Total Physical Response (TPR)
Total Physical Response is a language teaching method based on the assumption
that the coordination of speech and action will boost language learning. It was
developed by Dr. James Asher in the 1970s. This approach integrates language
learning with physical movement, which helps students grasp new language
concepts more naturally. TPR is widely used in teaching foreign languages,
especially in early stages, as it mirrors how children naturally acquire their first
language.
Here are the most salient features of TPR:
The coordination of speech and action facilitates language learning.
Grammar is taught inductively.
Meaning is more important than form.
Speaking is delayed until comprehension skills are established.
Effective language learning takes place in a low-stress environment.
The role of the teacher is central. They choose the appropriate commands to
introduce vocabulary and structure.
The learner is a listener and a performer responding to commands
individually or collectively.
Learning is maximized in a stress-free environment.
Key Features of Total Physical Response (TPR)
1. Kinaesthetic Learning Approach - TPR emphasizes physical movement as
a primary means of language acquisition. Teachers give commands in the
target language, and students respond with physical actions. This method
engages students physically and mentally, fostering a deeper connection to
language.
2. Stress-Free Learning Environment - TPR promotes a relaxed atmosphere
where students learn without feeling the pressure of immediate verbal
production. Since learners are primarily expected to respond with actions
rather than words, they experience reduced anxiety, which often leads to
more effective learning.
3. Focus on Listening Comprehension - The method prioritizes listening
comprehension in the early stages of learning. Students absorb and
understand the target language before they are expected to produce it, much
like how children listen to their native language before speaking.
4. Command-Based Learning - Language is taught through a series of
commands or directives, such as "stand up," "open the door," or "touch your
head." These commands are simple at first but gradually increase in
complexity as students become more familiar with the target language.
5. Holistic Brain Engagement - TPR connects language to physical actions,
which stimulates both the right and left hemispheres of the brain. This
holistic approach enhances retention and understanding by associating words
with physical movement, thus engaging multiple senses.
6. Immediate Feedback - TPR, students receive immediate feedback from
their actions. If a student misunderstands a command, it becomes
immediately apparent from their physical response. This instant feedback
helps teachers address misunderstandings quickly and reinforces correct
responses.
7. Suitability for All Age Groups - While TPR is particularly effective for
younger learners, its principles can be adapted to any age group. The method
is dynamic and interactive, making it suitable for both children and adults,
particularly in beginner language classes.
8. Development of Vocabulary and Grammar - Initially, TPR focuses on
building vocabulary and simple sentence structures, but it can be expanded
to cover more complex grammatical concepts. Over time, students
internalize grammar rules through repeated exposure and physical response.
Advantages of TPR
• Engaging and Fun: The physical aspect of TPR keeps students active and
engaged, making language learning enjoyable.
• Enhances Retention: The association between language and movement
helps learners retain vocabulary and concepts for longer periods.
• Reduces Anxiety: Learners can focus on comprehension without the
pressure of speaking immediately, which lowers language learning anxiety.
Challenges of TPR
• Limited to Basic Language: TPR is most effective in teaching basic
vocabulary and structures. It may not be as effective for abstract or complex
language concepts.
• Teacher Preparation: TPR requires creativity and preparation from teachers
to plan commands and actions that align with learning goals.
• Less Focus on Verbal Production: TPR focuses more on listening and
comprehension initially, and it may delay the development of speaking skills
in learners.
Total Physical Response is a powerful tool in the early stages of language learning.
Its emphasis on movement, listening, and stress-free learning provides students
with an intuitive understanding of the target language. While it has some
limitations, it is a highly effective approach, particularly for beginners or younger
learners. TPR encourages a natural, fun, and engaging learning experience that
builds a strong foundation for future language development.
TASK 2
The tasks which applying Total Physical Response (TPR) to reinforce language
learning through physical movement:
Interactive Vocabulary Drill:
Objective: Reinforce vocabulary related to daily activities or common
objects.
Task: Prepare a set of vocabulary cards with words like "jump," "clap,"
"run," "sit," "stand," and "walk." Show a card to the students and give them a
command based on the word. For instance, if the card says "jump," instruct the
students to jump. Continue with different cards, and encourage students to use the
vocabulary actively through movement.
Grade Level: Kindergarten to 3rd grade.
Reason: Young children can easily connect physical actions with new
vocabulary words, making this task ideal for early elementary grades.
Instructional Game:
Objective: Enhance understanding of prepositions and action verbs.
Task: Set up a classroom activity where students must follow specific
instructions using prepositions and action verbs. For example, you might say,
"Place the pencil under the desk," or "Put the book on the chair and then stand
beside it." Students perform the actions as described, helping them learn how to
follow multi-step instructions and understand spatial relationships.
Grade Level: Kindergarten to 5th grade.
Reason: This task works well for students who are learning to follow
instructions and understand basic prepositions and action verbs. It can be adjusted
in complexity depending on the grade.
Storytelling with Actions:
Objective: Improve comprehension and vocabulary through interactive
storytelling.
Task: The instructor tells a simple story (e.g., "The Lost Cat") and includes
specific actions like "The cat jumped over the fence" or "The cat ran to the park."
Students act out the actions as the story progresses. This helps with understanding
the story and practicing new vocabulary in context.
Grade Level : Kindergarten to 3rd grade
Useful links for TPR
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkMQXFOqyQA - this video demonstrates a
TPR sequence in a classroom with children, showing how students respond to
commands using gestures and movements.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9omNHxf2pKA – A guide on how to use TPR
in the classroom for teaching English as a foreign language. It shows real-life
examples of commands and actions.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=omM95hRBemo - Practical examples of TPR
used to teach vocabulary and comprehension.
