CHA ERL: The Writing Process ns i is the result of a process which involves four main stages, cas, writing a drafi, and revising and editing acti Writing not a one-ster nizing these id generating ideas. 0 LPrewritings [A this stage. you gather and generate ideas associated with The first stage is called prewriting. your topic, This is called brainstorming, When you brainstorm. you write down as many ideas as possible without judging of evaluating them until you can see the whole picture. Write down everything that comes to your mind: words, sentences. ideas, feelings, examples .. Ask about this topic, or what would I like to write about? What do I know yourself: including listing and mapping. ‘There are several techniques of brainstormi «Listing: Listing is a prewriting technique in which you quickly write a list of words, related to your topic. In this technique, you keep adding details to phrases, or sentences the list until the flow of ideas stops. Example: In the following example, the writer intends to write about his grandfather Therefore. he resorts to writing a list of all the words and phrases that come to his mind about his grandfather: Grandfather Uneducated Farmer Worked hard Helped his community Started hospital in town ~ only Forward-thinking Improved farming techniques in hit ‘Thought things over Got up early He was the first persot Smart Listened to experts ; First farmer to terrace his land — now everyone does it hospital in big area is area 1 in town to buy a car ering): ‘This technique consists of siting the topic in the deas as you think of them in circh Mapping (also called el jes below or middle with a circle around it, puttinabove y« chothe a SF 0Pic. and. then, drawing tines to connect them to the topic and to each other his me 2 thod i especially practical for thinking about subjects in descriptive writing ‘PExample: The topic of pollution Sry tern ST Cenned tm g i 2 i os The follow i step in the prewriting stage is the selection of the relevant ideas. At this point, you choose the ideas which are most pertinent with regard to your topic and omit those wl seem irrelevant. 2.Outlining: This stage consists of carefully organizing ideas into logical parts. An outline is an organizational plan which delineates the structure of your paragraph by displaying your mi ain idea, its supporting ideas, and the order in which you intend to organize these det, Is. Make sure the relationships between the ideas make sense. An outline is generally organized nize according to the following pattern: Main idea 1, Supporting idea © explanation, fact, or example ‘© explanation, fact, or example 2. Supporting idea6 explanation, fact, oF exam PS ¢ expianation. fact, oF exam 3. Supporting idea ‘© explanation, fact. oF example «explanation. fact. or example DExample: Arguments for a limited teen driver license 1. Increases safety for teens 1. More practice before driving freeways 2. More experience before driving at night 2. Increases safety for others 1. Teens will not result in accidents 2. Fewer people would be in cars with teen drivers wy The next step in the writing process is to write a frst draft using your outline as a guide. Write all your ideas from start to finish, and make it your goal to state your main ide: develop the content of your paragraph with plenty of specific details, Don't wi elearly and to orry if you commit errors at this stage because this draft will be subject to revision and improvement A. Revising and Editing: The last st ¢ in the writing process is revising and editing. At this point, sou polish and improve what you have written. Revising involves the examination of the content and or nization of your writing. You check how elearly your main point is developed and if your you may ad. delete. substitute rearrange some ideas to obtain a refined pice of writing, Paitin ideas are logically connected to each other. While revising focuses on correcting the certors related to grammar. usage. prmetvatian. and spelling ndCHAPTER 2: Writing a Paragraph: ParagraP? cneuaetl he sentences What isa puageht A paagph isa poupofsenenss bourne” in a good paragraph explain the write A paragraph can give fiféimiation, pROWiGERATOpINIO?. Example: . or EB ints. Before computers: students had to do to make major ¢! students move informat more Computers are excellent machines to help studes Hlow students ; anges easily, $0 their schoolwork on typewriters. Typewriters did not al she on they had to use special correction uid to fix mistakes. Today, compute srors with little effort. Compute gototl fu) information. However, rs let around without retyping it and correct ef 1s also make research before computers, students had 10 the library. Many times, ding usel home to obtain the information convenient for students. For example, four or five hours in several sources before fin ‘om their nly made students’ lives much they would read for 1s can now use the Internet network on their computers fr shave cert student that they need much more quickly. To conclude, computers easier. ‘A typical paragraph has three basic parts: the topic sentence, the supporting sentences, and the concluding sentence. «The topic sentence is the first sentence of a paragraph. It introduces the main idea of the paragraph. In other words, it presents the topic and indicates the information which the writer will provide about it + Thetopic sentence is made up of two parts: a topie and a controlling idea. The to ie nar the subject ofthe paragraph PaaS ESeaSethemanetvlony ou thé topic. It is called the controlling idea because it contr S scause it controls the topic by = pic by limiting it.to a, Examples: In each of the following topic sentences. the topic is ewcled, wh h led, whereas the controlling idea is underlined: Ginimpisihe best wav to Jo‘3 3. The Lagat family of Kenya having needed several ofthe word's top distanee = . } N 4 OFthe we = + ig wld be a compte senene. {A gous topic sentence sho ow ance should be unified expressing on are very interes one main idea. sting and different, and s° A good topie sent ‘Weak; ‘The food and people in Korea are the buildings. fod items and culinary rong: The Korean cuisine incorporates divers methods, «A good topic sentence should convey a main ea or an opinion about he ene Weak: Ihave been studying karat. ‘Strong: Studying karate has strengthened my personality proad- cleas «A good topie sentence should not be soo broad : obvious. Weak: Tea is delicious. ‘Strong: Green tea has many health benefits. Weak: There are many environmental problems around the world “Strong: {vis important to save the rainforests in South Ameria. + A good topic sentence should not be foo narrow Ieak: People who smoke heavily are more likely than non-smokers to develop ood pressure.2 SAVIEPDE , SHeess , PY sh, cermptession ‘rong: People who smoke heavily develop serious health problems high bi estematl Ne), Sore Weak: Its estimated that 20 percent of Japanese mat are arranged. ‘Strong: In Japan, there are two types of marriages. ig For cach of these paragraphs, choose the sentence from the list below that would make the best topie sentence: ee . . When Ken wanted to hhard to pass the examination, The first time he took the It very discouraged. But he knew he wanted to study at that enter a good university. he studied ‘exam. he did not do well, and he Felt 6i ee etn 10 BFE: university, s i meen 7 Studied more. The next ° Mev and he has taught na tying enscees UAE Ie exam aEN Te Tor CMetwetatwercim mites INE Up is the best wa vc oe of my closest fri . y friend Ken is 3. Vadmire my frien, to succeed. Mh, leaming to ay . esta eeeee . : Many So school o - ve i in the streots oe octball when they are very young, You often can see them playing at school compete in tone nnd Heit houses. tn high school, students may play football for a team and People in my conc: Ifa player is very good. he might go on to play fora professional team, can, Mang cunt love to watch football on television and also goto games whenever they competi pois have a favorite team or player, and everyone loves to talk about matches an Petitions. Football is really like a national sport in my country. 2 ToNe Playing football. and 1 hope I ean besome a professional payer one ae are many popular sports ir y count vat vost ee 3.Foottallisadifetitsponteleamtopiay eal is a difficult sport to leam to play well. Mh... Firstly, many schools require two or more years of foreign language study for graduation. Secondly, learning other languages helps us communicate with people from other countries. Also, knowing a foreign language can lead to job opportunities. Finally, for many people, studying foreign languages is fun. There are many reasons to learn a foreign language. 1, In the USA, many students study Spanish language V2. It is important to leam foreign languages. 3. In college, people need to know foreign languages. EXERCISE2; For each of these paragraphs, write a good topic sentence. . . ae . 1 =. . BOY a oy | ne Some people leam to play a musical instrument because they v play it with their friends want to have fun, They want to or maybe in a band. Other people lear to play an instrument because itis part of their culture Certain instruments are popular in some cultures, stch as the guitar in Spain or the oud in the Middle East. Sometimes, people even learn to play an instrument because they think it will make them smarter. They want to keep their mind busy, and music is different from the work nk about all day long. In sum, there is clearly not just one main reason why people play a musical instrument.vat. there is size. Most ‘arth now. Second, ere on Mm. ic legs. Third. today's saurs controlled while that poly. However. ypon their back ke ntrast, dino: sand them, AU in all, doce ren ' sg were much target ‘modem reptiles ate small, Dinosaurs were mt pace es of their the legs of most reptiles today are on the ie the bottom of their hoy. tn this way. dinosaurs could stand uP 1 reptiles se the environment to control ther body temperature In 6 . what was their ven body temperature, They didnot depend on what was aFouhe TY rept yy seem very similar. they are actually very id dinosaurs . it unchecked Pat a check (7) next to good topic sentences. Tell what is wrong rn toe general) Sentences. Are they too specific or too general? Write TS (too specific) or on the line. “YS_ 1. Its estimated that 20 percent ‘of Japanese marriages are arranged. -Z2.In Japan, there are two types of marriage = 3. Digital cameras have several advantages over film cameras. NG 4. Digital cameras take photos. i “L2 5: Digital photos are composed of small squares called pixels and which resemble a tiled kitchen floor or bathroom wall, dora AZ 6. Learning the meanings of abe iations used in the field of technology is like learning a new language. ae ae 7. A laptop can perform a variety of useful functions, “SES. PC. PDA. GPS, and Wi-Fi are abbreviations ~ZD. Golden retriever dogs have certain characteristics that make them good family pets. <10. Using cell phones while driving can be a havand Dowoge. 2. Supporting Sentences: Supporting sentences add information that supports and explains the topic sentence All the supporting sentences should be about the main idea ofthe paragraph. Ia sentence Points to an idea which is unrelated to the one stated in the topic sentence. it and should be deleted, irrelevant Exampl The following simple paragraph contains many simple supporting ideas, but there is an irrelevant semence. Bird watching is a great hobby. Many birdwatchers began watching birds as children or young people. Birds hold a fascination with many people because there are almost always bitds around to sce. Butterflies are great to watch, too. Birds are easy to learn to identify and fan to watch Backyard bird feeding is a good way to start watching birds by bringing them to your yard. Bird watchit g remains a pleasurable pastime for many people.° There a J Ere Fe Varios kinds g Sentences explain, descrip ibe, In a paragraph followed by ive reasons, gi ; Feasons, give facts, give examples. define each sup Porting idea may ence and bE ie idea may sent begin with a maj @ minoy in with a major suppor Supporting sentence. Major supporting sentences TS 8 NEP los about i also called he topic sentence, Minor supporting sentences ¢ details) Is) ate specific i ans ie information which ells us more about the major supporting entenees "PPorting sentences can consist of explanations, examples, facts. statistics, quotation > Explanations: A : explanation tells the reader what something means or how someting WS puters. " le memorized Explanation (Minor supporting sentence): In the old 429%: people memori to do assignments, statements wh and ‘DSupporting Sentence: Young people are too dependent on COM important information, but today youth rely om their comPutes an find recorded numbers, and save important information. AS # result, they can fi themselves unprepared in an emergeney suc as an electrical blackout cers? > Examples: exelain sae Examples are specific people, things, places, or events that {illustrate an idea or provic supporting eidenss°°8 Supporting Sentence: Young people are too dependent on computers J do all my schoolwork on Example (Minor supporting sentence): For example, .en my computer crashed last week, dese my computer. Wh I lost my only draft of an Mee essay that was de he next day > Eacts: Facts are objective details that can be observed, analyzed, and documented by others (experts). Dsupporting semence: The chemistry building must be renovated if the college wants to compete with other universities, Facts (Minor supporting sentences): The building has not been renovated since it ars old. opened in 1967. Besides, the newest computer is seven y Statistics are facts stated in numbers. They can provide powerful support because they are easy for readers to understand.vated if the college be renovate! ing, must “The chemistry build ipporting sentenc nts Lo compete with other universities. sec ot the equipment in the chemistry and observations of eyewitnesses. ces, opinions, ide: ations or indirect summaries nts. oF experts, ‘They can be presented as direct quotations oF 5 e is pushing man} ‘Supporting sentence: Te bigh rate of crime in the Southside is pushing, many People to leave their homes, Suotarion (Minor supporting sentence): Joe Long, who has lived here for thirty= cight years, said, Vcan‘t take it anymore, so I'm moving, You can use more than one type of details to provide evidence for a major supporting Sentence and to develop your paragraph, Major supporting sentences and n Example 1; Topic Senten Nor supporting sentences: : Ve ' Nscessful students possess three important techniques: Organizing planning, and preparing, 1- Major Supporting Sentence: Organized students have the necessary tools for their classes. Minor Supporting Sentence: For example. they usually carry an ssignment notebook and calendar, a highlighting marker, folders to keep Papers in order. and a pocket dictionary, 2. Major Supporting Sentence: In addition, successful students plan their time very well, Minor Supporting Sentence: They keep lists of assignments and due dates and allow enough time to do the work. jor Supporting Sentence: nally, successful students prepare well for tests. expect = Sele ke good class notes and anticipate test Minor Supporting Sentence. The questions. Topic Sentence: There are three reasons why Canadians consider their country as one of the best places in the world. 10servi Fvices at a reasonabl 2. Major Supporting rence: Secon, Canada has w high standard" educations J swdyin Minors, ‘Supporting a svete usarcen at university 3. Major § . jor Supporting S Porting Sentence: Finally, Canada's ities are clean 2” efficiently managed, Canadian cities have many parks and lots of Minor Supporting Sente space for people to live EXERCISE 4; Lool K at the following paragraph, and identify the major ‘and minor supportine sentences: efits. With a cat th many ben The invention of the automobile has provided travelers “ bees mprecn= travel ¥aiPdistances in shortperiods of time: om porsebeck or howe disnmnwsiSareanow be cone in nme OL Saeanenc compared to.a-horse drawn wagons 18, amazing, he bone ring et of ing ona si ni sels © splinter-infested wagon seat. Their voyage is now made on Softly cushioned seats that eap be usted t0 the sojourners’ level of comfort. TraVeléts are. rasa nger wager subjected 10 the harsh at chvelements ofthe — ‘Weathers In the past, iting cold of winter and the blistefing heat of amen ee g y gal inding snow. and drenching raing Today peop! i eg nd lexi 39 yanks, to the totally Sn ra cnoringand Hx wi 8 ME SST To sum Up, 1d dream of using the expression with all the advantages an automobile has to offer, no one Wo! comfort jet a horse” today. race of the paragraph. It signals the end of the neluding sentence is the last sente id reminds the reader of the main idea. «The cor paragraph an amarize the main idea of the can restate the topic sentence, sum © A concluding sentence + connected to the paragraph’s tops, make a suggestion, oF paragraph, make a prediction give an opinion connected to the 1opie the topie sentence should be expressed in different ‘A concluding sentence that restate words, not be an exact copy of the topic sentence sentence should not state or introduce a new idea A concluding aHin all”, mence with conchiding signals like In brief”... followed by a Jum up”, “To conclude”, conclusion”, an Examples; Topic sentence: There are numerous advantages to owning a hybrid car, Concluding semence: Given the low running costs and environmental benefits of owning & hybrid car iis tikely that many People will opt for it in the near future, Topic sentene Book readers are useful devices for students Concluding sentence: lear that eBook readers have made students” lives much easier. Topic sentence: At some Point. most parents have to decide whether or not to allow their children to have pets, Concluding sentence: \n brief, 4 pet, parents are divided on this issue fora umber of signifi Topie sentence: There ate many benefits of driving a car with a ‘manual transmission, Concluding sentence: While autom: Drawing on the provided Supporting ideas, write a topic sentence and a cone ing “entence for the following paragraph 1 sre iy (it + Teall climbing is, the easiest, Camibers just walk along trails to the toy P of a mountain, 1} trails ate not very steep, Sresmall. The second type. rock climbin and the mountains "e: takes place on steeper slopes and bigger generally have to use special e, The third type is ice climbinfest. Lai sient Equipment used nee cinbing ncudes ic axes and eramsnne shichave sibs, FB toa climber’ boots for walking once and hard snow." al . Before the 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean, water buffalo stampeded’ in Thailand, and dogs in Sri Lanka refused to go out for their regular walks. An unusual number of pets ran away from their homes in the days before the 1989 San Francisco earthquake. Japanese researchers have analyzed the stories of the fishermen about the abnormal behavior of fish in the days or hours before earthquakes in that country eee “Any time of the day or night, you see automobile drivers chatting away at 65 miles per hour (mph) on the highway. On sidewalks, in restaurants, and even in office building elevators, cell phone users carry on the most private conversations. Many places of business now have signs asking people totum off ther c= phones, and phones are banned in hospital waiting rooms, movie _ theaters and concert halls EXERCISE 6: Choose one of the following topics. Write a paragraph on it- 1. An unusual holiday 2. A cultural celebration in my country 3. The ideal job 4, Cell phones 13