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 Brief Introduction about me

❑ Ankit Kumar
❑ From Nainital, Uttarakhand
❑ High school from Rajakiya Uacchtar madhyamik vidyala
Devipura with 47%
❑ Intermediate from Rajakiya Inter Collage Maldhan Chaur
with 66%
❑ Graduation from Kumaun University with 61%
❑ Post Graduation from Kumaun University with 75%, ‘I am
the first post graduate of my family’
❑ 3rd rank in SSJ Almora Ph.D entrance Exam.
❑ 4th rank in Kumaun University Ph.d entrance Exam
❑ Ph.d Research Scholar, Kumaun University, Nainital
(Uttarakhand)
❑ Presented a Paper in “National Conference on Climate
Change: Its Impact on Bio-Resources of the Himalayan
Region (CCIBHR - 2022)”
❑ NTA UGC NET qualified in 1st semester of masters (2019) in
the first attempt
❑ 580+ aspirants qualified NTA UGC NET-JRF in my guidance
❑ ISO Certified Accountant
❑ NSS volunteer ‘Not me, but you’
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Cutoff analysis & Your target no of Question

OBC
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 Unit – X: Geography of India
1. Geological History of India,
2. Major Physiographic Regions and their Characteristics;
3. Drainage System (Himalayan and Peninsular),
4. Climate: Seasonal Weather Characteristics, Climatic Divisions, Indian Monsoon (mechanism and
characteristics), Jet Streams and Himalayan Cryosphere,
5. Types and Distribution of Natural Resources: Soil, Vegetation and Mineral.
6. Population Characteristics (spatial patterns of distribution), Growth and Composition (rural-urban, age, sex,
occupational, educational, ethnic and religious), Determinants of Population, Population Policies in India,
7. Agriculture ( Production, Productivity and Yield of Major Food Crops), Major Crop Regions, Regional
Variations in Agricultural Development, Environmental, Technological and Institutional Factors affecting
Indian Agriculture; Agro-Climatic Zones, Green Revolution, Food Security and Right to Food.
8. Industrial Development since Independence, Industrial Regions and their characteristics, Industrial Policies in
India.
9. Development and Patterns of Transport Networks (railways, roadways, waterways, airways and pipelines),
10. Internal and External Trade (trend, composition and directions),
11. Regional Development Planning in India,
12. Globalization and its impact on Indian Economy,
13. Natural Disasters in India (Earthquake, Drought, Flood, Cyclone, Tsunami, Himalayan Highland Hazards and
Disasters.)
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 Geological History of India
• For the convenience of study, the chronology of • अध्ययन की सुविधा के लिए, भारतीय चट्टानों के
Indian rocks can be understood through the कािक्रम को ननम्नलिखित ब दिं ओ ु िं के माध्यम से
following points – समझा जा सकता है
1) Archaean or Pre-Cambrian 1. आर्कसयन या प्री-कैम्ब्रियन
2) Dharwad or Proterozoic 2. धारवाड़ या प्रोटे रोजोइक
3) Kudappa or Purana group 3. कुडप्पा या पुराण समूह
4) The Vindhyan system 4. वविंध्यन प्रणाली
5) Gondwana system 5. गोंडवाना प्रणाली
6) Deccan Trap or Cretaceous 6. डेक्कन ट्रै प या क्रेटे मियस
7) Tertiary system or canzoic era 7. तत ृ ीयक प्रणाली या बेंजोइक युग
8) The Quaternary Period or Pleistocene Era 8. चतध ु ासतक
ु काल या प्लेस्टोसीन काल

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 Archaean or Pre-Cambrian (2500 million years ago)
आर्कसयन या प्री-कैम्ब्रियन युग
• The Archaean or Pre-Cambrian era is the oldest era in Earth's history. This is the division of
geologic time scale from the formation of the Earth (about 4.6 billion years ago) to the beginning of the
Cambrian Period of the Paleozoic Era (about 570 million years ago). 86.7% of the time of Earth's history
is considered pre-Cambrian era. Archaean terminology was first used in 1782 by J. D. Dana.
• Fossil-free rocks, abundance of crystals, heavy debris and deformed turns are found.
• आर्कियन या प्री-कैम्ब्म्ियन युग पथ् ृ िी के इनतहास का स से पुराना युग है । यह भूगलभिक समय के पैमाने का
विभाजन है जो पथ्ृ िी के गठन (िगभग 4.6 ब लियन िर्ि पि ू )ि से िेकर पैलियोजोइक यग
ु के कैम्ब्म्ियन काि
(िगभग 570 लमलियन िर्ि पि ू )ि की शरुु आत तक है । पथ्
ृ िी के इनतहास का 86.7% समय पि ू -ि कैम्ब्म्ियन यग
ु
माना जाता है । 1782 में जे. डी. डाना ने स से पहिे आर्कियन शब्दाििी का प्रयोग र्कया था।
• जीिाश्म मुक्त चट्टानें, र्क्रस्टि की प्रचुरता, भारी मि ा और विकृत मोड़ पाए जाते हैं।

1. The Bengal Gneiss बिंगाल नीस

2. The Bundelkhand Gneissबुिंदेलखिंड नीस
3. The Nilgiri Gneiss नीलगगरर नीस
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 Dharwar System (Proterozoic Formations) धारवाड़ प्रणाली (प्रोटे रोजोइक सिंरचना)

• These are the first metamorphosed sedimentary rock systems known as the Dharwar System in the
Indian Geological Time Scale, as they were studied for the first time in the Dharwar district of
Karnataka.
• The Dharwar rocks are rich in minerals like iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, gold, silver, dolomite,
mica, copper, tungsten, nickel, precious stones and building materials.
• यह भूगलभिक काि 2500 लमलियन िर्ि पूिि से 1800 लमलियन िर्ि पूिि तक फैिा हुआ है । ये भारतीय भूिैज्ञाननक
समय पैमाने में धारिाड़ प्रणािी के रूप में जानी जाने िािी पहिी रूपािंतररत तिछटी चट्टान प्रणािी हैं, क्योंर्क
इनका अध्ययन पहिी ार कनािटक के धारिाड़ म्ब्जिे में र्कया गया था।
• धारिाड़ की चट्टानें िौह अयस्क, मैंगनीज, सीसा, जस्ता, सोना, चािंदी, डोिोमाइट, अभ्रक, तािं ा, टिं गस्टन,
ननकि, कीमती पत्थरों और ननमािण सामग्री जैसे िननजों से समद् ृ ध हैं।

• Champion Series, Champaner Series, Chilpi Series, Closepet Series, Iron Ore Serie, Khondolite
Series, Rialo Series (Delhi Series), Sakoli Series and Sausar Series.

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 The Cuddapah System (The Purana Group)

• The Cuddapah system is made of shales, slates, limestone and

quartzite. The rocks are generally without fossils because
there was no origin of species during their formation. The
Cuddapah formations, named after the district of Cuddapah
in Andhra Pradesh, are sedimentary-metamorphic
formations.
1. Papaghani series

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 The Vindhyan System वविंध्य प्रणाली

• Well known for red-sandstone, sandstone, building material, ornamental stone, conglomerates,
diamondiferous and raw materials for cement, lime, glass and chemical industries.
• The well known diamond mines of Panna and Golconda lie in the Vindhyan System.

• िाि- िआ ु पत्थर, िआ ु पत्थर, ननमािण सामग्री, सजािटी पत्थर, conglomerates, Diamondiferous और

सीमें ट, चूने, कािंच और रासायननक उद्योगों के लिए कच्चे माि के लिए जाना जाता है । पन्ना और गोिकिंु डा की
प्रलसद्ध हीरा िदानें वििंध्यन प्रणािी में पड़ी हैं।

• Bhander Series, Bijwar Series, Kaimur Series.

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 The Mesozoic Era (The Gondwana System)

• The Mesozoic Era includes three periods: Triassic, Jurassic,

and Cretaceous.(Aryan Era)
• Most of the good quality coal deposits (bituminous and
anthracite) of India are found in Gondwana formations.
• Talcher Series – It is the series of the Gondwana system
named after Talcher in Dhankenal district of Odisha.
• The Damuda series – Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh,
Orissa, and Madhya Pradesh.
• Panchet Series – the youngest series of the Lower
Gondwana System, well developed in the Raniganj coalfield
of West Bengal.

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 The Cretaceous System (The Deccan Trap) र्क्रटे मियस प्रणाली (दक्कन ट्रै प)
• Towards the end of the Cretaceous period the Peninsula was affected by intense volcanic activity.
During this period, enormous quantity of basaltic lava was poured out to the surface assuming a great
thickness of over three thousand metres. The Lava Plateau (the Deccan Trap) is the result of that lava
eruption.
• The Deccan lava covers about five lakh sq km of area in Gujarat (Kachchh, Kathiawad), Maharashtra,
Madhya Pradesh (Malwa Plateau), Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, northern Andhra Pradesh and north-
western Karnataka.

• क्रेतेलसयस काि के अिंत में प्रायद्िीप तीव्र ज्िािामुिीय गनतविधध से प्रभावित था। इस अिधध के दौरान, सतह पर
ेसाम्ब्टटक िािा की तीन हजार मीटर से अधधक की एक ड़ी मोटी परत ज्िािामुिी उद्गार द्िारा ब छाई गयी
थी। िािा पठार (दक्कन ट्रै प) उस िािा विस्फोट का पररणाम है ।
• दक्कन का िािा गज ु रात (कच्छ, काठठयािाड़), महाराष्ट्ट्र, मध्य प्रदे श (माििा का पठार), छत्तीसगढ़, झारििंड,
उत्तरी आिंध्र प्रदे श और उत्तर-पम्ब्श्चमी कनािटक में िगभग पााँच िाि िगि र्कमी क्षेत्र को किर करता है ।

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• The Tertiary System (The Cenozoic Era) तत
ृ ीयक
काल प्रणाली (सेनोजोइक एरा)

• The Quaternary Period(the Pleistocene and

Recent Formations) चतुर्क
स युग (प्लीस्टोसीन युग)

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 The Karewas
• The Karewas are the lacustrine deposits of the Pleistocene period. They consist of sands, days, loams,
silt and boulders. The karewas of Kashmir are generally fowled along the lower slopes of Pir-Panjal
with a dip towards the Kashmir Valley. The Pampore and Pulwama karewas are well known for the
cultivation of saffron, almond, and walnut.

• कारे िा प्िेइस्टोलसन अिधध के ननक्षेपागार जमा हैं। इनमें रे त, ठदन, िोम, गाद और ोटडर शालमि हैं। कश्मीर के
कारिाओिं को आमतौर पर पीर-पिंजाि की ननचिी ढिान के साथ कश्मीर घाटी की ओर डु ोया जाता है । पिंपोर और
पि
ु िामा कारिा को केसर, ादाम और अिरोट की िेती के लिए जाना जाता है ।

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THANK YOU
LIKE SUBSCRIBE & SHARE

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 Physiographic division of India

• Physiography deals with the study of the surface

features and landforms of the Earth. On the basis of
tectonic history, stratigraphy, and physiography.
1. The mighty Himalaya and their associated young
folded mountains,
2. The elevated Peninsular region,
3. The Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra Plains,
4. The Coastal Plains and Islands and
5. The Deserts.

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 The Himalayan Region

• The Himalaya consist of four lithotectonic mountain ranges, namely

1. The Trans-Himalaya or the Tethys Himalaya,
2. The Greater Himalaya,
3. The Lesser Himalaya, and
4. The Shiwalik or the Outer Himalaya.

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Name of the Pass Location Significance

Jammu and Kashmir

Mintaka Pass Trijunction of India-China and Afghanistan Kashmir and China

border
Parpik Pass East of Mintaka pass on the Indo-China border Kashmir and China

Khunjerab Pass Karakoram Mountains in Ladakh Connects Ladakh to Sinkiang Province of China Snow covered
from November to midMay
Aghil Pass Situated to the north of K2 in Karakoram It joins Ladakh with Xinjiang (Sinkiang) province of China It
remains closed during winters from November to the first week of
May
Banihal Pass It is located in the Pir Panjal range on NH1A It joins Jammu with Srinagar and it has Jawahar Tunnel (2.85 km
that has been numbered as NH44 long). The tunnel was inaugurated in December 1956
Burzail Pass Srinagar with Kishan-Ganga Valley It connects Kashmir Valley with the Deosai Plains of Ladakh It
remains closed for trade and transport during winters

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Name of the Pass Location Significance

Chang-La In Greater Himalayas Ladakh with Road leads to town of Tangste Pass has a temple dedicated to Chang La Baba
Tibet
Khardung La Near Leh in Ladakh region It connects Leh with Siachen Glacier Highest motorable pass

Lanak La this pass provides passage between India and China (Akasai-Chin area of Jammu and Kashmir), A road to connect
Ladak and Lhasa. Xinjiang Province with Tibet has been constructed by the Chinese
Pir-Panjal pass Mughal Road Traditional Pass between Jammu and Kashmir It provided the easiest shortest
metalled road access but was closed down after partition of the subcontinent
Qara Tag La Located in Karakoram Mountains Highest Pass on ancient caravan route between Leh and Yarkand in Tarim Basin
It was an offshoot of the Great Silk Road
Imis La Ladakh Union Territory and Tibet It connects Ladakh to Tibet (China) It has difficult terrain and steep slopes
in China
Pensi La Greater Himalayas It connects Kashmir Valley to Kargil (Ladakh)

Zoji La Kashmir (100 km from Srinagar) It joins Srinagar with Kargil and Leh Faces heavy snowfall Closed from
December to mid-May Beacon force of BRO maintains the road Recently
declared as National Highway (NH-1D), the centre has approved Rs. 6809 crores
to build Asia’s longest bidirectional Zoji La Pass Tunnel which will reduce the
travel time between Srinagar and Leh to 15 min from 3.5 h
Thang La Ladakh It is the second highest motorable pass in India after Khardung La
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Name of the Pass Location Significance

Himachal Pradesh

Bara Lacha La Himachal Pradesh It connects Manali and Leh It is snow covered from November
to mid-May
Debsa Pass High Mountain Pass in Greater Himalayas between the Pass provides easier and shorter alternative to the traditional
Kullu and Spiti districts of Himachal Pradesh Pin Parbati Pass route between Kullu and Spiti
Rohtang Pass Eastern side of Pir Panjal Range, 51 km from Manali Eastern side of Pir Panjal Range, 51 km from Manali BRO

Shipki La Himachal Pradesh It connects Himachal Pradesh to Tibet (National Highway 5)

Important border post at Indo-China border River Satluj flows
through it

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Uttarakhand

Mana Pass Greater Himalayas Connects Uttarakhand to Tibet It remains snow covered for 6 months during the
winters
Mangsha Dhura Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand It connects Uttarakhand to Tibet Pilgrims for Manasarovar cross this pass
Landslides are major problem
Niti Pass Uttarakhand It joins Uttarakhand to Tibet

Lipu Lekh Pithoragarh district, Uttarakhand Connects Uttarakhand to Tibet Facilitates the pilgrims for Manasarovar lake
India’s important border post for trade with Chin
Muling La Situated North to Gangotri, It connects Uttarakhand to Tibet
Uttarakhand
Sikkim

Nathu La Situated at IndoChina border, Sikkim It forms an offshoot of the ancient Silk Road It is one of the three trading border
posts between India and China It was reopened in 2006 after the 1962 war
Jelep La

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Name of the Pass Location Significance

Arunachal Pradesh

Bom Di La Arunachal Pradesh. It is situated to the It connects Arunachal Pradesh with Lhasa (capital of Tibet)
east of Bhutan in Greater Himalayas
Dihang Pass Situated in Arunachal Pradesh It connects Arunachal Pradesh with Mandalay (Myanmar)

Yonggyap Pass Arunachal Pradesh with Tibet It lies at an altitude of 3962 m on the Indo-China border and joins
Arunachal Pradesh with Tibet.
Dipher Pass Lying at the trijunction of India, China and it provides an easy access between Arunachal Pradesh and Mandalay in
Myanmar border at an altitude of 4353 m. Myanmar. It is an important land trade route between India and
Myanmar and remains open throughout the year
Kumjawng Pass joins Arunachal Pradesh with Myanmar It lies on the Indo-Myanmar border at an altitude of 2929 m.

Hpungan Pass on the Indo-Myanmar border it provides an important link between India and Myanmar

Chankan Pass joins Arunachal Pradesh with Myanma This pass also lies on the Indo-Myanmar border at an elevation o f
2432 m
Diphu Pass Situated in the eastern part of Arunachal Connects Arunachal Pradesh to Mandalay (Myanmar) It remains open
Pradesh throughout the year
Likhapani Arunachal Pradesh Joins Arunachal Pradesh with Myanmar Open for trade throughout the
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The Physiography of Peninsular India

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• The Physiographic Regions of Peninsular • The North Deccan
India Meso-Regions • The Mahanadi Basin
• The North Central Highlands • The Chhattisgarh Plain
• The Aravallis • Garhjat Hills
• The Malwa Plateau • Dandakaranya
• The South Central Highlands • The South Deccan
• The Bundelkhand (Vindhyachal Plateau) • Karnataka Plateau
• The Vindhyachal-Baghelkhandor Vindhyachal • The Telengana Plateau
Plateau • The Tamil Nadu Uplands
• The Eastern Plateau • The Western Ghats or Sahayadri
• The Chotanagpur Plateau • The Eastern Ghats
• The Meghalaya-Mikir Uplands
• The Meghalaya Plateau and Mikir Hills

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 The Northern Plains

• The northern plain as a physiographic feature in India is the youngest amongst others. The northern
plains account for less than one-third of the country's total area while supporting around 40% of the
entire population of the country. They are located south of the Shiwaliks. The southern boundaries of
the northern plains are wavy and irregular boundaries along the northern edge of Peninsular India. To the
eastern side, they are flanked by the Purvanchal hills. To the western side, they are flanked by the Punjab
plains and the Aravali hills.

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• Features of the Northern Plains
• Three major river systems of India, i.e., the Ganga,the Brahmaputra, and the Indus with their
tributaries, formed the Northern Plains of India.
• The northern plains of India form the largest alluvial tract in the world.
• They extend in an east-west direction of approximately 3200 kilometers, while the average width
varies between 150 and 300 kilometers. The width of the plains increases from east to west.

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• Bhabar:
• The rivers that originate from the Himalayas, deposit the sediment loads along the foothills, thus,
forming alluvial fans. These alluvial fans consist of coarser sediments that merge to form the Bhabar or
the Piedmont plain. Bhabar is a narrow and porous belt of coarser sediments that runs (8 to 10 km) east-
west direction along the foothills of the Himalayas.
• The track is unsuitable for agriculture; however, trees with deep penetrating roots survive in this
region.

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• Tarai:
• Tarai, sometimes called Terai, found in northern India, is a lowland region located south of the Shivalik
Hills and north of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. They are located south of Bhabar and run parallel to it with
an approximate width of 10 to 20 kilometers.
• Characteristic features:
• This region is characterized by marshy lands.
• The soils here are rich in organic matter and nitrogen but are deficient in phosphate.
• The heavy rainfall in the eastern region of India, rises the water table and leads to broader Terai in the
Brahmaputra valley lying east of the Great Plains.
• Tarai region is distinguished by a luxurious growth of natural vegetation and varied wildlife. Some of
the major national parks are located in this region.

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• Bhangar:
• Bhangar is the old alluvium deposits along the river beds that are in the shape of terraces higher than the
floodplain.
• Characteristic features:
• They are productive, rich in humus, and dark in colour. The composition of soil is mostly clayey and
has lime distributed called kankar. They are mostly seen doabs (the land between two rivers).
• In some areas, the Bhangar showcases small tracts of alkaline and saline powder minerals and salts that
rise on the surface due to capillary action and is known as "Reh", "Kallar" or "Bhur".

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• Khadar:
• Khadar is composed of new alluvium that forms flood plains along the river banks.
• Characteristic features:
• They are light in color, sandy in texture, and are more porous.
• They are mostly found adjacent to the river beds. Every year, a new layer of alluvium is deposited by
rivers which makes the river beds fertile.
• The khaddar-rich flood plains are known as "Bets" in Punjab.

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• Significance of The Great Plains of India
• The soils of the plains are agriculturally most fertile. They are being devoted to the cereal and non-
cereal crops. The plains are often termed as the “Granary of India”.
• Most of the rivers traversing the Northern Plains of India are perennial in nature (agriculture).
• The northern plains have a rich underground water-table which is being utilised through tube-wells
and pumping sets for irrigation, domestic and industrial purposes.
• The rivers of the plain have very gentle gradients which makes them navigable over long distances.
• Development of infrastructure like roads and railways could become easy in the plains.
• The sedimentary rocks of plains have petroleum and natural gas deposits.
• The plains constitute less than one-third of the total area of the country, but support over 40% of the
total population of the country.

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• भारत के महान मैदानों का महत्व
• मैदानी इिाकों की लमट्टी कृवर् की दृम्ब्ष्ट्ट से स से उपजाऊ है । उन्हें अनाज और गैर-अनाज फसिों के लिए
समवपित र्कया जा रहा है । मैदानी इिाकों को अक्सर "भारत का अन्न भिंडार" कहा जाता है ।
• भारत के उत्तरी मैदानों में हने िािी अधधकािंश नठदयााँ प्रकृनत (कृवर्) में ारहमासी हैं।
• उत्तरी मैदानों में एक समद्ृ ध भलू मगतजि है म्ब्जसका उपयोग लसिंचाई, घरे िू और औद्योधगक उद्दे श्यों के लिए
निकूपों और पिंवपिंग सेटों के माध्यम से र्कया जा रहा है ।
• मैदान की नठदयों में हुत ही कोमि ढाि होती है जो उन्हें ििं ी दरू ी पर नौिहन योग्य नाती है ।
• मैदानी इिाकों में सड़कों और रे ििे जैसे ुननयादी ढािंचे का विकास आसान हो सकता है ।
• मैदानों की तिछटी चट्टानों में पेट्रोलियम और प्राकृनतक गैस के भिंडार होते हैं।
• मैदान दे श के कुि क्षेत्रफि का एक नतहाई से भी कम है , िेर्कन दे श की कुि आ ादी का 40% से अधधक का
समथिन करता है ।

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 The Coastal Plains

• India has a coastline of 7516.6 km (6100 km of mainland coastline + coastline of 1197 Indian islands)
touching 9 States and 4 Union Territories (UTs). The straight and regular coastline of India is the result of
faulting of the Gondwana land during the Cretaceous period.
• As such the coast of India does not offer many sites for good natural harbours. Indented coastlines
of Europe provide good natural harbours whereas African and Indian coastlines are not indented.
• The Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea came into being during the Cretaceous or early Tertiary period
after the disintegration of Gondwanaland.

• भारत में 9 राज्यों और 4 केंद्र शालसत प्रदे शों (यूटी) को छूने िािी 7516.6 र्कमी (6100 र्कमी की मुख्य भूलम
समुद्र तट + 1197 भारतीय द्िीपों की तटरे िा) की तटरे िा है । भारत की सीधी और ननयलमत तटरे िा र्क्रटे लशयस
काि के दौरान गोंडिाना भलू म के भ्रिंश का पररणाम है ।
• भारत का तट अच्छे प्राकृनतक िंदरगाहों के लिए अच्छे स्थि प्रदान नहीिं करता है । यूरोप के इिंडेंटेड समुद्र तट अच्छे
प्राकृनतक िंदरगाह प्रदान करते हैं ज र्क अफ्रीकी और भारतीय तटरे िा इिंडेंट नहीिं हैं।
• िंगाि की िाड़ी और अर सागर गोंडिानािैंड के विघटन के ाद र्क्रटे लशयस या प्रारिं लभक तत ृ ीयक काि के दौरान
अम्ब्स्तत्ि में आए।
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 From Gulf of
Kutch to Daman
Coastal areas of Odisha

From south of
Daman to Goa
Between Mahanadi and Krishna
rivers, South of the Utkal Plain
From south of and extends upto Pulicat Lake
Goa to
Mangalore
From Pulicat lake to Kaniyakumari

Mangalore and Kaniyakumari

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Western Coastal Plain Eastern Coastal Plain
Dissected outline Smooth outline
Occurrence of estuaries Occurrence outline or Deltas
More rainfall Less rainfall
Narrower Broader
Small rivers Long rivers
Tea, Coffee Suitable for agriculture
Submergence and Emergence Emergence
Because of this submergence it is a narrow belt and provides natural There are well developed deltas
conditions for the development of ports and harbors.
Because of its emergent nature, it has less number of ports and
harbours.

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