STANDARD 6 LIFE SKILLS
UNIT 1 GROWING UP
CHANGES DURING ADOLESCENCE IN BOYS
∙ deepening of voice
∙ development of pimples on their faces
∙ broadening of shoulders
∙ growing of pubic hair
∙ experiencing of wet dreams
∙ enlargement of penis and testes
CHANGES IN GIRLS DURING ADOLESCENCE
∙ hips getting wider and more round
∙ the breast beginning to grow
∙ beginning of menstruation
∙ development of pimples on their faces
∙ growth of pubic hair
BEHAVIOR CHANGES IN BOTH BOYS AND GIRLS
∙ develop interest in sex
∙ begin to rebel against parental authority
∙ becoming closer to their peers emotionally and socially
PROBLEMS WHICH ADOLESCENTS EXPERIENCE
∙ peer pressure
∙ drug and substance abuse
∙ sexual harassment
∙ teenage pregnancies
∙ rape
∙ contraction of HIV that mau lead to AIDS
DEALING WITH PROBLEMS YOUNG PEOPLE EXPERIENCE
∙ abstinence
∙ guidance and counseling
∙ acquisition of life skills
UNIT 2 PERSONAL HYGIENE
EXAMPLES OF GOOD HEALTH HABITS
∙ proper handling of food
∙ good eating habits
∙ eating nutritious food
∙ washing hands
∙ cleaning teeth
∙ doing physical exercises
∙ rest and sleep
CULTURAL PRACTICES THAT AFFECT GOOD HEALTH HABITS
∙ not bathing
∙ not eating certain food
∙ wife inheritance ( chokolo)
∙ swapping of spouses
∙ sexual partners ( chimwanamaye)
UNIT. 3 SANITATION
What is sanitation ?
Sanitation is the care of people's surrounding
TYPES OF SANITATION
1. good sanitation
2. bad sanitation
Examples of good sanitation practices
∙ proper use of the toilets
∙ proper use of bathrooms
∙ proper use of rubbish pit
Below is a table illustrating specific waste from various sources
Source of waste Types of waste
People's and animal bodies feaces,urine,sweat
Homes dirty water,leftover food, fruit peels,plastic
bags,containers, paper
Industries paper, cotton rugs,plastic
bags,containers,pieces of glass,chemical
wastes
TOILETS
Toilets help proper disposal of body wastes
TYPES OF TOILETS
There are two types of toilets. These are
1. Pit latrines
2. Water closets
BATHROOMS
There are three types of bathrooms. These are
1. Shower
2. Bathtub
3. Bath shelter
RABBISH PITS
All litter and rubbish swept in the home and school should be put in the rubbish pit
UNIT 4 SELF AWARENESS
What is self awareness ?
Is the ability to assess one self in terms of strengths and weakness
CHARACTERISTICS OF A PERSON WITH A POSITIVE SELF AWARENESSES
∙ the person accept responsibilities
∙ the person makes independent decisions
∙ the person accepts criticism
THE IMPORTANCE OF SELF AWERANESS
Self awareness is important in that it assists one to develop a consious and honest
understanding and evaluation of oneself. One is able to discover one's capabilities, likes,dislikes
and values
UNIT 5 SELF ESTEEM
What is self-esteem ?
Self-esteem is the value an individual places on oneself
THE IMPORTANCE OF SELF-ESTEEM
∙ being accepted by others
∙ being shown love and care
∙ being rewarded by others for success
∙ achievements
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE LOW SELF-ESTEEM
∙ frequent failures
∙ exposure to negative comments
∙ loss of close family member or friends
∙ gender inequality
∙ poverty
∙ abuse
∙ loneliness
UNIT 6 ASERTIVENESS
Assertiveness is being able to convey one's views and feelings to others without fear
THE IMPORTANCE OF ASSERTIVENESS
∙ avoiding social and health problems
∙ achieving one's goals
∙ promoting honest relationships
∙ Maintaining personal identity
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE ASSERTIVENESS
∙ prior knowledge
∙ the way one was brought up
∙ one's values and morals
UNIT 7 INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS
Interpersonal relationships are relationships between or among people.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE PEOPLE TO LIVE TOGETHER IN THEIR COMMUNITIES
∙ neighbourliness
∙ love
∙ support
∙ sharing of common national services
∙ security
∙ employment
∙ cooperation
∙ relationship
∙ religion
∙ ethnicity
∙ recreation
∙ culture
FACTORS THAT PROMOTE RELATIONSHIPS
∙ love
∙ care
∙ empathy
∙ tolerance
∙ gender sensitivity
∙ observation of human rights
∙ respect
∙ effective communication
∙ honesty
∙ politeness
∙ discipline
∙ loyalty
FACTORS THAT DESTROY RELATIONSHIPS
∙ envy
∙ unfulfilled promises
∙ jealousy
∙ rudeness
∙ poverty
∙ disrespect
∙ violence
∙ theft
∙ gossip
∙ lies
UNIT. 8 STRESS AND ANXIETY
What is stress ?
Is the pressure or worry from difficult situations
What is anxiety ?
Anxiety is the trouble feeling in the mind caused by fear and uncertainty about the future
CAUSES OF STRESS AND ANXIETY
∙ death of a loved one
∙ pressure of work
∙ peer pressure
∙ chronic illness
∙ failure to do or achieve something
∙ poverty
∙ speaking in front of a crowd of people
∙ starting and leaving school
∙ losing a job
∙ legal problems
∙ awaiting results of HIV test
∙ discrimination
EFFECTS OF STRESS AND ANXIETY
GOOD EFFECTS OF STRESS AND ANXIETY
∙ improve awareness
∙ promote alertness
∙ result in good performs
BAD EFFECTS OF STRESS AND ANXIETY
∙ headaches
∙ short temper
∙ overreacting to trivial things
∙ fatigue
∙ restlessness
∙ sleepless ness
∙ Boredom
∙ depression
∙ low job performance
∙ indigestion
∙ difficulty concentrating
∙ in ability to finish tasks that have been started
∙ heart attacks
∙ hypertension
∙ strokes
∙ ulcers
∙ asthma
∙ Cancer
WAYS OF MANAGING STRESS AND ANXIETY
∙ regular active exercise
∙ developing a positive mental attitude to problems
∙ proper planning and organization
∙ seeking social support
∙ adequate rest
∙ trust in God
∙ relaxation
∙ having enough sleep
UNIT 9 PROBLEM SOLVING AND DECISION MAKING
Situations and condition that require decision making and problem solving
∙ physical changes in the body
∙ adolescence
∙ sexual relationship
∙ cultural practices
∙ peer pressure
∙ poverty
∙ orphanhood
∙ STIs
∙ drug and substance abuse
∙ environmental degradation
∙ violence
∙ delinquency
THE IMPORTANCE OF WELL THOUGHT AND PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS
∙ it promote the ability of resisting situation that may lead people into problems
∙ it help one to concentrate on productive activities
CONSEQUENCES OF MAKING WRONG DECISIONS
It result in improper actions such as
∙ rape
∙ harassment
∙ drug and substance abuse
∙ criminal activities
∙ suicide
∙ teenage pregnancy
∙ contraction of STIs including HIV/AIDS
∙ school dropout
∙ abortion
∙ death
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE DECISION MAKING
∙ gender
∙ anxiety
∙ peer pressure
∙ religious
∙ one's personality
THE PROCESS OF DECISION MAKING AND PROBLEM SOLVING
1. Knowing the problem
2. Considering possible solutions
3. Examining consequences of each solution
4. Choosing the best solution
5. Taking necessary action
UNIT. 10 PEACEFUL CONFLICT RESOLUTION
Situations that may lead to conflicts;
∙ teenage pregnancies
∙ abortion
∙ illnesses
∙ forced marriage
∙ drug and substance abuse
∙ risky behaviour
∙ gender inequities
∙ violation of human rights
∙ boy or girl relationship
WAYS OF AVOIDING CONFLICTS
∙ avoiding risky behaviors
∙ being tolelant
∙ respecting other people's views
∙ being patient
∙ respecting oneself and others
∙ not provoking other people
∙ promoting gender equality
WAYS OF RESOLVING CONFLICTS PEACEFULLY
∙ Negotiation
∙ Mediation
∙ Arbitrator
THE IMPORTANCE OF RESOLVING CONFLICTS PEACEFULLY
∙ helps to promote unity
∙ it promote cooperation and development
∙ it create good relationship
∙ it promote human dignity
∙ it prevents violence
∙ it protect life and property
UNIT 11 DRUG AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE
What are drugs ?
Drugs are chemicals that are taking orally or through injunctions to relieve pain or suffering
EXAMPLES OF DRUGS
∙ Paracetamol
∙ Aspirin
∙ Penicillin
What is drugs and substance abuse ?
Drugs and substance abuse is the use of drugs and substance for an intended purposes
EXAMPLES
∙ over drinking alcohol
∙ overdose and under dose of common drug
∙ taking expired drugs
∙ taking medicines without the doctors advice ( self medication )
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO DRUG AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE
∙ lack of self control in copying of what others are doing
∙ lack of self confidence
∙ influence from friends
∙ to get excited
∙ to show off to others that they are courageous
∙ frustration and loneliness
EFFECTS OF DRUG AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE
∙ mental disorders
∙ crime
∙ death
∙ exposure to early teenage pregnancies
∙ STIs including HIV and AIDS
UNIT 12 GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING
What is counselling ?
Counseling is the process of helping someone to overcome personal challenges
PROBLEMS THAT AFFECT THE YOUTHS AS THEY GROW UP
∙ Physical and emotional changes
∙ Peer pressure
∙ Drug and substance abuse
∙ STIs and HIV
∙ Sexual relationships
IMPORTANCE OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING
∙ It assist the learners to avoid risky behaviour
PLACES WHERE TO GET GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING SERVICES
∙ Family members
∙ Teachers
∙ Health professional
∙ Religious leaders
∙ Youth clubs
∙ From counsellors
UNIT 13 MORALS AND VALUES
What are morals ?
Morals are acceptable codes of conduct in any society
What are values ?
Values are beliefs and standards one regards to be important
UNIT 14 CULTURAL PRACTICES THAT FACILITATE THE SPREAD OF HIV
∙ Wife inheritance ( chokolo)
∙ Swapping sexual partners (chimwanamaye)
∙ Kuchotsa fumbi
∙ Circumcision
∙ Kulowa kufa
GENDER,HIV AND AIDS
Why women have more chances of getting HIV than men ?
∙ Poverty
∙ Women are not expected to say no to sex in marriage
∙ Women receive all the seminal fluids from the man which may have high quantity of HIV
UNIT 15 EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION ON HIV AND AIDS
CHANNELS OF COMMUNICATION ON HIV AND AIDS
∙ News papers
∙ Books
∙ Radios
∙ Television
FACTORS THAT PREVENT EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION ON HIV AND AIDS
∙ Age
∙ Cultural factors
∙ Religion
FACTORS PROMOTING EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
∙ tolerance
∙ empathy
∙ respect
∙ patience
∙ intepersonal relationship
UNIT 16 SEXUALLY- TRANSIMITTED INFECTION
Sexual transmitted infection is an infection passed on from an infected person to a health
person mainly through sexual intercourse
COMMON STIs
∙ Syphilis
∙ Candidiasis
∙ Herpes
∙ Gonorrhoea
∙ AIDS
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF STIs
∙ Sore or blister on or around genitals
∙ Un usual discharge from the penis or vagina
∙ Pain when urinating
∙ Excessive itching on the genitals
∙ Smelly discharge from genitals
TRANSMISSION OF STIs INCLUDING HIV
∙ Unprotected sexual intercourse
∙ Sharing pants
∙ Kissing
∙ Infected mother to her baby during pregnancy
PREVENTION OF STIs INCLUDING HIV
∙ abstinence
∙ mutual faithful
∙ not sharing skin piercing instruments
∙ use of drugs to prevent mother- to - child transmission
UNIT 17 VOLUNTARY COUNSELLING AND TESTING
Voluntary testing and counselling ( VCT ) is a service that is offered to anyone who wishes to
know whether he or she is infected with HIV
Voluntary means that a person is not forced to go for testing
In counseling, aperson helps someone to arrive at a reasonable decision whether to take an HIV
test or not . The one helping is known as a counsellor
And the one receiving help is a client
TESTING means checking whether one is infected with HIV or not
STAGES IN THE VCT PROCESS
1. A person goes for VCT
2. A person counselled before testing
3. A person decides whether to be tested or not
4. If a person decides to be tested he or she is counseled results are given
HIV - NEGATIVE HIV- POSITIVE
SESSIONS FOT VOLUNTARY COUNSELLING AND TESTING
∙ Pre- testing counseling
∙ Test process
∙ Implication of testing
∙ Risk assessment
∙ Prevention counselling
∙ Assessing coping strategies
∙ Decision to test
∙ Testing
THE IMPOTENCE OF VOLUNTARY COUNSELLING AND TESTING (VCT)
∙ It helps one accept one's HIV status
∙ It reduces HIV and AIDS stigma
∙ It reduces parents - to - child transmission
∙ It promote planning and preparation of a will
∙ It facilitates social support
∙ It facilitates behavioral change
UNIT 18 THE RIGHTS OF PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV AND AIDS
What are human Rights ?
Human rights are natural entitlements due to persons by virtue of being human beings
RIGHTS OF PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV AND AIDS
∙ Right to equality
∙ Right to liberty
∙ Right to human dignity
∙ Right to health
∙ Right to employment
∙ Right to participation
SPECIFIC RIGHTS OF PLWA
∙ Right to live free from harmful discrimination
∙ Right to be treated with respect and dignity
∙ Right to confidential and comprehensive pre- and post- test counseling and to give
informed consent
∙ Right to HIV testing and monitoring without being forced
∙ Right to quality medical care, palliative care and support services
WAYS OF PROMOTING THE RIGHTS OF PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV AND AIDS
∙ Introduction of HIV and AIDS education in schools and colleges
∙ Establishment of NGOs that work to promote and protect the rights of people living with
HIV and AIDS
∙ Public awareness campaigns on the rights of people with HIV and AIDS
∙ Forming associations of people living with HIV and AIDS
UNIT 19 VULNERABLE CHILDREN
Who is a vulnerable child ?
A vulnerable child is one who has no one to take care of him or she
EXAMPLES OF VULNERABLE CHILDREN
∙ Street children
∙ Child labourers
∙ Child vendors
∙ Child sex workers
∙ Young domestic workers
∙ Child headed households
∙ Children with special needs
∙ Children involved in drug trafficking
WAYS OF ASSISSTING VULNERABLE CHILDRENS
∙ giving them good education
∙ placing them in orphanage
∙ providing them with support and care
WAYS IN WHICH ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN CAN AVOID CONTRACTING HIV AND
AIDS
∙ taking good parantal advice
∙ having friends with good behavior
∙ resisting bad influence from friends
∙ being at home in good time
∙ participating in regular sporting activities
∙ abstaining from sex before marriage
∙ reading good books
∙ making right decisions
∙ self awareness
∙ attending religious meeting
∙ being assertive
∙ having self-esteem
UNIT. 20 HOME- BASED CARE
Home based care means looking after the sick in their homes
THE IMPORTANCE OF HOME BASED CARE
∙ It is economical on the part of guardians
∙ It reduces overcrowding in hospitals
∙ It allows more people to be involved in caring for those living with HIV and AIDS
GROUP OF PEOPLE WHO CAN PROVIDE HOME- BASED CARE
∙ Family
∙ Religious groups
∙ Political readers
∙ Non - governmental organization
THINGS WHICH CARE PROVIDERS NEED TO DO
∙ Feeding patients with nutritious food
∙ Bathing them and washing their clothes
∙ Taking them to the hospital when they are sick
∙ Chatting with them
∙ Counseling and comforting them
∙ Giving them basic items
THE QUALITIES OF HOME- BASED CARE PROVIDERS
∙ empathy
∙ patience
∙ tolerance
∙ kindness
THINGS HOME- BASED CARE PROVIDERS NEED TO KNOW
∙ Procedures when bathing a patient
∙ Laundering for a patient
∙ Feeding a patient
UNIT 21 PLANNING
What is the meaning of the term ' planning' ?
Planing refers to logical sequencing of activities for proper organization and management of
resources
STAGES IN THE PLANNING PROCESS
∙ Identifying goals
∙ Organising resources
∙ Choosing course of as action
∙ Implementing the plan
∙ Monitoring
∙ Evaluation
SITUATION THAT CAN CHANGE PLANS
∙ Death
∙ In availability of resources
∙ Un planned pregnancies
∙ Illnesses including AIDS
∙ Stress and anxiety
∙ Conflicting activities
THE IMPORTANCE OF PLANNING
∙ Is a key to success
∙ achievements of goals
∙ helps to avoid contracting STIs including HIV and AIDS
∙ helps to monitor how the activity is being done
∙ easy to follow procedures
UNIT 22 ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND HIV AND AIDS
Entrepreneurship is an activity or small scale business through which people generate money
HOW ENTREPRENEURSHIP CAN HELP PREVENT THE SPREAD OF HIV AND AIDS
They may not engage themselves in commercial sex through which they may contract HIV and
AIDS
FACTORS THAT HINDER THE SUCCESS OF BUSINESSES OF PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV AND
AIDS
∙ Stigmatisation
∙ Discrimination
UNIT 23. GENDER AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP
What is gender ?
The term gender refers to roles that men and women do or are expected to do in a particular
society
What is entrepreneurship ?
Entrepreneurship is an activity or business through which people make money.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT OR SLOW DOWN ENTREPRENEURSHIP
∙ diseases
∙ poverty
∙ discrimination
∙ lack of capital
∙ gender biases
SKILLS REQUIRED FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP
∙ critical thinking
∙ planning
∙ budgeting
∙ effective communication
∙ interpersonal relationship skills
HOW GENDER AFFECTS ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Women may be denied access to loans simply because they are females.
End
Compiled by; emmanuel kapachika
WhatsApp; 0992077604
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