List 2

Abate (v) : to lessen in intensity or degree; reduce; allay; attenuate

• The storm showed no signs of abating.

• They waited for the crowd’s fury to abate.

accolade (n) : ac· co· lade

an expression of praise
praise or an award for an achievement that people admire

Ex = Four restaurants have been awarded the highest accolade of a

three-star rating.
• a long list of industry accolades
• He was nally awarded the ultimate accolade —British
Hairdresser of the Year—in 2007.

adulation (n) : excessive praise; intense adoration; kudos; laurels

aesthetic (adj) :

dealing with, appreciative of/ or responsive to art or the beautiful

ameliorate (v) : /əˈmiːliəreɪt/

to make better or more tolerable; improve

Ex =
Steps have been taken to ameliorate the situation.
• The new laws were designed to ameliorate the problem of
chronic debt.
• The side-effects of the treatment can be ameliorated to some
extent.
fi
ascetic (n) : /əˈsetɪk/

one who practices rigid self-denial, esp. as an act of religious

devotion; austere (severely simple ) ; stern

avarice (n) : /ˈæ v rɪ s/

greed, esp. for wealth (adj. form: avaricious)

axiom (n) : /ˈæksiəm/

a universally recognised principle (adj. form: axiomatic); maxim;

aphorism; adage

Ex =

the old axiom that you can only succeed through hard work

bucolic (adj) : byuˈkɑlɪk

rustic and pastoral; characteristic of rural areas and their

inhabitants; uncouth

Ex =
a stream winding through stately parks and bucolic meadows
burgeon (v) : bur· jeon

to grow rapidly or ourish

Ex =
A new wave of running clubs have burgeoned over the past
decade.
• Manufacturers are keen to cash in on this burgeoning demand.
• The hedgerows had begun to burgeon with violets and
primroses.

cacophony (n) : harsh, jarring, discordant sound; (adj form:

cacophonous); vociferous; boisterous;

canon (n) : /ˈkænən/. ( ત)

an established set of principles or code of laws, often religious in

nature (adj. form: canonical)

Ex : the canons of good taste

• market sovereignty, the central canon of Thatcherism

castigation (n) : severe criticism or punishment (verb form:

castigate); vituperation

catalyst (n) : ˈke-ta-list

a substance that accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction

without itself changing; a person or thing that causes change

Ex = Chlorine will act as a catalyst.

caustic (adj) : ˈkȯ-stik

burning or stinging; causing corrosion(rede it : carrosion) ; acrid;

acerbic
fl
સિ
દ્ધાં
Stinging =. a type of pain that is sudden and painful, like being
stun
corrosion = ( કાટ, સ , or ખવાણ)

Ex = Her speech was a caustic attack on government o cials.

Lisa ignored the caustic comment.

chary (adj) : wary(સાવધ, સત રહે વું ) ; cautious(સાવધ) ; sparing

(chary of something/of doing something not willing to risk doing

something; fearing possible problems if you do something)

cogent (adj) :

appealing forcibly to the mind or reason; convincing; logically

concrete and clear

complaisance (n) : kəm-ˈplā-sᵊn(t)s

the willingness to comply with the wishes of others (adj. form:

complaisant).

(the act of obeying a law or rule, especially one

that controls a particular industry or type of work)

contentious (adj) : kən-ˈten(t)-shəs

argumentative; quarrelsome; causing controversy or disagreement

Ex =. a contentious issue/topic/subject
• Both views are highly contentious.
• Try to avoid any contentious wording.
• The government’s treatment of refugees remains a highly
contentious issue.
ડો
ર્ક
ffi
 contrite (adj) : kən-ˈtrīt

regretful; penitent; seeking forgiveness (noun form: contrition)

penitent = felling or showing sorrow and regret for having done

wrong .

Ex = Her expression was contrite.

• He looked so contrite that for a moment she nearly believed he
really was sorry about what he had said.

culpable (adj) : ˈkal-pə-ba- l

deserving blame (noun form: culpability); blameworthy

Ex = She believed him culpable of murder.

• The prime minister is highly culpable in this affair.
• You are equally culpable in this affair.
dearth (n) : ˈdərth

smallness of quantity or number; scarcity; a lack; paucity

Ex = There was a dearth of reliable information on the subject.

demur (v) : di-ˈmər

to question or oppose

Ex = At rst she demurred, but then nally agreed.

Joe Gow and Carmen Wilson demurred, not wanting to share

their secret plans with a stranger.
fi
fi
didactic (adj) : dī-ˈdak-tik

intended to teach or instruct

Ex = The story is not written in a didactic style.

• This form of didactic literature was popular in Victorian
times.

he story is not written in a didactic styles

Discretion : dɪˈs kre sn/

cautious reserve in speech; ability to make responsible decisions

(adj. form: discreet)

Ex = ‘Do you want me to do the job myself or hire a

photographer?’ ‘I'll leave it to your discretion.’
• Judges should be given more discretion over sentencing.
• She has considerable discretion as to how the money is
spent.

disinterested (adj) : free of bias or self-interest; impartial

dogmatic (adj) : dȯg-ˈma-tik

expressing a rigid opinion based on unproved principles (noun form:

dogma)

(If you are dogmatic, you are certain that you are right and that
everyone else is wrong.)

Ex. = a dogmatic approach

• There is a danger of becoming too dogmatic about teaching
methods.
• He was strident and dogmatic in giving his opinions.
ebullience (adj) : e bali ence

the quality of lively or enthusiastic expression of thoughts and

feelings (adj, form: ebullient)

Ex. = put her remarks down to youthful ebullience.

The Prime Minister was in ebullient mood.

• He was accompanied by an ebullient, talkative blonde.

eclectic (adj) : i-ˈklek-tik

composed of elements drawn from various sources

Ex =. She has very eclectic tastes in literature.

• His house is an eclectic mixture of the antique and the

modern.

elegy (n) : ˈe-lə-jē

a mournful poem, esp. one lamenting the dead (adj. form: elegiac);
dirge

Lament = a passionate expression of grief or sorrow .

expressing sad feelings, especially about the past or people who
have died

Ex =. Her poetry has an elegiac quality.

 emollient (adj/n) : /ɪˈmɒ li ənt/

soothing, esp. to the skin; making less harsh; mollifying; an agent

that softens the skin

Ex = an emollient reply

empirical (adj) : /ɪm ˈpɪ rɪ kl/

based on observation or experiment

Ex = empirical evidence/knowledge/research
• an empirical study

enigmatic (adj) : ˌe-(ˌ)nig-ˈma-tik

mysterious; obscure; dif cult to understand (noun form: enigma);

puzzling

Ex =. an enigmatic smile

• Madeleine was still very much an enigma to him.

• Nobody really knows the answer. It's something of an
enigma.

ephemeral (adj) : i-ˈfe-mə-rəl

brief; eeting; evanescent; transient

Nl. : short term … pyramid …example ( 21 din me paisa double )
fl
fi
 Ex =. lea ets, handouts and other ephemeral material
• It is a critic’s job to follow every ephemeral fashion.

______________________________________________________

esoteric (adj). : ˌe-sə-ˈter-ik

intended for or understood by a small, speci c group; abstruse;

dif cult to understand

very unusual and understood or liked by only

a small number of people, especially those with special knowledge

Ex = a programme of music for everyone, even those with the most

esoteric taste
• Specialist dictionaries may be required to understand some of
the more esoteric texts.

eulogy (n) : a speech honoring the dead (verb form: eulogize);

panegyric; encomium ( /ɪn komium )

panegyric =. a public speech or published text in praise of someone

or something

exonerate (v) : ig-ˈzä-nə-ˌrāt

to remove blame; exculpate; acquit; vindicate

fi
fl
fi
Ex = exonerate somebody (from something) The police
report exonerated Lewis from all charges of corruption.
• The president cannot be exonerated from responsibility
for this problem.
• exonerate somebody of something The report
exonerates the president of any knowledge of the arms deal.

facetious (adj) : fə-ˈsē-shəs

playful; humorous

Ex = a facetious comment/remark
• Stop being facetious; this is serious.

fallacy (n) : ˈfa-lə-sē

an invalid or incorrect notion; a mistaken belief (adj. form:

fallacious)

Ex = The idea that all women want children is a common

fallacy.
• There's a widespread fallacy that longer working hours
mean increased productivity.

• It is a fallacy to say that the camera never lies.

clandestine : nl word .

furtive (adj) : ˈfər-tiv

marked by stealth; covert; surreptitious ( keep secret); clandestine

Ex. = He looked sly and furtive.

The look in his eyes became furtive.
gregarious (adj) :

sociable; outgoing; enjoying the company of other people

harangue (v/n) : hə-ˈraŋ , ha· rangue

to deliver a critical speech or tirade

harangue somebody to speak loudly and angrily in a way that

criticizes somebody/something or tries to persuade people to do
something
• He walked to the front of the stage and began to
harangue the audience.

heretical (adj) : hə-ˈre-ti-kəl

violating accepted dogma (અંધ સ) or convention (noun form:

heresy) ,
( (of a belief) against the principles of a particular religion)

dogma : a set of belief which are accepted by people without any

doubts

Ex = the belief that women should be allowed to have careers

outside the home was once considered heretical

hyperbole (n) : hī-ˈpər-bə-(ˌ)lē

an exaggerated statement, often used as a gure of speech (adj.
form: hyperbolic)

• The lm is being promoted with all the usual hyperbole.

• He’s not usually given to hyperbole.
impecunious (adj) :

lacking funds; without money; indigent; penurious; destitute

fi
વિ
શ્વા
fi
incipient (adj) : in-ˈsi-pē-ənt

beginning to come into being or to become apparent

Ex = signs of incipient unrest

a container that is closed on all sides for burning waste at high

temperatures

inert (adj) : i-ˈnərt

unmoving; lethargic; sluggish (lack of energy , not moving)

Ex =. He lay inert with half-closed eyes.

The president has to operate within an inert political system.

innocuous (adj) : i-ˈnä-kyə-wəs

harmless; causing no damage

Ex = It seemed a perfectly innocuous remark.

• The question appeared innocuous enough, but I still did
not trust her.

intransigent (adj) : in-ˈtran(t)-sə-jənt

refusing to compromise (noun form: intransigence); head strong;

obstinate; obdurate; stubborn; unyielding; recalcitrant; adamant

Ex =
• an intransigent attitude
Negotiations collapsed in the face of trade union intransigence.
inveigle (v) : in-ˈvā-gəl

to obtain by deception or attery

fl
Ex = He inveigled himself into her affections (= dishonestly
made her love him).

We inveigled the information for him

morose (adj) : mə-ˈrōs

sad; sullen; melancholy

Ex =. She just sat there looking morose.

• She seems a bit morose today.

odious (adj) : ˈō-dē-əs

evoking intense aversion( strong dislike ) or dislike

Ex. = What an odious man! ,

Two of them—his mother Livia and his odious sister Janice—were

at heart killers like himself.

opaque (adj) : ō-ˈpāk

impenetrable by light; not re ecting light

Ex =. As the lens becomes more opaque, the patient notices a

reduction in vision.,
The windows were nearly opaque with grime. ,
These crystals are completely opaque and nearly black.

oscillation (n) : the act or state of swinging back and forth with a
steady, uninterrupted rhythm (verb form: oscillate)
fl
penurious (adj) : pə-ˈnu̇ r-ē-əs

penny-pinching; excessively thrifty; ungenerous

pernicious (adj) : pər-ˈni-shəs

extremely harmful; potentially causing death

Ex. = the pernicious in uence of TV violence on children

• Ageism is equally as offensive and pernicious as sexism.

peruse (v) : pə-ˈrüz

to examine with great care (noun form: perusal)

• A copy of the report is available for you to peruse at your

leisure.
• The agreement was signed after careful perusal.

pious (adj) : ˈpī-əs

extremely reverent or devout; showing strong religious devotion

(noun form: piety)

• pious sentiments
• He dismissed his critics as pious do-gooders.
• a rather pious and condescending smile

precursor (n) : pri-ˈkər-sər

fl
 one that precedes and indicates or announces another

• a stringed instrument that was the precursor of the guitar

• events that were precursors to revolution

preen (v) :

to dress up; to primp; to groom oneself with elaborate care

• Will you stop preening yourself in front of the mirror?

prodigious (adj) : prə-ˈdi-jəs

abundant in size, force, or extent; extraordinary

• a prodigious achievement/memory/talent
• USB sticks can store prodigious amounts of
information.

proli c (adj) : prə-ˈli- k

producing large volumes or amounts; productive

• a proli c author
• a proli c goalscorer
• one of the most proli c periods in her career
fi
fi
fi
fi
fi
putrefy (v) : ˈpyü-trə-ˌfī ( સ )

to rot; to decay and give off a foul odor (adj. form: putrid)

• The fruits were beginning to putrefy.

quaff (v) : ˈkwäf

to drink deeply

• They spent the evening quaf ng champagne.

• We stopped at a bar and quaffed a few beers.

quiescence (n) : kwī-ˈe-sᵊn(t)s

stillness; motionlessness; quality of being at rest (adj. form:

quiescent)

• the quiescence of trade union action during the 1930s

• periods of disease quiescence

redoubtable (adj) : ri-ˈdau̇ -tə-bəl

awe-inspiring; worthy of honor; invincible and deserving respect

• a redoubtable leader
ડો
fi
 • He was dreading his interview with the redoubtable Mrs
Fitton.

sanction (n/v) : ˈsaŋ(k)-shən

authoritative permission or approval; a penalty intended to enforce

compliance; to give permission or authority to

• Trade sanctions were imposed against any country that

refused to sign the agreement.
• The economic sanctions have been lifted. ,
• The UN called for sanctions against the invading country.

squalid (adj) : ˈskwä-ləd

sordid; wretched and dirty as from neglect (noun form: squalor) .

Ex = squalid housing
• Conditions in the camp were squalid.

stoic (adj) : indifferent to or unaffected by pleasure or pain;

steadfast (noun form: stoicism)

supplant (v) : sə-ˈplant

to take the place of; supersede

Ex = Their work has been largely supplanted by the use of a

computer program that ful ls the same function. ,

old traditions that were fading away and being supplanted by

modern ways
fi
 torpid (adj) : ˈtȯr-pəd

• lethargic; sluggish; dormant (noun form: torpor)

• a torpid sloth that refused to budge off its tree branch

• my tongue and throat remained torpid for a time following the

endoscopy

ubiquitous (adj) : yü-ˈbi-kwə-təs

existing everywhere at the same time; constantly encountered;

widespread; omnipresent

urbane (adj) : sophisticated; re ned; elegant (noun form: urbanity)

vilify (v) : ˈvi-lə-ˌfī

to defame; to characterise harshly; slander; calumniate

• vilify somebody/something A campaign was mounted to

vilify the leaders of the organisation.
• She has been vili ed and misunderstood by her
community.
• vilify somebody/something as something They were
vili ed by the press as ‘international terrorists’.
• vilify somebody/something for (doing) something We
shouldn't vilify people for being successful.
fi
fi
fi
viscous (adj) : ˈvi- skə s ‘(રગડા જેવું / thick)

thick; sticky (noun form: viscosity)

Ex = viscous syrup that takes forever to pour from a narrow-neck

bottle
They are restricted to materials that can be cured using UV light
and that aren’t too viscous to work in an inkjet printer.