TRAQ Practice Test.

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TRAQ Practice Test

A Level 2 assessment requires the 1 point

assessor to

Inspect completely around the tree

inspect the visible buttress roots

inspect the trunk and branches

all of the above

Stratifying and prioritizing targets is 1 point

used for

determining which trees pose the greatest

risk

classifying targets according to value

ranking severity of defects

ranking high- and low-value trees

Wind speeds can be variable 1 point

depending on

height above the ground

structures that create a tunnel effect

the effects of topography in the area

all of the above

The magnitude of a bending moment 1 point

depends on the

direction from which the force comes

amount of force and length of the lever arm

friction resulting from overall leaf area

mass of the structure acted upon (the tree)

After removing dead, dying, and 1 point

diseased branches, there may still be

abatement risk

leftover risk

residual risk
 enduring risk

Level 3 assessments are generally 1 point

more time Intensive and more

expensive than Level 2 assessments
because

they require specialized equipment data

collection and analysis, and/or expertise

the potential consequences of tree failure

are signiBcantly higher than normal

they involve trees with the highest likelihood

of failure

all of the above

The amount and extent of Internal 1 point

decay can be estimated by

a. observing response growth and

compartmentalization

sounding and/or probing

performing advanced assessment

techniques

all of the above

Risk is evaluated by categorizing or 1 point

quantifying the risk and then

comparing it to the target occupancy rate

and value

multiplying the probability of failure times

the consequences

comparing it to the client's acceptable risk

threshold to determine the signiBcance

quantifying the consequences of impacting

a given target

Dead or dying trees may be retained 1 point

for wildlife habitat if

there is virtually no likelihood of failure

the area is low use or access is restricted

there are no mitigation options

failed parts will not shatter upon impact

Dead branches do not necessarily 1 point

represent imminent failure because

dead branches often shatter when they fall

the consequences of failure are not severe

 if they do fail, they have a low likelihood of
impact

some tree species retain dead branches for

many years

Because tree risk assessors may 1 point

perform risk assessments with limited

information about tree and site
conditions, the assessment is

invalid due to high levels of uncertainty

mostly dependent on the target occupancy

rate

mostly dependent on the target value

founded on observations, experience, and

training

Level 3 assessments are typically 1 point

performed

routinely, after most limited visual

assessments, to follow up on trees of
concern

in conjunction with or after a basic

assessment, if an assessor needs
additional information to assess the risk,
and if the tree owner/manager approves the
additional service
 whenever internal decay is suspected to
provide additional Information about the
extent and location of the decay

whenever more information is required than

can be determined from a basic
assessment regardless of the level of risk

When investigating a cavity. It is 1 point

important to determine

the size and extent of the cavity

the location of the cavity within the cross

section

whether response growth is outpacing

decay progression

all of the above

The exposure time of mobile targets 1 point

in the target zone depends on all of

the following EXCEPT

how fast the target is moving

whether they are likely to be stationary for a

period of time within the target zone

the size of the target zone

the presence of structures or branches

protecting the target
Woundwood is produced in response 1 point

to

cambial damage

fungal invasion

phloem disruption

xylem desiccation

In a basic assessment, after recording 1 point

observations of site condition,

defects, outward signs of possible
internal defects, and response
growth, the next step is to

develop mitigation options and estimate

residual risk for each option

analyze data to determine the likelihood and

consequences of failure to evaluate the
degree of risk

develop and submit the report with all of the

supporting documentation

offer advice on re-inspection intervals

based on the likelihood and consequences
of failure
Standard of care is measured by using 1 point

the best management practices, applicable

industry standards, and training courses

the laws that are enforced by city

ordinances

the level of care deemed reasonable by the

tree owner/manager

all of the above

Lines formed where two edges of 1 point

bark at a crack or wound meet are

called

shears

defects

included bark

seams

Which of the following tools are 1 point

commonly used in a Level 2

assessment, but are not required?

air excavation device

 mallet and probe

decay detection device

inclinometer

Response growth develops as a result 1 point

of

the repeated deformation of cambium and

new wood cells due to loading

Inner Xylem sensing shear stress and

allocating to strengthen heartwood

the Bber orientation of the middle lamella In

response to ring development

all of the above

The process of identifying trees, 1 point

assessing them for risk, determining

and applying mitigation options, and
maintaining an ongoing monitoring
system is referred to as

tree risk assessment

tree risk management

inspection protocol
 tree evaluation protocol

To estimate likelihood of impact the 1 point

arborist should attempt to determine

the occupancy rate of targets within the

target zone

factors that could affect the direction of the

trees fall

factors that could protect the target

all of the above

Another name of an "advanced" 1 point

assessment is

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Level 4

Longitudinal bulges of response 1 point

growth
 can be an indication of an Internal crack

indicate a transverse Bssure along a ray

are called hazard beams

are not capable of closing due to ram's

horns

The reason three levels of assessment 1 point

are defined is

to provide one level each for municipal,

utility, and commercial applications

because arborists must look above ground,

below ground, and inside of a tree

not all trees or situations require the same

depth and breadth of assessment

all of the above

Tree risk assessors should inform 1 point

clients that

mitigation options must be acted upon

within 30 days

no risk assessment can be considered Bnal

unless advanced assessments take place
 risk assessment reports must be signed by
both parties to be accepted in court

tree risk assessments represent the

condition of the tree at the time of
inspection

Type of stress caused by a twisting 1 point

motion is called

tension

compression

torsion

Strain

If the risk rating of whole tree failure is 1 point

rated as low, and the risk rating of

branch failure is rated as high, what is
the tree's overall risk rating?

low

moderate

high

extreme
A disadvantage of verbal/oral reports 1 point

is that they

can create confusion or misunderstandings

do not provide recorded proof of Bndings

may omit useful or essential information

all of the above

Transverse cracks indicate that 1 point

excessive tension or compression has

occurred

the Bbers in the wood have pulled apart or

buckled

branch failure may be probable or imminent

all of the above

When the size of a branch is less than 1 point

one-half the diameter of the parent

stem

included bark is likely to make the junction

weak

the branch union is likely to be strong if it

contains no defects
 the parent stem should be subordinated to
encourage branch growth

the branch may already be in initial stages

of failure

Cankers are more likely to affect tree 1 point

stability if

more than one-third of the tree or branch

circumference is affected

they are conBned to the heartwood

they resulted from frost cracks or foliar

disorders

they are surrounded by woundwood that

has formed "ram's horns"

When assessing loads on trees, you 1 point

should consider all of the following

EXCEPT

the load from self-weight. wind, Ice, snow,

and other factors

the area upon which the load will act

stress raisers, such as cankers and sharp

bends that can magnify the stress
 the distance the tree or tree part will fall,
given the increase in load

When observing and analyzing 1 point

defects in a tree to categorize

likelihood of failure, it is important to
consider that

multiple conditions could be present

target occupancy rates can vary during

daytime and nighttime hours

consequences of failure might not be the

same in all seasons

all of the above

When pruning is recommended to 1 point

mitigate risk, you should consider the

ability of the tree to

compartmentalize and limit decay

recover from loss of leaf area

Sprout from latent buds and develop new

leaf area

all of the above

Which of the following is NOT critical 1 point

to include in a detailed written report?

a statement of the scope of work

options and/or recommendations for

mitigation

temperature, wind speed, and wind direction

at the time of inspection

limitations of the inspection

A tree in which a failure has started or 1 point

is most likely to occur in the near

future even if there is no significant
wind or increased load, would be
categorized with a likelihood of failure
of

imminent

probable

possible

improbable

Flexibility and strength in tension 1 point

wood comes from

 parenchyma

cellulose

lignin

Rays

In the CODIT model, the reaction zone 1 point

consists of

the earlywood cells in each growth ring

pre existing wood tissue that changes after

injury

vessels blocked by tyloses in the walls of

ray cells

new xylem that develops after the injury

Wind moves branches in different 1 point

directions acting to dissipate wind

energy and slow the movement of
large branches in a process called

force reduction

mass damping
 load dissipation

Dampening

Target characteristics are evaluated 1 point

as part of

both likelihood and consequences

assessments

the likelihood assessment

neither likelihood nor consequences

assessments

the consequences assessment

Recently exposed forest-edge trees 1 point

may be more susceptible to failure

due to

their relatively low height-to-diameter ratio

and strong taper

increased wind exposure and minimal taper

root grafts from formerly surrounding trees

that cause instability

their high live crown ratio and excessive

damping
A tree risk assessor may recommend 1 point

a more frequent inspection interval

based on

the tree owner's/manager's high risk

threshold

the presence of a vigorous neighboring tree

the tree owner's/manager's goals and

resources

all of the above

The problem with breaching CODIT 1 point

Wall 4 during decay detection

procedures is that

all four walls are necessary to sustain water

transport

the reaction zone may be killed

compartmentalized decay may spread into

uninfected wood

all of the above

Decay of outer wood is considered 1 point

 more important to stem strength loss than
internal decay

insigniBcant as long as the heartwood is

unaffected

very slow in progression because sapwood

resists decay

rare, and happens only after inner wood is

already decayed

Generally, it is a good idea to re- 1 point

inspect trees with known structural

weaknesses and trees near high value
targets

no less than twice a year

after major storms or other extreme

weather events

every Bve years

at the same time each year

Risk assessment should include 1 point

residual risk after mitigation to

categorize the consequences of failure after

mitigation
 evaluate target ratings in relation to overall
risk

determine remedial actions required to

reduce consequence ratings

help the risk manager in decision-making to

achieve acceptable risk levels

It is impossible to maintain trees free 1 point

of risk because

trees are living organisms and naturally lose

branches or fall

tree maintenance budgets are too limited

for risk mitigation

there aren't enough arborists to assess all

risks

not all practices can be applied in the same

way to all trees

Trees located at the bottom of a steep 1 point

slope are more likely to

experience thinner soils than trees located

at the top of the slope

fail due to high winds than trees located at

the top of the slope
 fall uphill if basal decay is the cause of
failure than trees located at the top of the
slope

become unstable due to wetter soil than

trees located at the top of the slope

A person walking through a park is 1 point

defined as a target that is

static

movable

mobile

dynamic

Which of the following is NOT a true 1 point

statement about brown rot?

brown rots primarily break down cellulose,

leaving behind the lignin

brown rots primarily affect conifers, but

some occur in hardwoods

brown rots are often considered serious due

to signiBcant strength loss

brown rots decrease wood rigidity, but the

wood remains Pexible
Cars parked at a busy shopping 1 point

center from 07:00 to 22:00 have a

frequent

target zone rate

target likelihood

occupancy rate

impact likelihood

The two natural forces that exert 1 point

loads on trees are

stress and strain

gravity and wind

torsion and shear

tension and compression

Adventitious branches tend to be 1 point

weaker than other branches because

they have a U-shaped juncture

they typically contain included bark

they have minimal holding wood

 all of the above

All other factors being equal, a lone 1 point

tree may be more prone to failure

than a tree in a forest stand because

a lone tree would have a more restricted

root system

a forest stand will provide some protection

from wind exposure

lone trees tend not to have many branches

for damping forces

all of the above

Which of the following is NOT part of 1 point

the Level 1 assessment process?

assess the tree(s) of concern from the

deBned perspective (eg, walk-by, drive-by)

record locations of trees that meet the

deBned criteria (e.g, signiBcant defects or
other conditions of concern)

sound and/or probe trees with obvious

cavities to determine the extent of decay

Identify trees needing a higher level of

assessment and/or prompt action
All of the following are the tree risk 1 point

assessors responsibility in the risk

evaluation process EXCEPT

presenting the level of risk determined

providing mitigation options

describing residual risk after mitigation

deciding which mitigation actions to take, if

any

The force of impact of a large tree or 1 point

tree part could be minor if

the distance of fall is very short

other trees or tree parts serve as protection

factors

the target is very close to the tree or tree

part

all of the above

Compression or extension of new 1 point

wood cells under bending loads is

greater than the deformation
experienced by inner wood cells
because
 inner wood cells have already ligniBed

outer cells experience the greatest

torsional, compressive, and tension stress

bark can adapt to stress by creating

Bssures

the phloem is more Pexible than the xylem

The four categories of consequences 1 point

of failure are

extreme, major, negligible, none

severe, signiBcant, minor, negligible

severe, signiBcant, limited, none

extreme, major, minor, negligible

Which of the following is NOT an 1 point

advanced assessment technique?

obtaining target occupancy statistics

using a probe to investigate cavities

researching property values

researching weather data

Which of the following is NOT an 1 point

example of how adjacent trees can

influence the consequences of
failure?

a large tree falls against another tree

causing one or more sequential tree failures

root decay spreads through root grafts from

an adjacent tree

a tree falls into an adjacent tree, preventing

it from impacting a building

a limb falls during a storm and is dePected

by another tree, causing it to miss a target

Tree risk assessors should consider 1 point

tree removal as a last resort to

eliminate risk because

trees offer many beneBts that are lost when

they are removed

there may be other options to reduce the

likelihood of failure

there may be ways to reduce the likelihood

of impacting targets

all of the above

A general term for various types of 1 point

new wood produced in response to

damage or loads in order to
compensate for higher strain
(deformation in the cambium and
outer wood cells is called

response growth

woundwood

compression wood

tension wood

Longitudinal branch cracks most 1 point

commonly occur on horizontal

branches when branches

are codominant and nearly equal in size

contain included bark within the branch

union

are overloaded by wind, rain, freezing rain,

or snow

have a sharp angle of attachment at the

branch union
The scope of work should clarify 1 point

any property boundaries that restrict access

to the tree(s)

local government or authority's

requirements for inspection and permitting

to whom the Bnal report is to be submitted

all of the above

Risk is defined as 1 point

probability consequences target rating,

using a 12-point scale

the combination of the likelihood of an

event and severity of the potential
consequences

the sum of target value, target occupancy

rate, and probability of failure

the likelihood of tree failure multiplied by

the likelihood of impacting a speciBed
target

If the tree part with the highest risk 1 point

rating has been mitigated

the tree is free of risk

 the overall risk rating for the whole tree may
or may not decrease

the highest value target is no longer at risk

there is no need for further assessment

A limitation of using cross-sectional 1 point

strength models for residual strength

of solid wood surrounding internal
decay in trees is that

mature tree trunks tend not to be circular in

cross section

decay may be off center

decay may be irregularly shaped

all of the above

Which of the following is a visual 1 point

indicator of compensation of root/soil

defects?

fungal fruiting structures

Stem girdling roots

wide root Pare

 excessive soil moisture

With the exception of sudden branch 1 point

drop, tree failures in the absence of

wind, ice, or snow are

common in temperate zones with low

rainfall

usually associated with tension wood

development

frequent in tropical climates

usually associated with signiBcant defects

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