THIS SOLUTION BOOK IS | FREE \\auusl PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEXT-BOOK FOR CLASS XII (CBSE)CONTENTS Unit 1. Management of Sporting Events 3-8 Unit 2, Children & Women in Sports 9-24 Unit 3, Yoga as Preventive Measure for Lifestyle Disease 25-35 Unit 4. Physical Education & sports for CWSN 36-46 Unit 5. Sports & nutrition 47-55 Unit 6. Test & Measurement in Sports 56-63 Unit 7. Physiology & Injuries in Sports 64-73 Unit 8. Biomechanics & Sports 74-83 Unit 9. Psychology & Sports 84-91 Unit 10. Training in Sports 92-104Management of Sporting Events Multiple Choice Qustions (MCQs) 1. Ans. * Ans. 10. ul. Ans. The basic function of management is: (a)Controlling _(b) Budgeting (o) Planning (a) None of these (©) Planning In which of the following functions of sports event management “recruitment process” take place? (a) Planning (b) Staffing (©) Controlling (@) Directing (b) Staffing A good plan should not be (a) Specific (b) Logical (©) Autoeratie (@) Flexible - (c) Autocratic Planning is related to: (a) Setting goals (b) Defining course of action (c) Laying down rules and regulations (4) Making a policy . (a) Setting goals Which of the following committee is responsible for Print media? (a) Technical (b) Logistics (c) Marketing (@) Finance . (c) Marketing Purchase of sports equipment is a work of ....... committee: (a) Technical (b) Logistics (©) Marketing (@) Finance - (a) Finance Publication of rules and regulations should be done: (a) Pre event (b) Any time during the event (©) Post event (a) During event . (a) Pre event National Sports Day is celebrated on : (a) 19th August (b) 29th August (©) 9th August (@) 28th August . (b) 29th August, Which of the races is run “to promote brotherhood” ? (a)Run fo Fun _(b) Run for specific cause (©) Run for Unity (d) Health Run (©) Run for Unity Which of the following tournament helps in saving time? (a) Knockout tournament (b) League tournament (c) Combination tournament (d) Round Robin tournament . (a) Knockout tournament Identify which one of these is not the objective of Planning? (a) Enhance creativity (b) Increase efficiency (c) Reduce chances of mistake (@) Facilitates poor coordination (@) Facilitates poor coordination (OP) Physical Education — XII 312. Rohan and Satish organized a Volleyball tournament on Knock out basis. They found that the spectators were losing interest in the tournament because two good teams were out of the tournament as they were defeated in the beginning. Which provision could have avoided this kind of situation? (a) Bye (b) Seeding (©) Pools (d) Halves Ans. (b) Seeding 13. ABC School is one of the reputed schools in their location for the number of sports facilities it provides to its stake holders. Keeping that in consideration CBSE Sports cell has given them the responsibility of conducting CBSE Foot- ball cluster. 35 teams have sent their entry for participation in the tournament. ‘A. Due to the large number of teams willing to participate the school should conduct the competition by which fixture? (a) League (b) Knock out (©) Staircase (d) Challenge Ans. (b) Knock out 14. The formula for determining the number of rounds in a single league fixture when the number of teams is even? (Sample Ques- tion Paper 2021-2022) (@)N (b) N-/2 (NA (@) NON-1y2 Ans. (c) N-1 15. Aaryan Public School was organising the under 19 CBSE North Zone Handball Competition for boys and girls. The total numbers of teams of girl's teams were 5 and the competition has been organised in 3 days. The fixture was drawn according to the cyclic method. How many rounds will be there if number of teams are 5 in cyclic method? (a)5 (b)4 3 @6 Ans. (a) 5 16. Your school has been given the responsibility to conduct zonal volleyball com- petition. As a Head boy/Head Girl of the student council you have been asked to. make various teams of students to help teacher incharges for smooth conduct of the tournament. To help the teams to know about the food and stay arrangement a group of students will be assigned with (a) Finance committee (b) loading and boarding committee (c) ceremonial committee (d) None of these Ans. (b) loading and boarding committee 17. The final match was going on Arya model school and Vaneet international school. It was a very good match and both the teams were playing with marginal dif- ference goals. In the final time, Arya model school loses the match. After the match is over, the coach of Arya model school brings some documents and he objects that one player of the Vaneet international school is an overage, there- fore the result should be given in their favor. Who will be responsible to give the final decision on the objection dispute? (a) Technical committee (b) Logistic committee (c) Jury of appeal (d) Finance committee Ans. (c) Jury of appeal 18. Answer the question based on shown picture: 4 (OP) Physical Education - XIIWhich of the following formula is used to calculate the number of matches in a league tournament? (a) NW- 1/2 (b)N (c)(N-D @N+D Ans. (a) N(N- 1/2 Answers l(c) 2.(b) 3.(c) 4.(a) 5.(c) 6.(d) 7.(a) 8b) 9. (c) 10. (a) 11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15.(a) 16.(b) 17.(c) 18. (a) Match the Column 1. Match the following (a) Technical committee facility (i) To provide shifting (b) Finance committee (ii) To resolve dispute (c) Transport committee and expenditure (iii) To deals with money (a) First aid committee facilities. (iv) To provide medical (a) (a)-Gi), (b)-Giii), (c)-(i), (d)-(iv) (b) (a)-(iii), (b)-(ai), (¢)-(), (d)-Civ) (c) (a)-ii), (b)-Giii), (e)-Civ), (d)-G) (d) (a)-(iv), (b)-Gii), (¢)-(), (d)-Gi Ans. (a) (a)-(ii), (b)-Gii), (c)-G), (d)-(iv) Answers 1@ 2) 3@ 4) 5. 6) 7a 8&b) 9c) 10(a) 11.(@) 12.(b) 13. (b) 14.(c) 15.(a) 16.(b) 17. (c) 18.(a) 19.(a) 20. (a) Reasoning Questions 1. Given below are the two statements labeled Assertion (A) and Reason ®). A. Seeding is a privilege to enter in the second round of tournament. R. Knock-out tournament is beneficial to save time as compared to league In the context of the above two statements, which one of the following is correct? (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A). (b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A). (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. (a) (A) is false, but (R) is true Ans. (d) (A) is false, but (R) is true Very short answer type questions 1. Write about the objectives of Intramural tournaments. Ans. Objectives of Intramural Tournaments To encourage mass participation in sports in an institution. To focus on all-round development of children. To develop values like fair play, respect, friendship through sports. To provide first opportunity to compete in a controlled environment. pepe Physical Education ~ XII 55. To focus on fitness, wellness and health aspects of children. 6. To promote curricular integration through sports. 7. Tohelp children to develop personality (first stage of leadership, control of emotions, cor- poration ete.) 2, What is the significance of Extramural Tournaments. Ans. 1. Progression in performance: Extramural Tournament helps to lift the level of performance through the athletes and sportspersons gaining experience, learning to prepare tactics and strategies, developing fitness, psychological preparation ete. 2. Psychological factors: Extramural events help to balance psychological factors like stress, confidence, self-esteem, emotions, and promote qualities like leadership, team building, in students, 3. Level of fitness: As the level of tournament increases, gradually the level of fitness improves, that make an individual physically as well as mentally strong to compete at higher levels, 4. Socialization: Such tournaments held among different communities, regions, coun- tries etc. increase cross cultural exchange, inter community association etc. in which individu- als get a chance to know and understand different places, cultures, ete. which leads to closer ties. 3. Write merits of league tournament. Ans. 1. Best teams benefited : In league tournament, only strong team gets victory in the tournament. 2, Equal opportunity : Every team will get full chance to show its performance. 3. Best talent selected : In this tournament, sports officials do not face any difficulty while selecting or determining the appropriate players or team. 4. No need to wait : A team has no need to wait to win other team for playing a match. 5. Sufficient time to perform : Large number of opportunities are available to the players to improve their performance. Short answer type questions 1. Explain the role of planning in organizing Sports Event. Ans. One of the primary objectives of Planning is to improve the efficiency of sports offi- cials in conducting sporting events/competitions. Sports officials become more efficient and perform their duties more effectively and efficiently with the help of proper planning. 2. Why controlling function is important in sports event management. Ans. Directing helps ensure that the individuals and teams involved in the event are aligned and working effectively towards a common goal, while controlling helps ensure that the event is organized efficiently and effectively by monitoring progress, identifying and ad- dressing issues, and making necessary adjustments. 3. Explain the role of marketing committee during the event. Ans. The Marketing Committee develops plans and strategies to place the event in the market with the purpose of generating publicity and sponsorships. Publicity can be done through various modes like social media, print media, TV, e-mail etc. and sponsorship can be generated in terms of cash or kind by making media partners, food partners, drink partners ete. through calling on, meeting various companies etc. 4. Differentiate between knockout and league tournament. Ans. Knockout tournaments or elimination tournament is tournament where a large of team compete when there is a short time, whereas in a league tournament it is most suitable 6 (OP) Physical Education — XIIwhen there are less number of teams and a long period of time. 5. What do you mean by league cum knockout fixture? Ans. In this type of tournament all the teams play league matches in their respective pools. Either take out best team from each pool or take out best two teams from each pool. Now the best 4 or 8 depends on scheme or number of teams teams are given knockout fixtures and the winner is decided. 6. Write briefly about any two types of Run. Ans. 1. Run for Fun ‘The purpose of this run is to spread the message of staying fit and healthy among the masses. Sometimes such races may be conducted to raise funds for a specific purpose. In schools such races attract children and their parents. These are friendly races and may be conducted for any age group. However, the physical education teacher must be careful and plan meticu- lously to avoid any kind of accident or mishap. Age, mobility, types of movement involved should be taken care of. Examples of such races are lemon and spoon race, sack race, three-legged race, parent and child race, teacher and child race, banana race, road running ete. 2, Run for Unity In such a type of run the purpose is to promote the feeling of integrity and brotherhood in community, state, nation or among different religions. Such events help to develop bonding and a sense of togetherness among people. Case Study 1. With the aim of promoting physical fitness and healthy lifestyle amongst stu- dents the Physical education Teacher at XYZ School plans to organize intramural competitions at school. For conducting the event he has given this assignment to the students of class XII who have taken up Physical Education subject so that they can get first had experience of organizing events. On the basis of given information an- swer the following question: The work of committees is divided into...... Ans. Pre, during and post 2. While organizing sports events for the Annual Sports Day, Arjun and Ravi being the captain and vice captain of sports, formed various committees as shown below. 1. The members of this committee are responsible for welcoming guests and spec- tators .. Ans. Reception committee 2. Announcement of venue, date and events is done by... Ans. Publicity committee 3. Organising and conducting of sports events involve Ans. both (a)&(b) 4, Complete responsibility for success of competition is taken by ....... Ans. Administrative director 5.To prepare a proper score sheet for record is .. Ans. during tournament . responsibility. Physical Education — XII 7Long answer type questions 1. Draw a knockout fixture of 13 teames. Ans. Knowckout fixture of 13 teams : ‘Total no. of matches :~ ‘Total no teams -1 13 — 1 = 12 matches. ‘Total no of round = 25 2x 2x 2. Digit 2 repeats four time so no of round = 4 rounds. Total no bye :- next power of 2- total no. of team 16 — 13 = 03. No of team is upper half = Total no of team + 1/2 = 13 + 1/2 = 07 team. No. Fixture: Round 1 Round It Round ill Round Iv 1 —Bye2— r al 4 ceo 5 6 WH winners 8 Bye 3 m7 10 1m v7] 13—Byea— 2. How would you plan for an Intramural Tournament? Highlight any two prob- lems you may encounter. How will you deal with them? Ans. Intramural : The meaning of the word ‘intramural’ is “within the walls”. In context of sports, it refers to a tournament conducted within the walls of a single institution/ school/ community. Intramural competitions/tournament are conducted within players of one institu- tion, Problems : 1. First thing is choosing a particular sport. 2. Consider your passionate sport, if you're passionate about that, feel free to run (or skate or jump) with it. 04 8 (OP) Physical Education — XIIChildren & Women in Sports Multiple Choice Qustions (MCQs) 1 Minimum duration of activity should be er week at vigorous intensity in adults above 65 years of age. (a) 75 minutes (b) 150 minutes (©) 300 minutes (@) 450 minutes (b) 150 minutes Rate at which the activity is being performed is known as _ (a) Volume (b) Intensity (©) Type of Activity (d) Frequency (b) Intensity Deformity of the legs is known as (a) Scoliosis (b) Lordosis (©) Knock knees (d) Kyphosis (©) Knock knees Lordosis is a problem of the (a) Lower Back (b) Middle Back (©) Upper Back —_(d) Shoulders (a) Lower Back Scoliosis is a postural deformity related to (a) Muscles (b) Shoulders (©) Legs (a) Spine (a) Spine Kyphosis is a deformity found in (a) Shoulders (b) Lumber region _(c) Hips (d) Thoracic region (a) Shoulders Sports is a important tool for social empowerment for women as it develops the folowing: (a) Aggression (b) Empowerment —_() Stress (@) Leadership (b) Empowerment Psychological benefits of women particapation in sports includes: (a) Coopration (b) Emotation Control (c) Physical Fitness (4) Communication (b) Emotation Control Frequent menstruation is known as: (a) Metrorrhagia (b) Oligomenorrhea —_(c) Polymenorrhea (d) Menorrhagia (c) Polymenorrhea If the menstruation cycle does not begin at puberty, the condition is called (a) Primary amenorrhea (b) Secondary amenorrhea (©) Oligomenorrhea (@) Dysmenorrhea . (a) Primary amenorrhea Weakening of bones due to loss of bone density and improper bone formation is (a) Amenorrhea (b) Anorexia Nervosa (c) Osteoporosis (4) Lordosis (©) Osteoporosis What is the cause of Osteoporosis in women? (a) High blood pressure (b) Menarche (©) Excessive exercise (4) Lack of calcium and vitamin D Physical Education ~ XII 9Ans. (d) Lack of calcium and vitamin D 13. Female athlete triad is a syndrome characterized by (a) Osteoporosis (b) Amenorrhea (c) Eating disorder (d) All of the above Ans. (d) All of the above 14, In which type of Anorexia does an individual lose weight by taking laxatives or diuretics (a) Bulimia Nervosa _(b) Purging type (c) Restricting type (d) Anorexia Nervosa Ans. (b) Purging type 15. What is the name of the postural deformity caused due to increase in the curve at the lumbar region? (a) Knock knees (b) Bow legs (©) Kyphosis (a) Lordosis Ans. (d) Lordosis 16. Which postural deformity has Convexities right or left? (a) Flat foot (b) Knock knees (©) Kyphosis (a) Scoliosis Ans. (d) Scoliosis 17. Which motor skill is involved in Smashing volleyball? (a) Gross motor skills (b) Fine motor skills (©) Cross motor skills (a) Open skills Ans. (a) Gross motor skills 18. Which of the following is not a spinal curvature deformity? (a) Kyphosis (b) Scoliosis (©) Lordosis, (a) Flatfoot Ans. (d) Flatfoot 19. Which postural deformity is related to Posterior curve of the spine? (a) Scoliosis (b) Kyphosis (©) Lordosis (a) Knock knees Ans. (a) Scoliosis 20. Which exercise should be done to cure this deformity? 1) (a) Skipping (b) Walking on heels. (c) Both (a) and (b) (@) Hanging on horizontal bar Ans. (c) Both (a) and (b) 21. Identify the postural deformity : ja (a) Kyphosis (b) Flat foot (c) Knock knee —_(d) None of these Ans. (b) Flat foot Answers 1.(b) 2.(b) 3.(c) 4.(a) 5.(d) 6.(a) 7.(b) 8a) 9c) 10. (a) 11.(c) 12.(d) 13.(a) 14.(b) 15.4) 16.(@) 17.(a)_ 18.(@) 19.(a) 20. (c) 21. (b) 10 (OP) Physical Education — XIIMatch the Column 1. Match the postural deformities with their remedial activity: 3. © 4 | @ P = £ (a) 1 3 2 4 ® 1 4 3. 2 {c) 1 3 4 2 (d) 4 2 3 1 Ans.(c)1 3 4 2 Reasoning Questions 1. Assertion (A): Physical activities as corrective measure are very effective in functional deformity in comparison to structural deformity. Reason (R) muscles and ligaments are affected in functional deformity (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A) (b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A) (©) (A) is true, but (R) is false (@) (A) is false, but (R) is true ‘Ans. (b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A) 2. Given below are the two statements labeled Assertion (A) and Reason (R). A. Women have great potential in the field of sports if they have heen provided scientific coaching and the latest sports infrastructure R. Mirabai Chanu has clinched her first silver medal in Tokyo 2021 Olympics. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A) (b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A) (©) (A) is true, but (R) is false Physical Education ~ XII uw(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true Ans. A. Women have great potential in the field of sports if they have been provided scientific coaching and the latest sports infrastructure. Very short answer type questions 1. Write down Physical activities exercise guideline for under 5 of age. Ans. 1, Children should spend at least 180 minutes in a variety of types of physical activi- ties at any intensity, of which at least one hour is spent in moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity. 2. In the 180 minutes of physical activity, we can include light activity such as standing up, moving around, rolling and playing, as well as more energetic activities like skipping, hop- ping, running and jumping. 3. Active play, such as using a climbing frame, riding a bike, playing in water, chasing games and ball games, is the best way for this age group to get moving. 3, Sedentary time should not be more than one hour, and during this period engagement in reading and storytelling should be encouraged. All these recommendations are divided into three components Physical activity, seden- tary behaviour and sleep. 2. What is the Lordos Ans. Lordosis comes from Greek word ‘lordos’ which means ‘bent backward’. It is also known as hollow or sway back. In this deformity, the spine of a person curves inward at the lower back. The angle of the arc of lower back is reduced in this deformity. Causes : (® The habit of walking with belly protruding in younger age (ii) Not doing exercise (iii) Taking of more food than required Precautions: (@ Obesity should be checked ; if this occurs, excessive intake of food should be avoided. (ii) The body should be kept straight while carrying weight. (ii) One should take balanced diet. 3. Briefly write about physical acti 65 of age. Ans. Guidelines for adults above 65 of age: 1, These recommendations are relevant to healthy older adults aged between 65 and above irrespective of gender, race, ethnicity or social-economic status. 2, These recommendations are also relevant for individuals suffering from chronic NCD conditions Adults, youth with disabilities may follow these recommendations with adjustment as per capacity or limitations. 3. Activities should be done in progressive manner for example to start session with simple exercises to complex, gradually increasing frequency, duration and intensity of the activities as per their ability and as conditions allow. 4, What is meant by Round Shoulders? Mention a few exercises to correct it. Ans. Round shoulder refers to the resting shoulder position that can be moved forward from the body's ideal alignment. It is also known as ‘mom posture’. Around 73% of people suffer from round shoulder. It is due to increased pain between the shoulder blades. If the round shoulders persists for longer period of time then it can lead to many chronic conditions such as ies/exercises guidelines for adults above 12 (OP) Physical Education - XIIthoracic outlet, chronic neck pain ete. It further leads to postural deviations such as hyperkyphosis or forward head position. This gradually results due to laziness while in a stand- ing or sitting posture. Four Physical activities for correcting Round Shoulders are: (i) Rotate your shoulders in backward directions. (Gi) Do push-ups regularly to strengthen your shoulder muscles. (iii) Regular physical activities, such as yoga, aerobics, swimming, cycle are recommended to strongthen whole body. (iv) Walk in Vishram position. This will make you conscious every time you sit, stand or walk. 5. Explain eating disorder. Ans. The eating disorder is characterized by self-starvation and excessive weight loss. It is a psychological disorder. The patient has a distorted body image and an irrational fear of becoming overweight. Anorexia is a general loss of appetite. Not to be confused with Anorexia Nervosa. People with anorexia nervosa have not lost their appetite. They have deliberately restricted their food intake because of an irrational fear of gaining weight. However, you will often see the term anorexia with the meaning of anorexia nervosa 6, Explain the term Menarche. Ans. It is the first natural cycle and is a central event of female Puberty. Menarch refers to the first menstrual cycle. In the elite athletes menarch is delayed by a few months and years due to intense training, dieting and various emotional factors. Late menarch does not mean that individual will not have successful pregnancy. Athletes with delayed menarch are likely to gain success in sports like gymnasties. In contrast to late matures (delayed menarch), early matures (early menarch) have an advantage in some of the sports like swimming as they de- velop more strength and fat deposits. It is observed that if females have better nutrition, menses start few months earlier. Improvement in nutrition has resulted in girls reaching a critical weight. After reaching optimum weight physiology causes the hypothalamus to start its regulation of the menstrual cycle. Short answer type questions 1. Write a short note on Bone Mineral density. Ans. A bone mineral density (BMD) test is the best way to measure your bone health. It compares your bone density, or mass, to that of a healthy person who is the same age and sex as you are. It can show: (i) Whether you have osteoporosis, a disease that makes your bones weak i) Your risk for breaking bones Gii) Whether your osteoporosis treatment is working Low bone mass that is not low enough to be osteoporosis is sometimes called osteopenia. Causes of low bone mass include family history, not developing good bone mass when you are young, and certain conditions or medicines. Not everyone who has low bone mass gets osteoporo- sis, but they are at higher risk for getting it. 2. Write in brief the causes and symptoms of Knock Knees. Ans. Causes : Following are the causes of knock-knee : (i) Lack of balanced diet, especially vitamin D, Calcium and Phosphorus. (ii) It may be due to rides, chronic at illness. (iii) It may be due to flat-foot and carrying heavy weights at early age. Physical Education ~ XII 13Symptoms : (@ knee or hip pain. Gi) foot or ankle pain. Gii) feet not touching while standing with knees together. (iv) stiff or sore joints. (v) a limp while walking. 3. Explain corrective measures for Flatfoot Ans. Corrective Measure: 1. Perform Tadasana: Raise your heels slowly while standing balance on toes up. 2, Walking on sand: Walk on sand while keeping your feet over the sand. 3. Perform Vajrasana: In this asana, a person folds his legs and rest the thighs on the calf muscles and sits in this position for few minutes. 4, Perform Adhomuksavasana: It is also known as parvattasana. In this asana, person in a ventral position and stretches his/her legs and arms so that the middle part of the body is lifted upwards. 5. Good Quality Shoes: Person is told to wear good quality shoes with inner curve on sole. 6. Walking on to the toes while lifting the heels. 7. Perform jumping exercise. 8. Climb on wooden stairs. 9. Lift weight with the fingers of feet. 10. Perform rope skipping. . Write a short note on benefits of participation in sports. Ans. Sports reduces the amount of cholesterol and fats in the body. This happens because of the increase of flexibility of the walll of the blood vessels. The flexibility increases due to physical exertion, which is the result of Sports. Furthermore, the sugar level in blood also gets lower thanks to Sports. 5, Explain Physical benefits of Women participation in sports. Ans. 1. Lifestyle Diseases : Sports participation helps women to stay active which, in turn, reduces chances of lifestyle diseases such as Diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity ete and enables them to live a healthy life. 2. Bone Density : There is a higher chance of osteoporosis in female than males. Sports help them to increase their bone density and have stronger bones. 3. Toned Muscles : Regular exercise and participation in sports increases the muscle tone of women which helps them to stay strong. 4, Cardiovascular System : Regular exercise helps increase the number of capillaries, helping them in the intake of oxygen. This enables women to participate in sports for a longer period without getting fatigued. 5. Obesity : Obesity is one lifestyle disease which is found in every part of the world. Most of the India’s population is also suffering from this disease. Women has more chances of being obese than men, regular participation in sports helps them to stay in shape and stay fit. 6. What is menstrual dysfunction? Write in brief. Ans. Menstrual dysfunction is an abnormal condition in a woman's menstrual cycle. Nor- mal range of the menstruation cycle is 21 to 35 days. If it happens earlier than 21 days or after more than 35 days, then it’s a problem. Other menstrual problems include missing three or more periods, menstrual flow heavier or lighter in comparison with usual, cycle happening longer than seven days, any pain, cramping or vomiting during period, bleeding after meno- pause etc. 4 (OP) Physical Education — XII7. Write short note on Amenorrhea. Ans. Amenorrhea is menstrual disorder in women in which women of 18 years and above cither never begin menstruating or there is an absence of menstruation for months and years. Various factors which are likely to induce amenorrhea are Case Study 1 Mahesh, Physical Education teacher at XYZ School observed that Raju a student of class VI has outward curve of vertebral column at Thoracic region. He suggested some exer- cises to rectify this problem. 1 What is this deformity known as 2 Kyphosis is commonly known as ... 3 Kyphosis is a deformity related to Ans. 2. Thoracic region Long answer type questions 1. Describe Physical activities/exercise guidelines for all groups. Ans. World Health Organisation (WHO) has identified lack of physical activity, or physi- cal inactivity, as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality (6% of deaths globally). Regular participation in physical activities and sports provides ample opportunities to main- tain physical, mental and social health. Regular physical activities help in not just physical, but also social, emotional and mental growth and development of infants, children, adoles- cents and adults. Physical activities should be encouraged among children to ensure strong muscles and bones. Recommendations for Children Under 5 Years of Age “Achieving health for all means doing what is best for health right from the beginning of people's lives,” says WHO Director-General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus. “Early child- hood is a period of rapid development and a time when family lifestyle patterns can be adapted to boost health gains.” If they are to grow up healthy, children under five must spend less time sitting watching screens, or restrained in prams and seats, so that they get better quality sleep and have more time for active play. ‘The following guidelines are recommended for healthy children aged Under 5 years, irre- spective of gender, race, ethnicity, cultural background, and the socio-economic status of the family. These are also relevant for children with different abilities. Children with a medical con- dition or disability should consult with health professionals before undertaking these activi- ties. The goals of these guidelines are to recommend time spent on physical activities, and on sleep and sedentary activities to get health benefits. The age group is further divided in to three groups namely Less than 1 year, 1 to 2 years, 3 to 4 years. Infants (Less than 1 year) 1. Infants should be provided enough space and open environment to promote movement and minimize restrictive or sedentary behaviour so that they may explore their surroundings. 2, Babies should be encouraged to be active throughout the day, every day. 3. Before your baby begins to crawl, encourage her/him to be physically active by reaching and grasping, pulling and pushing, moving her/his head, body and limbs during daily routines, and during supervised floor play. This includes giving the baby 30 minutes in prone position (tummy time), Physical Education — XII 154. Activities like crawling and rolling should be performed on mat or sheet size of at least. 7 feet by 4 feet. Once babies can move around, encourage them to be as active as possible in a safe, supervised and nurturing play environment. 5. During sedentary timing child must be engaged in reading and storytelling for encour- agement. For 0-3 months ages 14-17 hours and for 4-11 months of age baby should have good quality sleep that includes naps. Toddlers (1-2 years of age) 1. During this period, the child should not be involved in any sedentary activity which is more than one-hour long including being restrained in prams/strollers, high chairs, or strapped on a caregiver's back, or sitting for extended periods of time. 2. Engagement in reading and storytelling should not be more than one hour. It is recommended toddlers get 11-14 hours of good quality sleep, including naps, with regular sleep and wake-up times Children 3-4 years 1. Children should spend at least 180 minutes in a variety of types of physical activities at any intensity, of which at least one hour is spent in moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity. 2. In the 180 minutes of physical activity, we can include light activity such as standing up, moving around, rolling and playing, as well as more energetic activities like skipping, hop- ping, running and jumping. 3. Active play, such as using a climbing frame, riding a bike, playing in water, chasing games and ball games, is the best way for this age group to get moving. 3. Sedentary time should not be more than one hour, and during this period engagement in reading and storytelling should be encouraged. All these recommendations are divided into three components Physical activity, seden- tary behaviour and sleep. Children and Youth 5-17 Years 1. These recommendations are relevant to healthy children and youth between 5 to 17 of age irrespective of gender, race, ethnicity or socio-economic status. 2. Activities should be done in a progressive manner. e.g. starting the session with simple exercises to complex, gradually increasing the frequency, duration and intensity of the activi- ties. 3. There are various stages of growth in this age group, wherein at every stage the type of activities changes. Adults 18-64 Years 11. These recommendations are relevant to healthy adults aged between 18 to 64 irrespec- tive of gender, race, ethnicity or social-economic status. 2, Adults youth with disabilities may follow these recommendations with adjustment as per capacity or limitations. 3. Adult having any medical condition should follow the advice of medical official. Older Adults 65 Years and Above 1. These recommendations are relevant to healthy older adults aged between 65 and above irrespective of gender, race, ethnicity or social-economic status. 2. These recommendations are also relevant for individuals suffering from chronic NCD conditions Adults, youth with disabilities may follow these recommendations with adjustment as per capacity or limitations. 3. Activities should be done in progressive manner for example to start session with simple 16 (OP) Physical Education — XIIexercises to complex, gradually increasing frequency, duration and intensity of the activities as per their ability and as conditions allow. 2. Explain any five postural deformities with their corrective measures. Ans. 1. Knock-knee : The word knock knee is derived from the Latin word 'Genu Valgum’ which means ‘bent knee inward’. In this deformity, both the knees touch each other in normal standing position. As a result, there is a gap of 3-4 inches between ankles. The person faces difficulty in walking and running. It usually self corrects by the time a child is about 7-8 years old. The person affected with this deformity cannot be a good player. Corrective Measures : 1.Perform Gomukhasana: In this asana, a person sits down folding his legs. Then, he/ she lifts one leg and crosses it over the other so that the crossed leg is perpendicular to the floor. Then make a clasp of hand behind the back. 2.Perform Padmasana: In this asana, person sits down on the floor and crosses his legs. Then, the feet are lifted and rested on the thighs. 3.Pillow: In this, a pillow is kept between the legs and the person presses the legs and stands straight for some time, with both feet touching each other. 4.Outward Walking: In this, the person tries to walk over the outer edges of foot while the inner part of the sole is raised up. 5.Cycling and Horse Riding: Daily cycling for 20 to 30 minutes and horse riding would help naturally in making a gap between the knees. 6.Special Shoes and Calipers: There are special shoes, night braces and walking calipers for treating knock knee. They prevent knocking thereby enhancing posture while walking or running, 2, Flat-foot : It is a medical condition in which the arch of the foot collapses, with the entire sole of the foot coming into complete or near complete contact with the ground. The children with flat foot deformity cannot be efficient sportspersons. They face problem in standing and walking. It is also called pes planus or fallen arches Corrective Measures : 1. Perform Tadasana: Raise your heels slowly while standing balance on toes up. 2. Walking on sand: Walk on sand while keeping your feet over the sand. 3. Perform Vajrasana: In this asana, a person folds his legs and rest the thighs on the calf muscles and sits in this position for few minutes. 4. Perform Adhomuksavasana: It is also known as parvattasana. In this asana, person in a ventral position and stretches his/her legs and arms so that the middle part of the body is lifted upwards. 5. Good Quality Shoes: Person is told to wear good quality shoes with inner curve on sole. 6. Walking on to the toes while lifting the heels. 7. Perform jumping exercise. 8. Climb on wooden stairs. 9. Lift weight with the fingers of feet. 10. Perform rope skipping. 3. Round-shoulders : Round shoulder refers to the resting shoulder position that can be moved forward from the body's ideal alignment. It is also known as ‘mom posture’. Around 73% of people suffer from round shoulder. It is due to increased pain between the shoulder blades. If the round Physical Education - XII 17shoulders persists for longer period of time then it can lead to many chronic conditions such as. thoracic outlet, chronic neck pain ete. It further leads to postural deviations such as hyperkyphosis or forward head position. This gradually results due to laziness while in a standing or sitting posture. Corrective Measures : 1. Most important measure to correct rounded shoulders is strengthening and stretching of muscles and trying to correct the imbalance of muscles by doing chest stretches, T stretch, wall stretch, Handclasp stretch and planks, pull ups, reverse shoulder stretch, ete. 2. Developing the habit of keeping the spine straight is also helpful in correcting rounded shoulders. 3, Yoga asanas like Chakrasana, Dhanurasana, can be useful in correcting rounded shoul- ders. 4. Lordosis : Lordosis comes from Greek word ‘lordos’ which means ‘bent backward’, It is also known as hollow or sway back. In this deformity, the spine of a person curves inward at the lower back. ‘The angle of the are of lower back is reduced in this deformity. Corrective Measures : 1.Perform Halasana: In this asana, person tries to touch their feet to the floor while rolling backwards. 2.Perform Dhanurasana: From lying position, raise your upper and lower body up with support of your hands. Balance your body on abdomen. 3.Perform Paschimottanasana: In this asana, body is bent forward while sitting and he/she tries to touch head to thighs or tries to touch the hands to the toes. 4.Pressing the hollow of the back against a flat surface. 5.Breathing exercises to develop the abdominal muscles. 6 Rotation of the lower part of the trunk from side to side while lying down with knees bent. 7.Lie on your back with your knees bent and your feet flat on the lower. Inhale to prepare. As you exhale, tilt the lower part of your pelvis from the floor, forming a hollow bowl between your pelvis and your navel. 8.Lie on your back and lifting feet vertically overhead. 9.Sit on a chair/table and being the ear/nose close to the knees. 10. Perform sit-ups 5. Kyphosi Kyphosis is derived from Greek word 'Kyph’ which means ‘bowed or hent'. It is also called hunch back. Kyphosis is characterized by an abnormally rounded upper back (more than 50 degrees of curvature) . It refers to an increase or exaggeration of a backward or posterior curve or a decrease or reversal of a forward curve. Depression of chest is common in kyphosis. Corrective Measures : 1. Perform Bhujangasana:In this asana, person lies down and then stretches his arms so that the upper part of the body is lifted upwards. 2. Perform Chakarasana: In this asana, person lies dorsally and then stretches his arms and legs so that the central body is lifted upwards and appears like a wheel. 3. Perform Dhanurasana: In this asana, person lies down and uplifts the lower part of the body. Now, hold the ankles of feet with hands and stretch the body remaining in that pos- ture. 4. Improve your posture and be alert while you sit, stand or walk. 18 (OP) Physical Education — XII5. Interlock your finger behind back and pull your shoulders upward and backward. 6. Rotate your shoulders in backward direction only. 7. One must perform regular physical activities so that leaning forward habit would dis- appear and special exercises for abdomen and shoulder stretching need to be done. 8. Leaning back on a chair and taking the shoulder backwards can help to streteh the chest muscles. 9. One should always keep a pillow under one's back while sleeping. 10. Bend the head backwards while in standing position 3. Describe corrective measures of some common spinal postural deformities in Round shoulders, Kyphosis and Lordosis. Ans. 1. Round shoulders Corrective Measures : 1. Most important measure to correct rounded shoulders is strengthening and stretching of muscles and trying to correct the imbalance of muscles by doing chest stretches, T stretch, wall stretch, Handclasp stretch and planks, pull ups, reverse shoulder stretch, ete 2. Developing the habit of keeping the spine straight is also helpful in correcting rounded shoulders. 8. Yoga asanas like Chakrasana, Dhanurasana, can be useful in correcting rounded shoul- ders. 2. Kyphosis Corrective Measures : 1. Perform Bhujangasana:In this asana, person lies down and then stretches his arms so that the upper part of the body is lifted upwards. 2. Perform Chakarasana: In this asana, person lies dorsally and then stretches his arms and legs so that the central body is lifted upwards and appears like a wheel. 3. Perform Dhanurasana: In this asana, person lies down and uplifts the lower part of the body. Now, hold the ankles of feet with hands and stretch the body remaining in that pos- ture, Improve your posture and be alert while you sit, stand or walk. Interlock your finger behind back and pull your shoulders upward and backward. Rotate your shoulders in backward direction only. One must perform regular physical activities so that leaning forward habit would dis- appear and special exercises for abdomen and shoulder stretching need to be done. 8. Leaning back on a chair and taking the shoulder backwards can help to stretch the chest muscles. 9. One should always keep a pillow under one's back while sleeping. 10. Bend the head backwards while in standing position 3. Lordosis Corrective Measures : 1.Perform Halasana: In this asana, person tries to touch their feet to the floor while rolling backwards. 2.Perform Dhanurasana: From lying position, raise your upper and lower body up with support of your hands. Balance your body on abdomen. 3.Perform Paschimottanasana: In this asana, body is bent forward while sitting and he/she tries to touch head to thighs or tries to touch the hands to the toes. 4.Pressing the hollow of the back against a flat surface. aoe Physical Education ~ XII 195.Breathing exercises to develop the abdominal muscles. 6 Rotation of the lower part of the trunk from side to side while lying down with knees bent. 7.Lie on your back with your knees bent and your feet flat on the lower. Inhale to prepare. As you exhale, tilt the lower part of your pelvis from the floor, forming a hollow bow! between your pelvis and your navel. 8.Lie on your back and lifting feet vertically overhead. 9.Sit on a chair/table and being the ear/nose close to the knees. 10. Perform sit-ups 4. Explain the various benefits of Women participation in Sports? Ans. Various benefits of Women participation in Sports are given below I. Phisical Benefits 1. Lifestyle Diseases : Sports participation helps women to stay active which, in turn, reduces chances of lifestyle diseases such as Diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity etc. and enables them to live a healthy life. 2. Bone Density : There is a higher chance of osteoporosis in female than males. Sports help them to increase their bone density and have stronger bones. 8. Toned Muscles : Regular exercise and participation in sports increases the muscle tone of women which helps them to stay strong. 4, Cardiovascular System : Regular exercise helps increase the number of capillaries, helping them in the intake of oxygen. This enables women to participate in sports for a longer period without getting fatigued. 5. Obesity : Obesity is one lifestyle disease which is found in every part of the world, Most of the India’s population is also suffering from this disease. Women has more chances of being obese than men, regular participation in sports helps them to stay in shape and stay fit Il. Psychological Benefits Participation in sports has a great impact on women psychologically as it gives them con- fidence and enhances their self-esteem. It gives them that sense of achievement which empow- ers them to achieve and overcome any obstacles that they may have faced. Some of the psycho- logical benefits of participation in sports are: 1. Stress Management : Any physical activity releases lot of hormones in our body which helps us to stay happy and reduces stress levels. Sportspersons, men and women, who partic pate in sports can manage their stress better than those who don’t participate in the sports. 2. Control Emotions : Women, like their male counterparts, who participate in sports are well equipped to manage their emotions as they face difficult situations in the game which take a toll on them, and regular participation makes them emotionally stronger. 3. Confidence : Every small win increases the confidence of the winner. Thus, when a woman participates in sports and wins, it gives not just her, but other women sportspersons a sense of achievement and really boosts their confidence. This renewed confidence in them- selves they bring to all areas of their life. 4, Self - Esteem : Sports helps women to realise their self-worth and when they achieve or even participate in sports, they get a boost in their self-image and that helps them to realise their own worth, which is very important for an individual. 5. Leadership : one of the best quality about sports is that it inculcates or bring out the leadership skills or qualities of an individual. Those women, or men, who participate in sports better are able to lead people even outside the sports as well. 20 (OP) Physical Education — XIIIIL. Social Benefits Women participation in sports helps them to be more open towards society as it helps them to communicate with others and helps them to bond with their teammates and other officials. Some of the social benefits of sports are as follows: 1. Coordination : Sport helps in increasing and improving the coordination between team players and women who participate in sports learn the skill of working in coordination with others. 2. Communication : Communication is an integral part of sports as players must com- municate with each other while playing. It helps women participants to be more vocal and expressive 3. Inter-relationships : A sport is not played in isolation, it's a team effort, whether it s inside the team or as supporting staff, the player must maintain her relationship with ev- eryone in the team. Women participants learn to maintain their relationships and respect each other whether it is on the field or off the field. 4. Cooperation : Women learn to cooperate with each other when they are playing on the field. This becomes a part of their life also as they learn to work and cooperate with others in total harmony and peace. 5. Explain menstrual dysfunction. Ans. Menstrual dysfunction is an abnormal condition in a woman's menstrual cycle. Nor- mal range of the menstruation cycle is 21 to 35 days. If it happens earlier than 21 days or after more than 35 days, then it’s a problem. Other menstrual problems include missing three or more periods, menstrual flow heavier or lighter in comparison with usual, cycle happening longer than seven days, any pain, cramping or vomiting during period, bleeding after meno- pause etc. Causes of abnormal menstrual cycles or menstrual order are: overweight, stress, dietary disorder, disease, sudden change in exercise schedule, travel, other medical complications ete. There are different types of menstrual disorders which are given below: 1. Pre-menstrual Syndrome: Pre-menstrual Syndrome includes unpleasant or uncom- fortable symptoms during the cycle. These may include depression, anxiety, irritation, head- ache, fainting, vertigo, infection etc. and may last from a few hours to few days. Symptoms may be reduced through moderate exercise, taking a balanced diet, having a good sleep and rest. 2, Amenorrhea: Amenorrhea is known as missed periods or absence of a normal monthly period or menstrual cycle. There are two types of amenorrhea, (a) Primary amenorrhea: Menstruation cycle does not begin at puberty. (b) Secondary amenorrhea: It happens when menstruation for three months or more. This is the most common type of amenorrhea. 3. Dysmenorrhea: When menstruation happens with severe pain or frequent menstrual cramps, the condition is called Dysmenorrhea. Symptoms associated with dysmenorrhea may be cramping in lower abdomen, low back pain, pain in legs, nausea, fatigue, weakness ete. 4, Menorrhagia: Menorrhagia is characterized by heavy and long term or continuous menstrual bleeding. 5. Polymenorrhea: Polymenorrhea is a term used to describe a menstrual cycle that is shorter than 21 days. 6. Oligomenorrhea: Oligomenorthea is infrequent menstruation. More strictly, it is men- strual periods occurring at intervals of greater than 35 days. 7. Metrorrhagia: Metrorrhagia refers to missed, delayed or erratic periods or abnormal bleeding patterns. Physical Education — XII 218. Postmenopausal bleeding: Postmenopausal bleeding is bleeding that occurs after one year of menopause or after a woman has stopped having menstrual cycles due to meno- pause. The female hormones oestrogen and progesterone are important for overall body health. ‘These hormones also regulate a woman's periods. Menstrual Cycle ‘Menstruation is the eyclie physiological discharge through the vagina, of blood and muscosal tissue from the non-pregnant uterus. The whole menstrual cycle lasts for an average 28 days. The menstrual cycle consists of three major phases : 1. Menstrual (flow) Phase : This phase lasts 4 to 5 days. During this phase, the lining of the uterus called the endometrium is removed and the menstrual flow starts. 2. Proliferative Phase : This phase lasts for about 10 days. During this phase, the thickening of the endometrium starts and the ovarian follicle, starts maturing. This phase help the uterus for fertilization. When the rapturing of the follicles occur, the ovum is released (ovulation) and thus the proliferative phase stops. 3. Secretory Phase : This phase lasts for about 10 to 14 days. During this phase, the endometrium continues to thicken. In addition there is an increase in its blood and nutrient supply. Finally, this phase prepares the uterus for pregnancy. The empty follicles which is now called the corpus luteum secretes progesterone and continuation of estrogen secretion too occur. Sports Performance and Menstrual Cycle Menstruation is an absolutely normal physiological happening and routine should not be changed due to its presence or absence. There is no evidence that participation in sports causes any significant change in the menstrual cycle, either favourable or unfavourable in the majority of females. Women performing during menstruation have also achieved record breaking-medal winning performance. Top-class athlete will almost invariably compete during menstruation although some of them are not psychologically prepared for it. Girls or women should not look on menses as sickness. Full participation should be allowed at all times for those who desire to be active during menses. Postponement of menses by the use of hormones is sometimes possible but may lead to worse symptoms which may decrease the ability of the athlete to compete. Physical performance by women seem to be best in the immediate postmenstural period and upto the 15th day of menstrual cycle. Generally in endurance dominating sports of long duration, physical performance during menstruation is found to be poor. To conclude in nutshell it is physiologically normal to continue exercise during menstruation. There is lack of knowledge and understanding of the meaning of menstruation. ‘The misconception should be removed by adopting scientific temperament. Dysmenorrhea may be less common in the physically active women than the inactive ones. This problem is probably neither increased nor cured by sports participation. 6. What is Female Athlete Triad? Explain. Ans. Participation in sports and physical activities provides a lot of physical and social benefits like developing leadership qualities, competition, team work etc. Regular participa- tion in such activities is associated with a longer and better quality of life, reduced risks of a variety of diseases and many psychological and emotional benefits. Physical activity could reduce the risk of chronic diseases in later life. Conditions, such as cancer, diabetes and coronary heart disease, have their origins in childhood, and can be aided, in part, by regular physical activity in the early years. Sports like Judo, boxing, wrestling, tackwondo ete. exert a lot of pressure on athletes to 22 (OP) Physical Education - XIImaintain their shape and weight. Participation in sports like distance running, cycling, cross. country ete. athletes have to take a balanced diet since these demand high levels of energy and a good quantity of dietary intake. Three components to describe the triad were (a) disordered eating, (b) amenorrhoea and (©) osteoporosis The illustration above depicts the female athlete triad spectrum, The black lines repre- sent the spectrums of each of the 3 components and the red and green triangles show both of the extremes. The top green triangle represents a healthy athlete who has a good balance between energy intake and expenditure. Because of this, they have a normal menstruation cycle and a bone mineral density that is above average for the athlete’s age. The bottom left, red triangle represents an athlete who does not have an appropriate balance between energy intake and expenditure. The terms to describe Female Athlete Triad have now been revised. The new terms to indicate problems are (a) low energy availability with or without eating disorder, (b) dysfunction of menstruation and (0) low bone density. Ifan individual takes optimum calories as required by body, including energy required for physical activity and energy required for body functions, the result is promotion of healthy bones and normal menstrual function. All three components are very much interlinked. Oestoperosis Oestoperosis refers to the decreased bone mineral contents that causes increased bone porosity. Bone loss is a hall mark of aging. A reduction in the bone mass can reduce body stature. It also makes the individual prone to spontaneous fractures like vertebral compression fractures, hip and wrist fractures ete. Risk factors for oestoperosis in females ‘The risk factors leading to the state of oestoperosis in women are : 1. Advanced age : The older women are more prone to oestoperosis than the older men, This may be due to the hormonal differences affecting bone. 2. Menopause : The occurrence rate of fractures increases by 2 to 5 times starting with the onset of menopause because of the decrease of secretion of estrogen hormone after menopause, 3. Diet low in calcium : Insufficient calcium intake is the root cause of oestoperosis. Daily calcium requirement of an active woman is 1000 mg. and for non-menstruating and post menopaused women is 1500 mg. Along with calcium vitamin D is also essentially included in diet for the absorption of calcium. 4, Amenorrhea : Women suffering from amenorrhea for more than six months are also at risk of oestoperosis as secretion of estrogen hormone decreases in them, which is essential for absorption of calcium 5. Eating disorders : Oestoperosis is also common in women suffering from eating disorders like anorexia nervosa. The reason probably is an insufficient calcium intake. 6. Bad eating habits : Too much intake of caffeine, alcohol, cigarette smoking and lactose intolerance also causes oestoperosis. ‘The athletes or players who have an intake of less than 2000 keal of caleium per day, should supplement their diet with calcium and iron. Physical Education - XII 23Amenorrhea Amenorrhea is menstrual disorder in women in which women of 18 years and above either never begin menstruating or there is an absence of menstruation for months and years. Various factors which are likely to induce amenorrhea are : 1. Intensive training and competition : Amenorrhea is evident in the female athletes who involve in high intensity training and competitive levels. The long distance runners, swimmers, gymnasts etc. are prone to amenorrhea. The occurrence of amenorrhea is evident to be greater in the female runners and joggers with a history of delayed menarche. 2. Excessive loss of body weight resulting in decrease of fat percentage : The women lose 1/3 or a 10% to 15% her total body weight which may induce amenorrhea. The reason being, fat is a prime source of estrogen which is vital for normal menstrual function. Thus any decrease in adipose tissue will influence the storage and metabolism of estrogen. 3.Malnourishment and eating disorders : Insufficient intake of total calories, proteins, fat or specific vitamins and minerals may cause secondary amenorrhea. Elite middle and long distance runners who are diagnosed with eating disorder like anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or both are likely to suffer with amenorrhea. 4. Previous history of menstrual disorders : A previous history of menstrual disorders is likely to be one of the factors in the development of secondary amenorrhea. 5. Hormonal changes : Abnormal reproductive hormone functions are reported in amenorrheic athletes. oe 24 (OP) Physical Education - XIIfor Lifestyle Disease Multiple Choice Qustions (MCQs) 1. What causes Obesity? (a) Non-Activity (b) Smoking (©) Over indulgence in food (a) All of the above Ans. (c) Over indulgence in food 2. Ushtrasana pose referes to (a) Camel pose (b) Cow pose (©) Fish pose (d) Cobra pose Ans.(a) Camel pose 3. Which asana is of side twist pose ? (a) Shavasana (b) Chakrasana (©) Ardha Mastendrasana (@) Parvatasana Ans.(c) Ardha Mastendrasana 4. Which gland secretes the hormone insulin, the lack if which is associated with Diabetes? (a) Endocrine glands —_(b) Pituitary (c) Pancreas (d) Hypothalmus Ans.(c) Pancreas 5, Katichakrasana is a (a) standing asana_—(b) Sitting asana_—_(e) Lying asana_—_(d) Balancing asana Ans.(a) standing asana 6. Bhujangasana is also known as (a) Dog posture (b) Child posture (c) Cobra posture (a) Reverse Boat pos- ture Ans.(c) Cobra posture 7. Which asana can be suggested as preparatory asana for Pawanmuktasana (a) Vajarasana (b) Bhujangasana _(c) Matsyendrasana (d) Tadasana Ans.(d) Tadasana 8, What causes Hypertension? (a) Excessive insulin secretion (b) Smoke (©) Food (a) All of the above Ans. (a) Excessive insulin secretion 9. In Uttanpadasana which is the correct pose: (a) Legs raised in supine position (b) Legs raised in prone position (©) Head raised in supine position (d) Head and led raised in prone position Ans.(a) Legs raised in supine position 10. Which asana is base asana for relaxation and mental repose? (a) Shavasana (b)Chakrasana —_(c) Halasan (4) Parvatasana ‘Ans. (a) Shavasana 11. Which of the asana is for relaxation? a. Makarasana (b) Bhadrasana_ (c) Ardh-Chakrasana (d) All of the above Ans. a. Makarasana 12. In Ardh Chakrasana which is the correct pose: (a) Back bend in standing position (b) Forward bend in standing position (o) Leg raised in sitting position (d) Head and led raised in lying position Ans. (a) Back bend in standing position 13. Which asana is base asana is not having back bend? (a) Tadasasana (b) Chakrasana (©) Bhujangasana (d) Ushtrasana Ans. (a) Tadasasana Physical Education ~ XII 2514, Obesity is a root cause of various problems such as: (a) Diabetes and hypertension (b) Back pain (©) Sprain and strain (@) Fracture and dislocation Ans.(a) Diabetes and hypertension 15. Ramesh is a student of the 11th class. He is a good player of handball. He was going to participate in a state-level tournament with their teammates. His parents came to the coach and said that Ramesh has a problem of digestion with a specific food. Ramesh is facing the problem of : (a) Hypertension (b) Obesity (c) Food intolerance (a) Diabetes Ans.(c) Food intolerance 16. Halasana is used for curing which of the following deformities? (a) Kyphosis (b) Scoliosis (©) Lordosis (a) Flatfoot Answers 1) 2) 3.0) 4. 5a) 6c) 7.) 8 (a) 9(a) 10.(a) 11. (a) 12.(a) 13.(a) 14. (a) 15.(©) 16. (a) Match the Column List 1 List 2 1. Prone Line Asana i. Increases flexibility 2, Standing Asana ii, Improve physical and mental precision 3, Supine Line Asana iii, Improves strength and elasticity of muscles 4, Sitting Asana iv. Provides physical and mental stability {a) 1-Gi), 2-(iii), 3-G), 4-(iv) (b) 1-Gi), 2-(i), 3-Gv), 4-(iii) (c) 1-(iii), 2-(i), 3-Gv), 4-(ii) (d) 1-G), 2-(iii), 3-(iv), 4-Gi) Ans. Reasoning Questions 1. _ Given below are the two statements labeled Assertion (A) and Reason (R). A. To maintain an ideal body weight is very important for good health. R. Yogic exercises and restricts overeating help to maintain good health. (a) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A) (b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A) (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false (a) (A) is false, but (R) is true Ans. (b) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A) Very short answer type questions 1. Write the contraindication of vakrasana. Ans. Contraindications 1, It may not be a good idea to practice this yoga pose if there is a back injury. 2. Pregnant women should avoid this yoga pose. 3, Turning of the entire neck may make the muscles around the neck sore for someone suffering from weak neck muscles or upper spine. 2. Write in detail the benefits of Paschimottanasana. Ans. Benefits 26 (OP) Physical Education — XII1. It stretches the muscles of the back from head to the ankles. It contracts the muscles of the anterior part of the body. 2, Improves the process of respiration and the functions of the intra-abdominal glands, especially the secretions. 3, Improves flexibility of the lumbar region, the hips and thighs (back side of thighs and calves). 4, Massages and tones the abdominal and pelvic region including all organs such as the liver, pancreas, kidneys, adrenals, spleen and intestines. 5. Improves blood circulation in the back region and tones the spinal nerves, 6. Improves alignment of the vertebral column. 3. Draw and label the diagram of Supta Vajarasan correctly. Ans. Reclining Hero Pose Supta Virasana \ ae) ’ { = eS mmm mamma (Neto moe EEE oe a 4, Write in detail the benefits of Ardha halasana. Ans. Benefits 1. Improves digestion and appetite. 2, Improves blood circulation. 3. Strengthens the thigh and calf muscles. 4, Helps to reduce abdomen fat and lose weight 5. Stimulates the abdominal organs. Short answer type questions 1, Draw and label the diagram of Dhanurasan correctly and discuss the tech- nique for the asana. Ans. Label diagram of Dhanurasana : posterior deltoid A 4 triceps ns, gastrocnemius pectoralis major serratus anterior ‘quadhiceps ‘abdominals ——_iopsoas Physical Education ~ XII 27Technique 1. Take prone position, legs together, and hands straight by the side of the thighs, chin resting on the ground. 2. Fold the legs at the knee and bring them to the thighs. Knees must remain together. 3. Bring your hands backward and hold the toes of respective legs with the thumb and forefinger of the respective hands. 4. Raise your legs up a bit and simultaneously raise your head and chest. 5. Holding the toes, pull the legs towards your ears and bring the toes near the ear. Gaze in front. 6. While returning to the original position loosen your hands, take legs backward, let the thighs touch the ground, leave the toes and ultimately bring the legs and hand to the first position. 2. Explain the correct breathing pattern while performing Suryabhedan pranayama. ‘Ans. 1, It increases the body temperature, which removes the Kafa (mucus) imbalance. 2. This is very effective in obesity. Regular practice of Right nostril breath is used for weight loss. 3. Prana increases in the body, increasing the vitality. 4. Very effective for depression, low energy. 5. Very effective for stress management. Helps reducing the anxiety, depression and other mental illnesses. 6. Balancing Ida and Pingala removes all the blockages in the pranic energy channels, which may lead to spiritual awakenings. It gives all the benefits of Deep breathing as well. 3. Explain the correct breathing pattern while performing Paschimotasana. Ans. Sit in Dandasana as explained above, Inhale and raise both your arms overhead, stretching up from the base of the hips through the torso into the arms and fingers of the hand. Exhale, start bending forward from the hips till the arms reach wherever possible on the legs below, keeping the back straight throughout. 4, Write in detail the benefits of Shalabhasana. Ans. Benefits It helps to reduce the abdominal fat and tones the abdomen. It strengthens back and neck muscles. It helps in repairing your entire spinal cord and replenishes it. It helps to rectify your neck pain, and repair defects in the neck joints. It encourages digestion by improving activity of the intestines by stretching them. It helps in rectifying urinary disorders. It strengthens the uterus and reproductive system. It helps in correcting the menstrual problems. It strengthens the hip bones and reduces any excessive thigh muscles 10. It helps to decrease constipation. 5. Draw and label the diagram of Saral Matsayasana correctly and discuss the technique for the asana, Ans. Senanawye Raine chet ngage Grab feet with hands ~ b ee a = Push eps down BP Rest ron on floor ‘Draw elbows down, 28 (OP) Physical Education - XII Stretch neck.Technique 1. Lie flat on the back. With the support of your hands keep the top of your head on the mat. 2, Neck, upper back and shoulders will be lifted from the ground. 3. Relax your hands at the side of your body. 4, Breathe normally and keep your toes stretched out. 5. Hold the position for 30 seconds, then relax. 6. Explain the correct breathing pattern while performing nadi-shodhan pranayama. Ans. 1. Sit in any comfortable meditation asana, Keep the head and spine straight. The eyes should be closed. 2. Place right hand in jnana mudra. Close the right nostril with the right thumb. Inhale through the left nostril for 5 counts. 3. After 5 counts of breath, release the pressure of thumb from the right nostril and close the left nostril with the ring finger. 4. Exhale through the right nostril for 10 counts, keeping the respiration rate slow, deep and silent. Then, inhale through the right nostril for 5 counts. 5. Exhale 5 rounds of practice or for 3 to 5 minutes, making sure that no sound is produced as the air passes through the nostrils. 7. Discuss the technique for the asana. Ans. Technique Bhadrasana means Gracious Yoga, it consists of two words —Bhadra and Asana. Bhadra is a Sanskrit word, which means Auspicious or Gracious, while asana indicates Yoga pose. 1. Sit on the mat with legs fully stretched forward. 2, Bring the feet, with the toes pointing outward, close to the generative organ, the heels touching the perineum very closely. 3. If required, clasp the feet to bring the heels as close to the body as possible 4, Once this position is secured, place the hands on the respective knees pressing them down. 5. Keep the neck straight , upper body (chest) forward, stomach held in normal contour, focus eyes at one point straight ahead. 9. Write in detail the benefits of Ardha Chakrasana Ans. Benefits 1. Strengthens the back and abdominal muscles. 2. Tones the organs in the abdomen including the digestive, excretory and reproductive organs, 3. Relief from back problems and postural defects. 4, Opens the chest and strengthens the arms and shoulder muscles. 5. Posture prepares beginners for the more difficult full wheel pose or Chakrasana. Case Study 1. Raman is a student of class VIII and is suffering from Obesity. During a recent medical checkup at school, he was advised to practice yoga and participate in sports activities for curing it. He consulted the yoga instructor at the school for further guidance. Based on this case answer the following questions: 1. The yoga instructor at the school has asked Raman to perform 2. The BMI index for an Obese person is Physical Education — XII 293. Due to the Obesity; Raman is also suffering from knock knees for which he is advised to Ans. 1. Vajrasana, 2. >30, 3. Walk on outer edge of foot Long answer type questions 1, Discuss the asanas helpful for prevention of obesity. Ans. MATSYASANA The Sanskrit word Matsya means fish. Hence, Matsyasana refers to the fish pose. Accord- ing to the ancient Yogic texts, Matsyasana can restore spinal strength and overall body bal- ance, consequently leading to a better physical and emotional outlook Chest up Toa Crown on floor Technique 1. Begin Matsyasana by lying down in Savasana (Corpse Pose). Stretch arms and legs out, relax the body and take a few deep breaths. 2. Place your palms under your hips in a way that the palms are facing the ground. Now, bring the elbows closer to each other, placing them close to your waist. 3. Cross your legs so that your feet cross each other at your middle, and your thighs and knees are placed flat on the floor. 4, Breathe in and lift your chest up in a way that your head is also lifted, and your crown touches the floor. 5, Make sure the weight of your body is on your elbows and not on your head. As your chest is lifted, lightly pressurize your shoulder blades. 6. Hold the position only until you are comfortable. Breathe normally. 7. To release from Matsyasana gently raise the head up, lowering the chest and head to the floor and bring the hands back along the sides of the body. 8, Ensure the head is at complete rest and the lower spine is close to the floor. Relax in Savasana and take few breaths. When ready, go hack into the asana again and hold it for longer time and take the asana deeper with every exhalation. Breath awareness 1. Begin slow inhalation and exhalation and as you exhale throw the chest out and bring the head deeper down. 2, Slowly inhale and bring the head up and release the head and shoulders, 3, Relax the body as you exhale and stretch the entire back down to the floor or mat and take few breaths, Benefits 1. Matsyasana opens and stretches the neck muscles and shoulders. 30 (OP) Physical Education - XII2. Helps in opening the chest and corrects round shoulders too, 3. Gives relief from respiratory disorders by encouraging deep breathing. 4. Strengthens the back muscles with the formation of the arch. 5. Helps tone the parathyroid, pituitary and pineal glands. 6. This posture helps to regulate emotions and stress. Contraindications : ‘Matsyasana should not be practised by someone suffering from 1. high or low blood pressure. 2. neck injuries or injury to any part of the lower or middle back. 3. migraine. 4. spondylitis 5. heart ailments 2. Write down the procedure and contraindications of Pavanmuktasana in de- tail. Ans. Procedure : 1. Lie on back, stretching your legs straight. 2. Now bend your right knee and hold it with your hands, pressing it towards your abdo- men. Breathe out, while lifting up your head and try to touch your knee with your chin. 3. Breathe in and stretch your legs straight. 4. After that press your abdomen with your left leg. 5. Then press your abdomen with both legs, placing your chin between your knees. From this position, swing your body back and forth 5 to 10 times, then swing your body left to right and vice versa 5 to 10 times. Contraindications 1. Must be avoided if there is recent abdominal surgery as there is a lot of pressure on the abdomen 2. Anyone suffering from hernia or piles should avoid this asana. 3. Pregnant women should not practice this asana. 3. Explain Katichakrasana and its benefits Ans. Katichakrasana ‘The name of this yoga asana comes from Kati meaning waist and chakra meaning circle. Katichakrasana, literally means rotation of the waist. It gives a nice stretch to the waist and helps in making it more flexible and supple. Technique 1. Keep the legs 2-3 feet apart. 2. Raise both the arms up to shoulder level with palm facing each other and keep them parallel. 3. While exhaling, twist the body towards the left side so that the right palm touches the left shoulder, come back with inhalation. 4. While exhaling, twist the body towards the right side so that the left palm touches the right shoulder, come back with inhalation. 5. This is one round: repeat it two more times. 6. Relax in Samasthiti Benefits 1. Good for relieving constipation 2. Strengthens and improves the flexibility of the spine and waist 3. Good for arm and leg muscles Physical Education — XII 314. Opens up the neck and shoulders and strengthens the abdominal muscles and lower back 5. Beneficial for those with sedentary or deskbound jobs 4. Discuss the technique and benefits of Bhujangasana. Ans. In Sanskrit the word Bhujanga means Cobra. Since the final position of this asana resembles the ‘Hooded Snake’ therefore it is called Bhujangasana. Techniques 1. Take prone lying position, legs together, toes together, pointing outwards, hands by the side of the body, fingers together, palm facing upward and forehead resting on the ground. 2, Fold hands at the elbows, place palms on the ground near each side of the shoulders, thumb should be under the armpit 3. Bring chin forward and place it on the ground. Gaze in front. 4, Raise chin and turn head backward as much as possible, Raise the thorax turning the spine backwards up to the navel. Do not raise navel. 5. Maintain the posture for some time. Then slowly bring your body back on the ground, starting from the upper part of the navel, thorax shoulder, the chin, and lastly place your forehead on the ground. 6. Now, relax your hands and place them on either side of your thighs. Benefits 1. Strengthens and increases the flexibility of the spine and vertebral column. 2. Opens the chest, shoulders, heart and ribcage. 3. Tones and strengthens the entire spinal extensor group of back muscles. 4. Stimulates the endocrine system and digestive organs. 5. Good for kyphosis 5. Explain how yoga can prevent Diabetes? Ans. Yoga control is a great place to start as there are many health henefits to practising yoga. As an exercise, it can help control blood sugar and increase insulin sensitivity in the cells. It is also easy to start since there are plenty of online courses and guides on yoga asanas for diabetes. In addition to helping to reduce blood sugar, yoga also promotes better blood circula~ tion and relieves stress, which is a key contributing factor to the symptoms of diabetes. It is an exercise that impacts your health positively in many ways. Yoga helps with weight loss and reduction in stress levels. The benefits of daily meditation also improve mental health and determination, allowing you to more easily make the lifestyle changes you need to keep your diabetes under. 6. Discuss the asanas helpful for a person suffering from Hypertension. Ans. UTTANPADASAN ‘The asana gets its name from the Sanskrit terms Uttana meaning raise-upward, and pada meaning feet or legs. Uttanpadasana is one of the most important asanas in yoga with lots of health benefits. It is also known as The Raised Leg Pose as the legs are raised upwards in supine position Technique 1. Take supine position with legs together, hands together by the side of the body. Palm resting on the ground. 2. Raise both the legs together slowly upto 30 degree angle. 3. Another few seconds, raise further upto 45 degree angle. 4. After few second, raise upto 60 degree angle and maintain it there for few seconds. 5. While returning, stop at 45 degree or 30 degree angle. 6. Finally, bring both the legs on the ground. 32 (OP) Physical Education — XIIBenefits 1. This asana is yery beneficial for those suffereing from diabetes, constipation, indiges- tion and nervous weakness. 2. It balances the naval cetre “ Nabhimanipurachakra” 3. It builds up the abdominal muscles. 4. Helps to improve breathing and lung capacity. Contraindications 1. Avoid this posture in case there is any injury in the neck, back, pelvis, or leg muscles. 2. Pregnant women should not perform this asana. 3. People suffering from severe spondylitis, cardiac disease or abnormal blood pressure must refrain from uttanapadasana. 7. Write down the procedure and contraindications of Matsyasana in detail. Ans. The Sanskrit word Matsya means fish. Hence, Matsyasana refers to the fish pose. According to the ancient Yogic texts, Matsyasana can restore spinal strength and overall body balance, consequently leading to a better physical and emotional outlook. Chest up Look up Cross legs Crown on floor Technique 1. Begin Matsyasana by lying down in Savasana (Corpse Pose). Stretch arms and legs out, relax the body and take a few deep breaths. 2. Place your palms under your hips in a way that the palms are facing the ground. Now, bring the elbows closer to each other, placing them close to your waist. 3. Cross your legs so that your feet cross each other at your middle, and your thighs and knees are placed flat on the floor. 4. Breathe in and lift your chest up in a way that your head is also lifted, and your crown touches the floor. 5. Make sure the weight of your body is on your elbows and not on your head. As your chest is lifted, lightly pressurize your shoulder blades. 6. Hold the position only until you are comfortable. Breathe normally 7. To release from Matsyasana gently raise the head up, lowering the chest and head to the floor and bring the hands back along the sides of the body. 8, Ensure the head is at complete rest and the lower spine is close to the floor. Relax in Savasana and take few breaths. When ready, go back into the asana again and hold it for longer time and take the asana deeper with every exhalation. Contraindications : Matsyasana should not be practised by someone suffering from 1. high or low blood pressure. Physical Education — XII 33neck injuries or injury to any part of the lower or middle back. migraine. spondylitis heart ailments 8. Explain sitli pranayama and its benefits Ans. As the name indicates, this Pranayama cools the system. It helps to keep the body’s temperature down. Technique 1. Sit in Padmasana or in any comfortable position. Place your hands on the knees in jnana mudra, Close your eyes gently. 2, Open your mouth, bring the tongue outside the mouth and form a cylindrical shape by bending the sides of the tongue longitudinally and inhale. 3. While inhaling, the air should pass through the tongue. 4. Close your mouth. 4, Retain breath for as long as you can while pressing the chin against the chest (chin lock), simultaneously pulling your rectum muscles (anal lock) 5. Then release chin lock and anal lock and exhale slowly through the nostrils. Benefits 1. Beneficial in diseases pertaining to throat and spleen ete. 2. Cures indigestion. 3. Helps in controlling thirst and hunger. Lowers blood pressure. 4, Beneficial for diseases caused by imbalance of pitta dosha (heat). 5. Purifies blood. 9. Discuss the asanas helpful for a person suffering from arthritis? Ans. Sarala Matsyendrasana : The word Saral means easy and Matsya means fish. Technique Lie flat on the back. 1. With the support of your hands keep the top of your head on the mat, 2. Neck, upper back and shoulders will be lifted from the ground. 3. Relax your hands at the side of your body. 4, Breathe normally and keep your toes stretched out. 5. Hold the position for 30 seconds, then relax. Breath Awareness 1. Inhale as you lift the chest and tuck the head. 2, Exhale while relaxing the body and bring it to the initial position. 3. And get back to normal breathing Benefits 1. It improves digestive system. 2. Helps to cure irritable bowel syndrome. 3. Helps to get rid of abdominal-related issues Contraindications People with cervical spondylitis and frozen shoulder should avoid practicing this asana. 10. Write down the procedure and contraindications of Makarasana in detail. Ans. In Sanskrit “Makar” means “Crocodile, and “Asana” means “posture”. The English name is “Crocodile pose”. Technique 1, Lie down on the floor on your stomach with your hands folded under the head. 2, Place the right palm over the left palm on the ground and place the head over the right AEN eo 34 (OP) Physical Education - XIIpalm in a relaxed way and close your eyes. 3. Stretch the legs as far as possible. The toes should point outwards. 4, Relax the whole body. Breathe normally and slowly. Feel the whole body touching the ground and the deep relaxation in all your muscles. 5, Relax in this posture for few minutes. 6. While returning from the posture, slowly bring the feet together. Unfold the arms and come to the Prone Position. Benefits 1, Deep relaxation to the shoulders and the spine. 2, Reduce Waist pain. 3, Helps in Slipped dise. 4, Asthmatic and patients with lung disorders, 5. Relief for arthritis patients. Contraindications Practitioners in their second or third trimesters of pregnancy should avoid practice of makarasana in prone posture, oO% Physical Education ~ XII 35Physical Education & Sports for CWSN Multiple Choice Qustions (MCQs) 1, The International Paralympics Committee was founded in the year a. 1960 b, 1948, e. 1900 d. 1989 Ans. d. 1989 2. The reason Paralympic Games got their name was because a. they were meant for athletes suffering from paraplegia. b. they run alongside or parallel to the Olympic Games. c. the athletes are paragons of their sports. a. they are attended by a large number of paramedics Ans. b. they run alongside or parallel to the Olympic Games. 3. Paralympic Games was a 1948 sporting competition held at Stoke Mandeville hospital in a, England b. United States of America c. Germany a. Greece Ans. c. Germany 4, The founder of Special Olympics was a, Eunice Kennedy Shriver b, John F. Kennedy ¢. Lyndon B. Johnson. Donald Trump Ans. a. Eunice Kennedy Shriver 5. The first Deaflympics Games were held in the year a, 1924 b, 1948 c. 1954 d. 1988 Ans. a. 1924 6. Grouping process associated with Paralympics is referred as a, Divisioning b, Classification ©. Grouping a. Categorization Ans. b. Classification 7. Grouping process associated with Special Olympics is referred as? a, Divisioning b, Classification c. Grouping a. Categorization Ans. a. Divisioning 8. Rule used by Special Olympics to achieve the intentions of fairness is referred as a. Maximum Effort Rule b. Honest Effort Rule c. Best Effort Rule d. Minimum Effort Rule Ans. a. Maximum Effort Rule 9. Which is the first step used in classification for Paralympics a. Medical Assessment b, Functional A: ¢. Observation . Competition Ans. a. Medical Assessment 10. Inclusion is vast concept that implies a. including learners with differing abilities, appearance and economic conditions in edu- cation b. including learners with an emotional or intellectual impairment in mainstream edu- cation c. integrating all children with intellectual disabilities into main stream schooling 36 (OP) Physical Education - XIId. integrating all children with physical disabilities into mainstream schooling Ans. a. including learners with differing abilities, appearance and economic conditions in edu- cation 11. Right to education provides free education for all children within the age group of a, 5-L0yrs b. 6-14 yrs c, 10-18 yrs, 4. 2-7 yrs Ans. b. 6-14 yrs 12. Which of the following will be an inclusive school: a. Mainstream school with separate classrooms for different abilities b. Mainstream school with same classrooms for different abilities c. Separate schools for Mainstream and for children with disability a All of the above Ans. b. Mainstream school with same classrooms for different abilities 13. Development of Gross Motor and Fine Motor skills are benefits which are part of : a. Physical benefits b. Mental benefits ¢. Social benefits . Emotional benefits Ans. a. Physical benefits 14. Graded activities as strategy for effective inclusive physical education program includes: a. Complex to simple activities b. Simple to complex activities c. Challenging abilities d. None of the above Ans. b. Simple to complex activities 15. Which of the following is least preferred strategy for making physical activities acces- sible: a. Appropriate Space b. Age appropriate Equipments ¢. Trained coaches and scientific resources a. Exclusive training venue for specific disability sports e. Common venue with accessibility for multiple disability sports Ans. b. Age appropriate Equipments 16. School management needs to recognize the essential place of physical activity in the education of children with special needs. In order to develop lifelong habits for fitness and to provide them with many opportunities of socialization, schools need to under- stand that physical education is not a secondary subject but it is just as important as other skills. A. Which of these is not one of the results of physical activities in children with special needs? (a) Improvement in confidence (b) Improvement in endurance (©) Increase in depression (d) Better hand-eye coordination Ans. (c) Increase in depression 17. Name the model which refers to bringing students with disabilities and students of gen- eral education into the same platform of learning. (a) Inclusive education (b) UNESCO (c) Child Rights and You (d) Child Rights International Network Ans. (a) Inclusive education 18, Ravi is a new student in Rakesh Sir’s class. Rakesh sir observed that Ravi’s behavior is different from other students, he is aggressive, rude and uncooperative, he finds it dif- ficult to make friends in school nobody wants to be his friend. Rakesh discussed this situation with his classmates and told them about ODD. Rakesh suggested students to interact and be friendly with Ravi this would help Ravi to remain calm & happy. Physical Education ~ XII 37