Introducing Science Fin what science is the application and impact of science how to conduct a scientific investigation laboratory safety laboratory equipment and apparatus practical skills in the laboratorywe Do you like watching the Olympic Games? While enjoying the exciting games, do you notice the science and innovative technologies involved? You may be surprised to discover the science and technologies at the Olympics! sensors are installed we 4 sensors are GoalRef technology A chip is fixed in the football, and sensors are installed in the goal frame. If the football is detected to have completely crossed the line, a signal will be sent to the referee's ‘watch. 3D-printed running shoes Running shoes with 3D-printed outsoles are tailor-made for athletes. The shoe designs are based on data such as the shape and size of the athlete's feet, and their performance on the track Camera technology Advanced cameras are used to take photos of the athletes when they cross the finish line. These cameras can take 10 000 photos per second! 3D-printed ‘outsoleSmart glasses for cyclists The glasses can track cyclists’ heart rate, speed, distance, etc. during training Cyclists can view all these data in real-time on the glasses. This helps them improve their performance. Olympic medals can be made from old electronic products such as mobile phones. These products can be recycled to obtain metals that can be used to make the Olympic medals. D 1 In the Olympic Games, it is important to have ‘fair games’. In science fair comparison’ is also important. What is its importance? (®@ 2. The Olympic Games involve measurement of length, height, time, etc. What ake these measurements? How does science and technology improve the accuracy in making these measurements? Inmovatvetechnology BIMH outsole EEE realm B38@ TE BB invowng scence Learning about science What is science? Have you heard the story of the famous scientist Isaac Newton? It was said that he was curious about an apple falling to the ground. Out of curiosity, he started to study the force of gravity. Why does the apple fall to the ground? Fig. 1.1 Isaac Newton was curious about an apple falling to the ground, Scientists are always curious about what happens around them. They want to know why and how it happens. The study of phenomena and events in Nature through systematic observation and experimentation is called science. Science enables us to answer many questions in Nature. ‘Why does an apple fall?’ is one example. Below shows other examples. Q © How are northern lights formed? Where do | come from? Why does iron rust? 4.2. Science enables us to answer many questions in Nature. scientist BSE fowceof gravity 13) experimentation WH selence Phenomenon $2:R northern ight BL. 4 obsertion UR st 58@ Allanswers CD TE Fy ® The branches of science FA Science can be divided into different branches, Examples are [fA , , biology, , and fy Physics— the study of Chemistry — the study of the Jogy— the study of matter, energy and forces properties, composition, structure living things 8 and reactions of matter Astronomy — the study of the Geology—the study of the Medicine—the study of the Sun, the Moon, the stars and structure of the Earth human body and diseases the Universe Fig. 1.3 Somebranches of science . @ is the study of phenomena and events in Nature through systematic observation and experimentation. © There are different branches of science. nas aoe ‘te ome ne a 5@ TE BB iodine Application and impact of science 1 Scienti jcoveries and inventions Eco 2 Scientists have made many contributions to the world including important discoveries. For example, in the 19th century, Louis Pasteur (1822-1895), a French scientist, discovered that ‘Another great invention of Louis Pasteur is microorganisms can cause wine to turn sour. He was also one of asteurization. It's 2 fechnique of heating wine the scientists who discovered that microorganisms can cause or milk toa particular diseases. His discoveries led to important inventions, for example temperature and then Fl quickly coolingit. Thisean the vaccines of some diseases. keep the drink fresh for a longer time. ic Pasteurization FP 000% means tat th nage 14000 times bigger than tne beta object Wel earn more «aout nisin Unt Book Many microorganisms cause diseases, Other inventions, such as light bulbs, aeroplanes, computers and Wii have greatly improved the quality of our lives (Fig. 1.5) Light butb (1879) ‘Aeroplane (1903) ‘Computer (1976) WiFi (2003), .5 Some scientific inventions and the year oftheir invention ? can you think of other great scientific discoveries and inventions? ascovery BL microorgantim #8 Invention 2 vaccine 25 pestureation CAAQ@ Allanswers OD TE Contributions of scientists 1. Have you heard of the following famous scientists? Some contributions are listed in the table below. For each contribution, write the name of the scientist who made it and state the branch of science involved. Marie Curie (1867-1934) Lap-Chee Tsui (born in 1950) Charles Kao (1933-2018) Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Albert Einstein (1879-1955) Youyou Tu (born in 1930) ere ug (a) Discovered artemisinin that treats malaria (b) Invented optical fibres which are used in telecommunications (c) Proposed the theory of evolution (e) Developed early theories of radioactivity (1) Developed the theory of relativity, which helps us understand the Universe G88 0)0 Q Q Q (d) Made contributions to the Human Genome Project Q Q Qa 2. Search the Internet to learn more about each of these contributions, OP (chares Keo) 1.1 Famous scientists Do you know about other famous scientists? What contributions have they made? tiitaiveth Explore more on our Web, Useful website @ (Nobel Prize) fA ‘ex0tst ererisnin HR tleconmurication iH, radlooctiy Hate Inala theory of eolaton Hci theoryofrlanuty HEIR cptctnor 5:98 Human Genome ject A rey ga@ TE © Allanswers Introducing Science Scientific discoveries and inventions bring us many benefits. However, they can also cause harm if they are not used properly. The following shows two examples. Benefit) Harm) V Nuclear technology Electricity can be produced using nuclear technology. ‘Nuclear weapons can kill many people. ja fh 93, Plastics 2 Plastic products bring us convenience. Plastics cause pollution to our environment. Possible harm caused by scientific inventions Look at the following scientific inventions. Search information and discuss the harm they can cause if not used properly. Smartphones Pesticides Antibiotics and have greatly Scientific improved our quality of life. However, they can also cause harm if not used properly. nuclear weapon #8 FER antblote ER potion 538 8 pastede ERA You vii teara more about these natura resources in tiferent Uns raw materials (such as wood), natural esource SE renewable resource E05 non-renewable resource 7RLFIR @ TE 2. Natural resource management Humans need many things to stay alive, such as food, water and shelter. The Earth provides us with many natural resources to meet these needs. The major natural resources of Earth include: © water ng tl © fossil fuels 1gs (plants and animals) © air © metal ores Wood .6 Plants and animals are natural resources. They provide us with food (such as com and fish) and There are two types of natural resources, renewable resources and non-renewable resources. Renewable resources are resources that can be replenished continuously in Nature and will not be used up. Non-renewable resources are those that cannot be replenished in a short time once they are used up. Their supply is limited. Tan Bes Peas Peseta raat peasy Animals Water. Air Fossilfuels Metal ores Renewable resources and non-renewable resources shoter FF ‘raw moter Fosse! (CERNE replenish Me metalow SRE@ TE BB invowng scence Today, many natural resources such as fossil fuels az. are being used up quickly. They will soon be exhausted. Natural resources = such as water and air are seriously affected by pollution. Therefore, it is important to manage our precious natural resources well so. that they can ue to support our needs in the future. coni Itisimportant to manage our rratural resources on Earth wel With scientific knowledge, we can develop new ways to manage and use our natural resources. Below are two examples. 8 Solar panels can change light energy fromthe Fig. 1.19 Reclaimed water's produced from used water Sunto electrical energy. They are widely used in solar that is treated and further purified using advanced power stations to generate electricity. Using solar power —_technologies.Itis very clean and safe to drink. Turning helps reduce the use of fossil fuels, used water into reclaimed water helps us reduce water shortage problems. precious 2918 Soler panel “5 10 reclaimed water 82ke Checkpoint 1.1 (a) Fish and crops are natural resources. (b) Both air and water are renewable resources. (c)_ Natural resources on Earth have unlimited supply. CD Allanswers CB TE Perms Top) 1.2 Impact of scientific knowledge on natural resource management Do you know how scientific knowledge is applied to manage our other natural resources such as air, metal ores, plants and animals? Explore more on our Web. Fee © There are two types of natural resources, _____ resources and _CB__ resources. * Scientific knowledge can help in natural resource management. e-Checkpoint FL ost Ss ie] a Write ‘T’ for a true statement and ‘F’ for a false statement. Reforestation aims at planting new trees to restore forests. This helps manage the natural resources of (1) fossil fuels. (3) air. A. (i) only C. (and (3) only 9 technology HAE (2) plants. (4) metal ores. B. (4) only D. (2) and (3) only Development of technology Scientific knowledge can also be used to develop technology. Engineers apply scientific knowledge to create useful products and techniques. A drone and 3D printing technology shown on the next page are two examples. ‘efoestaton 1105 done RAE aD printing ecnoegy 186 nN@ TE Introducing Science Fig. 1.13 D-printed dental model Fig. 1.12 A30 printer signa ransmsion volcano 12 eral photograply #21 home decoration SBIRi2Q@ Allanswers OD TE 4. _ Integrating and applying knowledge and skills of different subjects STEM education ‘STEM’ stands for four fields of study: Science, In solving many problems of daily life, we need to integrate and Technology, Engineering apply the knowledge and skills of science, technology and agg Mathematics STEM mathematics. These fields of study are closely related. Let us do creativity and innovation. the following activity to learn more. Italso focuses on integrating and applying different knowledge and skills to solve problems. Using knowledge and skills from different fields of study Discuss with your classmates the knowledge and skills from different fields of study (among science, technology and mathematics) we apply to solve the problems of global warming and energy crisis. Problem of global warming Problem of energy crisis science technology Q "mathematics In solving many problems of daily life, we need to integrate and apply the knowledge and skills from different fields of study. creatty a8 energy cris $e Innovation 15 slobolwaming 233838 13@ TE Introducing Science D Limitations of science Although science has many applications that benefit humans, it has limitations. There are still some problems that cannot be solved using our present scientific knowledge. Fig. 1.14 shows two examples, Whats the origin of the Universe? How can we cure cancers? +14 Problems that still cannot be solved using our present scientific knowledge In addition, many problems involving relationships, ethics and wars cannot be solved by using scientific knowledge (Fig. 1.15). — How can Ihave a better relationship with my friends? How can we prevent wars? 1.18 Some problems cannot be solved by using scientific knowledge. Besides, scientific knowledge is subject to change. It may be disproved if it is found to be wrong by new evidence in the future. Read the two examples on the next page to understand this better. tle 8 dlsgrove $8 14 evidence 8Q@ Allanswers OD TE (example 1 Before 600 BCE, many people thought People believe today that that the Earth was flat. the Earth is round. After sailors completed a voyage around the Earth _ 1.16 The concept of a fat Earth has been disproved, (Cexampte2 ) Itwas believed that different areas of the Itis proved that these tastes can be tongue are responsible for detecting the detected all over the tongue. The four tastes: sweet, bitter, sour and salty. tongue map was a misconception. This idea was shown in a tongue map. Also, the fifth taste ‘umami’ discovered, Laboratory taste tests and research showed newevidence _ Fig. 1.17 Evidence shows that the tongue map Is wrong, * Some problems cannot be solved using scientific knowledge. * Scientific knowledge is subject to change. ° Checkpoint 1.2 e-Checkpoint . Pez | cp0ts2 Write ‘T’ for a true statement and ‘F” for a false statement. (a) We only need to apply scientific knowledge but not other fields of study to solve problems of daily life. (b) Science has many applications but it also has some limitations. Weel (c) Scientific knowledge is reliable and will not be disproved 9 voyooe 8882 moms 95, 15@ TE Introducing Science 1.2.) Practice of science ~ Steps in scientific investigations Active learning Do you know how scientists work to find things out? Let us read ¢ > coat the story of the famous scientist Galileo (1564-1642) to see how scientists work. In the past, people believed that heavier Galileo observed that hail of different sizes ‘objects fall faster than lighter objects. fell to the ground at the same time. Perhaps all objects have ‘the same falling speed, He then formed a hypothesis to explain what ‘An experiment was done to test his he observed. hypothesis. Two balls of different masses ‘were dropped from the top of a tower, Heavy andllight objects fall at the same speed, He analysed the results and drew a ‘conclusion. hall 4 mass 16@ TE Scientists find things out by conducting scientific investigations. They first observe carefully and systematically. They think about the observations and ask questions. Then, they form a hypothesis (plurak: hypotheses) to explain the observations. They test the hypothesis by doing experiments. In the experiments, they measure accurately and record the experimental results in detail. Finally, they analyse the experimental results and draw a conclusion (Fig. 1.18). Results support ‘the hypothesis eaiear any Deere Perry Results do not support the hypothesis |_@» The importance of evidence Science is based on evidence. When scientists work, they try to find evidence (including observations and data) in the experiments to support their hypothesis. If there is enough evidence, the hypothesis is believed to be correct and becomes acceptable scientific knowledge. a Fig. 1.19 Inscience, evidence ‘comes from observations and data collected from experiments, However, scientific knowledge is subject to change. It may be disproved if new evidence is found. You have already seen some examples on p.15. When we study science, we should not regard scientific knowledge only as facts to memorize. sclentiicinvestigation HLA experiment We measure HE ‘observe 1 analyse 345 record et hypothesis Rai conclusion $38 7@ TE © Allanswers Introducing Science ‘re all objects made of metals attracted by a magnet? Steps in scientific investigations Kate observes that metal paper clips are magnetic, that is, they can be attracted by a magnet. To explain this observation, she forms a hypothesis that ‘Objects made of metals are magnetic’. Now, complete this activity to help her test her hypothesis. Step 4: Observe What observation does Kate make? mate @ Step 2: Form a hypothesis What hypothesis does Kate form? Qa ‘Step 3: Design and do experiments Collect different objects made of metals. Below are some examples. coin aluminium can silver necklace iron nail copper wire keyring gold medal stainless steel spoon binder clip Help Kate design a simple experiment to test her hypothesis. Draw your experimental set-up in the space provided. Then, perform the experiment with your teacher's approval. Ea ‘magnetic HSH stainless steel ARE medal 2262 sivernekiae IER 18 copper te IR kayng BEL