SHILLONG POLYTECHNIC

EAST KHASI HILLS

DISTRICT
MAWLAI KYNTON MASSAR
Shillong-793022

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

PROJECT REPORT
ON
‘G+1 R.C.C. RESIDENTIAL BUILDING’.
SHILLONG POLYTECHNIC, SHILLONG
EAST KHASI HILLS
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to all

those who have contributed to the success of this project. First, and
foremost, we would like to thank Miss A. Rapsang for her guidance,
support, and valuable feedback throughout the project. Her
expertise and encouragement have been quite valuable to us.

Additionally, we would also like to extend our gratitude

to our principal Shri. W.L. Warjri and our H.O.D. Sir M. Lyngdoh for
their commendable jobs through a dedicated service.Lastly, we
would like to thank our classmates and friends for their unwavering
support and encouragement throughout this journey.

This project would not have been possible without the

contributions of these individuals and organizations. We are thus
truly grateful and humbled by their support.

Students of Shillong Polytechnic, Shillong.

Civil Engineering Department.

Term V.
 REPORT.
A report of Planning and layout of R.C.C Residential Building. The
structural Drawing has also been enclosed in this project report.

The estimated cost is:

l. Ground Floor Building =

The overall cost of a Building is Rs.

( ) only.

The rates of all items have been quoted as per Meghalaya P. W.D
Scheduled of rates for Building works in East Khasi Hills District.
 CONTENTS:
1. INTRODUCTION

2. PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING.

3. PLANNING OF BUILDING.

4. ORIENTATION OF BUILDING.

5. DESIGN OF BUILDING.

6. ARRANGEMENT OF ROOMS, THEIR POSITION AND PURPOSE.

7. OBJECTIVES OF DRAWING IN BUILDING PROJECT.

8. BUILDING BYE-LAWS

9. OBJECTIVES OF BYE-LAWS.

IO.MATERIALS.

11.WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY CONVENIENCES.

12.BUILDING ESTIMATE.

13.ESTIMATE FOR BUILDING PROJECT.

14.ENCLOSED DRAWINGS.

15.DETAILED CALCULATION OF BUILDING MATERIALS.

16. ABSTRACT OF ESTIMATED COST.

 INTRODUCTION
Building provide shelter to man. It is also used for
various other purposed which based on the character of occupancy
or according to the used and type of construction like Residential,
Educational, Institutional, Assembly, Business, Mercantile (include
both retail and whole sale stores), Industrial (include low, moderate
and high fire hazards), Storage, Hazardous etc. The
purpose of planning the building is to make it compatible,
economical and to meet all the requirements.

Buildings are of different types, e.g.: Single Storied, Double

Storied, Multi Storied, etc. And each type has its own requirements.

The satisfactory design of any building should include the

following aspects i.e. Aspect, Grouping, Privacy, Roominess,
Furniture requirements, Sanitation, Circulation, Economy, Prospect,
Flexibility, Elegances and Practical consideration. The requirements
of tropical region are incorporated mainly in the aspect of
roominess and circulation.
 PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
Before starting the planning of construction of a building we
must bear in mind the following points:

SELECTION OF SITE: The site for the required building is to be

selected very carefully because it gives beauty to the building.
Following are some points to be considered for selection of proper
site:

l. It should be on fairly level ground and at place where filling is

minimum possible.

2. It should not be constructed on the soil of 'Made of type' to avoid

differential settlement of

building.

3. The site should have adequate bearing capacity of soil to

withstand pressure.

4. It is more important that civic amenities like water, drainage

sewers, and electric supply and

telephone lines are available at site.

5. Ground water table at site should not be high, as it create

dampness in the building and the size of

the site should be such that it accommodates all the requirements

of the buildings.

6. The site should be easily approachable by pacca road.

7. The size of the site should be such that it accommodates all the
requirements of the building.
8. The site should not be congested area with small lanes. It should
be in a fairly open area to have

proper air and ventilation.

9. Residential site should be away from industries, workshops,

factories etc. Topography features of

the area also play an important role in selection of site.

10. Topographic features of the area also play an important role in

the selection of site.
 PLANNING OF BUILDING
Planning of any building is to ensure that the different compartment
of the building is so arranged so that the occupant can feel comfortable,
healthy and cheerful with related to the environment.

To plan a building is first depend on finance available, the materials

and the nature of site which is selected so that the architect or engineer
can design and study carefully the various principles with respect to the
grouping, circulation, orientation and privacy, elegance, sanitary and
economic.
A square in plan is cheaper than any other shape and it is safe of 15%-
25% than a rectangle or any other one.

The advantages of the square building are:-

a) It is cooler in summer and warmer in winter.

b) This gives better view.

c) Construction of roof and other parts of the square building is

simple

A double-storied building is economical; the upper storey is

cheaper by about 15% than the ground floor. It is better to provide
bed room in the upper storey; upper storey rooms are airy and better
ventilated. The area of verandah, passage, stairs etc, may be taken
20% to 30% of the plinth area. The walls usually occupy 15% to 20%
of plinth area.

VENTILATION: For proper ventilation windows should have a

minimum area of 1/8th of the floor area of room. In addition to the
doors and windows ventilators should be provided having total area
of 4% of the floor area.
The usual requirements of normal residential units are Bath and WC,
Bed-room, Dining room, Garage, Kitchen, Passages, Stairs, Store
and verandah.
 ORIENTATION OF BUILDINGS
The word orientation means to give proper direction to the
building so that it gains the gift of to great extend as and when required.
Properly natural resources such as Sun, Rain, and Air etc oriented building
gets the reasonable amount of air and light. It refers to the direction of the
normal to the long axis. For e.g. If the length of the building is East-West,
its orientation is North-South.

The chief aim of orientation of buildings is to physically and

psychologically comfortable living inside the building by creating
conditions which suitably and successfully word off the considerable
extend by judicious use of the undesirable effects of severs weather to a
recommendation and knowledge of climate factors. The proper orientation
of the building should be worked out taking into account its functional
requirements. In cities the orientation of the building to one's choice is
not possible. So the building should be planned to the maximum
advantage of nature. The rooms should be arranged within the limit, and
verandahs, doors, windows, sunshade etc should be provided so as to get
maximum advantages to natural wind and sun.

(1) CLIMATE ZONE:

From consideration of design, India can be divided into four types of

climatic zones:-

l. Hot and Arid zone

2. Hot and Humid zone

3. Warm and Humid zone

4. Cold zone

1.Orientation of building in hot and arid zone: -

The characteristics feature of the climate in such a zone is high summer

day temperature cool to very cold during winter and warm and humid
during monsoon season.

2.Orientation of buildings in hot and humid zone: -

The characteristics features of hot and humid climate are that of low
summer day-time and high relative humidity.

3.Orientation of building in warm and humid zone: -

The climate feature of this is that the relative humidity ranges between
70%-90%. Therefore, the design of buildings is this zone calls protection
from heavy monsoon.

4.Orientation of building in cold zone:-

The zone has a climate feature of low temperature, i.e., around 6 degree
Celsius or less during the month of December and January and the places
located at a hill having altitudes of more than 1200m above sea due to sun
in winter season. The walls and the roof should be protected against and
snowfall.

From the point of view of lighting and ventilation, there are some
climatic factor which influence the optimum orientation of buildings, so it
is required that the orientation of building should be done in such a way
that it is not exposed to direct rays of Sun for proper orientation following
should be known:-

a) Solar System: -

It is essential to know the path of the sun for all season of the year with
respect to the site of the proposed building. Is it is known, it helps in
proper orientation of the building.

In order to ascertain good and bad aspects and to decide whether or not
to take advantage of the sun rays, day temperature of the region, for
which orientation is to be decided, should be studied in relation to the
following broad classification of temperature ranges:

Below 15 degree Celsius cold

15 degree Celsius to 20 degree Celsius Cool
20 degree Celsius to 25 degree Celsius Temperature

30 degree Celsius to 35 degree Celsius Hot

Above 35 degree Celsius very Hot

b) Direction of wind: -
It is also important to know the direction of wind an all seasons. In
summer it is required to have maximum access to air in the building while
in winter season the cold air to enter the building is required to be
avoided.

c) Clouds: -

It is important to take note of cloudy periods of the year and if they are
long enough and also coincide with hot periods, then, the ideas of sun
protection should be given up although high day temperature may demand
such protection.

d) Rainfall of the area: -

The intensity of rainfall of the area of site and its direction also effects the
orientation. To avoid the direct showers of rain with high velocity to enter
the building directly, the provision of verandahs, sun-shades etc. is
required to be made in the building.

e) Site conditions of Buildings: -

It is required that the building should receive minimum radiation or sun in

summer and maximum in winter. For this it is very much essential to know
the path of the sun along with duration of the sunshine to exposed surface
of the building 'to avoid direct entry of sun rays to the building provision f
verandah to the living rooms towards east and west is made. The windows
are protected by sun shades, chajja etc. The exposure to sun can also
reduced by growing shade trees on sunny sides of the building if possible.
The rooms which are occupied in the west of the day time should
preferably be constructed on north and east side of building. The
bedrooms should be placed in direction of prevailing wind and also
prevented from heat by providing verandah. Kitchen is to be provided to
the eastern corner or North-east corner. West corner should be provided in
such a way that the wind coming through these should pass away from
the building.

Aspect of day-lighting and positioning

Since the clear design sky concept for day-lighting taken care of the worst
possible situation, orientation is not a major problem for day-lighting in
storied buildings, except that direct sunshine
and glow should be avoided.
Following are the aspects of rooms:

I. Kitchen - East

II. Dining room - South-east

III. Drawing room - South and South-east

IV. Bed room - West and South-west

V. Verandah - South-west or West

VI. Study room - West

a. Kitchen (E): Morning sun ray will refresh and purify the air and keep
the kitchen cool during the remaining period of the day.

b. Drawing room (S and S.E): This is considered due to the factor that
the sun is mostly towards the South in winter and the rooms are
benefited by gaining solar heat in the cold days and since the sun is
towards the north in summer these rooms will remain cool during
the period of the day.

c. Bedroom (S. W and W): The bed-room is placed in the west or south-
west since the breeze required in summer will be from the western
side only.
 DESIGN OF BUILDING
For planning of buildings there may be various cases, but mainly
there are two cases, one having no limit of cost, when the design should
be done on the requirement irrespective of cost which is simpler. In
another case the cost is limited, which is generally the case.

Area occupied by walls is about 15% to 20% of the whole area and
area occupied by verandah is about 10% to 20% of the whole area of the
whole area of the building.

When the cost is fixed, the floor area may be found, thus
Total plinth A = Total cost/ Plinth area rate of building in the locality.

Floor area of rooms and verandah Plinth area 1/6 plinth area = A — 1/6 A

Based on this floor area the size of rooms and verandah may be decided.
To get net floor area of rooms deduct (1/6 +1/10) of A from the plinth area.
Having the total floor area of rooms the number and size of the rooms can
be finalized.

Thus, the approximately size of the rooms may be decided, then the
arrangement of rooms may be taken up and on trials and adjustment the
plan may be finalized.

Width of foundation should be designed by calculating total load on

foundation; the load should not exceed the safe bearing capacity of soil
which is taken as 10 tons per Sq.m (1 ton per sq. ft) normally. The depth of
foundation is usually not less than 90cm (3feet) and the depth should be
design by Rankin's formula for foundation.

The thickness of walls and pillars should also be designed on the basis
of load coming for safe allowable stress for masonry.

The following is the Maximum and minimum floor area for different parts
of buildings:

Sl Name of Floor-area for Floor-area Minimum

No. rooms. standard building. for ordinary Floor area.
building.
1. Drawing Room. 20.00 to 28.00 m2 Up to 20.00 13.50 m2
m2
2. Dining Room. 17.00 to 20.00 m2 Drawing room 10.0 m2
may be used as
dining 15.00 to
3. Bed Room. 15.00 to 25.00 m2 20.00 m2
11.00 m2

4. Office Room. 7.00 to 9.00 m2 ----------- 6.50 m2

5. Guest Room. 9.00 to 10.50 m2 ----------- 7.00 m2

6. Kitchen. 7.00 to 9.00 m2 7.00 to 8.50 5.50 m2

7. Store. 7.00 to 9.00 m2 5.50 to 6.00 5.50 m2

8. Party. 5.50 to 7.00 m2 ------------- 4.50m2

9. Dressing Room. 4.00 to 7.00 m2 ------------- 5.50 m2

10. Bath and WC. 4.50 to 7.00 m2 ------------ 2.80 m2

11. Bath. ------------- 2.50 to 3.50 1.50 m2

12. Latrine. ------------- 1.20 to 1.50 4.50 m2

13. Box Room. 5.00 to 7.00 m2 ---------- 4.00 m2

14. Servant Room. 9.00 to 10.00 m2 ---------- 9.00 m2

15. Garage. 15.00 to 18.00 m2 ---------- 11.00 m2

16. Verandah. 2.50 to 3.00 m wide 1.80 to 2.50 1.50 m wide

m wide

Minimum height of rooms:

Height of main rooms = 3.50 m

Height of Kitchen, store and bath = 2.70 m

Height of servant quarter = 2.50 m

Minimum height if plinth:

For main building = 60m

For ordinary building = 30m

 ARRANGEMENT OF ROOMS THEIR
POSITION AND PURPOSES
a. Drawing or Sitting Room: Drawing room should be well lighted and
ventilated and located in the middle of the building. If possible, this
should be approachable from the front side of the building.

b. Dining Room: This room should be close to the drawing room, by its
side or in the rear and should be nearer to the kitchen.

c. Bed Room: Bed rooms should be located on the sides of the building
with at least with one wall exposed to the outer space for
ventilation and height. They should be placed on the sides of the
prevailing wind with sufficient windows and ventilators having sun-
sunshades to protect against sun and rain. Bed room should be
provided with bath and W.C.

d. Office Room: This room should be placed on the sides of the

verandah, disconnected from the other rooms.

e. Guest Room: This room is similar to office room and should be

placed on one of the front verandah disconnected from the other
rooms and should have separate bath and W.C attached to it. Office
room should be omitted if required and guest room will serve the
purpose of office room.

f. Kitchen: Kitchen should be placed in the rear of the building in one

corner opposite the direction of the following wind, so that the
smoke may not enter into other rooms of the building. Kitchen
should be provided with chimney for smoke to escape and sink for
washing.

g. Store Room: This should be situated near the kitchen and meant for
storing.

h. Pantry: This is a small room and should be adjoining to dining room.

This is meant for keeping cooked food. This should be provided with
cupboards and shelves.

i. Bath and W.C: Bath and W.C are usually combined in one room and
attached to the bed room and should be well ventilated. Instead of
 providing all bed rooms with attached bath and W.C, separate bath
and latrine may also be provided.

j. Verandah: This should be located in the front and rear of the building
having with of 1.2 to l.5 meter.

k. Corridor: A passage with a roof inside a house, affording

independent entrance to various rooms and compartment.

l. Lobby: Lobby is an entrance hall and connected to other parts of the

building through corridor, etc.

m. Porch or Portico: A passage in front of a building for parking, etc.

This is a beauty of the building.

n. Staircase: This should be located in a place easily accessible to all

members of the family. Stair should be well lighted and ventilated.
Minimum width of staircase should be) meter and maximum 1.40
meter. Clear headway 2 meter and should be constructed into two
flights having landing in middle to make it comfortable to climb.
Usually, 15 cm rise and 25 cm tread to I gem rise and 27cm tread
may be provided.
 OBJECTIVES OF DRAWING IN BUILDING
PROJECT
The drawings, required in connection with any building in
addition to site plan are the plan, the elevation and section. For the actual
construction of building detailed drawings are required.
The building drawings convey the clear idea to the builder. The drawings
are generally accompanied by specifications, detailed description of
materials and workmanship.

Plan: The plan of the building gives the general alignment or location of
different rooms or apartments belonging to the building. Also it gives the
idea of the thickness of the wall. The location of cupboards, sinks, fire-
places, water closet, etc. and also inter dimensions of the room.

Elevation: The architectural beauty of any building depends upon relative

positions of different parts of each other and to the entire face of the
structure. The elevation should be favoured by the location of doors,
windows, the roof line, the design and location of balcony.

Cross-section: The cross-sections are taken to furnish more details for the
work to be executed. The cross-section gives the height of building, doors,
windows, cup-boards and their locations. The height of pillars, the ceiling
and roof are also marked. The foundations below the ground level which
cannot be seen outward are also shown on the cross-section.
 BUILDING BYE-LAWS
(Based on Indian Standard IS: 1256)

Building Permit: Every person who intends to erect or re-erect a building

or intends to make additions and alterations in an existing building shall
apply to the authority in prescribed form with prescribed fees, together
with plans in Fem prints and statement in triplicate.

Plans: Plans shall consists of the following:-

1. Site plan showing all the boundaries of the site, adjacent streets etc...
and north direction.

2. Building plan, elevation, section and all new construction shall be

coloured red. Drainage and sewer line shall be shown in red dotted lines.
Sectional drawing shall show the size of footings, wall, slab, beam, etc. All
plans shall be signed by the owner and by a qualified architect or
engineer.

Size of plot: Minimum area of a plot shall be 170 sq. m or as fixed by the
authority.

Covered Area: The minimum covered area of building shall be as follows:

Area of Plot Maximum Permissible Covered

Area
Upto 200 sq. m
60% of site area on ground and
201 t0500 sq. m first floor only.

501 to 1000 sq. m 50% of the site area.

More than 1000 sq. m 40% of the site area.

33 1/2 % of the site area.

Open Space: Open space in the front shall be 3m. The minimum distance
from the center of the street shall be 4.5m.

Minimum open space in the sides shall be 1.5m.

Minimum open space in the rear shall be 4.5m.
Projections: Projections of chajja, cornice, sunshades, etc.. upto a
maximum of 23cm below a height of 4.3m from the ground level or street
level are permissible. Above 4.3m height of sunshades may project upto a
maximum width of 60cm. No projection of any sort of permissible on road
less than 9m in width having no footpaths.

Heights of Building: The total height of the building including all storey
shall not be more than the width of the front open space plus width of
road. The maximum height shall be such that no part of the building is cut
by a plane drawn at 450 angle from the opposite edge of the road. In
central areas of towns a maximum of 63 1/2 may be allowed.

Size of Rooms: The minimum floor areas of different rooms shall be as

follows:

Living Room – 11 sqm

Kitchen – 5.6 sqm

Bath – 1.8 sqm

W.C (Latrine)- 1.5 sqm

Combined bath and W.C – 2.8 sqm

Height of Rooms:

Minimum height of main room from floor to ceiling shall be 3.3m.

Minimum height of kitchen, store, bath, etc.. ..shall be 3m.

Minimum height of garage, servant's quarters shall be 15cm.

Height of Plinth:

Minimum height of plinth of main building shall be 30cm.

Minimum height of garage, servant's quarters shall be 15cm.

Ventilation and Lighting: Every habitable room shall have openings such
as windows, fanlights, etc..., the total area inclusive of frames not less
than 1/8 of the floor area excluding doors. The aggregate area of doors
and windows shall not be less than 1/4 of the floor area of the room.
Ventilators not less than two in number shall be provided within 60cm
from the ceiling, having minimum total areas of 4% of the floor. Minimum
size of one ventilator shall be 0.28 sq. m.

Bath rooms and water closets shall have windows having area not
less than 10% of the floor area.
 OBJECTIVES OF BYE-LAWS:
The building bye-laws are essential to achieve the following objectives:-

• It prevents construction of buildings in a haphazard manner.

• It lays down guide lines to be followed by architect/engineer in

evolving the building layout and plans to ensure planned
development of the area as a whole.

• The buildings which are planned based on bye-laws are comfortable

to live in, have proper light and ventilation and are safe.

• Bye-laws serve as a standard document for the local bodies to

lawfully enforce the prescribed norms in the planning of buildings b)'
the architect.

The various aspects of building activities covered by the bye-laws are as

follows:

a) Distance from electric lines

b) Lines of building frontages

c) Open space within a plot.

d) Built up area limitation.

e) Norms relating to size and height of rooms and other requirements

of part of buildings.

f) Lighting and ventilation of rooms

g) Parking spaces

h) Exit requirements

i) Fire protection requirements

j) Structural safety requirements

k) Building services.
 MATERIALS:
a) BRICKS: All bricks should have proper standard. It should be red in
color, have regular rectangular faces free from cracks, grid and
modulus. Its weight when immersed in water for 24 hours should
have minimum crushing strength of 105 Kg/cm

b) SAND: It should be clean, shall) and angular grains. It should be free

from dust and other clay particles, should not stick to finger when
rubbing. It should pass through IS sieve of 400 meshes.

c) CEMENT: Portland cement of standard ISI specification should be

used.

d) STONE SOLING: It should be hard and durable, less absorb water

and free from all weather affection.

e) COARSE AGGREGATE FOR CEMENT CONVRETE WORK: Stone chip

or stone ballast for cement concrete shall be hard of uniform and
fine texture, free from clay and others organic matter and should not
absorb less that 5% of water by weight when immersed. The stone
ballast shall be of 20mm size.

f) FINE AGGREGATE: It shall be of coarse sand, consisting of hard,

sharp and angular grains. It should be free from dirt or any organic
matter.

g) WATER: It should be clean and free from alkaline and acid matters.

h) STEEL: It should be of mild or tor steel reinforcement. All steel shall

be clean and free from loose mild scale, dust loose rust and coat of
paints, oil or other coating. The steel bar shall be round and capable
of being bent without fractured.

i) PAINTS: It should be of best quality of approved brand.

j) TIMBER: All timber should be of best quality, well seasoned and well
treated for preservation and protection against decay etc.

k) GLASS: All glasses should be of specified type, color visibility and

sound and shall be free from cracks, flows, spick bubbles and
blemishes.
l) PIPE:

a. Galvanized iron pipes: Galvanized iron pipe are wrought steel

pipes provided with zinc coating. G I pipes are most commonly
used for water supply work inside the building.

b. Polyethylene pipes: Polyethylene pipes are used to drain water

from external and internal works. They are light in weight,
non-corrosive, lower in cost and do not require threading for
connections.

m) D.P.C: Damp proofing course is provided to prevent rising of

moisture from ground to the super-structure. It should be of specific
standard.

n) MOSAIC FLOORING: This is lying over concrete base of layer 5-8 cm

thickness of lime surkhi mortar, it should be hard and free from wear
and tear.

o) WALL TILES: It should be hard and durable and free from wear and
tear.

p) WASH BASIN, URINAL, and WATER CLOSET: It should be in well

shaped and free
from cracks.
 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITARY
CONVENIENCES
The sanitary Conveniences or Sanitation requirements mean
the water closet, urinals, wash basins, etc. for exacts standards for
sanitary conveniences of residences, public building. railways, platform,
etc. This should refer from National Building Codes. However, the
following scale of figment is generally adopted.

Sl No. Type of Building

1. a) Factories where bath-room are 45 per head
requested to be provided
b) Factories where no bath-rooms are 30 per head
requested to be provided

2. Hospitals (including laundry) per day

a) Nos. of beds not exceeding 100 340 per head
b) Nos. of beds exceeding 100 455 per head

3. Nurses Homes and Medical Quarters 135 per head

4. Hostels 135 per head

5. Offices 45 per head

6. Cinemas, Concerts Halls and 15 per head

Theaters
7. Schools
a) Day schools 45 per head
b) Boarding Schools 135 per head
 General requirements for Sanitations:

Description Male Female

W.C. 1 for 100 2 for 100

Urinals 1 for 50 1 for 50

Wash Basin 1 for 100 1 for 100

 BUILDING ESTIMATE
Estimating and Costing

An estimate is a computation or calculation of the qualities required

and expenditure likely to be incurred in the construction of a work. The
primary object of the estimate is to enable one to know before hand the
cost of a work.

The best and accurate estimate that can be prepared is detailed

estimate which includes the detailed particulars for the quantities, rates
and cost of all the items involved for the satisfactory completion of a
project.

A detailed estimate is accompanied by (a) Report, (b) Specification, (c)

Detailed drawings showing plans, different sections, etc. (d) Designed
data and calculation and (e) Basis of rates adopted in the estimates.

Rules and Methods of Measurement of Work

1. Measurement shall be item wise for the finished item work and the
description of each item shall be held to include materials,
transport, labour, fabrication, hoisting, tools and plants, overheads
and the other incidental charges for finishing the work to the
required shape, size, design and specification. The nomenclature of
each item shall be fully described so that the work involved in item
is self explanatory.

2. In booking dimensions the order shall be in the sequence of length,

breadth and height or depth or thickness.

3. All items should be calculated in units, according to which the

payment is to be due.

4. Same type of work under different conditions and nature shall be

measured separately items.

5. The bill of quantities shall fully describe the materials, proportions

and workmanships and accurately represent the work to be
executed. Work which by its nature cannot be accurately taken off
or which require site measurement, shall be described as
 provisional.

6. In case of structural concrete brick work or stone masonry, the

work under the following categories shall be measured separately
and the heights shall be described-

a. From foundation to plinth level.

b. From plinth level to first floor level.
c. From first floor level to second floor level and so on.

ESTIMATE FOR BUILDING PROJECTS

Th estimates for building projects, when submitted should be prepared

under the following heads:

1. Building including filtered and unfiltered water supply, sanitation,

electrification and in case of furnished building, the provision for
furniture.

2. Boundary walls or fences, gateways, internal roads and paths for

different buildings, internal parks and trees connected Wilh garden
layout.

3. Approach road outside the boundary walls of the building as may be

necessary for layout.

4. Internal layout for water supply, strong water drainage and

sewerages lines for different buildings and their connections with
the outside main lines.

5. Internal layout for electrical power connections, internal street

lighting and service connections outside the boundary of the
compounds.

6. Miscellaneous work such as leveling the ground, soil testing,

surveying, cutting trees, dismantling of old structures and other
items which are not covered under the above heads.

7. Special tools and plants which may be necessary in connection with

the project.
8. Departmental charges, if any.

9. Acquisition of land, if necessary.

10. Plan sanction fees of the local municipality or corporation.

DESIGN PROCEDURES

1.FOOTING

(a) Size of Footing base

Let, the column section is of side 'b'

The foundation side plan be 'l'

The bearing the capacity of soil be 'p' per unit area.

The load of the column is 'w' including the weight of column.

The weight of footing be 'W' (the self-weight of footing is taken as 10% of load on
column)

Area required of the foundation is

L2 = w=Wf/p’

L = √W+Wf/p’

For rectangular base footing, area

Required= lxb = W+Wf/p’

(b) Dept of Footing (DF)

The depth of footing is determined from the following considerations:

I. Bending moment consideration

II. Punching shear consideration

I. Bending moment consideration:

The critical section for calculating the maximum bending moment is

corresponding to the column face.

Let, 'p' = w/l2

(The weight of the footing should not be considered while finding the net upward
pressure on the footing).

Maximum bending moment; M

M = [(pl)x(l-b/2)]x(l-b/2) x ½
= 1/8 [Pl(l-b)(l-b)]
 =Pl (1-b2/8)

Ultimate moment (Factored moment), Mu= 1.5M

Equating M, Lim to Mu

0.138 Eck bd2 = Mu

=√Mu/0.138Fck b

Equation cover to reinforcement

=Clear cover of lower layer of bars + diameter of bars +half diameter of bars.

i.e. Dept of footing Df=d + Ø +1/2Ø

The clear cover may be 60 mm for footing reinforcement generally the depth to
footing required is greater than the value determined to may be 25% to 30 %
greater than the value determined above.

II. Punching shear Consideration

Let. 'W' be the load on the column including its weight.

Let, 'p' be the net upward pressure intensity on the footing slab.

Let, DF is the depth of footing.

Factored causing punching Shear = Wp = w/l2 (l2-b2)

Factored punching load = Wpu = 1.5/wp

Let design punching shear stress be 'q' per Unit area.

Equation the punching resistance to the punching load, of4b DF = Wpu/l2 (l2-b2)
Therefore, Depth of Footing,

Df = Wpu(l2-b2)/4bql2

Generally, the depth requirement from punching shear consideration is

considerably small.
2. Check for shear

(a) Critical section for one way shear

This critical section is a vertical section taken at a distance equal to the

effective depth from the face of the column.

Let, 'd' be the effective depth of footing.

Shear force at the critical section, S=(Pl) [l-b/2-d]

Factored shear,Su = 1.5M

Nominal Shear stress at the critical section = Cv = Su/b1d1

Where bl= Width of the footing at the critical section.

b1 = Effective depth at the critical section.

If, Cc >CV hence depth is safe against one way shear.

If. Cc < Cv. hence depth is not safe and need to be revised.

(b) Critical section for two-way shear

Two-way shear means the total shear on the perimeter surrounding a column at a
distance of half the effective depth from the face of the column. The nominal
shear stress calculated on this basis shall not exceed KS Cc

Where KS = (0.5+ Bc) but not greater than l

Bc = Ration of short side to long side of column section.
Cc = 0.25√Fck

3.COLUMN

1. The load of the column may be given or have to be determined.

2. The grade of concrete (fck) and grade of steel (fy) is given and also its
effective length ‘l’.

3. Assume diameter for circular column as 'D' and assume the six for square
column as ‘B x D’.

4. Determine the Gross section area of the column ‘Ag’

 5. Assume some suitable value of per percentage of reinforcement say 0.8 to
2% of gross area of the column to determ ine the area of the concrete ‘Ac'
i.e;(2) Ac = Ag — some percentage of Ag
Also i,e (l) Asc = Some percentage of Ag

6. Determine the ultimate load 'Pu' from

Pu = 0.4 Fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc

7. Determine the ration of effective length for a given end condition
1/C.

If 1/d is < 12 design as short column.

8. Determine the minimum eccentricity (e) which is greater of (a) 20 mm (b)

1/500 + D/30

9. Check for validity of the formula used.

4. BEAM

1. Assume the load on the beam which consists of external live bad, external
dead load and the dead load of the beam itself noultiply the total load by
1.5 and obtain the factored load 'w' per unit length.

2. Assume the clear span of the beam and the bearing at each end.

3. Determ ine the span between centers of bearings.

i.e span between centre of bearing
a. =clear span of the beam + bearing at each end

4. Determine the approximate overall depth

a. Which is = 1/10 (span between centers of bearings)

5. Determine the effective cover of the reinforcement and effective depth'd' of

the beam.

6. Determine the effective span which is taken as the lesser of the following:

a. Centre to center distance between the bearings.

b. Clear span + effective depth.

7. Determine the factored moment ‘Mu’

From the relation Mu =Factored load x (effective span)/Clear cover.
 Now, determine the value of Mu/bd2 = x

Also, at limit state Mu. Lim = 0.138 Fck bd2 (for Fe 415)

Or Mu.Lim/bd2 = 0.38 Fck bd

And Mu,Lim = Fck bd2( For Fe 250)

Mu.Lim/bd2 = 0.149 fck

Here Mu should be less than Mu.lim and find the effective depth required.

8. If the effective depth provided is practically equal to the effective depth

required, then the percentage of steel required = Pt,Um = 4 fch/fy +Xumax/d

In case the effective depth provided is greater than the effective depth
required the beam section should be designed as an under reinforced
section
is given by:

Pt = 50[1-√1-4.6/Fch xMu/bd2]/fy/fch

9. Determine the area of steel ‘Ast’ from the relation

Ast = pt/100 (bd)

10. Determine the maximum shear for Vu for the beam.

11. Determine the maximum nominal shear stress 'Cv' from the relation Cv=
Vu/bd

Compare this nominal shear stress with the design shear strength Cc
which depends upon the percentage of steel.

12. If Cu > Cu provide nominal shear reinforcement in the form of vertical

stirrups.
The spacing of stirrups shall not exceed the following:

(a) 0.75 d

(b) 300 mm

(c) 0.87AWfy/0.4b Where Aw = Area of the legs of one

stirrup.
 (d) Cv > Cc and less than Cc.max, design the shear
reinforcement.

13. Determine the net shear Vus for which shear reinforcement is required
from the relation VUs = Vu —Cc bd

14. If the shear reinforcement is provided entirely by vertical stirrups, their

spacing is given by p= 0.87fyAwd/Vus

15. Half the number of bars may be curtailed at a distance of ½ of the span
between the centers of bearings.

16. As per code the bars have to be extended beyond this theoretical cut off
point for a distance not less than

(a) 12 times the bar diameter

(b) Effective depth.

5. SLAB

1. Assume suitable bearing (not less than 100 mm) find the span between the
centers of bearings.

2. Estimate the thickness of the slab. The thickness of the slab is governed
by deflection consideration rather than flexural strength consideration.

Thickness of the slab= Span between centre of bearing + Effective

cover/20xModification factor

3. Determine the actual effective span of the slab which is the lesser of the
following:

(a) Distance between centers of bearings

(b) Clean span + effective depth.

4. Estimate the total load on the slab per sqm.

5. If the thickness of the slab is Dmm.

6. Dead load of the slab per sqm = D/1000 x l x 25000

i. = 25 D N/mm2

Total load on the slab, w = DI of slab and floor finish + LL on the slab
 The LL may be taken from 2000 N/m2 to 3000 N/m2

Factored load, Wu = W x partial safety factor

Wu = Wxl.5

As per code, the partial safety factor for loads = 1.50

7. Determine the factored moment Mu

(a) Mu = wuL/8 where L = effective span of the slab.

8. Equal the limiting moment of resistance to the factored moment and find
the effective depth required from flexural strength consideration.

For Fe 415 steel - Mu, Lim = 0.138fckbd2

For Fe 250 Steel - Mu, Lim = 0.149fckbd2

Effective depth required, d = √Mu in Nmm/ 0.138x20x100 for Fe 415

d = √Mu in Nmm/ 0.149x20x1000 for Fe 250

The effective depth provided should be greater than the effective depth required
from flexural strength consideration.

9. Find the area of steel required per meter wide of the slab.
Percentage of steel required=50(1-√1-4.6xMu/fckbd2 /fy/fck)

Area of steel required per metre width

Ast = Pt Pt/100(1000xd)

The percentage of steel provided should be greater than 0.12% when Fe

415 steel is provided and greater than 0.15% when Fe 250 steel is provided.

Spacing of bars = Area of 1 bar x 1000/Ast

Maximum spacing of bars shall not exceed

(a) 3 times the effective depth of the slab

(b) 300 mm.

Minimum spacing of bars = 75 mm

10. Check for serviceability:

Find the percentage of steel provided. This should not be greater than
percentage of steel assumed initially. However, if the percentage of steel
 exceeds the value assumed initial, find the actual modification factor
corresponding to the percentage
of steel provided and find the depth required for service ability. See if the
depth provided is more than the depth required for serviceability.

11. Distribution steel:

Provide distribution steel running at right angles to the main steel. The
distribution steel shall be 0.12% of the gross are of the slab when Fe 415
steel is used and 0.15% of the gross area of the slab when Fe 250 steel is
used. The spacing of the distribution bars shall not excess.

(a) 5 times the effective depth of the slab.

(b) 300mm

12. Check for shear

Generally, the shear stresses in a slab are quite low. However, if it is

desired to check for shear, the nominal shear stress Vv at the support is
calculated by the relation cv = Vu/bd
Where Vu = Shear force due to design loads per meter width.
b = width of the slab strip
d = Effective depth of the slab

Check for development length

Let M1 = Moment of resistance of the section where alternate bars are
bent up.
M1 = 0.87 fy Ast d (1-Ast/bd x fy/Fck)
Where Ast = Actual steel area available after bending up alternate bars.
Let Vu = Design shear at the support

Ld= Development length = 0.87fyØ/4Cdb

Where, Ø = Diameter of bars

Cdb = Design bond stress

As per code the condition to be satisfied is Ld < 1.30 M1/Vu+ L0

Where Lo = Anchorage length beyond the centre of the support which shall not be
taken more than d or 12 times the diameter of bars whichever is more.

13. Anchorage length

All the bars must be taken into the suppot•t at least for a distance equal to Ld/3
6. Staircase

1. Let the size of a riser = R

And the size of a tread = T

Then determine √(R2+T2)

2. Effective span = C/c distance between supports = L

3. Waist slab thickness 'D'= L/20

4. Assume 20mm clear cover and 12 Ø main bars.

5. Effective depth, d = D —20— 12 x ½

6. Loads on going
(a) Self weigh of waist slab
@ 25 Kn /m3 x (D x√R2+T2/T) KN/m
(b) Self weight of Steps
@ 25 Kn/m3 x (2 x R) KN/m2

(c)Finishes = 0.6nn/m

(d)Live load = 5.0Kn/ m

The total of the above loads is taken as W and is multiplied b factored load
Wu = 1.5

7. Loads on landing

(a) Self-weight of slab

@ 25 KN /M3 x X (Where x = slab thickness in Kn/m on the landing
portion)
(b) Finishes= 0.6 KN/m2
(c) Live Load = 5.0 KN/ M2

The total load of the above loads is total as W and is multiplies by a factored load
Wu = 1.05

8. Main reinforcement

Since, Mu = Rbd2
R = Mu/bd2

We have, Pt/100 = Ast/100 = fck/2fy ( 1- √(4.598x R/fck))

Therefore, (Ast) reqd = Pt/100 bd

Required Spacing of main bars = Ast x Ast/(Ast)reqd x 1000

9. Distributors

10. (Ast) Reqd = 0.0012 b x D

11. Required spacing of distribution bars = Ast / (Ast)reqd x 1000

Total = Rs.

Add 8% for sanitary fittings and electrification works

= 8% of
=

Add 5% of contingency
= 5% of
=

Add 2 ½ % for work establishment

= 2 ½ of
=

Grand Total = Rs

say Rs.

() only

Total cost of building =

() only
 CONCLUSION.
This might be the end of our project report but we are certain
that this is not the end of the task that we have taken upon. We are
certain and sure that there will always he a lot of scope for improvement
and addition to this project. The ideas developed for this project is a never
ending process and we hope that we will be able to improve this project to
an extent.

The idea of this project was developed by the teachers which inspired
us alot to work on a project related to this and make it a success. The
feedback that we received from our faculties and our classmates has
helped us a lot for improving this project. Today when this project was
completed, we feel proud to be a part of it.

We will never forget the experience of working with this project.

We received a lot of inspiration and good words from our teachers and
classmates which inspired us and helped us in making this project a
success. We really appreciate our classmates and teachers for their
supports with new ideas and feel backs for the success of this project.

We will always be proud for being in civil engg. Shillong polytechnic

having the chance to work with our teachers and being a part of it.