hard. Talent identification can also be defined as "the process by which children are encouraged to participate in the sport they are most likely to succeed, based ‘on selected parameters. These parameters are designed to predict performance capacity, considering the child’s current level of fitness and maturity.” As talent, identification is often confused with latent development, keeping the above definition clearly in mind is necessary. Identifying is the first step in progressing from beginner to a successful international athlete; talent development follows this as the next critical phase in achieving sporting success. The figure below illustrates the various stages comprising the long-term talent identification system in sports and games.Talent Detection: th, ‘current invotved in Talent Identification: ate to become elite WS 8 the dccavery of Fy OF potential performers who are not ‘he sport in question Tee es abet wth 9 stable elerate or realize their potential Sante eaming enters Talent Selection: The on stages of dea nese BOCES of Kenn indivi at varios demonstrate pre re-equste pevormace ves Talent Transfer: Focuses on aster tram one spr to ane there are more significant opportunities to succeed mower earners These five steps are comm [see step areconmon tos spring nal decoders temand are often operationalize wn the every pate vee Or selection forthe next step of «programe is nfuences by performace the brevieus development environment) > Discovery of the great talent > Recognition of the hidden talent > By recognizing the talent at the early stage, the children can show thelr skills at their extreme > Talent identification helps in finding a significant asset for the country Components 6f Talent Identification ‘The main components of Tatent Identification (TID) can be divided into the following categories: > Physiological attributes Physical attributes Psychological attributes Technical/Tactical attributes Results vvYyy Intangibles 357p of the ve oe? and weeks. Different perio ee training year, namely preparatory periods * competition periods, and transitional The three cycles of training are: (a) Micro Cycle: The duration of this cycle is 3 to 10 days ands thus considered the shortest cycle of training. In the case of an intermediate and high performance sportsperson, this cycle lasts 5 to 10 days. The last day of the micro cycle provides active recovery and relaxation to the sportsperson to prepare him for training in the next micro cycle. Even though 5 to 10 days is not adequate to achieve most training tasks, it forms an integral part of the entire training process. The following three proportions of high and medium or low load are adopted in the microcycle. @ 1:4, ive., every day of the high load is followed by a day of medium load yys of high load are followed by a day of @ 2:1, ie., every two dai medium load. 360= Physical EDUCATION -xi 3:1, Le, every three days of hi 0 lays of high load are fo ae followed by a medium or ‘specific training tasks. These tasks are: eine Learning and acquiring mastery of sills Maintenance and stabilization of performance Development of physical and motor fitness components Preparation fora specific competition Attainment of optimal level of performance to ee es Preparation for the next mesocycle by providing recovery and relaxation. Amesocycle of 4 weeks is considered the best because this isthe minimum Period within which significant change fs affected in the physiological and psychological factors. The last week of the training mesocycle is. considered a transitional phase that ensures recovery and relaxation. (©) Macro Cycle: The duration of this cycle is 3 to 12 months and it is, thus, considered the most extended cycle of training. The purpose of the macrocycle is to enable the sportsperson to improve the performance capacity to put up an optimal performance, at a specific time, during the competition. A macrocycle comprises several mesocycles; the last mesocycle ensures recovery and realization for a smooth transition to the following macrocycte. Do you Know Anders Ericsson, a psychologist, writes that it takes 10,000 hours of practice to become an expert. In other words, an atblete training for $ hovrs a day seven days week over 365 days 2 year, would take about 5.5 years to acquire expertise in their chosen sport or game ar, would take about 5.5 years 12 eS OPTS Torrerand Health (Class 11) @Q Physioal Edueatior ‘nasa is tho ality 1 cay out 2 88K WN ring ‘movement or motor action can be done. results often within a given amount of time, energy. oF both mum outlay of ene"GY. OF of time ang it with maxi i ocedure and through continuous ang ‘Skil isthe ability to bring about some end res energy. A sportsperson tries to learn a tahnique Or motor PI systematic process he Is able to acquie the sl. ‘Skil isthe capacty ofthe sportsman to realise technic. ‘kul when he is able to copy the technical action very very closed to technique. ue in actual motor action. A player is aed ‘Gosely and able to perform the movement 'ypes of Skill There are a numberof different types of skills: Cognitive! Mental Skil Intellectual sis that requires thought processes. Most performances in sport require some form of mental activity. Require the performer to mentally assess the station before ‘making a decision about the next move. Mental input is required to “ead the game’ Perceptual interpretation of presented information Physical! Motor Skills— Movement and muscle conto. Simple Motor Skils and Complex Moto sls ‘ceptual motor— motive, the though, Interpretation and movement skis. ive sg cio “The teaching of @ new skill can be achieved by various methods: instruction or lessons, lecture Verbal instructions: instruct res may be given by the coach or professional Serta lear technique slo improve te perfomance " Demonstrations: The easy and ast Way to make students lear about skis through Coat ®Y pertermng the ski infront of ld dng esson explanation to make hi ear estosa ee oe ees Skill Development Another vital objective of sport or event Sports training in which 19 is the development of skills or techni ‘eterno tn a -conomical and opti ee kill or technique helps The sportspersons eam ren Ptimum use of his physical abilities or physical prowess to their sport or event. As the ing i.e. development of hh eee Physical lines and development of skill or technique should also go Technique Technique involves sci , Tehe atees ae ‘and economical methods adopted to attain superior performance. as the single motor procedure for tackling a motor task. Motor procedure means a system of movements of body parts in a definite sequence. Different Sports requires different motor procedures, different techniques. Such as shop put requires different technique for throwing of shot put as far as possible and in weightiting the weight is to be lifted by clean and jerk method, and in team games the sports persons tackle a variety of tasks, y i Ozolin N. defines Technique is the most rational and effective form to perform exercises ‘The word ‘technique’ does not have the same meaning in all sports. Yerjoshanskt (1966) develop diferent meaning of technique even within the same sport (athletics) For explosive stench trong an specialties, he states that the technique must guarantee the capacity ‘of producing a strong a concentrated impulse just at the time of execution.tran otdurance evens th tachique i feny or performing asl economical. Th ‘Schniques must be learnt eiterenty Guinelt unacrtends technique as the possibilty to solve Vatible compete staseart erent Guna understand Methods of Presenting technique: (@) Verbal method (b) Mechanical ‘method (©) Physical methods: this is conveyed through demonstrations and via auo- visual aids, Technique are not static ‘but dynamic in nature, and changes from time to time, as technique is not Produced by in laboratory, and often are the result ofthe successful record breaking performance ‘Of a successful athlete. For: emmnelbt Crwio telas haat nut ena abiry oe mr Style ‘Style is individual expression of technique in motor action. No two sportsmen are alike in diferent factors which determine motor action. Therefore, each sportsman because of his peculiar psychic, physical and biological capacities realises the techniques in a different manner. This is his style There are perhaps three styles of coaching—autocatic (do as | say), democratic (Involve the athletes in decision making) and laissez faire. The autocratic style could be broken into two types {olling and selling and the democratic style into sharing and allowing. There is litle direction from a “Laissez fai” coaching style as ths syle allows the group to do what they want to United Kingdom athletes (UKA) identity the following coaching styes:- This means more energy is available more rapidly and increases the maximum peak power output overloads are experienced for periods of up to 60 seconds, with a fll recovery, itis found that slycogen stores are enhanced, The rate of adaptation will depend on the volume, intensity and frequency of the exercise sessions. Hawler states thatthe time for adaptation may be quicker for high-intensity sprint training when ‘compared to low-intensity endurance taining bu that over alonger period, the two training regimens elicit similar adaptation. 10.5 CONCEPT AND CLASSIFICATION OF DOPING Introduction of Doping SSportspersons often use and abuse “dopes" to better their performance. Some athietos adopt doping to excel in any given event, sport, or improve their overall performance. It is perhaps inevitable that some athletes are tempted to seek a wonder ‘drug’ that wll give edge over others The main dea of doping is to improve physical and mental powers tothe person Its a strong temptation for the les successful competitors. Strict action is be taken by the authorty ‘gaint those who are found taking or using the banned substance. This involves not allowing thet(ee ee Methods to Develop Strength a i thlete As strength is a highly trainable motor component, specific methods help an a\ develop or improve strength. These methods are discussed below: Isometric Exercise: These are the exercises that are not visible as there are no 1. direct movements. Therefore, isometric exercises cannot be observed. In these Ls ped by exercises, work performed cannot be seen directly, like pushing a wall. While yor pushing a wall, work is done, i.e., the force is being exerted, but the work done cannot be seen as the wall is still at the same place and doesn’t move 4g} a bit. These exercises involve muscles carrying out tension against the other group of muscles. There is no change in the muscle length when such exercises ) are done, hence they are called “iso” metric. These exercises need less time and equipment and can be performed practically anywhere and everywhere. Moreover, isometric exercises can prove to be of great value for maintaining strength in case of an injury. These exercises, if performed regularly, may result in a change in muscle size and shape.”so reise: These are exercises in which movements can be seen tonic Exercise: These are exercises in whi ss ‘ethod Dooulaped by 5.5 exercises hold much importance when it comes to sports ce é es is considered to be the best method to develop strength. Examples of {so es, De eee reise include running and jumping on the spot, weight training exercs C954) ana calstnenes exercises. _3.__Isokinetic Exercise: this method was introduced by J.J. Perrine in 1968 and J:Jpeoune involves a particular type of muscle contraction called isokinetic contraction, generally used in sporting events like rowing and swimming, These exercises C198) are performed on specially designed instruments. In isokinetic contraction, the muscles apply maximal force throughout the range of motion around the Joint. Whereas in isotonic contraction, the pressure is applied at a particular angle. The use of isokinetic contraction is minimal. Hence, the contribution of ‘sokinetic contraction in developing strength is yet to be scientifically proved.”‘Repetition Method Fata!) RMR ‘The various methads to develop endurance are discussed below: 1. Continuous Method ‘As the name suggests, this method is about continuity. In this method, an exercise {5 done for a longer time without any rest. Because the duration of the activity is jong and continuous, the training intensity is low. This method has the following subcategories: Pa Ge eae (a) Slow Continuous Method: In this method, the activity is perform certain speed without 3k for along duration. The speed of exercise {s usually determined according to heart rate. A trained athlete's heart rate should be between 140-160 beats per minute during activity. The uration of the training should not be less than 30 minutes, This method 4S used for walking, running, cycling, etc. Effect: due to relatively low intensity and tong duration, the effect of this method is limited mainly to the muscles, but there are few psychic and positive effects on metabolism. Some of the most significant changes are: 375oes (a) Fartlek Method: Fartlek is a Swedish word that means ‘speed play.’ In other words, it is another variation of the variable pace method. The yo ye difference between the two is in the Fartlek method the speed variation wr o! 150 {snot planned. The athlete changes the speed of his own accord during w the activity due to changes in terrain, surroundings, and feelings. The . heart rate and duration of the training are similar to the variable pace method. Major effects of this method: > Promotes weight loss > It’s an excellent test for strength and endurance >» It improves speed and race tactics » — Itimproves the mind over matter game > Its excellent for getting into the racing mindset as a fartlek session mimics the surges of speed you may put on in a race. much they can push their bodies over shorter segments, Increases physical and mental energy » Improves flexibility Improves Fast and Slow Twitch Muscle Response >eeeTYY > > > Improved circulatory system Improved aerobic capacity Improved lactic acid tolerance Improved VO2 max »e eaaaaaarrndkkkihphysical EDU 3. Repetition Method veity that ranges from The rej 1d is characterized by @ high intensity ne best method repetition method is aie recovery. Its 90-to 100% of work with an interval of comP! to develop speed endurance. The Essential effects of this method are: > Improved anaerobic capacity Improved lactic acid tolerance > Improved phosphagen stores"* Do You Know? Volume: Training volume is simply the amount of training you do. The primary training component includes duration or time of training, distance covered volume load (sets in weight training), number of repetitions, or performed work in a given time. It is a quantitative component of work. Intensity: Training intensity refers to the effort by which a training session is completed. It is a qualitative component of work—more work or efforts done by the athlete per time. Assessment of intensity varies from sport to sport. Speed is, assessed by metres per second, resistance in kilogram, team games, or distance races may be evaluated by heart rate, etc. Density: Training density is simply the volume of training completed within a given time frame. As volume and intensity have an inverse relationship, density and intensity do. The less dense a session, the more intense it can be. Extension Activity- verre 2. 5 age, The number of acceleration runs can be set according to an athlete’ oe capacity, and fitness level. It may vary from 6-12 repetitions with interval fo complete recovery. The acceleration runs must be done after proper wart up. f Pace Runs: unlike acceleration runs, pace runs incorporate the me! cunning the set distance at a uniform speed. It usually includes races of 800 meters and above. It is a fact that an athlete can run a distance of 300 meters at full speed, and in the case of longer races, he must conserve his energy by reducing speed. Therefore, keeping the pace in mind in middle and long-distance races is essential. At the beginning of such races, the speed should not be too high, and the pace should be maintained throughout the race. For this type of training, the athlete should run at a maximum steady speed for a distance 10-20% more than the actual racing distance. Repetition for pace run training can be fixed as Per the athlete’s fitness level with complete recovery in between repetitions."* oeMethods to Improve Flexibility : The various methods that can help to improve flexibility are discussed below: 1. Slow Stretching: The first and foremost way to improve flexibility is slowly stretching the muscles around the joint. The critical point to note here is that stretching should be slow and without any jerky movements. Slow Stretch and Hold: The next stage after stretching is to hold for about 6-8 _ seconds at the maximum stretching point. This method is considered to be the most commonly used method in the field of games and sports.Physical EDUCATION-XIl Stretching can be done either statically or dynamically. oN 4. 9 Static stretching involves slowly easing into extension and ba the Len “ period required for static stretch depends on the purpose, THEE Tig held for about 10 seconds if it is for a cool down. IC it improves is recommended for about 30 seconds. ;sually of legs and hands, and na ching requires controlled movements, a eerecrar acid table for dynamic stretching where the event requires dynamic movement, itis sul exercises. 3. Ballistic Method: This method performs the movement with a swing and rhythm, As the stretching is done rhythmically, it is called Ballistic Method. ‘The ballistic method once experienced popularity but has come under the scanner by many physical therapists. This form of stretching uses the body's momentum to extend the range of motion. However, many experts believe that ballistic stretching can lead to injury.” — re ( perf: idemepric Stregeh) 4. Proprioceptive Neuro-Muscular Facilitation (PNF) Technique: It is also known as the post isometric stretch and is based on the principle of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation. This principle states that if a muscle is contracted maximally for a few seconds, the muscle gains maximum relaxation after the contraction. In this method, the muscle is first contracted for 5-7 seconds and then gradually stretched to its utmost limit and held for about 8-10 seconds. The process is repeated 4-8 times for each muscle group.”[eo Strength nd plays @ Strength is one of the most crucial motor components of reed nd ee k significant role in sporting events as it is a direct product of muscle i rsacion isa conditional ability that depends on the energy liberation process in msc The amount of force muscles can produce to complete a task is known as nce. In simple words, strength is the ability of a group of muscles to overcome resistanc As all the movements in sports are caused by muscular contraction, it can be said that strength is part and parcel of all motor abilities, technical skills, and tactical actions. Definition A > According to H. Singh, “strength is the ability to overcome resistance or to act against resistance.” A > recording to Barrow and McGee, “strength is the capacity of the whole body or any of its parts to exert force.” JR > According to Mathews, “The force that a muscle or group of muscles can exert against a resistance in one maximum effort.”. Different sports need different types of strength, and the requirement and application of strength in sports differs according to sports-specific needs. Commonly, strength is classified and studied into two forms: static and dynamic stability,Static Strength Static strength is also called isometric strength. It is the ability of the muscles to act against resistance. Static strength can be measured with a dynamometer. This type of strength is not seen directly. Some static strength is not usually applied in sports, but it is used in phases in weightlifting. Example: plank or yoga asanas. Dynamic Strength Dynamic strength is also known as isotonic strength. In pull-ups and push-ups, we required dynamic strength. In performing such a workout, there is a diminishing tendency in dynamic strength, and as a result, muscles refuse to do work after some time. The man cannot do even one extra pull-up or push-up at this stage. Movements are visible when someone uses dynamic strength. It is recognized by rhythmic muscular contractions with changes in muscle length, using a relatively small force. Example: push up and full squats. Dynamic strength can be divided into three parts.Endurance Endurance is the ability of a person to maintain a certain level of energy production for a more extended period. It is the ability to sustain an activity. Like strength, endurance is also a conditional ability. Endurance has been studied thoroughly and deeply because it holds great importance in health, training, and competition. Endurance plays a vital role in almost every activity, directly or indirectly. It is either measured by the number of repetitions or the times an action is performed.speed Speed has a complex nature and depends considerably on the central nervous system. Speed ability, in sports, signifies the ability to execute motor movements as quickly as possible. These movements can be cyclic or acyclic. Theiss and Schnabel defined speed as “the prerequisite to do motor actions under given conditions (movement task, external force, individual prerequisite) in the minimum of time.” Johnson and Nelson defined speed as “the capacity of an individual to perform successive movement of the same pattern at a fast rate.” Certain factors help in determining the speed of an individual, such as mobility of the nervous system, explosive strength of an individual, correct technique of performing a task, bio-chemical reserves and metabolic power of an individual flexibility, and certain psychic factors like optimum arousal, attention, motivation, concentration, ability to relax, etc. ‘ _ So a apse teense mes ere estentaeenememnenaes‘Methods Developing Speed Speed is a motor ability that depends on genetic and environmental factors. Genetic factors, as we all know, cannot be manipulated. An individual having fast-twitch fibres in a comparatively higher percentage than slow-twitch fibres will have more speed. At the same time, the individual with a high rate of slow-twitch fibres will have better endurance. The ratio of these muscle fibres cannot be changed. Therefore, it can be said that the genetic make-up of an individual sets the limit on the speed of an individual, but the role of environmental factors on the speed cannot be denied as well. The following are the most commonly used method to develop the speed of an individual: eee Acceleration Runs are generally used to develop speed while attaining maximum speed from a static position. In an acceleration run, a sportsperson must run specific distance. After starting, the athlete tries to gain total momenti ‘ the earliest and finishes the specified distance. These runs are re i sufficient rest between the runs. It usually takes 50-60 meters fo a attain maximum speed after the start. Accordin Preis to the research, it that even well-trained athletes can maintain their top speed for > ao only, peed for 20 metersFlexibility lity to also known as the range of motion around a joint. It is the ability = 1c, Flexibility fs related to genetic wvement with greater amplitude or rang factors x wel pial sty programmes. Flext 1 @ motor component that is not a conditional or a coordinative ability. In general, usage flexibility often corresponds with stretchability, elasticity, litheness, mobility, pliancy, etc. Flexibility is affected by muscle strength, the structure of the joints, tendons, ligaments, and other factors. A person possessing good flexibility can perform daily tasks with greater ease and comparatively more efficiency and effectiveness. Moreover, the personality and posture of such individuals is more attractive. Tight joints affect smooth and efficient movements, whereas flexibility ensures smooth and efficient workouts. Therefore, it can be said that flexibility is helpful in many ways, such as preventing injuries, improving posture, reducing back pain, maintaining healthy joints, improving balance during making movements, and {earning various skills quickly, such as backstroke in swimming. Importance of Flexibility Flexibility has an important inter-relationship with other factors that improve performance. Hence, it is essential to determine different aspects to a lesser or greater extent. The importance of flexibility is briefly discussed below: 1. Greater range of motion ensures more force and speed developed by the muscles, 2. It ts due to the flexibility to perform movements with minimum muscular tension and, therefore, facilitates a higher movement economy. 3. It reduces stiffness in joints. 4. It reduces the risk of injuries as muscles are more pliable. 5. Ithelps in maintaining appropriate posture while performing,r - Coordinative Abilities Coordinativ iti i 01 i fe abilities primarily depend on the central nervous system’s motor control and regulation process. For a coordinative ability, the control regulation processes must function in a particular manner, The coordinative abilities are those abilities of an individual that enable the individual to do various activities correctly and efficiently.® «coordinative abilities are understood as relatively of motor control and regulation processes: of movements with better quality and we * Zimmerman et al. stated that stabilized and generalized patterns These enable the sportsman to do a group effect.”1» physical EDEMA nr ven types of coordinative abies are essential, THe SE ing seven types of Js, the follow! 1 st however, diferent in afferent games. of these abilities is. — required time and available space in a defini Tl court, skating rink, a football ground) ar vonent, partner). The use and demands on jovernent and position vision, especially 1 itis the ability to determine and 4, Orfentation Ability movements of the body in the ‘eld of action (such as a volleybel ‘a moving object (like @ ball, op ‘on ability are vast in sports. Example: body = ientation. In team games, in gymnastics are essential fr ori peripheral vision, is decisive for orientation. Differentiation Ability: Itis the ability to attain. phases. It is the ability to achieve a high level of differentiation depends on movement experience and master ‘action, High differentiating capacity is used in sports in sensing or implementing movernent, such as movement sense. 3. Coupling Ability: it isthe ability to coordinate body part movements wit another and about a definite goal-oriented body movernent. Coupling ability is. essential in sports where activities with a high degree of difficulty have to be done, such as gymnastics and team games. In a team game like football, foot movements for ball control or dribbling have to be coupled with the whote- body action of running and jumping. Coupling ability depends on the functional capacity of kinaesthetic and visual sense organs. 4, Rhythm Ability: Rhythm ability is the ability to perceive the rhythm of a movement and do the exercise with the required rhythm. It also denotes the ability to reproduce rhythm stored in motor memory, in motor action. In some sports like gymnastics and figure skating, the sportsperson has to perceive an external rhythm and music and express it in his movements. In sports where rhythm is not given outside, the sportsperson has to use the rhythm stored in his memory. ‘a high fine-tuning of movement 4 of accuracy. The high tevel ry over motor ith one 5. Reaction Ability: Reaction ability is the ability to react quickly and effectively to a stimulus. Diferent games and sports have different types of signals like visual, auditory, and tactile, to name a few. And to respond to such signals accurately and as quickly as possible is known as reaction ability. It can be further classified into simple and complex reaction abilities. & Adaptation Ability: Adaptation Ability is the ability to adjust or completely change the movement programme based on changes and anticipated changes 392