*Atomic Structure*
1. Subatomic particles:
- Protons, neutrons, electrons
- Atomic number (Z), mass number (A)
2. Electron configuration:
- Energy levels, orbitals (s, p, d, f)
- Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion
principle
3. Periodic table:
- Periods, groups, families
- Trends: atomic radius, electronegativity,
ionization energy
*Chemical Bonding*
1. Types of bonds:
- Ionic bonds
- Covalent bonds (polar, nonpolar)
- Metallic bonds
2. Lewis structures:
- Drawing Lewis structures
- Resonance structures
3. VSEPR theory:
- Shapes of molecules (linear, bent,
trigonal planar)
*Chemical Reactions*
1. Types of reactions:
- Synthesis reactions
- Decomposition reactions
- Replacement reactions
2. Stoichiometry:
- Mole ratios
- Balancing chemical equations
3. Energy changes:
- Exothermic reactions
- Endothermic reactions
*Acids and Bases*
1. Arrhenius theory:
- Acids, bases, salts
2. Bronsted-Lowry theory:
- Acid-base pairs
- Conjugate acids and bases
3. pH and pOH:
- Calculating pH and pOH
- Strong and weak acids and bases
*Gases*
1. Gas laws:
- Boyle's law
- Charles' law
- Avogadro's law
2. Ideal gas equation:
- PV = nRT
3. Gas mixtures:
- Partial pressures
- Mole fractions
_Thermodynamics_
1. Laws of thermodynamics:
- Zeroth law (temperature)
- First law (energy conservation)
- Second law (entropy)
2. Thermodynamic systems:
- Open, closed, isolated systems
3. Energy changes:
- Endothermic, exothermic reactions
- Heat capacity, specific heat
_Chemical Equilibrium_
1. Equilibrium concept:
- Dynamic equilibrium
- Equilibrium constant (Kc, Kp)
2. Le Chatelier's principle:
- Changes in concentration, temperature,
pressure
3. Equilibrium calculations:
- ICE tables, equilibrium expressions
_Oxidation and Reduction_
1. Oxidation numbers:
- Assigning oxidation numbers
2. Redox reactions:
- Oxidation, reduction, combustion
3. Balancing redox equations:
- Half-reaction method
_Electrochemistry_
1. Electrochemical cells:
- Galvanic, electrolytic cells
2. Electrode potentials:
- Standard electrode potentials
3. Electrochemical reactions:
- Oxidation, reduction at electrodes
_Organic Chemistry_
1. Hydrocarbons:
- Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes
2. Functional groups:
- Introduction to functional groups
3. Isomerism:
- Structural, stereoisomerism
