FAMILY NEEDS, GOALS AND

STANDARDS
CONTENT

1. Meaning of Family Needs and Wants

2. Types of Family Needs
3. Meaning of Family Goals and Standards

Meaning of Family Needs and Wants

Family needs are the things that are essential for the family’s physical, emotional, mental and
social health. Wants, on the other hand, are those things which the family desire even though
they are not essential for the health and well being of the family.

Types of Family Needs

1. Basic/Primary Needs

These are very important needs in the family which the family cannot do without. They are
needed by family members for survival. They are:

(i) Food

(ii) Clothing

(iii) Shelter

(iv) Health care

2. Secondary Needs

These are those things the family wants. They are not as important as the primary needs. This
implies that the family can continue to exist without the provision of secondary needs.

Examples of secondary needs are: Pocket money for the family members, extra clothing, family
car, etc.

Meaning of Family Goals and Standards

Family goals are specific purposes or objectives the family has in mind, e.g. building a house,
buying a car, providing good education for the children etc.

Standards are measures of quality, quantity, and method of goal attainment. They are used to
measure the value of something, such as an activity (e.g. standard of living). Standards are what
a person or a family will accept as good and worthwhile. For instance, to pass a home economics
examination could be your goal but to obtain an A instead of a C is your standard. So this
standard then acts as your limit and will influence your action because of the satisfaction you
hope to get from it. Thus you are forced to work hard for an A.

The standards set by a family influence their use of resources. For instance, providing three
meals a day can be the goal of the family, but the standard could be that the meals must be
balanced and served on the dining table.

EVALUATION

1. Differentiate between family needs and wants.

2. Explain the three basic human needs.
3. Define (a) goals (b) standards.

FAMILY NEEDS, GOALS AND

STANDARDS
CONTENT

1. Meaning of Family Needs and Wants

2. Types of Family Needs
3. Meaning of Family Goals and Standards

Meaning of Family Needs and Wants

Family needs are the things that are essential for the family’s physical, emotional, mental and
social health. Wants, on the other hand, are those things which the family desire even though
they are not essential for the health and well being of the family.

Types of Family Needs

1. Basic/Primary Needs

These are very important needs in the family which the family cannot do without. They are
needed by family members for survival. They are:

(i) Food

(ii) Clothing

(iii) Shelter

(iv) Health care

2. Secondary Needs

These are those things the family wants. They are not as important as the primary needs. This
implies that the family can continue to exist without the provision of secondary needs.

Examples of secondary needs are: Pocket money for the family members, extra clothing, family
car, etc.

Meaning of Family Goals and Standards

Family goals are specific purposes or objectives the family has in mind, e.g. building a house,
buying a car, providing good education for the children etc.

Standards are measures of quality, quantity, and method of goal attainment. They are used to
measure the value of something, such as an activity (e.g. standard of living). Standards are what
a person or a family will accept as good and worthwhile. For instance, to pass a home economics
examination could be your goal but to obtain an A instead of a C is your standard. So this
standard then acts as your limit and will influence your action because of the satisfaction you
hope to get from it. Thus you are forced to work hard for an A.

The standards set by a family influence their use of resources. For instance, providing three
meals a day can be the goal of the family, but the standard could be that the meals must be
balanced and served on the dining table.

EVALUATION

1. Differentiate between family needs and wants.

2. Explain the three basic human needs.
3. Define (a) goals (b) standards.
PRODUCTION OF CLOTHING AND
HOUSEHOLD ARTICLES AND CRAFTS
CONTENT

1. Meaning of Household Articles and Crafts

2. Types of Household Articles and Craft
3. Tools, Equipment and Materials for Making Simple Articles and Crafts.

Meaning of Household Articles and Crafts

Household articles and crafts are items or crafts that can be produced for personal use, for the
home or even for sale. Some of these crafts can be used for decoration of self or the home.

Types of Household Articles and Crafts

The following are the types of household articles and crafts:

1. Needle work bag

2. Apron
3. Cap
4. Head rest
5. Arm rest
6. Shopping bag
7. Puffs
8. Handkerchiefs
9. Bibs
10. Curtain holder
11. Table mat
12. Head-tie
13. Napkin
14. Gloves or mitten
 Simple Relevant
Household Articles and Crafts

Tools, Equipment and Materials for Making Simple Articles

and Crafts
1. Tools and materials needed to make needle work bag

(i) 80 cm, 30cm plain or patterned cotton fabric

(ii) Matching thread

(iii) Needle
(iv) Scissors

2. Tools and material needed for making simple apron

(i) Brown paper (1m × 90cm)

(ii) 1 meter of plain or patterned cotton fabric

(iii) Matching thread

(iv) Needle

(v) Scissors

3. Tools and materials needed for oven gloves or mitten

(i) Brown paper

(ii) ½ of 90 cm plain or flora; cotton fabric

(iii) ½ cm thick frame as insulation materials

(iv) Lining material like calico

(v) Material thread

(vi) Scissors

(vii) Marker

4. Tools and material for making Scarves

(i) 70cm * 70cm plain or patterned cotton fabric.

(ii) Matching thread

(iii) Needle

(iv) Scissors

EVALUATION

1. Define household craft.

2. List the materials required to make any of these crafts. (i) Needle workbag (ii) Mitten (iii)
Apron
ACTIVITY

Find out the procedure involved in making the articles/crafts pictured below.

PRACTICAL ON PRODUCTION OF
CLOTHING AND HOUSEHOLD
ARTICLES AND CRAFTS
CONTENT

1. Construction of simple relevant articles e.g. apron, cap, needlework bag, head rest, table
mat, puffs, purse, curtain holder, bibs, arm rest, shopping bag, head-tie, napkin and
handkerchief.

Making of Scarves
Materials Required to Make Scarves

(i) 70cm × 70cm plain or patterned cotton fabric.

(ii) Matching thread

(iii) Needle

(iv) Scissors

(v) Dressmaker’s pin

How to Cut and Sew

(i) Fold the fabric into two equal halves on bias

(ii) Cut along the folding line to obtain two pieces of fabric for two scarves

(iii) Neaten the edges except the selvedge.

Making of Apron
Materials Required to Make an Apron

(i) Brown paper (1meter × 90cm)

(ii) 1 metre of plain or patterned cotton fabric.

(iii) Matching thread

(iv) Needle

(v) Scissors

How to Make the Pattern and Cut Out

1. Make a paper pattern of apron, belts, neck, and band pocket

2. Straighten the fabric
3. Fold the fabric into two with the right side together
4. Place pattern pieces on the fabric
5. Pin the pattern pieces and cut out
6. Transfer all pattern marking to the fabric

Method:

(i) Take the required measurements of the person.

 Length: from shoulder to knee.

 Front width: from armhole to armhole 8cm below front neckline to waist.

(ii) Measure out the materials accordingly.

(iii) Neaten edges of armholes by hemming.

(iv) Hem sides of apron and bib.

(v) Cut out a strip of 90cm in length × 5 cm wide. Hem edges in position.

(vi) Stitch each end of the strip to each end of the bib. The strip should go over the head with
ease.

(vii) Cut two long strips of 60 cm in length × 6 cm wide, neaten the edges.

(viii) Attach one end of each strip to each side of the apron (waist line).

(ix) Cut out the pocket, 20 cm × 20 cm. Fold in edges and stitch on to the centre of the apron.

(x) Decorative stitches could be used on the side and bib hems of the apron.

(xi) Press, air and store the apron.

Making a Needle Work Bag

Tools and Materials for Making a Needle Work Bag

(i) 80cm * 30cm plain or pattern cotton fabric.

(ii) Matching thread

(iii) Scissors and needle.

Procedure for Making a Needle Work Bag

(i) Cut out 75cm * 30 fabric for the long.

(ii) Tape the tubes together, making sure that the bases are level. Place the tubes on a piece of
thin card and draw around the bases.
(iii) Mark out the fabric on the wrong side.

(iv) Fold the fabric at the folding line AB

(v) Match the points D1 & D2, C1 & C2

(vi) Pin the sides and baste

(vii) Join the sides using French seam.

(viii) Finish the edge of the flap using decorative stitches.

(ix) Work decorative stitches e.g blanket stitch around the edges of bag.

(x) Prepare the handle by folding lengthwise with right sides facing and sew. Turn and press.

(xi) Pin on the handle to the right position of the bag. Tack and then stitch firmly using over
sewing stitch.

Making Gloves or Mitten

Materials Needed for Making a Glove or Mitten

(i) Brown paper

(ii) 45cm plain or floral cotton fabric

(iii) ½ cm thick foam

(iv) Lining material

(v) Matching thread

(vi) Scissors

(vii) Marker

Cutting Out:

(i) Prepare the pattern to the shape of the hand and wrist. Make size of glove larger than the
hand.

(ii) For one glove cut out-two pattern pieces of the cotton fabric, two pattern pieces of the lining
materials and two pattern pieces of the foam.

(iii) Mark the stitching lines.

(iv) Place one piece of foam on the wrong side of the glove piece; place the lining material on
the foam with right side up. Tack the three pieces together firmly.

(v) Repeat step 4 for the next side of the glove.

(vi) Place the right sides of the two halves of the glove together.

(vii) Tack through all layers and sew securely with backstitch.

(viii) Trim seams and snip comers.

(ix) Turn the work to the right side and press.

(x) Neaten raw edges of the glove opening.

ACTIVITY

Practical work should be carried out in class.

PRODUCTION OF INCOME YIELDING

CRAFTS
CONTENT

1. Production of Tie and Dye

2. Materials for Tie and Dye
3. Procedure for Making Tie and Dye
4. Production of Batik Fabrics
Production of Tie and Dye
Just as the name implies, tie and dye is the tying of portions of clothes to prevent dye from
penetrating some parts of the fabric. It involves tying a cloth to any pattern and dipping it in dye
and when you bring it out, wash and loose the tied part and designs are formed.

Making of Tie and Dye

Materials for Tie and Dye

Twine, rubber, rope, needles, pencils, polythene, cloth pegs, clips, stones, pebbles, safety pin,
plastic basins and buckets, hand gloves, stick, spoons, etc.

Methods:

1. Pebble method
2. Twisting method
3. Cowrie’s method
4. Bunching method
5. Knotting method
6. Folding method, etc.
Procedure for Making Tie and Dye

1. Designing: There are complicated tying and simple tying. It could be sewn with needle
and thread before dyeing.
2. Dyeing: Dip the tied fabric in the vatting solution. Allow for 10-20 minutes in the dye.

Dyeing Process with Vat Dye

(i) Destarching: Washing the fabric in cold or hot water but without soap, allow things that may
prevent the dye from penetrating the fabric to wash off.

(ii) Mixing of the chemicals with hot water that covers the fabric:

Hydrosulphite Caustic
Material/ Hydrosulphite Caustic
Dye
Yardage (Germany) Soda
(China) Soda
1 yard 1 Tsp (Table spoon) ½ Tsp 2 Tsp 1 Tsp 1 Tsp
2 yards 2 Tsps 1 Tsp 4 Tsps 2 Tsps 2 Tsps
3 yards 3 Tsps 1 ½ Tsps 6 Tsps 3 Tsps 3 Tsps
4 yards 4 Tsps 2 Tsps 8 Tsps 4 Tsps 4 Tsps
5 yards 5 Tsps 3 Tsps 10 Tsps 5 Tsps 5 Tsps

(iii) Untying: Remove from the solution, rinse off all the running colour, lose the knots with
razor blade or scissors. Rinse again, starch, and dry.
Production of Batik Fabrics
Batik method is a style of dyeing cloth/fabric where paraffin wax or candle wax is used as a
resist. Designs are applied with the melted wax, of which wherever wax is applied on fabric, that
area will not absorb dye.

Ways of Applying the Wax

1. Stamping Method: This involves cutting a design on a flat foam or plywood. Dip the design
in a hot wax and stamp on the fabric with the arrangement you desire.

2. Stenciling method: This is the process of transferring a design to a fabric. Thin metal (zinc),
plate, hard paper can be used. Draw the design you desire; cut it out, with knife or razor blade.
Place the cut stencil on the fabric and dab the hot wax on the stencil with the aid of foam. Repeat
as you desire.

3. Free hand method: Tjanting pen or foam shaped like pen, could be used in this method. You
can draw whatever you desire on the fabric and dye with a matching colour.

Materials: Paraffin wax or candle wax, frying pan or pot, stove, tracing paper, drawing
pin,5B,6B,7B pencils, biros, brushes, foam, Tjanting pen, plastics bowl, pressing iron, mask
apron, rubber gloves, etc.

Fabrics: Brocade, voile, cotton satin, lace, linen, 100% cotton, etc.

Procedure:

(i) De-starching: Washing the cloth with cold water but without soap.

(ii) Designing: After de-starching the fabric, allow to dry and apply your design on the marked
out areas.

Note: The melted wax should not be very hot nor too cold.
(iii) Vatting (mixing of chemicals): E.g. 3 meters of fabric use, 2tsp of vat dye, 4Tsp of caustic
soda and 5 tsps. of sodium hydrosulphite. Dissolve all the chemicals and dye with ½ glass cup of
hot water and add enough cold water to cover the fabric properly. Turn with both hands using
gloves. Allow to stay for about 10-15 minutes in the dye.

(iv) De waxing:

(a) Take the dyed clothe out from dye solution and wash with clean water.

(b) While still wet, dip in the hot water. Make sure that inside your hand gloves are filled with
cold water.

(c) Turn the fabric very well and make sure the wax is gone off.

(d) Bring out and put the fabric right inside cold water.

(e) Squeeze out the remaining wax, wash in clean water and dry.

EVALUATION

1. Explain the meaning of income yielding craft.

2. State five types of income yielding craft.
3. Outline the general procedures for dying clothes.

ACTIVITY

1. Teacher should demonstrate and get students involved in the production of batik.
PRODUCTION OF CLEANING AGENTS,
DEODORANTS AND COSMETICS
CONTENT

1. Meaning of Home Cleaning Agent

2. Materials and Procedure for Making Home-made Furniture Polish
3. Materials and Procedure for Making Home-made Scouring Powder (Local abrasive)
4. Uses of Home-made Cleaning Agents

Meaning of Home Cleaning Agent

Cleaning agents are substances, usually liquids, powders, sprays or granules that are used to
remove dirt, grease and deposits from different surfaces in the home, e.g. detergents, bleaches,
polishes, and waxes.

Home-made Furniture Polish

Materials Needed for Making Home-made Furniture Polish

(i) 28gm candle wax

(ii) 8gm bar soap

(iii) 7ml boiling water

(iv) 7ml turpentine or kerosene

Procedure for Making Home-made Furniture Polish

1. Grate the wax and soap.

2. Place the grated mixture in an earthen ware pot or enamel pot.
3. Pour the boiling ware over the mixture
4. Stand the pot in boiling water and allow the content to melt.
5. Beat the melted mixture thoroughly into cream using a wooding spoon.
6. Add turpentine gradually and keep beating until the polish is perfectly blended.
7. Store in a good container and cover well.

Home-made Scouring Powder (Local abrasive)

Materials Needed for Making Home-made Scouring Powder

(i) Egg shells

(ii) Broken chin ware (if available)

(iii) Detergent powder

Procedure for Making Home-made Scouring Powder

1. Grind the egg shells and pieces of china wares into very fine powder
2. Sift the mixture to ensure a smooth powder.
3. Mix the powder thoroughly with the detergent powder
4. Store in a dry contain and cover with a tight fitting lid.

Uses of Home-made Cleaning Agents

Different materials can be obtained or produced in the home and used as cleaning agents. These
include:

1. Fine sand: This can be obtained from;

2. Sifted sand with the use of sieve, mixed with powdered detergent.
3. Sand sucked from rugs, carpet or foot mat with the use of vacuum cleaner. vacuum
cleaner.
4. “Edo” powder: This is a yellow substance that is common in Nigerian markets. It has a
fine smooth texture. It can be used for cleaning ornaments such as copper, gold and brass.
5. Finely ground charcoal: This can be used for cleaning clean metal surfaces.
 6. Pawpaw leaves: Fresh paw-paw leaves can be used for cleaning dirty galvanised pails
and blackened aluminium pans and pots.
7. Local sand paper leaves (Asisa leaves): These leaves have rough sandy surfaces. They
can be used as abrasives for cleaning plain wood surface, blackened pots, etc.
8. Home-made “Vim” scouring powder (Abrasives): These can be made from;
9. dried ground egg shell
10. wood or charcoal ash mixed with detergent
11. Broken china ware or tiles mixed with powdered detergent

EVALUATION

1. Explain the meaning of cleaning agents

2. State five uses of cleaning agent

ACTIVITY

Teacher should demonstrate and carry out the practical in class.

PRODUCTION OF COSMETICS AND

DEODORANTS
CONTENT

1. Meaning of Cosmetics
2. Meaning of Deodorants
3. Meaning of Anti-perspirants
4. Types of Cosmetics
5. Materials and Tools for Making Cosmetics

Meaning of Cosmetics
Cosmetics are substances which we apply on our faces, hair or bodies to look more attractive
e.g. body creams and oils, nails vanishes, etc. We can also call them make-ups. Other examples
of make-up are shampoo, hair conditioner, perfume, powder, soap, cream, lotion, nail vanishes,
lips sticks, body cream body oils etc.
Meaning of Deodorants
Deodorants are substances that are put on the skin to prevent the body from having an
unpleasant smell. Examples are roll-on, spay, sticks, perfume etc.

Meaning of Anti-perspirants
These are special products or astringents that reduce the amount of perspiration a person secretes
for several hours. Products that contain antiperspirant and deodorant combined together are
called anti-perspirant deodorants.

Other examples of make-up are shampoo, hair conditioner, perfume, powder, soap, cream,
lotion, nail vanishes, lips sticks, body cream body oils etc.

Types of Cosmetics
Indigenous (local) Cosmetics

These are naturally occurring local cosmetics. Some of them were used in the past to improve
appearance. Some are still in use today. They include:
(i) Eye make-up “tiro” (Yoruba) or “tanjere” (igbo): this can be ground into powder. It is applied
as eyeliner using a special thin stick reserved for the purpose.

(ii) Cam wood powder “uhe” (igbo) or “oshun” (Yoruba) this is a red wood which can be
thoroughly ground into a fine powder. It can also be made into a paste by mixing the powder
with little water and palm oil. It can be used on the face or entire body. It is said to have a
smoothening effect on the skin.

(iii) Body paint “uri or uli” (igbo): this is a special body paint made from the bark, seeds or roots
of certain trees. It also has some medicinal effects.\

(iv) “lali or lalle” :this is a special make-up from leaves of a special tree. The leaves are ground
into paste and mixed with lemon or lime juice. It is commonly used by ladies in the Northern
parts of Nigeria to paint their finger and toe nails as the outline of the hands and feet.

(v) “Nzu” (igbo) or “Efun” (Yoruba): This is a local chalk. It can be ground into powder and
applied on the face and body.

(vi) “Edo or odo” (igbo): This is a yellow substance. It can be made into a paste and applied on
the skin. It is said to have smoothening effect on the skin.

Materials and Tools for Making Cosmetics

Recipe and Procedure for Making Pomade (Vaseline)

We are already aware of the materials and tools required for making pomade in this lesson, we
shall be taught the quantity of each material required and the practical procedure for making
pomade.

Recipe for Making Pomade (Vaseline)

1. 2 cups of petroleum jelly

2. ¾ cup of mineral oil
3. 1% mineral wax for thickening
 4. 1 table spoon of lanoline
5. Colour (as desired)
6. Perfume (as desired)

Note: These materials including quantity measurement can be gotten from shops where
cosmetics production chemicals are sold.

Procedure for Making Pomade (Vaseline)

1. Measure out all ingredients as specified under recipe

2. Put all the oil ingredients in the sauce pan
3. Add the lanoline into the mixture
4. Add the wax and melt
5. Add colour to taste
6. Add perfume but avoid evaporation
7. Stir thoroughly to obtain your pomade
8. Pour out the pomade into the containers

EVALUATION

1. list five materials for making pomade(Vaseline)

2. identify five indigenous cosmetics

REGULATORY CONTROL OF
COSMETIC PRODUCTS IN NIGERIA
CONTENT

1. Regulatory Control of Cosmetic Products in Nigeria

2. The National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC)
3. Functions of NAFDAC
4. Other Roles of Regulatory Bodies of Cosmetic Products

Regulatory Control of Cosmetic Products in Nigeria

Cosmetic products both locally produced and produced must be safe for human use. The agency
of government responsible for certifying them safe and of good quality is the National Agency
for Food and Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC).
The National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration
and Control (NAFDAC)
National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC) is a government
agency responsible for the formulation of food standards and laws, their enforcement and
implementation.

Functions of NAFDAC

Functions of NAFDAC include;

1. Restriction on products that are not registered by the regulatory agency (NAFDAC).
2. An application for the approval of an advertisement.
3. Prohibition of unfair or misleading advertisement.
4. Prohibition of expired cosmetics.
5. Bleaching cream and other harmful cosmetics are prohibited.

Other Roles of Regulatory Bodies of Cosmetic Products

Other roles of regulatory bodies e.g. NAFDAC, SON, etc. of cosmetic products include the
following:

1. Conducting tests on cosmetic products for safety and quality.

2. Allocation of NAFDAC number on safe and quality products.

3. Displaying of NAFDAC number on the label of products.

4. Ensuring that the products are clearly labelled with the following information.

 Address and name of manufacturer.

 Production and expiry dates.
 Uses of the products.
 Directions on how to use the product.

5. Ensuring that substances dangerous to health are not used in the production of cosmetics.

6. Banning the use of cosmetic products found to contain substances dangerous to health.

7. Banning the use of cosmetic products found to contain substances dangerous to health.

8. Determine the quantity of certain substances used in the production of cosmetics.

9. Banning sale and distribution of adulterated cosmetic products as well as bleaching cosmetics.

10. Other contents used in production of the cosmetic must not exceed the stipulated amount.

11. No product not on the label should be found in the content used for production.

EVALUATION

1. Explain the meaning of regulatory body.

2. Mention four regulatory bodies that are in control of cosmetics and deodorants in Nigeria.