ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025 SCHEME OF WORK: BIOLOGY

TEACHER’S NAME: MUTAGANDA Ami Fidele GS RWAMAGANA PROTESTANT

Class: S4MCB

Date Number Unit title Lesson/content Learning activities References Observation

of week
O9/09/2024- 1 Unit 1. Lesson 1&2: Species. Use suitable methods, Biology student’s book
13/09/2024 Introduction to - Ecosystem. F13such as frame S4, established by
Biodiversity - Niche. quadrats, line REB.
- Biodiversity: transects, belt Teacher guide S4 book.
Lesson 3&4: Variation in transects,B13 to assess
F13ecosystems or the distribution and
habitats. abundance of
Lesson 5,6,7: Number of organisms in a local
species and their relative area.
abundance. o Genetic - Use Spearman’s rank
Variation within each correlation and
Species. Pearson’s linear
- Importance of random correlation to analyze
sampling in determining the relationships
the Biodiversity of an between the
 area. distribution and
- Use of suitable methods, abundance of species
such as frame quadrats, and abiotic or biotic
line transects, and belt factors
transects to assess the
Apply Simpson’s
distribution and Index of diversity (D)
abundance of organisms to calculate the
in a local area. Biodiversity of a
- Spearman’s rank habitat, using the
correlation and Pearson’s formula
linear correlation to
analyze the relationships
between the distribution
and abundance of species
and abiotic or biotic
factors
16/09/2024- 2 Unit 2: Lesson 1&2: The Use computer Biology student’s book
20/09/2024 Introduction to taxonomic hierarchy: simulations and S4, established by
classification. domain, kingdom, prepared slides to REB.
phylum, class, order, discuss characteristics, Teacher guide S4 book.
family, genus and species. structure and
 Lesson 3,4,5: Three economic Importance
domains: archaea, bacteria of living organisms.
and eukarya. - Use of illustrations to
Lesson 6&7: Common discuss types of
bacterial diseases in plants bacteria.
and animals and methods - Carry out a field
of prevention. study trip to a site of
production to study
the economic
Importance of

bacteria.
- Learners observe
collected organisms
and construct
dichotomous keys.
23/09/2024 - 3 Unit 2: Lesson : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 & Learners observe Biology student’s book
27/09/2024 Introduction to 7 Characteristic features collected organisms S4, established by
classification of the kingdom and construct REB.
Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae dichotomous keys Teacher guide S4 book.
and Animalia Carry out a field study
Classification of viruses. trip to a site of
 - Dichotomous keys production to study
the economic
importance of
- Learners observe
collected organisms
and construct
Dichotomous keys.
07/10/2024 4 Unit 3: Lesson 1&2: Compound Biology student’s book
11/10/2024 Microscopy light microscope. S4, established by
- Functioning of a Make temporary REB.
Compound light preparations of slides Teacher guide S4 book.
microscope. of epidermis of
Lesson 3&4: - onions, young stems
Magnification and and roots for light
resolution of a Compound microscopy by fixing,
light microscope. staining and mounting.
Lesson 5- Calculation of observe under low and
magnification. high power.
Lesson 6&7: - Electron - Draw diagrams and
microscopes. label them.
- Transmission Electron - Make a group
microscopes (TEM) and presentation about
 scanning Electron
microscopes (SEM the differences
between a Compound
light microscopes and
electro outlining the
advantages of each.
30/09/2024 5 Unit 4: Cell Lesson 1&2: Structure of Make temporary Biology student’s book
04/10/2024 structure and plant and animal cell as preparations of slides S4, established by
specialization seen under a light of leaves or stems of REB.
microscope. Wandering Jew, Teacher guide S4 book.
- Ultra structure of plant Oxalis latifolia, and
and animal cells. cheek cells for
Lesson 3&4: - Functions microscopy by fixing,
of organelles and their staining and mounting.
interrelationships. observe and Draw
Lesson 5&6: - under low and high
Differences between power.
ultrastructure of plant and - in groups
animal cells. - Teacher guides
Lesson 7: -Roles of Learners to devise an
different components of experiment on
cell membranes. estimating the size of a
 - Prokaryotic and cell.
eukaryotic cells. - Students discuss the
- Specialized animal cells structure of Cell
limited to epithelial cells, Students discuss the
blood cells, nerve cells, structure of plasma
smooth membranes using
micrographs and
animations and relate
their components to
their functions
14/10/2024 - 6 Unit 5: Diversity Using prepared slides Biology student’s book
18/10/2024 of specialized Lesson 1,2&3: - Plant and microscope, S4, established by
tissues. tissue: parenchyma observe, identify and REB.
tissues, xylem tissues, draw plant and animal Teacher guide S4 book.
phloem tissues, tissues.
sclerenchyma and -Carry out research
collenchyma tissue. from the library or
Lesson 4,5,6&7: -Animal internet on categories
tissue: connective and of animal tissues.
skeletal tissue. functions - In groups, discuss
and adaptations of and present how
epithelial tissues. epithelial tissues have
 adapted to their
functions.
Biology student’s book
21/10/2024 - 7 Unit 5. Diversity Lesson 1,2,3&4: - Levels Using prepared slides S4, established by
25/10/2024 of specialized of organization: cell, and microscope, REB.
tissues tissue organ, and system. observe, identify and Teacher guide S4 book.
Lesson 5,6&7: draw plant and animal
Advantages and tissues.
disadvantages of being -Carry out research
unicellular. from the library or
Advantages of the internet on categories
multicellular state of an of animal tissues.
organism - In groups, discuss
and present how
epithelial tissues have
adapted to their
functions.
28/10/2024 - 8 Unit 6: Testing Lesson 1&2: Test for Carry out a chemical Biology student’s book
01/11/2024 for biological Reducing, non-reducing test for the S4, established by
molecules sugars, starch, proteins identification of REB.
and lipids. proteins using Biuret Teacher guide S4 book.
Lesson 3&4: - Test for and Millon’s reagent.
 vitamin C (Ascorbic acid). - In a group, solve a
Lesson 5,6&7: - Semi- problem by carrying
quantitative Benedict’s out a semi-quantitative
test on a reducing sugar. Benedict’s test on a
reducing sugar using
standardized dilutions.
Use the results (color).
4/11/2024 - 9 Unit 7: Lesson 1, 2, 3 & 4: Observe charts of Biology student’s book
08/11/2024 Carbohydrates -Ring forms of α-glucose molecules of S4, established by
and lipids. and β-glucose. carbohydrates and REB.
- Classes of monomers of lipids and identify Teacher guide S4 book.
the main biological monomers and bonds.
molecules. Relate these to the
-Formation and roles they play in the
breakdown of glyosidic life of an organism
bonds and present results in
-Molecular structure and groups, carry out a
functions of simple experiment or
polysaccharides (starch: use a calorimeter to
amylose and compare the enthalpy
amylopectin), glycogen of combustion of 1g of
and cellulose in living glucose to that of lipid
 organisms. Molecular and critique the
structure and functions of accuracy of the
triglycerides in living method Learners carry
organisms. out research from the
Lesson 5, 6 & 7: library or internet on
Structure and functions of formulae of amino
a phospholipid in living acids. Show how they
organisms form the peptide
bonds and model
monomers using
simple materials such
as wires and plasticize
or play dough balls to
form amino acids,
peptides and
polypeptide
11/11/2024 10 Unit 8: Proteins Lesson 1: - The structure Carry out an Biology student’s book
15/11/2024 and water. of an amino acid. experiment using S4, established by
Lesson 2 & 3: Formation cooking oil, water and REB.
and breakage of a peptide detergents to study Teacher guide S4 book.
bond. hydrophilic and
Lesson: 4&5 - hydrophobic effects on
 Structures of proteins water.
(primary, secondary,
tertiary and quaternary
structures of proteins).
- Fibrous and
globular proteins. Lesson
6 & 7: Molecular
structure of hemoglobin
and Denaturation of
proteins.
Functions of proteins.
Water and its properties
for life.
18/11/2024 - 11 Unit 9: Vitamins In journal form, . Biology student’s
22/11/2024 and mineral salts Lesson 1: Mineral individually research book S4, established by
nutrients in humans. the most evident REB.
Lesson 2 & 3: dietary diseases in the Teacher guide S4 book.
Classification of mineral community and
nutrients suggest
Lesson 4 & 5: Sources, recommendations to
functions and deficiency improve the nutritional
symptoms of mineral status. Present the
 nutrients in humans. results.
Lesson 6: Vitamins and Using photographs or
the classification of computer aided
vitamins. material learners
Lesson 7: Sources, brainstorm the
functions and symptoms observable symptoms
of vitamin deficiency. of scurvy, night
blindness, goitre, and
anaemia.
25/11/2024- 12 Unit 10: Enzymes. Lesson 1: Criteria for in pairs, learners Biology student’s book
29/11/2024 naming enzymes. carry out an S4, established by
Lesson 2: Characteristics experiment to show REB.
of enzymes. the effect of mylase on Teacher guide S4 book.
Lesson 3: Mode of action starch at different
of enzymes. temperatures.
Lesson 4: Factors - in groups, learners
affecting enzyme action. find out the effect of
Lesson 5: Importance of digestive enzymes on
enzymes in living food substrate in
organisms. different parts of
Lesson 6: Enzyme alimentary canal
Technology. - in groups, students
 Lesson 7: Importance of use a computer or free
enzymes in living hand to graphically
organisms. plot the rate of an
enzyme controlled
reaction.
- learners Investigate
and present research
on enzyme
technology.
25/11/2024 - 13
29/11/2024
REVISION WEEK

09/12/2024 - 14
13/12/2024
EXAMINATION PERIOD

16/12/2024-
20/12/2024
REPORTS PREPARATION
15

2ND TERM
O6/01/2025 - 1 Unit 11: Principles Learners measure Biology student’s book
10/01/2025 of gas exchange Lesson 1 & 2: surface area to volume S4, established by
systems. Relationship between size ratios of objects of REB.
and surface area to various sizes and Teacher guide S4 book.
volume ratio. design. Learners then
 Lesson 3 & 4: carry out an
Modifications of gaseous experiment to measure
exchange surfaces to the diffusion rate into
speed up diffusion. different sizes of
Lesson 5 & 6: gelatin tubes. -
Characteristics of gaseous Research using the
exchange surfaces. internet or textbook
Lesson 7: Smoking and material on
related risks. modifications of
gaseous exchange
surfaces and report
their findings. -
Learners observe
prepared slides of
gaseous exchange
surfaces of different
organisms and identify
common
characteristics.
13/01/2025 - 2 Unit 12: Gas Learners observe, Biology student’s book
17/01/2025 exchange in Lesson 1: Structure of draw and label S4, established by
plants. stoma. structure of stoma as REB.
 Lesson 2: Theories used observed under a light Teacher guide S4 book.
to explain the mechanism microscope.
of opening and closure of - Learners research the
stomata. theories used to
Lesson 3: Structural explain the opening
adaptation and function of and closure of stomata
stomata, lenticels and and discuss their
breathing roots. findings in class.
Lesson 4 & 5: - Learners observe
Comparison of gaseous prepared slides of T.S.
exchange structures in of leaves of aquatic
terrestrial and aquatic and terrestrial plants
plants. and discuss the
Lesson 6 & 7: Structural differences
adaptation of leaves of
aquatic and terrestrial
plants to their habitats
20/01/2025 3 Unit 12: Gas Learners observe, Biology student’s book
24/01/2025 exchange in Lesson 1: Structure of draw and label S4, established by
plants. stoma. structure of stoma as REB.
Lesson 2: Theories used observed under a light Teacher guide S4 book.
to explain the mechanism microscope.
 of opening and closure of - Learners research the
stomata. theories used to
Lesson 3: Structural explain the opening
adaptation and function of and closure of stomata
stomata, lenticels and and discuss their
breathing roots. findings in class.
Lesson 4 & 5: - Learners observe
Comparison of gaseous prepared slides of T.S.
exchange structures in of leaves of aquatic
terrestrial and aquatic and terrestrial plants
plants. and discuss the
Lesson 6 & 7: Structural differences
adaptation of leaves of
aquatic and terrestrial
plants to their habitats
27/01/2025 - 4 Unit 13: Growth Lesson 1&2: Biology student’s book
31/01/2025 and development Phytohormones. Discussion S4, established by
in plants and Lesson 3&4: Plant *Group discussion REB.
animals. movements. *Discovery approach Teacher guide S4 book.
Lesson 5&6: *Question and Answer
Photoperiodism in plants. *Inquiry approach
Lesson 7: Metamorphosis *Brainstorming
 and growth patterns in *Role plays
insects and amphibians. *Field visits
03/02/2025 - 5 Unit 14: Support Lesson 1: Need for Learners discuss
07/02/2025 and locomotion locomotion. reasons why animals
Lesson 2: Non-muscular move from one place
movements or movement to another.
without muscles: - Using a microscope,
amoeboid, flagella, and learners observe
euglenoid. locomotion in Amoeba
Lesson 3: Arrangement of and Paramecium from
muscles in fish. a culture medium. -
Lesson 4 & 5: Movement Observe the
and support of fish in arrangement of
water: propulsion and muscles in fish
stability. (myotomes) to relate
Lesson 6: Support and their structure to
movement on locomotion.
land/muscular skeletal - Observe external
basis of locomotion and features (fins) and
propulsion of walking internal features (swim
tetrapods (mammals), bladder) of a fish
birds and annelids. (tilapia) that enable
 Lesson 7: -comparison of locomotion of a fish in
jumping movement of water.
grasshopper and toads
10/02/2025- 6 Unit 15: Lesson 1: - Theory of Biology student’s book
14/02/2025 Classification and disease, germ theory. Watch movies or S4, established by
patterns of Lesson 2 & 3: simulations of the REB.
disease. Classification of disease. locomotion of Teacher guide S4 book.
Lesson 4: Patterns of different animals, such
disease. as a fish in water, a
Lesson 5: Health and rabbit and lion on
community: criteria for land, and insects and
good housing birds in the air.
Lesson 6 & 7: Public - Learners carry out
health services. research from the
library or the internet
to find out the
similarity and
difference between the
flight of birds and
insects.
17/02/2025- 7 Unit 16: Asexual Biology student’s book
21/02/2025 Reproduction in Lesson 1: Asexual and Discuss asexual S4, established by
Plants. sexual reproduction. reproduction in lower REB.
Lesson 2: Methods of organisms and higher Teacher guide S4 book.
asexual reproduction. plants, outlining
Lesson 3: Advantages and advantages and
Disadvantages of asexual disadvantages.
reproduction. - Learners observe
Lesson 4: Vegetative and asexual reproduction
artificial propagation in in lower organisms
flowering plants. and write reports as an
Lesson 5,6&7: out-of-class activity-
Application of artificial Learners carry out
propagation in growing vegetative propagation
improved varieties of of at least two plant
plants species by stem
cutting suckers or
layering (cassava,
Banana, hibiscus).
- Field study on
natural and artificial
propagation methods.
24/02/2025 - 8 Unit 17: Sexual Lesson 1: Alternation of Biology student’s book
28/02/2025 Reproduction in generations in bryophytes Learners carry out a S4, established by
Plants and Pteridophytes. project to study REB.
Lesson 2: Types and alternation of Teacher guide S4 book.
structure of flowers. generations in mosses
03/03/2025 - 9 Lesson 3 & 4: Pollination and ferns. Learners
07/03/2025 and double fertilization in use a mixture of first
flowering plants. hand observations of
Lesson 5: Events in a living specimens and
flower after fertilization. information from
Lesson 6: Structure and textbooks and the
types of seeds and fruits. internet.
Lesson 7: Fruit and seed - Learners examine the
dispersal with their structures of flowers,
adaptation. inflorescences, fruits
and seeds using hand
lenses and a light
microscope.
- Carry out research
from the library and
internet on the process
of double fertilization
 in angiosperms.

10/03/2025-
14/03/2025 10 REVISION WEEK
17/03/2025 - 11
21/03/2025 EXAMINATION PERIOD
24/03/2025 12
28/03/2025
31/03/2025 - 13 REPORT PREPARATION
4/04/2025

3RD TERM
22/04/2025 1 Unit 18: Lesson 1: Microbiology. Learners in groups, Biology student’s book
25/04/2025 Microbiology Lesson 2: Structure and discuss how viruses S4, established by
life cycle of viruses. are different from REB.
Lesson 3: Viruses as living cells. - discuss Teacher guide S4 book.
living or nonliving. the nutrition of
Lesson 4: eubacteria. of different
Archaebacteria. microorganisms. -
Lesson 5: Eubacteria. Discuss the methods
Lesson 6: E. coli and food of reducing the risk of
poisoning. food poisoning by
Lesson 7: Structure and pathogenic bacteria. -
lifecycle of E.coli. Learners interpret
charts showing the life
cycles of
microorganisms.
Cambell
28/04/2025 - 2 Unit 18. Lesson 1: Evolution of Learners in groups, Biology student’s book
02/05/2025 Microbiology harmful strains. discuss how viruses S4, established by
Lesson 2: Sources of are different from REB.
infection. living cells. Teacher guide S4 book.
Lesson 3: Fungal Moulds: - discuss the nutrition
Rhizopus and Mucor. of eubacteria.
Lesson 4: Nonfungal of different
moulds: water moulds, microorganisms.
bacterial moulds, and - Discuss the methods
cellular slim moulds. of reducing the risk of
05/06/2025 3 Lesson 5: Life cycle of food poisoning by
09/05/2025 Rhizopus. pathogenic bacteria.
Lesson 6: Significance of - Learners interpret
moulds. charts showing the life
Lesson 7: Protozoa that cycles of
cause diseases. microorganisms.
12/05/2025 4 Unit 19: Lesson 1&2: Draw and interpret the Biology student’s book
16/05/2025 Culturing micro- Requirements for growth graph of the S4, established by
organ isms. of microorganisms population growth of REB.
Culture media: solid and bacteria. - Carry out Teacher guide S4 book.
liquid, enrichment and an experiment to stain
selective, and indicator bacteria for
 media. examination with a
Lesson 3&4: Preparing light microscope. -
the media and aseptic Interpret charts and
techniques and Bacterial illustrations for
growth. preparing culture
Lesson 5: Measuring media and the process
population growth of of inoculating media.
bacteria and fungi, In groups, investigate
staining bacteria and the bacterial content of
Growing viruses. fresh and stale milk
Lesson 6&7: Role of
bacteria in biotechnology
and genetic engineering

19/05/2025 5 Unit 20: Lesson 1&2: Examples of - Describe the role of Biology student’s book
23/05/2025 Biotechnology and industrial application of anaerobic respiration S4, established by
its application. enzymes: brewing (beer in yeast during bread REB.
and wines), baking, making Teacher guide S4 book.
medicine, meat, cheese, showing how the pH
and yoghurt) and the concentration
Lesson 3&4: of penicillin in a
Fermentation and culture changes over
 fermenters and the time when the pH is
production of penicillin. controlled.
Lesson 5&6: Antibiotics: In groups, interpret
Antibiotic the process of biogas
Lesson 7: Biogas production
production

26/05/2025 6
30/05/2025
02/06/2025 REVISION
06/06/2025 7

09/06/2025 8
13/06/2025 EXAMINATIONS
16/06/2025 9
20/06/2025
23/06/2025 10 PREPARATION OF REPORTS
27/06/2025