CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background of Study

Jatropha tonforensis is commonly referred to as "Physic Nut" or "Barbados Nut" (Oladele er al 2020),
Indigenous to tropical regions of Africa, J. tanjorensis is used for both medicinal and industrial purposes.
In Africa, it is known by various names such as "Hospital too far," "Catholic vegetable," "Iyana-ipaja," and
"Lapalapa" (Falodun et al., 2013). Traditionally, its leaves are used to treat conditions like anemia,
diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases (Chigozie et al., 2018). The plant is commonly grown as a hedge
around homes, gardens, and fields due to its resistance to browsing by animals and its long lifespan of
over 50 years (Byrappa et al., 2018).. Several studies have indicated that the seed and leaf extracts of J.
tanjorensis are used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments. These extracts contain compounds
with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidiabetic, anticancer, and antimicrobial properties (Amaechi et al.,
2022). Furthermore, the plant is employed in the treatment of wounds, allergies, skin infections,
venereal diseases. digestive disorders, and as a laxative (Achika et al., 2023). The growing interest in
Jatropha tanjorensis is not only due to its medicinal properties but also because of its potential as a
biofuel source. The seeds of Jatropha species, in general, are known to be rich in oil, which can be
processed into biodiesel. This has led to increased research on the cultivation and utilization of Jatropha
tanjorensis as a sustainable and renewable energy source, especially in developing countries where
energy demand continues to rise (Kumar & Sharma, 2008)

Jatropha tanjorensis is a species that exhibits significant adaptability to various climatic conditions,
making it a versatile plant for both medicinal and agricultural uses. It is a member of the Euphorbiaceae
family, which is known for its diverse species with various ecological and economic values. The plant
typically grows as a shrub or small tree, reaching heights of up to 3 meters. Its leaves are broad, green,
and lobed, with a characteristic shiny surface. The flowers are small, yellow-green, and occur in clusters,
while the fruit is a capsule containing seeds that are rich in oil. This species is widely distributed in
tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in Africa and Asia. In Nigeria, Jatropha tanjorensis is
commonly found in the southern parts of the country. where it is often cultivated as a hedge plant due
to its hardy nature. The plant thrives in well- drained soils and can tolerate drought conditions, making it
suitable for arid and semi-arid regions (Duke, 1983).

Flavonoids, for instance, are abundant in the leaves of Jatropha tanjorensis and contribute to its
antioxidant properties, which help in neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Tannins and
saponins, on the other hand, are known for their antimicrobial effects, making the plant useful in
treating infections (Oduola et al., 2005).

Plate 1: Jatropha tanjorensis leaves

Source: Udeji, Enugu South, Enugu State Nigeria

Flavonoids, for instance, are abundant in the leaves of Jatropha tanjorensis and contribute to its
antioxidant properties, which help in neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Tannins and
saponins, on the other hand, are known for their antimicrobial effects, making the plant useful in
treating infections (Oduola et al., 2005).

Plate 1: Jatropha tanjorensis leaves

Source: Udeji, Enugu South, Enugu State Nigeria

> Chi Dinma: 1.2 Aims

The study is aimed at determining the phytochenical constutent identified in the petroleum ether extract
of jatropha tajorensis using gas chromotogrpahy-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

1.3 Objectives

To determining the phytochenical constutent identified in the petroleum ether extract of jatropha
tajorensis using gas chromotogrpahy-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). > Chi Dinma: CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Jatropha Tanjorensis

Jamese tamen is a species belonging to the Euphorbiaceae family, a diverse group of flowering plants
known for their ecological adaptability and medicinal properties. The origin of Jatropha tamporensis is
somewhat shrouded in mystery, as the plant has been widely distributed across various tropical and
subtropical regions over centuries. It is believed to have originated in the tropical regions of Africa,
where it has been used traditionally in folk medicine for generations. The specific region of its origin,
however, is not well-documented, as it shares close genetic and morphological similarities with other
Jatropha species, particularly Jatropha curcas and Jatropha gossypiifolia (Henning, 2004), Jatropha
tonjorensis is commonly referred to as "Physic Nut" or "Barbados Nut" (Ofor and Nwufo, 2011).
Indigenous to tropical regions of Africa, J. tanjorensis is used for both medicinal and industrial purposes.
In Africa, it is known by various names such as "Hospital too far," "Catholic vegetable," "lyana-ipaja," and
"Lapalapa" (Falodun et al., 2013). Traditionally, its leaves are used to treat conditions like anemia,
diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases (Chigozie et al., 2018). The plant is commonly grown as a hedge
around homes, gardens, and fields due to its resistance to browsing by animals and its long lifespan of
over 50 years (Byrappa et al., 2018). Several studies have indicated that the seed and leaf extracts of J.
tanjorensis are used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments. These extracts contain compounds
with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antidiabetic, anticancer, and antimicrobial properties (Amaechi et al.,
2022). Furthermore, the plant is employed in the treatment of wounds. allergies, skin infections,
venereal diseases, digestive disorders, and as a laxative (Achika et al.,
Expansion

The expansion of Aurapha tamjorensis beyond its presumed native range is attributed to its hardy ture
and multiple uses, particularly in traditional medicine and as a biofuel source. The plant's ability to thrive
in various climatic conditions, including arid and semi-arid regions, has facilitated its spread across
Africa, Asia, and South America. The seeds of Jatropha tanjorensis, like other Jatropha species, are often
dispersed by birds and other animals, as well as by human activities such as trade and agriculture
(Achten et al., 2008).

In recent decades, the expansion of Jatropha tanjorensis has been driven by interest in its potential as a
source of biofuel. The global search for alternative energy sources has led to the cultivation of Jatropha
species in countries outside their native range, including parts of Latin America, Southeast Asia, and
Oceania. The plant's resilience to drought and poor soil conditions has made it an attractive candidate
for reclamation of degraded lands, further contributing to its expansion

(Francis et al., 2005).

2.3 Domestication

The domestication of Jatropha tanjorensis is a relatively recent phenomenon, particularly when

compared to other Jatropha species such as Jatropha curcas, which has a longer history of
domestication. The process of domestication involves the selection and cultivation of Jatropha
tanjorensis for specific traits, such as higher oil yield, reduced toxicity, and enhanced medicinal
properties. This process has been driven primarily by the dual interest in the plant for both medicinal
and biofuel applications (Henning, 2004).

In traditional agricultural systems, Jatropha tanjorensis has been domesticated for its medicir

leaves and seeds, which are used in various herbal remedies. The plant is often grown in ho

2023). Hematological parameters serve as crucial indicators for assessing the health status of individuals,
offering valuable insights into the presence of underlying diseases or conditions (Olafedehan et al.,
2010). These parameters encompass various indices, including red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood
cell (WBC) count, differential white blood cell count, hemoglobin levels, hematocrit levels, mean
corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
(Etim et al, 2014). Considering the historical use of .. tanjorensis in treating diverse ailments and the
reported positive effects on hematological indices observed in animal studies, it becomes imperative to
conduct further investigations into the potential health benefits of this plant (Ostrander, 2023). Several
studies have explored the impact of J. tanjorensis extract on hematological indices. Ndem et al. (2019)
examined the effects of J. tanjorensis leaf extract on hematological indices in Wistar rats, revealing a
significant increase in red blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit following
treatment with the extract, suggesting a potential role in treating anemia. Another study by (Danbomo
et al., 2019) investigated the influence of J. tanjorensis root extract on white blood cells and their
components in albino Wistar rats. The results indicated a significant increase in white blood cell count
upon treatment with the extract, suggesting a potential immune-boosting effect. However, there are
growing concerns regarding the toxicity associated with heavy consumption of herbal plants (Ugwah-
Oguejiofor et al, 2019), particularly as (Chibuogwu et al. 2021) reported immunosuppression with
prolonged use. Moreover, there have been conflicting views on the acute toxicity evaluation of the herb,
with some researchers (Chibuogwu et al. 2021) finding no signs of toxicity at doses of 5000mg and
higher, which would indicate its safety for oral consumption according to (Kennedy et al., 1986).
However, (Ndem et al., 2019) reported the LD50 of the aqueous extract of J. tanjorensis leaves as
1161.89 mg/kg. Although, seeds of Jatropha species

contains compounds that are highly toxic, the plants have proven to be of economic importance, from
medicinal utilization to industrial usage, especially in the production of environmentalfriendly energy
products, such as bio-fuel, bio-diesel, bio-lubricants from Jatropha curcas, which are renewable resource
and a safe source of energy and a viable alternative to petroleum products (Basha and Sujatha, 2007).
Presently, most research on Jatropha species are focused mostly on the distribution areas, cultivation
and nursery development of Jatropha curcas (Wenjun et al., 2008) and research on its relatives are
limited (Sudheer er al., 2009). Furthermore, Jatropha species are incipiently domesticated with no
availability of stable and commercial cultivars with high oil content, and tolerance to pests and diseases
that can meet the needs of stakeholders of the value chain of these plants such as farmers and
processors of the feedstock produced. Therefore, the establishment of Jatropha species as a
commercially viable crops requires the development of a suitable genetic crop improvement program
(Argolo-Marques et al., 2013). However, the challenge in the improvement of Jatropha species has been
the lack of genetic resource for the crop improvement program. The historical records of Jatropha
tanjorensis suggest that it may have been introduced to Asia, particularly India, through ancient trade
routes, where it became naturalized and was subsequently incorporated into traditional agricultural and
medicinal practices. The adaptability of Jatropha tanjorensis to diverse environmental conditions has
contributed to its wide distribution across continents(Argolo-Marques et al., 2013).

In traditional medicine, Jatropha tanjorensis is highly valued for its therapeutic properties. The leaves are
commonly used in decoctions to treat ailments such as malaria, fever, and gastrointestinal disorders. The
plant is also believed to possess antidiabetic properties, with local healers using leaf extracts to manage
blood sugar levels in diabetic patients. Additionally, Jatropha tanjorensis has been used in the treatment
of hypertension, inflammation, and as a general tonic to

boost immunity (Aiyeloja & Bello, 2006). The seeds of Jatropha tanjorensis are particularly noteworthy
for their oil content, which has been traditionally used as a purgative. However, due to the toxicity of
some compounds present in the seeds, their use in traditional medicine is often limited to external
applications, such as in the treatment of skin conditions and wounds (Adebowale & Adedire, 2006). The
medicinal properties of Jatropha tanjorensis are largely attributed to its rich phytochemical composition.
Studies have identified several bioactive compounds in the plant, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins,
saponins, and glycosides. These compounds are known to exhibit various pharmacological activities,
such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects (Ajani et al. 2015). Beyond
its medicinal uses, Jatropha tanjorensis holds potential as a biofuel source, primarily due to the oil- rich
seeds it produces. The seeds contain up to 30-40% oil, which can be extracted and processed into
biodiesel. The interest in Jatropha tanjorensis as a biofuel crop has been growing, especially in the
context of finding sustainable and renewable energy sources to replace fossil fuels (Francis et al., 2005).
Research indicates that the oil from Jatropha tanjorensis seeds has favorable properties for biodiesel
production, including high cetane numbers and low sulfur content. This makes it a suitable candidate for
biodiesel, which can be used in standard diesel engines with little or no modification (Heller, 1996).
However, the large-scale cultivation of Jatropha tanjorensis for biofuel is still a subject of debate,
primarily due to concerns about land use, food security, and the environmental impact of monoculture
plantations. Sustainable practices and proper management are essential to ensure that biofuel
production from Jatropha tanjorensis does not compromise food production or lead to environmental
degradation (Achten et al., 2008).

dens, around homesteads, and as hedgerows in farms. Ite domestication has been facilitated by easy
propagation through seeds and cuttings, as well as its low maintenance requirements. However, the full
domestication of Astrophs tanforensis as a commercial crop for biofuel production is still in its early
stages, with ongoing research focused on improving its agronomic fruits (Openshaw, 2000),

Modern breeding programs aim to reduce the toxicity of Jatropha tanjorensis seeds, making them safer
for broader medicinal use and potential animal feed. Genetic studies are also being conducted to identify
and enhance traits that contribute to higher oil content and better adaptability to various environmental
conditions (Abhilash et al, 2011). The future of Jatropha tanjorensis domestication will likely see a
balance between its traditional medicinal uses and its potential as a sustainable

energy source.

2.3.1 Systematic and Classification of Jatropha Tanjorensis

Jatropha tanjorensis is a member of the Euphorbiaceae family, a large and diverse family of flowering
plants that includes a variety of species with significant ecological, economic, and medicinal importance.
The genus Jatropha is known for its species that are adapted to a wide range of environments and
possess diverse morphological and physiological traits. This review focuses on the systematic position
and classification of Jatropha tanjorensis, a species that has garnered attention for its potential uses in
traditional medicine and agriculture (Heller, 1996)

Jatropha tanjorensis is recognized as a distinct species within the Jatropha genus, which comprises over
175 species globally. The genus name Jatropha is derived from Greek, where "iatros" means "physician"
and "trophe" means "nutrition," reflecting the genus's historical
The specific epithet neyoreasts refers to the Tanjure region of India, where the wasafiad, although it is
now primarily associated with Africa

2.3.2 Classification of Jatropha tanjarensis.

King Am

Plantae

Phylums

Spermatophyt

Class

Mognoliopsida

Sub-class

Dillenicdre

Order

Malpighiales

Family

Euphoribiaceae

Genus

Jatrooha

Species

Jatropha tanjorensis

Source: (Medagam et al., 2015)

2.4 Morphological description of jatropha Tanjorensis

Jatropha tanjorensis is among the rich floras of South east Nigeria and used by ethnic people to treat
infections and manage health conditions. Ethnomedicine has long been employed in the treatment of
ailments caused by bacterial pathogens. The Shrub is 3m high. Leaves alternate, shortly 5-lobed, 7.5-11 x
6.5-10cm, thin lypubescenta long nerves, base subcordate, margin serrate, serratures gland - tipped,
apex a cute; petiole 6-10cm; stipules ciliate, glandular. Cymesca. 9cm wide; bracts lanceolate, 1 x 0.3cm,
or smaller in successive for kings; pedicel to 3mm. Flowers

yasual flowers rum across, male ones smaller, generally opening after bisexual owers Outer tepals
pinkish green, mequal, lanceolate, 5-7mm, serrate, glandular, hairy, uminates inner unes green is yellow
in bisexualflowers, pinkish in male, obovate, 5-7mm, villous within at base, decurrent, obtuse, Stamens
8, free, filaments 3mm; anthers Imm, bearded. Ovary 2.5 x 2mm, styles 2mm long.

2.4.1 Bioactive compound in Jatropha Tanjorensis

Phytochemical analysis of jatropha tanjorensis leaves has revealed the presence of biologically active
constitutents such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones. (Elias et al. 2013)

2.4.2 Phylogenetic Position

The phylogenetic analysis places Jatropha tanjorensis within the Euphorbiaceae family, closely related to
other species within the Jatropha genus. Molecular studies, particularly those utilizing Random
Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers, have shown that
Jatropha tanjorensis likely originated as a natural hybrid, possibly between Jatropha curcas and Jatropha
gossypiifolia. These findings suggest a hybridization event that likely took place in Africa, where the
species has since become widespread.

15 Ecology distribution of

tanensis is found abundantly in Tanjure. Pudukottai, Trichirapalli, and Raronad ricts of Tamil Nadustase,
India. It is grown as a fence plant and is a natural interspecific hybrid Peeween Jatropha curcas L. and
Jatropha gossy pifolial. The plant has been consumed as a leafy vegetable and used as a medicinal plant
in Nigeria. It has shown hematological, antimalarial. antimicrobial, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemie, and
anti hypertensive activities. The habitat of Jatropha tanjorensis in the Asia-Pacific region is currently
found at 4" S and 24°N, but it is predicted to shrink in the region between 15°N and 15°S due to climate
change.

Natural products of plants serves as reservoirs for drug development with almost 100 plant derived
compound in clinical trails in 2007. A medicinal plant is any which in one or more of its organ contain
substance that can be used for therapeutic produces or which are precursors for synthesis of useful
drugs (Sofowora, 2008). From some many research studies done on medicinal plants has provided a
description that makes it possible to distinguish between medicinal plants whose therapeutic properties
and constituent have been established scientifically and plants that is regarded as medicinal but have not
undergone scientific study (WHO, 2005).
Medicinal plants history was dated to start from China, India and other countries but however its
importance has impacted across the world that every country now identifies the medicinal plant within
their region and then making possible effort to utilize such gift of nature. Nonetheless, the decreasing
efficiency of orthodox drugs and increasing contraindication of their usage makes the usage of natural
drug tropical again (Biljana, 2012). The enormous structural diversity and biological activates of plant
derived compound suggests that additional medicinally relevant compounds remain to be discovered
plant. The formulation of these medicinal plants for

rapeutic purpose as tend to the production of drugs generally referred to as herbal medicine or Herbal
medicine which can as well be known as botanical medicane or phyto medicine refers the part of plants
like plant seeds, berries, roots, leafs, barks or flowers for formulation of drug the therapeutic purpose
(Damery et al, 2011). The worlds all over now relies so much on herbal dings most especially due to its
low cost, easier method of preparations and accessibility against conventional medicine (a system which
doctors, pharmacist, and health experts tracks symptopms and disease using drugs, radiation or surgery).

2.6 Difference Between The Herbal Medicinal And Convention Medicine

Although superficially similar, herbal medicine and convention pharmacotherapy have important
difference in such that:

Herbal medicine differs from conventional medicine in it use of whole plant, generally as unpurified
extract. Due to the fact that many plants are toxic, herbal medicine probably present a greater risk of
adverse effect than conventional medicine. The use of diagnosed principled by herbal practicioners like
in treating arthritis, 'under functioning of a patient's system elimination will decide that arthritis, the
potential for interaction of herbal products with conventional drugs exists and some interaction have
been well characterized.

2.7 Improvement Of Herbal Medicine

Biotechnologiocal and pharmaceutical technology system has together improved a standard of these
herbal drugs by processing them into conventional drug, enlarging the scope of particular drug in market
for treatment or management of particular disease. The continous and perpetual purpose interest in
medicinal plant will continue to rise in today and future modality anc sophiscated version, for their
processing and usage. Coincidentally, the last decade with increasing

edies on extract and biologically active compounde isolated from plant from plant pcion med for herbal
(Kaheli et al, 2012)

2.5 Phytochemical

Phytochemicals are a group of non-nutrient bioactive compounds naturally found in plant parts such as
flowers, leaves, fruits, roots, barks, spices and medicinal plants. In humans, numerous phytochemicals
have been found to be protective and preventive against many degenerative diseases and pathological
processes such as in ageing (Burns et al, 2001), coronary heart disease, Alzheimer's disease (Birt, 2006),
neurodegenerative disorders, atherosclerosis cataracts, and inflammation (Aruoma, 1998). Both
epidemiological and clinical studies provided evidence that most of these phytochemicals exhibit their
protective and diseasepreventing functions through their antioxidant activities (Usoh et al. 2005). Typical
phytochemicals compounds that possess antioxidant activity include phenols, phenolic acids and their
derivatives, flavonoids, phytic acid and many sterols (Mahadevan et al, 2009). As antioxidants, these
species are capable of removing free radicals, chelate metal catalysts, activate antioxidant enzymes,
reduce a-tocopherol radicals, and inhibit oxidases (Oboh, 2006).

The phytochemical studies of Jatropha tanjorensis revealed that it contains biochemical principles such
as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones and saponins (Omoregie et al 2007).
These compounds are known as secondary plant metabolites, and are organic compounds from plants,
that are not directly involved in the normal growth, development or reproduction of the plant (Fraekel et
al 1959). Other than the direct usage of secondary plant metabolites in their original forms as drugs,
these compounds can also be used as drug precursors, templates for synthetic modification, and
pharmacological probes (Balunas et al 2005)

Polyphenols are a wide and complex group of secondary plant metabolites which are essential for the
physiology of plants, having functions in growth, structure, pigmentation, pollination. allelopathy, and
resistance for pathogens and predators (Harbone J.B. 1986; Bravo L. 1998). Polyphenols have attracted
the interest of researchers because of their antioxidant capacity. They have long been recognized to
possess anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anti-poliferative, anticarcinogenic and antioxidant
activities (Manach er al 2004: Frankel et al 2014). Studies have shown that there is an inverse
relationship between the intake of flavonoids and the risk of developing coronary heart disease stroke,
lung cancer and stomach cancer. The leaves of Jatropha tanjorensis have been shown to be rich in both
free and bound phenols and flavonoids(Atansuyi er at 2014).

CHAPTER THREE

10 MATERIALS AND METHODS

1.1 Materials

1.1.1 Plant Materials

Jatropha tanforensis leaves were collected from their natural habitat, in Enugu East, Enugu State, Nigeria.
The plant sample was identified and documented by a botanist: Mr. Alfred Ozioko at the International
Center for Ethnomedicine and Drug Development (InterCEDD), Nsukka, Nigeria. Jatropha tanjorensis leaf
were dried at room temperature for two weeks and thereafter ground into a fine powder using an
electric grinder. The ground powder was subjected to various analyses.
3.1.2 Equipment/Instruments

The equipment employed in the study are listed hereunder.

i. Centrifuge (Model 800, Gallenkamp Germany), electron microscope (XSZ-107BN, India), haematocrit
centrifuge and weighing balance were products of Vickas Ltd, England.

ii. Conical flasks, test tubes, beakers, columns and Pasteur pipettes (Pyrex, England), micropipettes
(Perfect, USA), needles and syringe (Dana jet, Nigeria).

iii. Spectrophotometer (E312 model) were products of Jenway, UK.

iv. Oven and water bath were products of Chikpas instrument, Enugu).

V. Refrigerator was made by Thermocool, England.

VOCMS (AGILIENT 6800, Hewlette Packard, Vienna Austria)

EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE/PROCEDURE

One hundred gram of the dried plant samples were weighed out, wrapped in filter paper and then put in
the timber of the soxhlet apparatus compartment. Thereafter, the condenser heating mantic was
carefully and efficiently connected. An initial 500 ml volume of the solvent (petroleum-ether) was added
with the aid of a funnel by passing it through the timber containing the sample to the round bottom flask
system of the soxhlet. Inlet and outlet of the condenser were connected to a hose respectively, for the
recycling of the cold water during the extraction. Thereafter the heat source was switched on about 5cm
from the flask. Finally, the crude extract was concentrated using water bath and quecetin components
were characterized using standard methods (Okigbo et al., 2010) and (Nwankwo et al., 2011).

3.2.1 Fractionation

Isolation methods with Column Chromatography: Ethanol extract (10ml) was subjected to column
chromatography on silica gel (100-200 mesh -Merck) packed and eluted with mixture of n- Hexane,
chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol and water of increasing polarity to obtain fractions. 10ml of
the method extract was chromatographed over silica gel column (100-200mesh). The admixture was
packed on a silica gel column (Merck, India) and eluted started with100% increased with solvent polarity,
methanol, and water in the ratio of 90:10, each of the selected compounds gave a different colours all
together such red, Blue, Green and yellow. For further purification, the isolated compound was yield
100mg. (Xu and Chang, 2007)
13 DETERMINATION OF PHYTOCHEMICAL

Assessment of Phytochemical continunsits of petroleum-ether leaf extract of Jairus tarpur using gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry.

The GC analysis were carried out in AGILENT 6890 gas chromatography with a fused GC column (OV-101)
coated with polymethyl silicon (0.25mm X 50m) and the conditions were as follows: semperature
programming from 80-200°C held at 800 C for 1 minute, rate 5°C/min and at 200°C for 20min. Flame
ionization detector (FID) temperature 300°C, injection temperatureof 220°C and carrier gas nitrogen at a
flow of Iml/min, split ratio 1:75, GC-MS analysis was conducted using AGILENT 6890 gas chromatography
with injector temperature of 230°C and carrier gas pressure of 100kpa. The column length was 30m with
a diameter of0.25mm and the flow rate of 50ml/min. The elutes were automatically passed into a mass
spectrometer with a dictator voltage set at 1.5kv and sampling rate of 0.2sec. The mass spectrum was
also equipped with a computer fed mass nspectra data bank. Identification of compounds was
performed according to their mass spectra (NIST v 1.7) National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Positive identification was assumed when good matches (90% and more) of mass spectra were achieved

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS

4.1 Compounds Identified in the petroleum-ether leaf extract of Jatropha tanjorensis Using Gas
Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry

The GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry) of Jatropha tanjorensis recorded a total of

thirty-seven (37) peaks corresponding to the bioactive compounds that were recognized by relating their
peak retention time, peak area (%), height and mass spectral fragmentation patterns to that of the
known compounds described by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Library. The
phyto-constituents in the of Jatropha tanjorensis were found to be b- Pinene, Cardenolide
Hydroxylamine, Cardenolide benzene, Carbonic acid, lanosterol, 1-bromo-2H-Pyran, Tetracosane, B-
selinine, 17-pentatriacontene-oxalic acid, Heptane, nonyl prop-1-en-2yl ester, 5- methyl-undercane,
hydroxylamine, 1-chloro-tetracontane, 1-chloro-tridecane, cyclohexadecane, cyclohexadecane, palmitic
acid Vinyl ester tridecane, 1-decanol, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, erucic acid, 1- nonadecane, dibutyl
phthalate, 3-eicosene, 1-ethanone, olecic acid, 1-docosene, 13- octadecenoic acid, 2-piperidinone, oleic
acis (13-octadecnoic acid), oletic acid 13- octadecenal, oleic acid cis-vaccenic acid, 9-octadecenoic acid,
2,3- dihydropropyl ester, oleic acid 13- ocntadecenoic acid, trans-13-octadeconic acid, cis-13-
octadecenoic acid, cis vaccenic acid

CHAPTER FIVE

AB DICUSSION
Jarehe Angurenix, comnly known as the "Hospital sue paper Halonging to the Euphorbiacese family. This
plant is widely recognized for its medici properties, especially in African traditional medicine. Originally
from South America, Jatropha gorensis has been naturalined in various tropical regions, particularly in
West Africa, where it is commonly cultivated. The leaves of Jatropha tumporensis are widely used in
traditional medicine for their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antimalarial properties. They are
often employed to weat ailments such as fever, malaria, and infections. Some studies have also
highlighted the plant's potential in managing diabetes and hypertension due to its antioxidant
properties. Jatropha miorensis contains the presence of several bioactive compounds, including
flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and phenolics. These compounds contribute to the plant's
therapeutic effects and support its traditional uses. The presence of these phytochemicals suggests that
Jatropha tanjorensis may have potential applications in the development of novel pharmaceuticals
(Agbafor, and Nwachukwu, 2011)

5.1 Phtochemicals

Phytochemicals are biologically active, naturally occurring chemical compounds found in plants, which
provide health benefits for humans as medicinal ingredients and nutrients. (Deepak et al 2016). Now-a-
days these phytochemicals become more popular due to their countless medicinal uses. Phytochemicals
play a vital role against a number of diseases such as asthma, arthritis, cancer etc. unlike pharmaceutical
chemicals these phytochemicals do not have any side effects. Since the pals cure diseases without
causing any harm to human beings these can also be

sidered as "man-friendly medicines. This paper mainly douts wit cuantitative analysis of phytochemicals
Sables et al.. 2015)

the hielogically active chemical compounde which occur naturally is referred as plytochemicals Phyto or
phyton" is a Greek word, means "plam", hence the chemicals obtained from plans ar called
phytochemicals. These herbal chemicals are non-nutritive so they are regarded as not essential for the
proper life of human beings. Earlier, it was thought they only prevent plants from herbivorous mammals,
predators, fungi and harmful insects but later on, it was revealed that they are equally beneficial for the
safety of human beings from fatal disorders. Till now, more than twelve thousand phytochemicals have
been isolated from various plants. Some very common phytochemicals like flavonoids from fruits,
isoflavones from soy and lycopene from tomatoes have been extracted. These bioactive compounds are
more effective with no or less side effects. Phytochemicals consist of medicaments which are responsible
for plant pigments, aroma. appearance and flavor. Almost fifty percent communities of the world trust
on herbal medicines as these are safe and beneficial. (Azmatullah et al., 2019).

The chemicals that are produced by plants are called phytochemicals. These are produced by the plant's
primary and secondary metabolism. These phytochemicals are important for the plants to thrive or
thwart other plants, animals, insects and microbial pests and pathogens. They also help plants and
protect them from disease and damage caused by environmental hazards like pollution, UV, stress and
draught. They are used as traditional medicine and as poisons from ancient days. Phytochemicals are not
the essential nutrients they are rather than the essential nutrients because there is no proof for them to
cause any possible health effects in humans are still not established. It is known that they have roles in
the protection of human health. More than 4,000 phytochemicals have been catalogued and are
classified by protective function, physical characteristics and chemical characteristics. The
phytochemicate e generally confind th unchade carotenoids and polyphenols which include phenolic
further have classifications like lavonoids are further classified Which soflavones and flavanols. Medicinal
plants are a gift to us from nature as they provide a number of health benefits to us. In India these
medicinal plants are used for about centuries for their properties and are still used to this date. (Vishnu
et al., 2019) Recently, it has been clearly sherwen that they also have roles in the protection of human
health, when their dietary intake is significant Till date over 4,500 phytochemicals have been reported
and are classified on the basis of their protective functions, and physical and chemical characteristics,
amongst these about 350 phytochemicals have been studied in detail. Wide-ranging dietary
phytochemicals are found in fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, nuts, seeds, fungi, herbs and
spices, Broccoli, cabbage, carrots, onions, garlic, whole wheat bread, tomatoes, grapes, cherries,
strawberries, rasp-berries. beans and soy foods are also the common sources of phytochemicals
Phytochemicals accumulate in different parts of the plants, such as in the root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit
and seed). Many phytochemicals, particularly the pigment molecules like anthocyanins and flavonoids,
are often concentrated in the outer layers of the various plant parts like leaves and fruits of vegetables.
However, the levels of these phytochemicals vary from plant to plant depending upon the variety,
climatic growing conditions. These compounds have biological properties such as antioxidant activity,
antimicrobial effect, modulation of detoxification enzymes, stim-ulation of the immune system, decrease
of platelet aggregation and modulation of hormone metabolism and anticancer property. At the same
time, they reported the anil-outritional il properties of some plant chemicals. (Deepak (et al., 2016).
Plants, such as in the root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit and seed). Many phytochemicals, particularly the
pigment molecules like anthocyanins and flavonoids, are often

Benzene, 1,3-dichloro: They are used in the treatment cardiovascular innes ( 2020)

Carbonic acid: Carbonic acid plays a crucial role in maintaining the acid-bare balance in the body (Martin
and C. C. K. Kelly 2011)

Lanosterol: They are key intermediate in the biosynthesis of cholesterol and other sterols. which are vital
for cellular membrane integrity, hormone synthesis, and vitamin D production. (Johnson,.. 2010)

1-bromo-2H-Pyran: they serve as an intermediate in the synthesis of more complex molecules (Johnson
et al., 2019)

Tetracosane: they are used in the cosmetic industry due to its hydrophobic properties. which help in
forming protective barriers on the skin (Nelson et al., 2016)

B-selinine: They can inhibit the growth of various bacterial and fungal pathogens, making them
candidates for the development of natural antimicrobial agents. (Gonzale et al., 2014)

17-Pentatriacontene-oxalic acid: They influence lipid metabolism, potentially affecting conditions related
to metabolic syndrome (Martinez et al., 2018)

Heptane: they are used as a solvent in the preparation of pharmaceuticals and in the extraction of active
ingredients (Sharma et al., 2015)

Nonyl prop-1-en-2-yl ester: They can be employed in perfumes, cosmetics, and flavorings, enhancing
sensory experiences (Smith et al., 2017)

• 5-methyl-Undecane: They can be used as solvents in various industrial processes, including those
related to pharmaceutical manufacturing (Smith et al., 2020)

Hydroxylamine: they have shown potential anti-tumor activity in some studies ( Hernandez et al., 2019)

chloro- Tetracontane: They can serve as other compounds (Fisher et al., 2018) a chemical intermediate in
the synthesis of

1-chloro-Tridecane: it be used in nanotechnology aplications, such as creating nanoparticles or as a

surfactant (Zhang er al 2021)

Cyclohexadecane: They are also know for their contribution towards the design of carriers that improve
the solubility and bioavailability of certain pharmaceuticals. (Patel et al. 2017)

palmitic acid: combination of a long-chain alkyl ester with a tridecane unit could enhance the solubility
and stability of hydrophobic drugs, potentially improving their bioavailability and controlled release
(Peterson et al., 2020)

1-Decanol: They are be used as a solvent or carrier in pharmaceutical formulations. Its hydrophobic
properties make it useful for dissolving lipophilic drugs, which can improve the solubility and
bioavailability of certain pharmaceuticals (Miller et al. 2017)

2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol: Its known for its antioxidant properties, which can help protect cells and tissues
from oxidative stress (Lee et al..2016)

Erucic acid: They are known to have High levels of erucic acid intake have been linked to potential
cardiovascular issues, such as the development of myocardial lipidosis in animal studies (Davis et al.,
2018)

1-Nonadecene: It has a potential effects on skin health, such as in the development of moisturizers or
emollients (Huges et al.,2018)
Dibutyl phthalate: commonly used as a plasticizer to increase the flexibility and durability of plastics,
especially in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products (Huges et al., 2016)

3.Fleusener they may be used in the development Bosomes of nanoparticles (Lee et al 2018) of drug
delivery systems, such as

Ethanone: sometimes used in the preparation of drug delivery systems, including oatings and
formulations that help in the controlled release of medications (Smith er 2018

Olele Acid: Oleic acid is known for its beneficial effects on cardiovascular health (Fernandez et al 2018)

1-Docusene: Their hydrophobic properties can be advantageous for encapsulating and delivering
lipophilic drugs (Brownet al. 2019)

Cis-13-Octadecenoic acid: They are also known to support cardiovascular health by improving lipid
profiles, reducing LDL. cholesterol levels, and increasing HDL cholesterol levels (Kim et al., 2019)

2-Piperidinone: They are explored for their role in developing drugs for neurological and psychiatric
conditions (Jones et al., 2018)

Oleic Acid cis-13-Octadecenoic acid: They helps lower LDL cholesterol levels and raise HDL cholesterol
levels, contributing to a reduced risk of heart disease (Williams et al..2019)

Oleic Acid 13-Octadecenoic acid: they are known for theuir ability to improves insulin sensitivity and may
help regulate blood glucose levels, making it beneficial for individuals with type 2 diabetes. (Peters et al.,
2018)