FINAL EXAMINATION 2073

EASSY TYPE QUESTION

6

1. Enlist aquaculture species that are cultured in Nepal with their

common and scientific names. Describe desirable characters of Common
and Bighead Carps of culture.

SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14 2. Discuss the

role of dissolved oxygen and pH in aquaculture.
3. What do you mean by thermal stratification? How does it
occur in fish pond?
4. Describe scope of rice-fish farming in Nepal. 5. Define and
classify plankton. Discuss the role of zoo-plankton in fish
culture.
6. What do you mean by brood fish? What are the management
practices required before breeding? 7. Discuss the causal
organism, symptoms and control measures of water mould disease.
8. What do you mean by neutralizing value of liming materials?
How calcium oxide has more neutralizing value than calcium
carbonate?
9. Write short notes on:
a) Semi-artificial breeding of common carp
b) Control measures of predatory fish
FINAL EXAMINATION 2067
·
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2068

EASSY TYPE QUESTION

6

1. What is rice fish farming? What are its advantages and

disadvantages? How does pond refuge rice fish farming differ
from trench refuge?
SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14 2. Define
aquaculture. What are the desirable charac- ters of fish for culture
in fish ponds.
3. Enlist the cultivated species of carp in fish ponds of Nepal
along with scientific names,
4. Hat is turbidity? How will you control mud turbidity in new fish
ponds?
5. Describe fish farming system. How does extensive fish
farming differ from intensive system?
6. What is Saprolegniasis? Write casual organism, symptoms
and treatment of water mould disease. 7. Describe brood fish. How
does male brood fish if common carp differ from female?
8. Define asphyxiation. What is its sign? How will you control it in
cloudy day?
9. How does monoculture differ from polyculture? What
system do you recommend to the fish farmers?
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2067

EASSY TYPE QUESTION

6
EASSY TYPE QUESTION
6
1. Enlist indigenous and exotic aquaculture species that are
cultured in Nepal with their common and scientific name. Describe
desirable characters of Silver and Bighead carp for culture.

SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN)_7*2=14 2. Define

aquaculture. Classify aquaculture systems based on culture methods.
3. Discuss the role of water temperature and dissolved oxygen
in aquaculture.
4. What is pond fertilization? Discuss the favorable action of
organic manure over chemical fertilizers. 5. Define fish farming
system. Describe rationale behind duck-fish farming.
6. Define and classify plankton. Discuss the role of plankton in
fish production
7. Define brood fish. How do you differentiate mature males
from female brood of common carp? 8. Discuss causal
organism, symptoms and control measures of Dactylogyroses
and Argulosis. 9. Write short notes on:
a) Liming of the fish pond
b) Predatory and weed fishes.

56
1. What is principle behind pond fertilization? What are the
major nutrients for a fish pond> explain role of organic and
inorganicfertilizers. Describe how you fertilize a 1 bighapond.
SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPTANY SEVEN) 7*2=14 2 List "Exotic"
and "Indigenous" fish species that are cultured in Nepal with
their common and scientific name.
3. Why common carp is considered a popular fish for
culture? 4. Why dissolved oxygen is considered as most critical
water quality parameter for fish culture? How dissolve
oxygen does fluctuate in green pond during 24 hours
(day)? Explain with reasons.
5. Why do you need to lime in fish pond?
6. What is cage culture? describe cage culture system practices
in Nepal.
7. What is "brood fish"? How do you breed common
carp? 8. What is white spot disease? Describe its casual
organism symptoms and control measure. 9. Write short notes
on: a) Zooplankton
b)Turbidity
Compiled By:- Free Students' Union, Lamjung Campus
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE
RAMPUR, CHITWAN
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2074
FINAL EXAMINATION 2073

EASSY TYPE QUESTION

6

Level: B.Sc. Ag. 4th Semester

Subject: Principles of Aquaculture
F.M. 20 P.M. 8
Time: 1:30 Hrs

Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as
possible. The figure in the margin indicates full marks,

EASSY TYPE QUESTION

6

1. What type of fish is called a brood fish? Describe the artificial breeding
of Chinese carp?
SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14 2. How
dissolved oxygen and temperature is essential for the growth and
development of fish?
3. Is liming essential for the semi- intensive fish culture. system?
4. How do you know about semi- intensive fish culture systems?
5. Define fish disease. Write the casual organism, disease symptoms and
control measures of white spot disease? 6. Enlist the reasons of fish
mortality in transportation. Describe the methods of packaging of fish
seed during transportation?
7. What is pig- fish farming? What are its advantages? 8. What are the
desirable characters of fish for culture? 9. What do you know about duck- fish
farming system? What are it merits?

FINAL EXAMINATION 2072

-

1. What is Brood Fish? How will you manage it scientifically? How

does small brood fish differ from female?
SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14
2. What do you mean by fisheries? How does enhanced. fisheries differ
from capture fisheries?
3. What is aquaculture? Enlist the desirable characters of fish to culture
in a scientific pond. 4. What is polyculture?
5. How does monoculture differ from composite fish farming? 6. What is
cage fish farming? How does it differ from pen fish. farming?
7. What is water mould disease? Write its causal organism, disease
symptoms and control measures.
8. What is intensive fish faring? How does it differ from extensive fish
farming? What system do you recommend to the fish farmers and why?
9. Explain the Diel fluctuation of dissolved oxygen in pond water
during sunny and cloudy days.
10. What is pH? Discuss the approaches to manage unfavor- able
pH environment of fish pond.
EASSY TYPE QUESTION
6

1. Define fish breeding. Explain the importance of artificial

breeding and semi-artificial breeding and role of hormones?

SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14 2.

Differentiate Aquaculture and Fisheries? Mention the characters
which make the fish suitable for culture. 3. List "Exotic" and
"Indigenous" fish species that are cultured in Nepal with their
common and scientific
name.

4. What is thermal stratification? Discuss the role of temperature and

Define the fish

dissolved oxygen in aquaculture 5.
farming system. "Polyculture is better than
monoculture" Justify the statement.
6. "Integrated Fish Farming is more economical" Gove
reasons.

7. Define brood fish. Mention the characteristics of good brood fish.

8. Write notes on:
a) Predatory and weed fishes
b) Hypophysation
9. What is white spot disease? Describe its casual organism
symptoms and control measure.
FINAL EXAMINATION 2070
-

6
EASSY TYPE QUESTION

1. Enlist indigenous and exotic aquaculture species that are

cultured in Nepal with their common and scientific name. Describe
desirable characters of Silver and Bighead carp for culture.

SHORT QUESTIONS (ATTEMPT ANY SEVEN) 7*2=14 2. Define

aquaculture. Classify aquaculture systems based on culture
methods.

3. Discuss the role of water temperature and dis- solved

oxygen in aquaculture.
4. What is pond fertilization? Discuss the favorable action of
organic manure over chemical fertilizers. 5. Define fish
farming system. Describe rationale behind duck-fish farming.
6. Define and classify plankton. Discuss the role of plankton in
fish production
7. Define brood fish. How do you differentiate mature males
from female brood of common carp? 8. Discuss causal
organism, symptoms and control measures of Dactylogyroses
and Argulosis. 9. Write short notes on:
a) Liming of the fish pond
b) Predatory and weed fishes.

Compiled By:- Free Students' Union, Lamjung Campus

55
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE
RAMPUR, CHITWAN
FINAL EXAMINATION 2074
-

F.M. 20
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 5th Semester
P.M. 8 Time: 1:30 Hrs Candidates are required to give their answers in their own
words as practicable as possible. The figure in the margin indicates full marks.
Subject: Animal nutrition and feeding practices

Essay Type Question

6

1. Explain the digestion of carbohydrate and protein in ruminants.

Short questions (Attempt any Seven)
7x2=14

2. What do you mean by quality of protein and write the

function of protein.
3. Write the general function of minerals and enlist the essential
macro and micro elements.

4. Describe the digestion of protein in non-ruminants. 5. Write

down the function and deficiency symptoms vitamin A.
6. What do you mean by digestibility coefficient and write the
factors affecting digestibility coefficient of feed.
7. Describe by pass protein. Why it is important for high
yielder ruminant.
8. What are amino acids? Clarify the concept of essential
amino acids and limiting amino acids.
9. Write the desirable characteristics of a ration for
cattle.
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2073

Essay Type Question

6

1. Classify protein and write down the functions, deficiency symptoms

and source of protein. Short questions (Attempt any Seven)
7x2=14

2. Write down the digestion of carbohydrates in ruminants. 3. Compare

and contrast the composition of plant cells and animal cells. 4. Write down
the functions and deficiency symptoms of water. 5. Write short notes
on the followings( any two): a. Macro elements b. feeding
standard c. TDN
6. What are the points to be considered while formulating a diet? Explain.
7. Write down the digestion and absorption of lipids in non-ruminant. 8.
Write down the functions and deficiency symptoms of Vit. A, Vit. D
and Vit. B complex.
9. What do you mean by metabolism? How do you determine metabolic
energy of feed stuff? Explain with example.
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2073

Essay Type Question

6

1. Describe the digestive physiology of ruminants and state how digestive

system of ruminants in different than that of non-ruminants. Short questions
(Attempt any Seven)
7x2 = 14

2. Describe the basic differences in plant and animal cells and tissues. 3.
Illustrate the functions of proteins in farm animals. What are amino acids?
4. Outline the classification of feed ingredients. Describe the importance of
maize and fish meal in animal nutrition.
5. What are the basic functions of proteins? Classify proteins in short. 6. How
minerals and vitamins are absorbed in animals? Describe functions of vitamin A and K.

7. Why fats yield more energy than protein and carbohydrates? Describe fat
metabolism in short.

8. Describe the importance of vitamin E and selenium in immune system of

animals.
9. Classify carbohydrate in short. What are structural carbohydrates?

68
-

FINAL EXAMINATION 2074 Essay Type Question

6

1. Mention the peculiarities of digestive system of fowl.

Describe the process of protein digestion in ruminants and
non-ruminants. Short questions (Attempt any Seven)
7x2 = 14

2. Define nutrition. Mention the difference between ration and feed.

3. Enlist the functions and deficiency of vitamin E. 4. What are
the difference between probiotics and prebiotics. 5. Write
in brief about some common feeding stan- dards being used in
Nepal.
6. Mention the difference in composition of plant and animal
tissue?

7. Describe the process of carbohydrate digestion in

rumen. & Mention the deficiency symptoms of iron in farm
animals? 9. Write short notes on(any two):
a. Role of calcium in dairy cattle b. Essential amino acids c. Concentrate
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2072

Essay Type Question

6

1. Discuss in detail about the nutritional condition of farm animals. Short questions
(Attempt any Seven)
7x2 = 14

2. What do you mean by VFAS. Explain about their impor- tance and site
of production.
3. Classify protein with examples. Explain its function in farm
animals. 4. What are the function of lipids in animal? Describe the
digestion process of fat in non-ruminant animals.
5. Discuss about the fate of glucose after absorption in animal body with
flow chart diagram.
6. Classify feed ingredients. Describe any three energy rich. and
protein rich concentrates of animal feedstuffs.
7. Compare and contrast between animal and plant cells and
tissues. 8. What do you mean by essential and non-essential fatty
acids? Describe the properties of lipids.
9. Write short notes on:

a.
Feeding standard
b. Macro and micro minerals

c. Water soluble vitamins d. Deficiency symptom of protein.

FINAL EXAMINATION 2070

Essay Type Question.

6

1. Draw a clean labeled diagram of digestive system of ruminant and

discuss the digestion process of nutrients in rumen of ruminant animals.
2. Compare and contrast chemical composition of animal and plant
cells and tissue
3. Write about function and deficiency symptom of calcium in animal
body.
4. Classify carbohydrate with examples.
5. Write about the function of protein in animal body.
6. Write about the characteristics, nutrient content and utilization of maize and mustard
cake.

7. Define the following:

a Metabolic water b. essential fatty acid c. TDN d. hydrolysis 8. Write
about the function and deficiency symptom of vitamin A. 9. Explain the
importance of animal nutrition.
Compiled By:- Free Students' Union, Lamjung Campus
FINAL EXAMINATION 2071

Essay Type Question

6 1. Classify the feedstuffs with example. Discuss major and
available feedstuffs with their value to feed animal. Short questions (Attempt any
Seven)
7x2=14

2. Compare the composition of plant and animal cells and

tissues with examples.
3. Classify carbohydrate and write its functions.
4. Write down the functions and deficiency symptoms of
protein. 5. What do you mean by lipid? Why is it necessary to
include lipid in animal diet?
6. Differentiate between macro and micro elements and write down the functions of
calcium phosphorous and iron in animal. 7. What do you mean
by feeding standards? Write down the feeding standard of poultry
or pigs.
8. Define or explain the following(any three): a. TDN b. metabolism
c. digestion d. ME
9. What are the challenges in the field of animal nutrition? Write in brief.

FINAL EXAMINATION 2069 Essay Type Question

-

1. Draw a clean labeled diagram of digestive system of poultry and

explain the digestion of feed nutrient in non- ruminant animal.
Short questions (Attempt any Seven)
7×2=14
2. Explain digestive of crude fiber in ruminant animal.
3. Write down function of protein.
4. Classify carbohydrates with examples.
5. Explain the properties of lipids.
6. Write down the characteristics, nutritive value and utilization of any
four plant protein rich feed ingredients.
7. Write down in brief about the importance and scope of animal
nutrition.

8. Define the followings: a. Tranguilizer b. Metabolic water c.Crazy

chicks disease d. Pical
9. Write down composition of nutrient in plant and animal cell and
tissue.

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE
RAMPUR, CHITWAN
FINAL EXAMINATION 2074
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 5th Semester
-

F.M. 20
P.M. 8

Time: 1:30 Hrs

Subject: Animal nutrition and feeding practices Candidates are
required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as possible.
The figure in the margin indicates full marks.
Essay Type Question
6

1. Describe the plant profile, chemical constituents and economic

importance of fox glove and periwinkle. Short questions (Attempt
any Seven)
7x2=14
2. List the various extraction methods of essential oils. Describe any two of them.
3. Write about the history of MAPS.
4. Give the economic importance, chemical constituents and
biological actions of sweet flag.
5. Classify the alkaloids with examples. Describe any or extraction
method of alkaloids.
6. Give the scientific name, family and biological actions of the
following plants:
a. Gurjo b. ghodtapre c. jatamasi d. panchauwle e.
yarshagumbha
f. burn plant
7. what is CITES? Give the objectives and appendices with examples.
8. Describe briefly the importance of medicinal plants.
9. Define phytogeography. Briefly mention the distribution of
MAPS on the basis of climatic zones of Nepal.
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 5th Semester
FINAL EXAMINATION 2074

Essay Type Question

6

1. Why are medicinal plants called as biological mine of noble.

products? What are the constrans of medicinal plants cultivation in
Nepal?
Short questions (Attempt any Seven)
2. Classify aromatic plants based on parts used. 3. What is CITES?
Explain its appendices.
4. Define doctorine of signature and TRAFFIC.
7x2=14

5. Define extraction. Which method of extraction of medicinal plants is best and

why?
6. What are various raw materials for extraction of perfume? 7.
What ia value chain? Show existing value chain of medici- nal plant
in Nepal?
8. What are medicinal uses of rauvolfia and neem?
9. State management of lily of desert and citronella.
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2073

Essay Type Question

6

1. Define exaction. What are the different extraction pro- cesses

available for aromatic plants? What are the criteria of selecting these
process?
2. Write about plant profile, active constituents, origin and distribution
of periwinkle.
3. Write about the history and importance of medicinal plants.
4. Classify aromatic plants based on scented parts used. 5. What
are existing marketing channels of MAOS? How can it be
improved?
6. Write uses and active constituents of Aloe Vera.
7.
8.
Write crop management practices and actions of citronella.
What are agricultural uses and current research potential of Neem.
9. Write short notes on;
a. Doctorine of signature b. CITES c. MAPDON

FINAL EXAMINATION 2072

Essay Type Question

6

1. Define MAPS. Enlist the methods for extraction of essen- tial oils. Describe
any two of them.
Short questions (Attempt any Seven)
7x2 = 14

2. Classify aromatic plants on the basis of scented parts? 3. Define

alkaloid. How will you extract alkaloid from medicinal plant? 4. Write
about CITES.

5. How can medicinal and aromatic plants be stored? What are the
characteristics of good packaging material?
6. What are chemical constituents and therapeutic uses of Aloe and
Periwinkle?

7. Why is neem used very much in the clinical research these.

days? Mention its plant profile.
8. What are the different uses of lemon grass, vetiver and sweet flag.
9. Write about any two of the following:
a. MAPDON b. Research status of MAPS in Nepal c. Trade of
MAPS in Nepal
Compiled By:- Free Students' Union, Lamjung Campus
69

FINAL EXAMINATION 2071

Essay Type Question

-

1. Why there is need of research and development of MAPS? Explain

about the causes of unorganized marketing of MAPS n Nepal?
Short questions (Attempt any Seven)
7x2 = 14
2. Classify aromatic plants on the basis of scented plant parts. 3.
Write about CITES.

4. Write the steps for preparation of crude drugs in brief. 5. Give

the plant profile of Neem and mention its medicinal, industrial and
agricultural uses.
6. Write about the harvesting of Digitialis and lemon grass.
Mention the therapeutic uses of Digitialis.
7. Write about the history of MAPS.
8. Write about the chemical evaluation of
snakeroot(Rawolfia) and Holy basil? Mention the plant profile of
Rawolfia.
9. Write short notes on:
a. MAPDON b. Enfleurage
c. Trade of MAPS
2071
FINAL EXAMINATION
Essay Type Question
6
1. Describe the history, status and trade of medicinal and aromatic plants in
Nepal.
7x2 = 1
2. Write in short status of MAPS research in Nepal.
Short questions (Attempt any Seven)

3. Describe in brief the process of extraction alkaloids.

4. Describe the harvesting technique of Aloe.
5. Write about the distribution and importance of Neem in Nepal.
6. Describe the cultivation practice of citronella.
7. How do you extract essential oil from a plant? Explain.
8. Describe the important chemical compounds found in Rauvolfia.
9. What are the various ways of classifying medicinal plants?
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE RAMPUR, CHITWAN
·

FINAL EXAMINATION 2074

F.M. 40
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 5th Semester
P.M. 16
Time: 2 Hrs
Subject: Principles and practices of insect-pest management.
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as
possible. The figure in the margin indicates full marks.
Essay Type Question
10
1. Define IPM and FFS. Explain how IPM concept was evolved and also
mention its significance and principles. Short questions (Attempt
any ten)
10×3=30
2. Explain diagrammatically with examples that how insect pests.
were classified on the basis population level and extent of damage?
3. What are the reasons that insect pests status is changing over a period
of time?
4. How culturally insect pest can be managed? Described briefly
with examples.
5. What do you mean by entomopathogenic fungi and write down its
mode of action. Also describe about white and green muscardine
fungi. 6. What do you mean by legal means of pest control and how
this concept of pest control has been established in our country? 7.
Normally insecticides having systemic mode of entry are considered
more effective to piercing and sucking types of insect pests, why? But
seeing the mode of entry of recent developed pesticides, do you think
this concept has been changed? If yes, what might be your logic?
8. Discuss about the mode of action of insecticides.
9. Describe about the different factors that affect the host plant resistance to
insect pests.
10. What do you mean by insect attractants? Describe different types of
insects attractants that are being used in insect pest management.
11. Differentiate between:
a. Monophagous and polyphagous insect pest
b. Predator nad parasitoids
70
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2071 Essay Type Question
Define medicinal plants and aromatic plants? Point out different
6 1.

methods of extraction of medicinal plants. Give different parameters

for selecting appropriate extraction method.
Short questions (Attempt any Seven)
2. Describe in brief the history of MAPS of Nepal.
7x2 = 14

3. List out the five medicinal plants and aromatic plants with the
scientific names and family.
4. Point out different research areas of MAPS of Nepal. 5. Describe in brief
plants description and cultivation. practices of rose.
6. Explain how essential oils are extracted by hydro distilla- tion
process.
7. List the chemicals found in Datura and Aloe. Why Neem is useful
for AIDS patient. Explain brief.
8. Give the origin and distribution of khus. Explain anti fertility effect of
Tulsi.
9. Point out different aromatic plant extract. Describe any two.
FINAL EXAMINATION 2073

Essay Type Question

10

1. Define and differentiate natural and biological control methods.

Explain the strategies of biological control method. Describe about
biological control agents with suitable examples.
Short questions (Attempt any ten)
10×3=30
2. List major insecticide formulations. Describe any five types of
insecticide additives.
3. Define and classify pests. Define gain and economic thresholds in
pest management decision.
4. Describe major resistance mechanism of host plants. Also
mention the degree of host plant resistance.
5. Why organocholride insecticides are replaced by organophos- phate?
Give any two names of insecticides from each group. 6. Define and
classify semiochemicals. Also differentiate allomones and kairomones.
7. Name major five plants suitable for botanical pesticides. Why
neem (Azadiractaindica) is called as the tree of future pest control.
8. Differentiate between physical and mechanical control measures.
List major cultural control methods.
9. What do you mean by innovative control measures? Describe insect
pheromones use in pest management /monitoring.
10. What is SPS agreement? Mention the different classes of insect
legislation.
11. Define the following: a. Insect equivalents.
c. Farmer field school
b. Autocidal control method

12. Differentiate( any two) a. Parasites and parasitoids b. c. Deflocculators and

deodorants.

Compiled By:- Free Students' Union, Lamjung Campus

Cuelure and helilure
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE
RAMPUR, CHITWAN
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2074
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 5th Semester
F.M.40
P.M. 16
Subject FUNDAMENTALS OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION Time: 2
Hrs Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable
as possible. The figure in the margin indicates full marks.
Essay Type Question
10

1. Define extension education. Discuss the principles of extension

education, also write about the importance of principles in
extension delivery system.
Short questions (Attempt any ten)
10×3=30 2.What are theories of teaching learning psychology? 3.
What is group approach? Why group approach is effective in
teaching-learning system?
4. Define TOT and explain innovation diffusion process. 5.
Define leadership and explain Fielder model of contin- gency
theory of leadership in brief.
6. What are the philosophies of extension education? 7. Discuss about
the adopters categories with example. 8. What is programme
planning? Briefly describe about project cycle. 9. Describe
extension teaching methods focusing to demonstration. 10. Explain
Morrial and Hatch act in development of extension in USA. 11.
Discuss about the role of agricultural professionals as main actors in
promotion of agriculture.
12. Write short notes on:

a) Agricultural extension b) Monitoring and evaluation c) Leader

and leadership
d) Extension service of DOA & DLS
e) Technology transfer process
f) Appropriate technology

FINAL EXAMINATION 2073

Essay Type Question

-

10

1. What do you mean by Adoption of an Innovation? What are

the factors affecting the rate of adoption in a given farm
community?
Short questions (Attempt any ten)
10×3=30
2. Write about the extension education process with suitable
example.
3. Who are leaders? What functions can be expected
from local leaders in agricultural extension?
4. What do you mean by indicators? Write about the
different types of indicators for monitoring of agricultural
projects. 5. Classify the teaching methods according to their
use. Discuss which method of teaching is more useful in
agricultural extension.
6. Write about S-R theory of learning and the laws associated with
it.
7. Enlist different extension approaches practiced in
Nepal and discuss the effectiveness of group approach in
agricultural extension.
8. What do you mean by appropriate technology? What are
the attributes of an appropriate technology? 9. What do you
mean by program planning? Write about extension program
planning.
10. Write about the process of Agri-clinic conduction in farm
communities.
11. What roles can extension agents play in adoption and
diffusion of agricultural innovations.
12. Write short notes on(any 3):
a) Participatory rural appraisal b) Cone of experience c)
Philosophy of extension d) Non-formal education
72
-

Type Question
Back EXAMINATION 2074 Essay
10 1. What do you mean by programme planning? Enlist the types of

extension programme planning? Explain about the importance of

decentralized programme planning in agricul- tural extension.
Short questions (Attempt any ten)
10×3=30
2. What is extension? Write about the extension education process. 3.
Who are leaders? What functions can be expected from local
leaders in agricultural extension?
4. What are the differences between monitoring ansd evaluation?
5. Classify teaching methods according to their use. Discuss on
importance of result demonstration in agriculture. 6. Write
about the S-R theory of learning and the laws associated with it.
7. Enlist different extension approaches practiced in Nepal.
and describe on effectiveness of Group approach in extension. 8.
What do you mean by appropriate technology? What are the
attributes of an appropriate technology?
9. Write about the methods of discovering leaders in a given community.
10. What is innovation-decision process? Describe its stages with
diagram.
11. Write about types of adopters with typical characteristics. Also
explain how communication channels can be used in the different
stages of adoption.
12. Write short notes on: (any three)
a) Participatory rural appraisal b) Adoption and diffusion c)
Importance of line agencies in extension
d) Non- formal education.
Back EXAMINATION - 2073

Essay Type Question

10

1. Define agriculture extension. How do you deal with farmers to

diffuse innovation in a new normal society as an extension personnal?
Short questions (Attempt any ten)
10x3=30

2. Which teaching method will you use to teach broadcast- ing of

fertilizer in Berseem? Explain
3. Define FSR/E and evaluate it as an extension approach.
4. Why extension is different from publicity, advertisement and
propaganda?
5. Describe TOT and write characteristics of appropriate technology.
6. Define leadership and explain elements of leadership in brief.
7. What are the elements of teaching and learning process?
8.
What are the differences between monitoring and evaluation?
9. Explain programme planning cycle in brief.
10. Explain Smith lever act in development of extension in USA. 11.
Write short notes on: a. Objectives
b. Non formal education. c. Philosophy
12. Define following terms: a. Extension education. b. Education
c. Programme planning d. Technology
e. Innovation
Compiled By:- Free Students' Union, Lamjung Campus
-

FINAL EXAMINATION 2072 Essay Type Question

10 1. How can you differentiate monitoring and evaluation? What are
the approaches of evaluation? Explain what type of approach can be
used in different situation of evaluation? Short questions (Attempt any ten)
10×3=30

2. Conceptualize leadership and management. Differentiate the

concept of leaders and managers in the context of agriculture
development.
3. What is teaching method? Discuss teaching methods with best
example according to teaching learning process? 4. Elaborate the
concept of decentralized agriculture plan- ning and justify its
working modality at the VDC level.
5. What is extension education? Write the importance of
extension in agriculture development.
6. Differentiate between method and result demonstration with appropriate
example.
7. What do you mean by teaching and learning? Explain about
theories of learning.
8. State the diffusion of innovation theory with sketch of graph showing
different adopters categories.
9. What are the determining variables of rate of adoption? 10. Enlist
the function of technology transfer and explain the process of
technology transfer with specific example.
11. How principle of extension education developed? Enlist and
explain any one of its principle with specific example. 12. Write short
notes on (any 3):
a) Adopters categories
b) Advantage of group approach of extension
c) Types of extension program objectives.
d) Extension system used in Nepal
FINAL EXAMINATION 2070

Essay Type Question

10

1. What do you mean by extension education? How do you

justify its application in the field of agriculture? Short
questions (Attempt any ten)
10×3=30

2. Enlist the principles of extension education and briefly

describe the principle of grass root approach. 3. Where
does the extension education in agriculture find its scope?
4. What do you mean by teaching and learning and write
down the step in teaching and learning process? 5. Briefly
describe the individual extension teaching method with example.
6. Differentiate between PRA and RRA.

7. Define innovation decision process with suitable example.

8. Write down the farming system research and extension in
briefly.
9. What do you mean by program and planning? Enlist the
steps.
10. Define the term leader and leadership. Write down the
roles of a good leader in agricultural devel- opment.
11.

tion of agricultural extension programme.

12.
FINAL EXAMINATION 2071 Essay Type Question
10

1. What is innovation- decision period? Classify adopters based on

innovativeness and write down the characteristics of adopter. Short
questions (Attempt any ten) 2. Describe teaching-learning process.
10×3 = 30

3. Discuss the importance of Group approach in agricultural

extension.

4. Define demonstration. Write about different types of demon- stration with

appropriate example.
5. Differentiate between workshop and panel discussion.
6. What is participatory and decentralized program planning in
agriculture extension? Discuss.
7. List down the philosophy of extension education.
8.
What do you mean by monitoring of extension program?
9. List down the methods of discovering local leaders and explain performance
test method.
10. What are the characteristics of innovation and role of innovators. in agriculture
development.
11. Describe program planning process in brief.
12. What is KAS change in educational process?

FINAL EXAMINATION 2070

-

Essay Type Question

10

1. Describe innovation decision process. What are the perceived

characteristics of an innovation? Write about the five stage model
of adoption process.
Short questions (Attempt any ten)
10×3 = 30

2. What is extension? Describe any two principles of extension education in

brief.

3. Give the classification of extension teaching methods and describe the

importance of result demonstration in agriculture extension.
4. What is learning? List out the major theories of learning and
describe any one of tehm.
5. What do you mean by 'group approach' of extension delivery
system? What are the reasons for focusing on group approach?
6. Write about the extension education process with suitable
examples.
7. What do you mean by leader? Describe the role of local leader in
extension.

8. Write down the philosophy of extension education in brief. 9. What

do you mean by technology? Describe appropriate technology.
10. Write the difference between monitoring and evaluation of agriculture
extension program.
11. What is program planning? Write in brief about extension.
program planning process.
12. Write short notes on(any 3):
a) Participatory monitoring and evaluation
b) Social audit c) Credibility of extension worker
d) Types of adoption diffusion

Differentiate between monitoring and evalua-

Clarify then concept of land grant college

Compiled By:- Free Students' Union, Lamjung Campus

73
system of agricultural college or university.
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE
RAMPUR, CHITWAN
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2074
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 7th Semester
F.M. 40
P.M. 16 Time: 2 Hrs
Subject: Agribusiness Management, Marketing
and Cooperatives
Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as
possible. The figure in the margin indicates full marks.
Essay Type Question
10

1. What are cooperatives? Discuss the roles of agriculture cooperatives in

transforming subsistence type of agriculture into an agribusiness in
reference with some examples of agricultural cooperatives in Nepal.
Short questions (Attempt any ten)
10×3=30
2. Define agribusiness and discuss its scope and importance in
context of Nepal.
3. Define: a. Firm b. Plant and c. Industry
Also illustrate their interrelationship with the help of figure. 4. Define
organizational behavior. How is organizational behavior vital in
agro-enterprise?
5. What do you mean by marketing functions? Discuss. 6. How do you
appraise the investment in any agricultural enterprises? Discuss.
7. Discuss in short about Agribusiness Promotion Policy 2063. 8. What
hindrances does an agro-entrepreneur faces while starting a new
agribusiness? Discuss.
9. What are the various ways to mitigate the risks in agribusiness?
10. What is marketing efficiency? How do you calculate it? 11. Write
short notes on:
a. Balance sheet b. Minimum support price
c. Supply chain management
12.In short discuss about the prospects of export of Nepalese
commodity in international market.
Final examination-2071
Essay Type Question
10

1. Discuss agricultural marketing as the summation of all the activities

that occur between "Farm to Fork". Explain with the help of any one
agricultural commodity. Short questions (Attempt any ten)
10×3=30

2. What is the impact of increasing immigration in agribusiness in the

context of Nepal?
3. Discuss in short, how do you conduct a market research.
4. How does agribusiness promotion policy 2063 help in the
upliftment of agribusiness?
5. Discuss the need of conducive environment for any agribusiness to
start and flourish.
6. How can you incorporate human behavior in the upliftment. of any
agricultural enterprises?
7. Differentiate between balance sheet and income statement. Also discuss their utilities.

8. What is marketing efficiency? How does market information. help in

efficient marketing activity.
9. How do you determine the project is worth investing? In short,
discuss various methods of investment appraisal. 10. Discuss cooperative
marketing. Discuss its various principles.
11.Discuss opportunities and challenges of WTO in the context of
Nepalese agricultural economy.
12.Write short notes on:

a. Marketed surplus vs marketable surplus b. Time value of money

95
Final examination-2072
Essay Type Question
10 1. Define agribusiness management. Briefly discuss the major
strategies to be adopted in agribusiness to manage risk and uncertainties.
Short questions (Attempt any ten)
10×3 = 30

2. "Agribusiness is the backbone of Nepalese economy". Comment.

3. Discuss supply chain management system in brief.
4. Explain the concept of balance sheet and income statement. with
suitable examples.
5. Briefly explain key economic principles used in agribusiness.
6. Describe the procedures and importance if marketing research?
7. Define cooperatives. Discuss the scope in context of agribusiness
development in Nepal.
8. Briefly discuss different discounted and method of invest- ment
appraisal with suitable examples.
9. What do you mean by price spread? Explain the marketing functions
need for agricultural commodity.
10.
Explain the impact of any three government policies
on agribusiness development.
11.
Differentiate:

a. Demand and supply

b. Production planning and market planning
c. Firm and industry
12.
Write short notes on:
a. Marketing channel
b. Market information system
c. Production function

Final examination-2068

Essay Type Question

10

1. Conceptualize the terms risk and uncertainty. Explain the types of

risk prevailing in agriculture and the strategy to minimize the effect of risk in
detail. Short questions (Attempt any ten)
10×3=30

2. What is agribusiness? Discuss the importance of agribusiness in

brief.
3. What do you mean by payback period? Explain the importance of
agribusiness control program and evaluation. 4. Define
organization. How can you motivate human behavior in an
organization?
5. Discuss the problems and prospects of agribusiness in Nepal
under WTO membership.
6. What are the steps of investment analysis? Discuss the discounted
method of investment analysis in brief.
7. Enlist the government policies on agribusiness in Nepal. Also
discuss the effect of subsidy on agribusiness development.
8. Enlist the provisions of WTO for underdeveloped countries. Enlist
TRIPS in brief.

9. What do you mean by marketing research? Explain types and

importance of marketing research.
10. Define firm, plant and industry. Graphically explain physical
optima of industry.
11. Describe marketing system of agriculture products in Nepal. Also
discuss marketing efficiency.
12. Write short notes on:
a. ansoff matrix
b. balance sheet

Compiled By:- Free Students' Union, Lamjung Campus

Final examination- 2070

Essay Type Question

10 1.
Define agribusiness management. Explain with suitable
examples as to why management functions and the manager are
important in agricultural business. Short questions (Attempt any ten)
10×3=30

2. Suppose that a farm proprietor requested you to appraise the

financial position of organic tomato business planted in 1.5 hectare land.
An initial investment worth is Rs. 520,000.0 for collection centre, boundary,
water pipes and other structural assets. No salvage value is estimated at
the end of business. The operational costs sre: Rs. 160,000.0, Rs.
195,000.0, Rs. 225000.0, Rs. 280,000.0 and Rs. 307,000.0 for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and
5th year, respectively. The sale volume. of ripe tomato is 14 ton per
hectare each year. Per kilogram average tomato price is Rs. 20.0, 25.0,
28.0, 32.0 and 35.0 for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th year, respectively.
Calculate the net present value (NPV), financial internal rate of
return(FIRR), and benefit-cost ratio(BCR). Interpret each result at 12%
opportunity cost of capital and advise the profitability situation.
3. Prepare a list of major financial statements used in agribusiness
management. Differentiate net-worth statement. and income statement
in terms of use and preparation procedure.
4. Writ short notes on:
a. Business risk management b. Marketing research c. Agribusiness
incubation.
5. What do you mean by marketing mix? Briefly explain marketing
functions need for food commodity.
6. Briefly explain key economic principles used int agribusiness.
7. Highlight major aspects of "Agribusiness Policy 2006"
implemented by Government of Nepal.
8. Differentiate between:

a. Commerce vs. trade b. Business firm vs. plant

c. Value chain vs. supply chain.
9. Define cooperatives. Explain farming and commodity marketing
related efforts performed by the agricultural coopera- tives in Nepal.
Also enlist the limitations of cooperatives. 10.Clarify on "agribusiness
financing only increases after enabling environment". Enlist supportive
factors of business enabling environment.
11.Briefly explain issues of Nepalese agribusiness in context of WTO.
12.Compare the differences between traditional plans over business
plans. What are the factors to be considered while preparing marketing
plans of a high value commodity?
Final examination-2067
Essay Type Question
10 1.What is agribusiness? Explain the government policies. for
agribusiness development in Nepal. Also describe the support of
price and subsidy on functioning of agribusiness. Short questions
(Attempt any ten)
10×3 = 30

2. Enlist the goals of co-operative. Discuss the environment. forces

affecting agribusiness.
3. What are the functions of an organization? Discuss bureaucracy
principle of Max Weber.
4. Establish interrelationship between firm, plant and industry in the
context of agribusiness.
5. Define risk and uncertainty. Discuss strategies to mitigate risky
environment.
6. Explain problems and prospect of co-operative system in Nepal.
7. Conceptualize the term 'Ansoff matrix' explain the importance of
agribusiness in Nepalese economy.
8. Discuss problems and prospects of Nepalese agriculture under
the scenario of WTO membership.
9. What are the criteria for investment analysis? Discuss the most
appropriate method on investment analysis.
10. What is supply chain management? Briefly discuss about
agribusiness production planning process.
11. Differentiate between balance sheet and income state- ment. Briefly discuss any
two financial principles used in agribusiness management.
12. Write short notes on:

b. Market integration
a.
Marketing efficiency

Final examination-2065

Essay Type Question

10

1. What do you mean by cooperatives? Discuss cooperative. farming

and marketing in terms of concepts, types, merits, limitations, and
examples in Nepalese context. Short questions (Attempt any ten)
10x3=30

2. Briefly discuss the major managerial decisions in an agribusiness firm.

3. Define firm, plant and industry. How firms and industry are interlinked
in determination of equilibrium price and quality in market?
4. State and explain the theories of human resource motivation. 5. What
are advantages of international trade? Discuss agreement an SPS measures
and GATS in brief.
6. Graphically illustrate the effects of minimum support price and
ceiling price policy in agribusiness enterprise.
7. What are different marketing systems prevailing in Nepal?
Briefly explain the significance of marketing research.
8. Enlist principles used in financial management. Briefly discuss the
tools for motivating human behavior in an organization.
9. What do you mean by risk and uncertainties? Discuss the strategies that
an agribusiness manager should adopt to minimize risk and uncertainties.
Prepare a standard
10. Differentiate between balance sheet and income state- ment.
format for income statement along with meaning and example of its
example of its components. 11. Write short notes on: a.theory of consumer
behavior b. marketing information c. internal rate of return
12. Differentiate between: a. Allocative and pricing efficiency b. Leverage
ratio and solvency ratio.
c. Investment and expenditure

Compiled By:- Free Students' Union, Lamjung Campus

96
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE
RAMPUR, CHITWAN
FINAL EXAMINATION - 2074

Level: B.Sc. Ag. 3rd Semester

Subject: Introductory agrometeorology
F.M. 40

P.M. 16 Time: 2 Hrs

Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as
possible. The figure in the margin indicates full marks.
Essay Type Question:
10

1. Describe the effects of intensity, duration and quality of solar radiation

on crop production. Explain the factors affecting actual
evapotranspiration demand of a crop. Short Questions( Attempt any
Ten)
-

FINAL EXAMINATION 2073 Essay Type Question:

10

1. How diurnal and seasonal temperature variation occurs in

atmosphere and in soil? give their significances of atmo- spheric
and soil temperature in crop production. Explain how soil temperature is
measured.
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten)
10*3=30
2. Write with sketch on extent and structures on earth
atmosphere.
3.
Give the nature and properties of solar radiation.
4.
How do human influences on changes in climate, global
10*3=30
warming and crop production?
2. What is pressure gradient? How does pressure gradient
determine the speed and direction of wind?
5.
How wind speed and direction are measured?
6.
Explain the pressure gradient and give concept about mercurial
barometer.
3. Describe briefly the different types of instruments used for
precipitation measurement with their simple sketches.
4. How can modification of climate at micro-level be
achieved? Describe briefly.
5. How can the study of agrometeorology help agriculture
sector? Describe with examples.
6. Explain the significance of soil temperature in crop
production with necessary examples.]
7. Compare agroclimatic regionalization and crop zonation. 8.
Describe the structure of earth atmosphere. 9. Explain the factors
affecting wind motion.
10. What are the relationship among green house effect,
global warming and climate change? Explain.
11. Define relative humidity. What is the significance of
humidity in agriculture?
12. Explain the factors affecting soil moisture.

FINAL EXAMINATION 2072

Essay Type Question:

-

10

1. Discuss the basic laws of solar radiation. Explain the major

effects of solar radiation on crop plants.
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten)
10*3=30
2. Discuss the different layers of atmosphere in brief. 3. Explain with
the help of diagram the variation of soil
temperature during day and night period.
4. Define growing degree day (GDD) and mention its various
advantages. Describe the concept behind growing degree day. 5. What
climatic factors are considered while estimating the
evapotranspiration by penman;s method?
6. Discuss Beaufort's scale of wind estimates and measure
ment of wind direction by wind vanes.
7. Discuss briefly the process of formation of precipitation. 8. Discuss the
important normal for the production of rice
from arometeorological point of view.
9. How can heat balance be controlled in the agricultural
field?

10. Explain the greenhouse effects on agriculture production. 11. Explain

the effects of humidity on plant growth and
development.
12. Determine the evapotranspiration for maize if climatic
conditions are as given below, use Blaney-criddle formula with crop factor
of 0.75.
Month
Mean monthly temp. Monthly % of day time Hrs. in degree celcius
7. Write significance of atmospheric humidity in crop
production.
8. Sketch the clear diagrams of a non-recording type rain gauge and any
two of recording type rain gauges.
9. Explain what does mean permanent wilting percentage? Give
 significance of soil moisture in crop production. 10. Write the
agrometeorological normals for wheat, sugar
cane and cotton.

11. Give the concept of wind modification and shelter belt. 12. Explain
on agroclimatic regionalization and crop zonation.

Back examination 2072

Essay Type Question:

10

1. Discuss the basic radiation laws related from solar

radiation. What are the major effects of solar radiation on crop plants?
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten)
10*3=30
2. Define ambient temperature, temperature lapse and
temperature inversion. Mention the effect of air tempera- ture on crop
plant.
3. What is Bimetallic Thermograph? How it is used to
measure air temperature.
4. Define temperature coefficient (Q10). What are its demer
its?

5. Discuss the various effects of wind on crop plants.

7.
6. Discuss different processes of formation of precipitation. What climatic
factors are considered by penoplan for
estimation of evapotranspiration?
8.
Discuss the climatic normals of rice in context to Nepal.
9.
Discuss various forms of soil water. Discuss the methods of increasing soil
moisture in crop zone.
10. Explain the effects of global warming on yield of rice.
11. Name the different layers of atmosphere. Describe the
important features of troposphere.
12. Explain the effect of humidity on plant?
June
36

July
33

August
30

September
28

October
25

33
8.30

8.21

8.20

8.15
8.00

Compiled By:- Free Students' Union, Lamjung Campus

Final Examination 2071

Essay Type Question:

10

Define solar radiation. How does solar radiation affect the crop production?
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten)
10*3=30
2. Describe the instrument used in measurement of sunshine
duration.

3. Define agrometeorology and discuss its importance in

agricultuture.
4. What is evaporation? What are the factors affecting it?
Describe briefly.
5. Write about the floating siphon gauge.
6. Define saturation capacity, field capacity, permanent
wilting point, ultimate wilting point.
7. Define agroclimate, agroclimatic regionalization and
agroclimatic index.
8. What is hair hygrometer? Describe.
9. List the factors affecting wind motion. How does horizon
tal pressure gradient affect the wind direction and velocity. 10.
Explain about Thiessen Polygon method to determine
average rainfall over an area.
11. What is climate change? Discuss its effect on agriculture
sector briefly.
12. Write short notes on:
a. Coriolis force

b. Temperature inversion.
c. Consumptive use

Back examination 2069

Essay Type Question:

10

1. What is precipitation? Discuss its forms and types in

detail with examples. Also mention its importance in agriculture.
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten)
10*3=30

2. Define evapotranspiration. Wyt is it considered as cooling

process? Describe the effect of cooling process on agricultural
crops.
3. Discuss the scope of agrometeorolgy on crop production. 4. State
the Kirchoff's law of radiation and its applicability in
agriculture.
5. Differentiate among absolute humidity, specific humidity
and its applicability in agriculture.
6. Describe in brief the coriolis force. How does it affect the
wind motion?

7. How does annula variation of air temperature occur?

Describe the effects on crop production.
8. How does variation of soil temperature occur with depth?
Discuss it with reference to various soil types.
9. Define climatic normals. Mention the climatic normals of
rice.

10. Explain the importance of microclimate modification in

agriculture.
11. Distinguish between agroclimatic index and agroclimatic
regionalization.
12. Describe the functions and working principles of bimetal
lic thermograph in agriculture.

34
Final Examination 2070 Essay Type Question:
10
1. Discuss the roles of human influence on climate change.
What are the meteorological indicators of climate change? What
microclimatic modification techniques can be adopted to cope its effect in
the Nepalese context? Short Questions( Attempt any Ten)
Define agromeorology related the modern approach of
10*3=30 2.
agrometeorology in the relevance to developing country. 3.
Enlist the instruments used to measure solar radiation
quality, duration and instensity. Why bimetallic actinogra phy is superior
to solarimeter?
4. Draw a graphical sketch of diurnal and annual variations
of air temperature. Write the importance of growing degree day in
crop production.
5. Discuss the thermal properties of soil which affect soil
temperature. Enlist the importance of soil temperature in
agriculture.
6. Differentiate between actual and potential evapotranspira
tion. Which instrument is the best for measurement rate of evapotranspiration
and why?
7.

8.
Explain collision coalescence theory. Write any three differences
between recording and non-recording types of rain gauge. Classify soil
water on the basis of soil moisture constant. Hills of Nepal receive more
orographic precipitation while in Terai convective precipitation why?
Mention the reasons. 9. What is the role of coriolis force in
geostrophic wind?
Explain the mechanisms of cyclone and anticyclone. 10. Show the
relationship between specific humidity and
temperature. Enlist the instruments used to measure humidity and
explain any one of them.
11. Write short notes on (any three):
a. Relative humidity and saturation vapour pressure b. Penman's
equation c.Kirchoff's law
d. Temperature inversion and lapse rate
12. Draw the temperature variations in different layers of
atmosphere and describe the reasons.

Back examination 2068

Essay Type Question:
10

1. Define solar radiation. How does solar radiation affect the

crop production?
Short Questions( Attempt any Ten)
10*3=30
2. Describe the instrument used In measurement of sunshine
duration.

3. Define agrometeorology and discuss its importance in

agriculture.
4. What is evapotranspiration? What are the factors
affecting it? Describe briefly.
5. Write about the floating siphon rain gauge.
6. Define saturation capacity, field capacity, permanent
wilting point, ulitimate wilting point.
7. Define agroclimate, agroclimatic regionalization and
agroclimatix index.
8. What is hair hygrometer? Describe.
9. List the factors affecting wind motion. How does horizon.
tal pressure gradient affect the wind direction and velocity?
10. Explain about Thiessen Polygon method to determine
average rainfall over an area.
11. What is climate change? Discuss its effect on agricultural
sector, briefly.
12. Write short notes on:
a. Coriolis force

b. Temperature inversion c. Consumptive use

Compiled By:- Free Students' Union, Lamjung Campus

FINAL EXAMINATION-2070

Essay Type Question

10
1. How koch's postulates help to prove pathogenicity? Explain in detail
about the sequential events occurring during
the diseases development.
Short questions (Attempt any ten)
2. Define the following terminologies:
10×3=30

a. Sclerotia b. Blight c. Enzymes d. Witche's broom

e. Cyst £. Toxin
3. Define fruiting body? Explain with figures the asexual fruiting bodies.
4. Give the systematic position of the pathogen causing club root of
curcifers with its important diagnostic characters. 5. Write down the
etiology of the following diseases: a. Damping off b. Brown rust of wheat c.
Citrus canker d. Fire blight of apple e. Ear cockle of wheat f. Root knot of
vegetables
6. Explain with figures and examples about the locomotion of bacteria.
7. What are the modes of transmission of plant viruses? Explain in brief.
8. How infected host acts as a reservoir of inoculums for the survival of pathogens?
9. Explain in brief how seed and soil helps for the active. dispersal of the
pathogens.
10. Define epiphytology? What are the essential components to cause
epiphytotic condition? Explain briefly.
11.Plants defend themselves against the pathogens with their structural
modification in the post infection period. Justify. 12.Explain about the
principles of the plant diseases manage- ment in brief.

FINAL EXAMINATION -2069

Essay Type Question

10
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE RAMPUR, CHITWAN
FINAL EXAMINATION 2074
-

F.M. 40
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 5th Semester
P.M. 16
Subject: INTRODUCTION SOIL CONSERVATION Time: 2 Hrs
AND WATERSHED MGMT.

Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as practicable as
possible. The figure in the margin indicates full marks.
Essay Type Question
10

1. Explain the mechanisms of soil erosion by water. Discuss the factor

affecting soil erodibility. Short questions (Attempt any ten)
10×3=30

2. Define soil conservation and discuss the major causes of soil

degradation in Nepal.
3. How does wind transport the soil particles? Explain with suitable
diagram.
4. Enlist the different method of soil loss estimation by erosion and
explain the runoff plot technique for such loss.
5. How does soil erosion affect soil fertility and productivity? Explain with
suitable examples.
6. What are the principles of protecting soils from water erosion? Enlist
the major soil conservation measures for the agricultural land in midhills
of Nepal.
7. What is bioengineering? Why it is becoming more important in
Nepal?
8. Define Watershed and discuss the principles of integrated watershed
management.
9. How do the agricultural activities influence the water quality? Describe
in brief.
10. Describe the objectives of Department of soil conservation and
watershed management.
11. Define Land capability classifications. Discuss the general
characteristics of land capability classes that can be used for
cultivation purposes in Nepal.
12. Write short notes on: a. Spillway b.
Shelterbelt c. Hydrological cycle
1. Enlist abiotic, biotic and meso-biotic causes of plant diseases. Describe
importance and general morphological characteristics of fungi.
Short questions (Attempt any ten)
10×3 = 30

2. Write the characteristics of the phylum Ascomycota and discuss any

two genera of it.
3. Draw and label a typical structure of plant pathogenic bacterial cell.
4. Discuss about the general Plasmodiophora, Pythium and Erwinia in brief.
5. Briefly describe the general morphological characters of plant
pathogenic nematode in reference of Heterodera and Anguina.
6. Explain about the vector mediated plant virus transmis- sion.
7. Define pathogenecity and describe briefly about disease cycle in
general.
8. Explain briefly post exposed defense mechanisms in plants.
9. Explain about the asexual fruiting bodies of fungi.
10. List the names of diseases caused by Puccinia, Uromyces,
Helminthosporium, Pyricularia, Cercospora and Collectotrichum with their hosts.
11. Describe briefly about the physiology of infected host plant.
12. Write short notes on (any 3)
a. Pathogenesis
b. Koch's postulates

79
BACK EXAMINATION: 2074

Essay Type Question

10

1. What is soil erosion? Describe in brief the types of soil erosion by water.
Short questions (Attempt any ten)
10×3=30

2. Describe in brief the factors affecting wind erosion.

3. Compare among the various type of soil erosion by water and which
one is the most hazards to the Nepalese soil? 4. Discuss the empirical
method for soil loss estimation caused by erosion.
5. What are the different processes of wind erosion? Describe in brief.
6. Describe in brief the on-site and off-site consequences of soil erosion by
Water.
7. Describe in brief soil erosion control in agricultural lands. 8. Explain in
brief soil conservation practices of forest lands. 9. What are the measures
to solve landslide problem in Nepal? Describe
10.Describe in brief the concept of integrated watershed
management in Nepal.
11.Discuss in brief the institutional arrangement for soil conservation and
watershed management in Nepal. 12. Write short notes on:
a) land slide in Nepal b) hydrology
Compiled By:- Free Students' Union, Lamjung Campus
FINAL EXAMINATION-2073
Essay Type Question
10

1. Explain the major consequences of soil erosion by water in the

Himalayan Region of Nepal. Short questions (Attempt any ten)
10×3=30
2. Under what conditions the visual method of soil erosion is observed? Discuss in brief.

3. Describe the mechanisms of soil erosion by water in brief. 4. Discuss the

factor affecting the condition conducive for soil erosion by wind.
5. Sketch the hydrological cycle and level its components and
processes.
6. Explain the approaches adopted by Department of soil conservation and
watershed management by Govt, of Nepal for controlling soil erosion.
7. Write a short note on the concept of integrated watershed management.
8. Define the terms:

a) soil conservation b) landslides

c) watershed management
d) bioengineering measures
9. Describe the soil erosion control practices on forest lands of Nepal.
10. How natural vegetation and soil fertility are linked with land
degradation? Explain
11. Describe soil erosion related terms used in Universal soil Loss
Equation.
12. Discuss in brief the sources of water pollution and its consequences in
agriculture.
FINAL EXAMINATION-2072

Essay Type Question

10

1. Define soil conservation. Explain the soil erosion control measures in

agricultural lands with special reference to the Nepalese condition.
Short questions (Attempt any ten)
10×3=3
2. There was a severe land slump in pokhara valley recently. What do you think
would be the reasons behind this?
3. Define Eutrophication. Discuss the cause and effect of water pollution.
4. "Sheet erosion is also a selective process". Justify the
statement.

5. Discuss the erosion status of Nepal.

6. Enlist the methods of soil loss monitoring and estimation. Enumerate the
universl soil loss equation (USLE) With its practical limitations.
7. What are the special forms of erosion? Discuss in brief stream bank
erosion with its control measures. 8. Describe the process of wind erosion.
9. Define and delineate watershed with figure. Enlist the major
watersheds in Nepal.
10. Differentiate between rill and gully erosion. Describe the gully
development process in hilly areas of Nepal.
11. Enlist the institutions involved in soil conservation and watershed management in
Nepal. Discuss the activities. carried out by the Department of Soil
conservation and watershed Management(DSCWM)
12. Describe the benefits of integrated watershed management.
BACK EXAMINATION-2073 Essay Type Question
10

1. What is soil conservation? Describe the most effective methods of soil

conservation measures required to be followed in Nepal. Give scientific
reasons for applicability of each method in Nepal.
Short questions (Attempt any ten)
10×3=30
2 Define watershed and explain briefly the watershed approach of soil
conservation.
3. How does afforestation help in soil and soil fertility conservation?
4. How does human influence in hydrological cycle? 5. In Bagmati river
flowing through the Kathmandu valley is clean? If not what are the sources
of its pollution.
6. What is conservation tillage? Describe the importance of conservation
tillage in soil and soil fertility conservation. 7. What are the socio-economic
consequences of soil erosion in down streams?
8. Describe briefly the mechanisms of wind erosion.
9. What is Universal soil loss equation? Define each symbols. used in
universal soil loss equation.
10. Write down the factors affecting soil erosion caused by rain water?
Describe the effects of perennial cropping in soil and nutrient conservation.
11. Describe briefly the importance of bio-engineering to reduce soil loss
situation in nepal?
12. If you were appointed as a district soil conservation officer for a
mountain district, what would you do for your District?

FINAL EXAMINATION -2071 Essay Type Question

10

1. Differentiate between soil erodability and rain fall erosiv- ity. Enlist the
methods of soil loss monitoring and estimation. Short questions (Attempt
any ten)
10×3 = 3
2 Hydrological cycle is influence by human. Discuss it with example.
3. Discuss the soil erosion control measures in agriculture lands under
Nepalese condition.
4. Human are the primary causes for the land degradation. What would be
the reasons behind this?
5. How does agriculture and industries responsible for water pollution?
Describe.
6. "sheet erosion is also a selective process". Justify the
statement.

7. Nepal is hilly region erosion prone. How is terai affected by this?

8. Describe the erosion status of Nepal.
9. Write short notes on(any two): a) SALT
b) CHIAT
c) Avalanches
10. Differentiate between rill and gully erosions. Discuss the gully
development process in hilly area or Nepal.
11. Enlist the institutions involved in soil conservation and watershed management in
Nepal. Discuss the activities carried out by the Department of Soil erosion and
Watershed management(DSCWM)
12. Discuss the principles of integrated watershed manage- ment with
examples.

Compiled By:- Free Students' Union, Lamjung Campus

80
FINAL EXAMINATION-2070

Essay Type Question

10

1. Define watershed management and explain the causes of watershed

deterioration and management options in hilly region of Nepal.
Short questions (Attempt any ten)
10×3=30

2. Briefly explain the mechanisms of the soil erosion by

water.

3. Differentiate between surface creep and suspension. Describe the

factors affecting wind Erosion.
4. Enlist the measures of soil erosion control in agricultural land and
explain the role of strip cropping in soil erosion control.

5. Agricultural practices and water quality affect each other, how?

What are the significances of hydrological cycle in agriculture?
7. Describe the policies and strategies adopted by Depart- ment of
soil conservation and watershed management in Nepal.
8. What is afforestation? Describe the soil erosion control in forest Lands.

9. Poor men and poor soil go together, justify.

10. Define universal soil loss equation. How do organic matter and clay
particles influences soil erodibility?
11. Explain any two bioengineering technologies that are useful to
control soil erosion in Nepal.
12. Write short notes on:
a. Contour hedge row technology
b. Sheet erosion

FINAL EXAMINATION-2069

Essay Type Question

10

1. Define soil erosion by water and describe the factors affecting soil
erosion in detail. Explain the effects of soil erosion caused by water in
public Health hazard. Short questions (Attempt any ten)
10×3=30

2. Describe various parameters used for land capability classification.

3. Explain watershed characteristics affecting the sediment Yield.
4. Explain sources of water pollution with examples.
5. Describe the importance of hydrological knowledge in natural
resource planning.
6. Discuss the consequences of soil erosion in soil fertility loss and
land degradation.
7. Describe soil characteristics for better water harvesting. 8. What are the
engineering measures for soil erosion control? Describe the terracing
method in brief.
9. Mention the legislations and regulations related to soil conservation
and watershed management.
10. Classify and discuss the control measures of stream bank erosion.
11. Explain the mechanics of wind erosion.
12. Write short notes on:
a) Wind erosion
b) Shelterbelt
TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE
RAMPUR, CHITWAN FINAL EXAMINATION - 2074
F.M. 40
Level: B.Sc. Ag. 6th Semester
P.M. 16
Subject INEPALESE AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT AND POLICY
Time: 2 Hrs Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as
practicable as possible. The figure in the margin indicates full marks.
Essay Type Question
10
1. Discuss why the pace of agricultural development or growth is
very slow in Nepal.
Short questions (Attempt any ten)
10×3=30

2. Discuss basic terms to be considered while formulating appropriate

agricultural development policies in Nepal. 3. Discuss social and
institutional obstacles in hindering agricultural growth in Nepal.
4. Discuss structural obstacles in Nepal from agricultural development
point of view.
5. Discuss the importance of cash crops in Nepal.
6. Discuss the importance of livestock development in Nepal.
7. Discuss the importance of water resource in agricultural
development of Nepal.
8. Discuss different priorities of agricultural development. Strategy
(ads) of Nepal.
9. Briefly discuss different development plans of Nepal. 10.Discuss
institutes related to teaching and research in agriculture sector of Nepal
11.Critically discuss land reform initiatives of Nepal.
12.Discuss different programs related to poverty alleviation of Nepal.

BACK EXAMINATION-2074
Essay Type Question
10

1. Interrelate Nepal's agriculture with her economy. Discuss on major

components of Nepalese agriculture pertaining to their roles in national
economy.
Short questions (Attempt any ten)
10×3=30

2. Discuss on past trend, present situation and future prospect of food

grain production in Nepal.
3. Discuss with evidences whether higher dependency of economy on
agriculture is bad or boon to Nepal.
4. Enlist major water resources policies of Nepal. Critically evaluate key
policies of Nepal. Critically evaluate key policies in relation to efficiency
in water resource utilization,
5. Describe key strategies for increasing agricultural profitability
envisaged in Agriculture development Strategy (ADS), 2014 of Nepal. 6.
Explain major institutional problems of agricultural production in
Nepal. Also suggest suitable policy interven- tions to overcome those
problems.
7. Discuss on role of cooperative organizations for promot- ing
agricultural production and marketing in Nepal.
8. Define land reform. Discuss on present land tenure systems of Nepal.
9. Explain in brief about major research and extension. institutions
involved in development of agricultural develop- ment sector in Nepal.
10. Explain the role of foreign aid as well as their negative consequences
in agricultural development of Nepal. 11. Define poverty. Critically
evaluate the government efforts for poverty alleviation in Nepal.
12. What are dimensions of food security? Suggest effective measures to
overcome food insecurity problem of Nepal.

81
Compiled By:- Free Students' Union, Lamjung Campus