I

ntr
oduct
iont
oCommuni
cat
ion.

Communicat
ionisthepr
ocessofexchangi
ngi
nfor
mat
ion,
ideas,
oropi
nionssot
hatev
ery
one
i
nvol
vedunderst
andsthemessage.

Meani
ngofcommuni
cat
ion.

Communicat
ionisthesendi
ngandr eceivi
ngofi
nfor
mationandcanbeone-on-
oneorbet
ween
gr
oupsofpeople,andcanbeface-
to-faceort
hroughcommunicat
iondev
ices.

Def
ini
ti
onofcommuni
cat
ion.

Communi cati
onisatwo-waymeansofcommunicati
nginf
ormat
ioninthefor
m ofthought
s,
opi
nions,andideasbet
weentwoormoreindi
vi
dualswit
hthepurposeofbuil
dingan
underst
anding.

Communi
cat
ionasanI
mpor
tantSki
l
l(I
mpor
tanceofcommuni
cat
ionski
l
l)

Communi
cat
ionski
l
lsar
eimpor
tantf
ormanyr
easons,
incl
udi
ng:

Act
ivel
i
steni
ng

Thisskill
canhelpy oubui
ldrel
ati
onshi
ps,sol
veprobl
ems,andretai
ninfor
mati
on.I
t'
salso
i
mpor tantforconfl
i
ctresol
uti
on,whereyoucanli
stentoev
eryoneinvol
vedandaskquest
ionst
o
understandthefacts.

Nonv
erbal
communi
cat
ion

Thi
sincl
udesbodyl
anguage,
suchaspost
ureandf
aci
alexpr
essi
ons,
andcanaccountf
orupt
o
55%ofcommunicat
ioneff
ect
iveness.

Feedback

Gi
vi
ngandr
ecei
vi
ngf
eedbackcanencour
agepeopl
eandhel
pyoui
dent
if
yar
easf
or
i
mprov
ement
.

Ver
bal
communi
cat
ion

Bei
ngclearandconci
se,
usi
ngpr
opergr
ammar
,andav
oidi
ngsl
angcanhel
pot
her
sunder
stand
whaty
ou'resayi
ng.

Pr
esent
ati
onski
l
ls

Goodcommuni cat
ioncanhelpyouconveyy
ourmessaget
oyouraudi
ence,
under
standt
hei
r
expect
ati
ons,
andgenerateresponses.

Conf
idence
Peopl
earemoreli
kel
ytor
espondt
oconf
identspeaker
s,whocancapt
ureandmai
ntai
nthei
r
audi
ence'
sat
tent
ion.

Otheri
mport
antcommuni
cat
ionski
l
lsi
ncl
udef
ri
endl
i
ness,
empat
hy,
respect
,and
r
esponsiv
eness.

Whati
sver
bal
communi
cat
ion?

Verbalcommunicati
onisatypeofcommuni cati
onwher eweusespokenandwr i
tt
enwordsto
getourmessageandi nf
ormationacr
osstotheot herperson.Inotherwor
ds,
wheneverweuse
ourwor dst
oexpressoursel
ves,ourf
eel
ings,andourt houghts,wearever
bal
lycommunicat
ing.

Whatar
ethe4t
ypesofv
erbal
communi
cat
ion?

Int
erper
sonal
.One-t
o-onecommuni
cati
ont
akespl
acewheni
ndi
vi
dual
sexchangei
nfor
mat
ion,
suchasideasoropi
nions,
inwor
ds..
..

I
ntr
aper
sonal
.Int
raper
sonal
communi
cat
ioni
scommuni
cat
iont
hatoccur
sint
ernal
l
y..
..

Smal
lgr
oupcommuni
cat
ion..
..

Publ
i
ccommuni
cat
ion.

Whati
smeantbynon-
ver
bal
communi
cat
ion?

nonver
balcommunication,t
ransf
erofinf
ormat
ionfr
om onepersont
oanot
herwithouttheuse
ofwordsorspokenlanguage.Nonverbal
communicati
oncanoccuri
navari
etyofways,
i
ncludi
ngthroughf
acialexpressi
ons,
gestur
es,
andbodypostur
eorposi
ti
on,eyecontactet
c.

Thesenonv
erbal
communi
cat
iont
ypesar
e:

Faci
alex
pressi
ons.

Gest
ures.

Post
ure.

Col
or.

Si
gns/
Symbol
s

Ver
bal
Communi
cat
ion(
Oral
andwr
it
ten)

Oral
andwri
tt
encommunicati
onaretwocommonway st
ocommunicat
ethatcanconveythe
samemessagesbutf
ordi
ffer
entpur
poses.Or
alcommuni
cat
ioni
stheexchangeofi
nfor
mation
t
hroughspokenwor
ds,
whi
l
ewr
it
tencommuni
cat
ioni
stheexchangeofi
nfor
mat
iont
hrough
wri
tt
enwords.

Nonv
erbal
communi
cat
ion

Facialexpr
essi
on:-Facialexpressionsareafor m ofnonv erbalcommunicati
ont hatconveya
person'semoti
onal stat
ethrought heuseoft heirface.Facialexpr
essi
onscani nclude
mov ementsorpositionsofthemuscl esint
heey es,eyebrows,mouth,andface.Some
exampl esoff
acialexpressi
onsi nclude:Smil
i
ng, Scowl ing,Rol
li
ngeyes,andEyecont act
.

Postur
e:-Post
ureisat y
peofbodylanguagethatcanbeaf orm ofnonver
balcommuni cat
ion.It
canconv eyal
otofinformat
ionaboutaperson,suchastheirconf
idence,di
scipl
i
ne,or
engagement.Herearesomeexampl esofhowpost ur
ecanbeusedi nnonverbalcommunicati
on.

Sl
umped:
Cani
ndi
cat
elazi
nessorl
owconf
idence.

Upr
ight
:Cancommuni
cat
econf
idenceanddi
sci
pli
ne.

Leani
ngf
orwar
d:Canshowengagement
.

Gesture:
-Gest
uresar
eaf or
m ofnon-v
erbal
communicat
ionthatusev i
siblebodil
yacti
onsto
conveymessages.Gest
urescaninv
olvemovementsoft
hehands, f
ace, orotherpar
tsofthe
body,andcanbeusedinmanyaspectsofli
fe,
suchasever
ydayconv ersati
on,descr
ibi
nga
rout
e,ornegot
iati
ngpri
ces.

Color
:-Chr
omaticcommunicat
ionisatypeofnonverbalcommunicat
iont
hatusescol
orsto
conveymessages.Col
orscani
nfluenceourchoi
cesandawakenmemor i
eswit
houtusreal
i
zing
i
t.Theycanalsosti
mulat
ethesensesandrepresentabstr
acti
deas.

Signs/
Symbol
s:-Symbol
iccommunicat
ion,atypeofnonver
bal
communicat
ion,
incl
udes
gestur
es,
faci
alexpr
essi
ons,bodyl
anguage,andvocalmoanstoconv
eyamessagewithout
speaki
ng.

Lev
elsofcommuni
cat
ion:

Extrapersonalcommuni cat
ionisat ypeofcommuni cati
onbetweenhumansandnon- human
entit
ies.Extr
apersonalcommuni cationcanalsorefertopersonali
zedway sofcommunicat
ioni
n
mobi lecommuni cati
on.Forexampl e,dur
ingacall,
y oumi ghttr
ansferper
sonali
zedi
temsli
ke
textmessages, pict
uremessages, animations,
orri
ngi ngtones.

I
ntr
aper
sonalcommuni
cat
ioncanbedefi
nedascommuni
cat
ionwit
hone'ssel
f,andthatmay
i
ncl
udesel
f-
talk,
act
sofi
maginat
ionandvi
sual
i
zati
on,
andev
enrecal
landmemor y.

Int
erper
sonal communicati
onisoftendef
inedascommuni cat
iont
hattakesplacebetween
peoplewhoar eint
erdependentandhavesomeknowledgeofeachother:forexample,
communi cat
ionbetweenasonandhi sf
ather
,anemployerandanempl oyee,t
wosister
s,a
t
eacherandast
udent
,twol
over
s,t
wof
ri
ends,
andsoon.

Organizat
ionalcommunicationisdef i
nedasthechannel
sandf or
msofcommuni cati
oninwhich
organi
zati
onssuchascor por ati
ons,non-pr
ofi
ts,
andgovernmentalbodi
esengage,i
ncl
uding
boththeinter
nalcommuni cationsthatoccurwit
hinanor
ganizati
on,andext
ernal
-f
aci
ng
communi cati
onsbetweenanor ganizat
ion.

Masscommuni cati
on,pr
ocessofshar
ingi
nfor
mati
onwi t
halargeaudi
ence.Mass
communi cati
onisaccompli
shedviamassmedia—t
hatis,t
echnol
ogycapableofsendi
ng
messagest ogreatnumbersofpeopl
e,manyofwhom areunknowntothesender(e.
g.,
tel
evi
sion).

Thef
lowofcommuni
cat
ion:

Downward:
-Thefl
owofinfor
mat i
onfrom t
hetopl
evel
tothelowerl
evelofmanagementis
knownasdownwardcommuni cat
ion.I
nthi
scommunicat
ionthemanagerpassesinst
ruct
ions
tohi
ssubordi
nat
es.Thesuccessofdownwardcommunicat
iondependsuponcommuni cati
on
ski
ll
ofthemanager
s.

Upward:-Upwardcommuni cati
oni
stheprocessofinfor
mationfl
owingfrom t
helowerl
evel
sof
ahier
archytotheupperlev
els.Thi
stypeofcommuni cat
ionisbecomingmorepopulari
n
or
ganizati
onsastradi
ti
onal f
ormsofcommuni cat
ionarebecominglesspopul
ar.

Lateral
:
-Lat
eralcommuni
cat
ion—inthebroadestsense—isthecommunicati
onf
lowbetween
peers,membersofacommunit
y,orcowor
kersbelongingt
othesamehi
erarchi
cal
lev
el.

Hori
zont
al:
-Hori
zontal
communicat
ion(
somet
imescall
ed'l
ater
alcommunicat
ion'
)ist
he
communicati
onthatoccur
sbet
weenpeopl
eatthesameleveli
nanorgani
sati
on.

Di
agonal
:
-Diagonalcommuni
cat
ioni
stheshar
ingofi
nfor
mat
ionamongdi
ff
erentst
ruct
ural
l
evel
swit
hinabusiness.

Cross-Wise:-Crosswisecommuni cat
ion,al
soknownasdi agonalcommuni
cati
on,i
satypeof
communi cat i
onthatinvol
vesinf
ormat i
onfl
owingbetweenpeopleatdi
ff
erentl
evel
swhodon'
t
haveadir ectreport
ingrel
ati
onshi
p.It'
samul ti
-di
rect
ional
typeofcommunicat
iont
hatcombi
nes
vert
ical
,hor i
zontal
,andlater
alcommuni cat
ion.

Grapevi
ne:-Grapevi
necommuni cati
onisaninformal andunoffi
cialfl
owofinformat
iont
hat
takespl
aceint heworkplacethr
oughsoci ali
nteractionsandper sonalnetwor
ksamong
employees.Itcanori
ginatefr
om casual soci
alinteractions,
suchasgossi pgroupsandi
nfor
mal
communi cati
onchannels.Grapevinecommuni cationcanspr eadr api
dlyandi
snotcontr
oll
edby
management .