Calculation Engine

• Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843.
• Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine.
• The first printing calculator.
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Figure 1.11 Scheutzian Calculation Engine

l) Tabulating Machine
• Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890.
• To assist in summarizing information and accounting.

Figure 1.12 Tabulating Machine

m) Harvard Mark 1
• Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC).
• Invented by Howard H. Aiken in 1943 • The first electro-mechanical computer.

Figure 1.13 Harvard Mark 1

n) Z1
• The first programmable computer.
• Created by Konrad Zuse in Germany from 1936 to 1938.
• To program the Z1 required that the user insert punch tape into a punch tape reader
and all output was also generated through punch tape.

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Figure 1.14 Z1
o) Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
• It was the first electronic digital computing device.
• Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa
State University between 1939 and 1942.

Figure 1.15 Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)

p) ENIAC
• ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.
• It was the first electronic general-purpose computer.
• Completed in 1946.
• Developed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.

Figure 1.16 ENIAC

q) UNIVAC 1
• The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer 1) was the first commercial
computer.
• Designed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.

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Figure 1.17 UNIVAC 1

r) EDVAC
• EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
• The First Stored Program Computer
• Designed by Von Neumann in 1952.
• It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data.

Figure 1.18 EDVAC

s) The First Portable Computer

• Osborne 1 – the first portable computer.
• Released in 1981 by the Osborne Computer Corporation.

Figure 1.19 The First Portable Computer

t) The First Computer Company

• The first computer company was the Electronic Controls Company.
• Founded in 1949 by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.

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G. Basic Computing Periods - Ages

a. Premechanical
The premechanical age is the earliest age of information technology. It can be defined
as the time between 3000B.C. and 1450A.D. We are talking about a long time ago.
When humans first started communicating, they would try to use language or simple
picture drawings known as petroglyphs which were usually carved in rock. Early
alphabets were developed such as the Phoenician alphabet.

Figure 2.1 Petroglyph

As alphabets became more popular and more people were writing information down,
pens and paper began to be developed. It started off as just marks in wet clay, but later
paper was created out of papyrus plant. The most popular kind of paper made was
probably by the Chinese who made paper from rags.

Now that people were writing a lot of information down, they needed ways to keep it all
in permanent storage. This is where the first books and libraries are developed. You’ve
probably heard of Egyptian scrolls which were popular ways of writing down
information to save. Some groups of people were actually binding paper together into a
book-like form.

Also, during this period were the first numbering systems. Around 100A.D. was when
the first 1-9 system was created by people from India. However, it wasn’t until 875A.D.
(775 years later) that the number 0 was invented. And yes, now that numbers were
created, people wanted stuff to do with them, so they created calculators. A calculator
was the very first sign of an information processor. The popular model of that time was
the abacus.

b. Mechanical

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The mechanical age is when we first start to see connections between our current
technology and its ancestors. The mechanical age can be defined as the time between
1450 and 1840. A lot of new technologies are developed in this era as there is a large
explosion in interest with this area. Technologies like the slide rule (an analog
computer used for multiplying and dividing) were invented. Blaise Pascal invented the
Pascaline which was a very popular mechanical computer. Charles Babbage
developed the difference engine which tabulated polynomial equations using the
method of finite differences.

Figure 2.2 Difference Engine

There were lots of different machines created during this era and while we have not yet
gotten to a machine that can do more than one type of calculation in one, like our
modern-day calculators, we are still learning about how all of our all-in-one machines
started. Also, if you look at the size of the machines invented in this time compared to
the power behind them it seems (to us) absolutely ridiculous to understand why
anybody would want to use them, but to the people living in that time ALL of these
inventions were HUGE.

c. Electromechanical
Now we are finally getting close to some technologies that resemble our modern-day
technology. The electromechanical age can be defined as the time between 1840 and
1940. These are the beginnings of telecommunication. The telegraph was created in
the early 1800s. Morse code was created by Samuel Morse in 1835. The telephone
(one of the most popular forms of communication ever) was created by Alexander
Graham Bell in 1876. The first radio developed by Guglielmo Marconi in 1894. All of
these were extremely crucial emerging technologies that led to big advances in the
information technology field.

The first large-scale automatic digital computer in the United States was the Mark 1
created by Harvard University around 1940. This computer was 8ft high, 50ft long, 2ft
wide, and weighed 5 tons - HUGE. It was programmed using punch cards. How does
your PC match up to this hunk of metal? It was from huge machines like this that
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people began to look at downsizing all the parts to first make them usable by
businesses and eventually in your own home.

Figure 2.3 Harvard Mark 1

d. Electronic
The electronic age is what we currently live in. It can be defined as the time between
1940 and right now. The ENIAC was the first high-speed, digital computer capable of
being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems. This computer was
designed to be used by the U.S. Army for artillery firing tables. This machine was even
bigger than the Mark 1 taking up 680 square feet and weighing 30 tons - HUGE. It
mainly used vacuum tubes to do its calculations.

There are 4 main sections of digital computing. The first was the era of vacuum tubes
and punch cards like the ENIAC and Mark 1. Rotating magnetic drums were used for
internal storage. The second generation replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, punch
cards were replaced with magnetic tape, and rotating magnetic drums were replaced
by magnetic cores for internal storage. Also, during this time high-level programming
languages were created such as FORTRAN and COBOL. The third generation
replaced transistors with integrated circuits, magnetic tape was used throughout all
computers, and magnetic core turned into metal oxide semiconductors. An actual
operating system showed up around this time along with the advanced programming
language BASIC. The fourth and latest generation brought in CPUs (central processing
units) which contained memory, logic, and control circuits all on a single chip. The
personal computer was developed (Apple II). The graphical user interface (GUI) was
developed.

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Figure 2.4 Apple 2

H. Generations of Computer

First Generation: Vacuum Tubes (1940-1956)

The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory,
and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. These computers were very
expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, the first
computers generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.
First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level
programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they
could only solve one problem at a time. It would take operators days or even weeks
to set-up a new problem. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and
output was displayed on printouts.
The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing
devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business
client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.
Examples: – ENIAC – EDSAC – UNIVAC I, UNIVAC II, UNIVAC 1101

Second Generation: Transistors (1956-1963)

The world would see transistors replace vacuum tubes in the second generation of
computers. The transistor was invented at Bell Labs in 1947 but did not see
widespread use in computers until the late 1950s.

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The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become
smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their
firstgeneration predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great deal of
heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the
vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input
and printouts for output.
From Binary to Assembly
Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to
symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify
instructions in words. High-level programming languages were also being developed
at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the
first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a
magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.
The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy industry.
Examples: UNIVAC III, RCA 501, Philco Transact S-2000, NCR 300 series, IBM
7030
Stretch, IBM 7070, 7080, 7090 series

Third Generation: Integrated Circuits (1964-1971)

The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of
computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called
semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation
computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system,
which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central
program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible
to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.
Fourth Generation: Microprocessors (1971-Present)
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of
integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation
filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip,
developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer—from the central
processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single chip.
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In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple
introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop
computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to
use microprocessors.
As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to
form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth
generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld
devices.

Fifth Generation: Artificial Intelligence (Present and Beyond)

Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in
development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are
being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to
make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and
nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The
goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural
language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.

V. LEARNING ACTIVITIES See MS Teams for updates VI. ASSIGNMENT See MS Teams
for updates VII. EVALUATION See MS Teams for updates

VIII. REFERENCES

A. Book/Printed Resources
• W. Samuel, S. G. Ajumo, E. C. Anderson and S. Worgu (2016). ICT As A Change
Angent For Socialization and Social Engineering. IOSR Journal of Computer
Engineering (IOSR-JCE) e-ISSN: 2278-0661,p-ISSN: 2278-8727, Volume 18, Issue
4, Ver. II
• Abraham, R., Jas, F., Russell, W. (2005) The Web Empowerment Book: An
Introduction and Connection Guide to the Internet and the World-Wide Web.
Springer-Verlag New York

B. Online Resources / Videos

• https://www.digitalistmag.com/cio-knowledge/2019/02/26/evolution-
oftechnologycontinues-what-is-next-in-2019-06196611/
• https://bit.ly/30IZ4FO
• https://ailynvlla.home.blog/2019/03/04/how-ict-affect-our-daily-life/
• https://bit.ly/32Vlpm6
• https://www.wikijob.co.uk/content/application-advice/job-applications/what-are-ictskills
• https://bit.ly/2BuODwV
• Evolution of the web retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/sububasistha/web-
10to-web30-evolution-of-the-web-and-its-various-challenges
• Types of websites retrieved from https://www.hostgator.com/blog/popular-
typeswebsitescreate/

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• Subhash Basishtha Web 1.0 to Web 3.0 – Evolution of the Web and its Various
Challenges.
• Retrieved from https://slideshare.net/sububasistha/web-10-to-web-30-evolution-ofthe-
web _and -its-various-challenges
• What is internet Retrieved from
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/internet_technologies/internet_overview.htm
• Internet terms and definition Retrieved from https://techterms.com/definition/internet
• Internet terms and definition Retrieved from
https://www.comentum.com/internetterms.html
• Internet terms and definition Retrieved from https://www.lifewire.com/top-
internetterms-forbeginners-2483381 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J8hzJxb0rpc
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x3c1ih2NJEg
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dxcc6ycZ73M
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5o8CwafCxnU

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