Tutorial C++
Kanishk Tomar
23BCE10588
1. Demonstrate Operator Overloading concept in C++ with proper
source code.
// Operator Overloading Example
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// User: [Your Name], Reg. No.: [Your Registration Number]
// Complex number class
class Complex {
private:
float real;
float imag;
public:
// Constructor
Complex(float r = 0, float i = 0) : real(r), imag(i) {}
// Overload the '+' operator
Complex operator + (const Complex &c) const {
return Complex(real + c.real, imag + c.imag);
// Function to display the complex number
void display() const {
cout << real << " + " << imag << "i" << endl;
};
int main() {
Complex c1(3.5, 2.5), c2(1.5, 4.5);
Complex c3 = c1 + c2; // Calls the overloaded '+' operator
c3.display(); // Outputs: 5.0 + 7.0i
return 0;
2. Discuss the concept of Virtual function , pure virtual function in
Polymorphism . Do justify your answer with suitable code .
In C++, polymorphism allows functions to behave differently based on the object that invokes them.
Virtual functions enable late binding, and pure virtual functions define an interface in a base class
that derived classes must implement.
Virtual Function: A virtual function is a member function in a base class that you expect to override
in derived classes. When you refer to a derived object using a pointer or reference to the base class,
you can call a virtual function to execute the derived class’s version of that function.
Pure Virtual Function: A pure virtual function is a virtual function that has no implementation in the
base class. It is declared by assigning 0 to the function in the base class. A class containing a pure
virtual function is abstract and cannot be instantiated.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// User: [Your Name], Reg. No.: [Your Registration Number]
// Base class
class Shape {
public:
// Virtual function
virtual void draw() {
cout << "Drawing a shape" << endl;
// Pure virtual function
virtual void area() = 0; // Must be implemented by derived classes
};
// Derived class 1
class Circle : public Shape {
public:
void draw() override {
cout << "Drawing a circle" << endl;
void area() override {
cout << "Area of circle = πr²" << endl;
};
// Derived class 2
class Rectangle : public Shape {
public:
void draw() override {
cout << "Drawing a rectangle" << endl;
void area() override {
cout << "Area of rectangle = length × width" << endl;
};
int main() {
Shape *s1 = new Circle();
Shape *s2 = new Rectangle();
s1->draw(); // Outputs: Drawing a circle
s1->area(); // Outputs: Area of circle = πr²
s2->draw(); // Outputs: Drawing a rectangle
s2->area(); // Outputs: Area of rectangle = length × width
delete s1;
delete s2;
return 0;
3. Illustrate different types of inheritance in C++ using suitable examples.
Inheritance allows one class to inherit properties and behaviors (methods) from another class. There
are several types of inheritance in C++:
a. Single Inheritance
A derived class inherits from only one base class.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// User: [Your Name], Reg. No.: [Your Registration Number]
// Base class
class Animal {
public:
void eat() {
cout << "Eating..." << endl;
};
// Derived class
class Dog : public Animal {
public:
void bark() {
cout << "Barking..." << endl;
};
int main() {
Dog d;
d.eat(); // Inherited from Animal
d.bark(); // Defined in Dog
return 0;
b. Multiple Inheritance
A derived class inherits from more than one base class.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// User: [Your Name], Reg. No.: [Your Registration Number]
// Base class 1
class A {
public:
void showA() {
cout << "Class A" << endl;
};
// Base class 2
class B {
public:
void showB() {
cout << "Class B" << endl;
}
};
// Derived class
class C : public A, public B {
public:
void showC() {
cout << "Class C" << endl;
};
int main() {
C c;
c.showA(); // Inherited from A
c.showB(); // Inherited from B
c.showC(); // Defined in C
return 0;
c. Multilevel Inheritance
A derived class inherits from another derived class, forming a chain.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// User: [Your Name], Reg. No.: [Your Registration Number]
// Base class
class A {
public:
void showA() {
cout << "Class A" << endl;
}
};
// Derived class 1
class B : public A {
public:
void showB() {
cout << "Class B" << endl;
};
// Derived class 2
class C : public B {
public:
void showC() {
cout << "Class C" << endl;
};
int main() {
C c;
c.showA(); // Inherited from A
c.showB(); // Inherited from B
c.showC(); // Defined in C
return 0;
