The importance of diet and exercise to: Good physical health

Having good diet and exercising habits are important as they lead to good physical health in keeping the body free of contracting any physical signs of disease and promote physical fitness. Sugary foods are absorbed quickly into the bloodstream. This may cause An intially high or surge of energy that soon wears off as the body increases its insulin production, leaving you feeling tired and low. The types of food consumed are very important because they allow the body to function properly along with regular exercise and enough water.

Good mental health

Recent evidence suggests that good nutrition may be just as important for our mental health and that a number of mental health conditions may be influenced by dietary factors. Eat at least three meals each day. Missing meals, especially breakfast, leads to low blood sugar and this causes low mood, irritability and fatigue. If you feel hungry between meals you may need to include a healthy snack eg. fruits, nuts and cereals. These foods are more nutritious as they contain thiamin (B1), a vitamin that has been associated with control of mood, and foliate and zinc (supplements of these nutrients have been shown to improve the mood of people with depression in a small number of studies. Include protein at every meal to ensure a continuous supply of the amino acid tryptophan to the brain. Not drinking enough fluid has significant implications for mental health. The early effects of even mild dehydration can affect our feelings and behavior.

Definitions for the terms:

Disease A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs or symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury.

Examples: chronic heart disease and chronic hepatitis B Pathogenic disease Diseases that are caused by a biological agent, or germ that causes disease to its host by interrupting normal body processes. Examples: rabies and malaria Deficiency disease They are caused by a deficiency of a particular nutrient in the diet. Examples: beri- beri and anaemia

Hereditary disease Hereditary diseases are passed on through generations via their genes. Examples: albinism and sickle cell disease. Physiological or degenerative disease A degenerative disease, also called neurodegenerative disease, is a disease in which the function or structure of the affected tissues or organs will progressively deteriorate over time, whether due to normal bodily wear or lifestyle choices such as exercise or eating habits. Examples: emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

Signs and Symptoms

A sign is what is seen by someone besides the patient while a symptom is what can only be detected or sensed by the patient. For example: a skin rash is a sign - it can be recognized by the doctor, nurse or family member while lower-back pain, stomach-ache and fatigue can only be experienced by the patient hence, they are symptoms.

Asthma as a chronic disease

Main Causes: What all people with asthma have in common is chronic airway inflammation and Excessive airway sensitivity to various triggers. Some people are born with the tendency to have asthma, while others are not. The environment you live in and the way you live partly determine whether you have Asthma attacks Primary symptoms

When the breathing passages become irritated or infected, an attack is triggered. The attack may come on suddenly or develop slowly over several days or hours. The main symptoms that signal an attack are: wheezing, chest tightness, coughing, difficulty speaking and breathlessness. Possible treatment Since asthma is a chronic disease, treatment goes on for a very long time. Some people have to stay on treatment for the rest of their lives. The best way to improve your condition and live your life on your terms is to learn all you can about your asthma and what you can do to make it better

Diabetes mellitus (type II) as a chronic disease

Main causes Type 2 diabetes is due to a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors. Recently, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) or prenatal under-nutrition (macro- and micronutrient) was identified as another probable factor. A number of lifestyle factors are known to be important to the development of type 2 diabetes. In one study, those who had high levels of physical activity, a healthy diet, did not smoke, and consumed alcohol in moderation had an 82% lower rate of diabetes. There are many factors which can potentially give rise to, or exacerbate, type 2 diabetes. These include medical conditions of all types and genetics. Primary signs and symptoms The classic symptoms of diabetes are polyuria (frequent urination), polydispia(increased thirst), polyphagia (increased hunger), fatigue and weight loss. Type II diabetes has been associated with an increased risk of cognitive dysfunction and dementia through disease processes such as Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Possible treatment The immediate goal of treatment is to lower high blood glucose levels. The long-term goals of treatment are to prevent diabetes-related complications. The primary treatment for type 2 diabetes is exercise and diet.

Hypertension as a chronic disease

Main causes Diabetes can damage your kidneys' filtering system, which can lead to high blood pressure.

Polycystic kidney disease. In this inherited condition, cysts in your kidneys prevent the kidneys from working normally, and can raise blood pressure. Glomerular disease. Your kidneys filter waste and sodium using microscopic-sized filters called glomeruli that can sometimes become swollen. If the swollen glomeruli can't work normally, you may develop high blood pressure.. Coarctation of the aorta. With this defect you're born with, the body's main artery (aorta) is narrowed (coarctation). This forces the heart to pump harder to get blood through the aorta and to the rest of your body. This, in turn, raises blood pressure particularly in your arms. Primary symptoms
In general, high blood pressure does not directly cause symptoms. When blood pressure is very high, it can cause symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, fatigue and ringing in the ears. However, it often causes no symptoms.

Possible treatment Making some lifestyle changes and taking any prescribed medication should keep your blood pressure under control.

Coronary heart disease as a chronic disease

Main causes The main cause of coronary heart disease (CHD) is the narrowing of coronary arteries. In most cases, this narrowing is caused by atherosclerosis, which is the thickening and hardening of the inside walls of the arteries. Certain factors are known to increase a person's risk of developing CHD. Risk factors for this disease include things you can control (such as having high cholesterol, smoking, and being physically inactive) as well as conditions over which you have no control (such as a family history of early heart disease). Primary symptoms Symptoms may be very noticeable, but sometimes you can have the disease and not have any symptoms. Chest pain or discomfort (angina) is the most common symptom. You feel this pain when the heart is not getting enough blood or oxygen. How bad the pain is varies from person to person. It may feel heavy or like someone is squeezing your heart. You feel it under your breast Bone (sternum), but also in your neck, arms, stomach, or upper back. The pain usually occurs with

activity or emotion, and goes away with rest or a medicine called nitroglycerin. Other symptoms include shortness of breath and fatigue with activity (exertion). Women, elderly people, and people with diabetes are more likely to have symptoms other than chest pain, such as: Fatigue, Shortness of breath, Weakness Possible treatment You may be asked to take one or more medicines to treat blood pressure, diabetes, or High cholesterol levels. Follow your doctor's directions closely to help prevent coronary Artery disease from getting worse.

Obesity as a chronic disease

Main causes Obesity involves lifestyle choices and habits that can be changed with the right amount of motivation. These areas include our eating habits, neglecting to drink water, lack of exercise, and the overall tendency to neglect properly caring for our bodies. Primary Symptoms People who are obese may have the symptoms of the medical conditions such as: High blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, breathing problems, and joint pain (in the knees or lower back) are common. The more obese a person is, the more likely they are to have medical problems related to obesity. Aside from the medical complications, obesity is also linked to psychosocial problems such as low self-esteem, discrimination, difficulty finding employment, and reduced quality of life.

Possible treatment .Having a balanced diet. Fad and crash diets don't work and can be dangerous. The Body needs a minimum amount of energy from food to function normally. No daily diet with less than 1,000 to 1,200 calories should be used without medical supervision. "Crash diets" are never successful in the long-term because once the diet is stopped the weight usually comes back. Commercial weight-loss plans and clinics are successful businesses because they have so many return customers. Losing weight successfully, and maintaining a healthy weight, requires lifelong changes in eating and exercise habits as well as an understanding of emotional factors that lead

to overeating. It also involves setting and achieving specific and realistic goals. People who are medically obese should consult a doctor or dietitian for a safe and personalized weight-loss program. Behavioral therapy or modification can also help. Seeing a therapist or counsellor can help you understand the emotional and Psychological reasons for overeating and can teach you ways to manage your eating triggers.Regular physical activity is an important part of weight management. In addition to managing weight, exercise also improves overall health and can help reduce the risk of diseases such as certain cancers, heart disease, and osteoporosis. Regular physical Activity doesn't mean you have to join the nearest gym. It can be as simple as climbing the stairs instead of taking the elevator, walking or cycling to work and leaving the car at home (if at all possible), or going for a walk at lunchtime with coworkers. What's important is to add exercise to your daily routine, and to work towards a higher activity level. Choose activities and exercises you enjoy.

How Obesity leads to hypertension

As you gain weight, the amount of blood circulating through your body increases. This puts added pressure on your artery walls, increasing your blood pressure. In addition, excess weight often is associated with an increase in heart rate and a reduction in the capacity of your blood vessels to transport blood. All of these factors can increase blood pressure.

How Obesity leads to Diabetes mellitus

The main causes of obesity are lifestyle choices and habits. These areas include our eating habits, neglecting to drink water and lack of exercise. People who are obese may have symptoms of medical conditions such as: Diabetes (abnormally high glucose levels in the blood cause by a combination of lifestyle and genetic factors.) The lifestyle practices which increase the chances of getting Diabetes are: low levels of physical activity, unhealthy diets, smoking and excessive drinking of alcohol.

The role of diet, exercise and lifestyle in controlling Obesity

Eating a healthy, balanced diet. Fad and crash diets don't work and can be dangerous. The body needs a minimum amount of energy from food to function normally. No daily diet with less than 1,000 to 1,200 calories should be used without medical supervision. "Crash diets" are never successful in the long-term because once the diet is stopped, the weight usually comes back. Regular physical activity. In addition to managing weight, exercise also improves overall health and can help reduce the risk of diseases such as certain cancers, heart disease, and osteoporosis. Regular physical activity doesn't mean you have to join the nearest gym. It can be as simple as climbing the stairs instead of taking the elevator, walking or cycling to work and leaving the car at home (if at all possible), or going for a walk at lunchtime with coworkers. What's important is to add exercise to your daily routine, and to work towards a higher activity level.

The effects of sexually transmitted diseases on the pregnant mother to the foetus.
The bacteria causing the venereal disease gonorrhea and syphilis can cross the placenta of the expectant mother to damage the fetus and frequently the baby is born dead. Babies born often suffer with abnormalities. Most sexually transmitted diseases can be passed from mother to fetus, or baby. High proportions of babies born to mothers with the HIV virus causing AIDS also receive the virus across the placenta and become infected. The hepatitis viruses also pass from mother to infect the fetus in the same way. Mothers with the herpes virus have worse symptoms during pregnancy and babies may be infected at birth.

Personal hygiene
Personal hygiene is defined as a condition promoting sanitary practices to the self. Hygiene is the science concerned with the prevention of illness and maintenance of health. The importance of personal hygiene

Maintaining personal hygiene is necessary for many reasons; these can be personal, social, for health reasons, psychological or simply as a way of life. Essentially keeping a good standard of hygiene helps to prevent the development and spread of infections, illnesses and bad odours. Personal Reasons Self-esteem, confidence and motivation can all be altered by our body image, often reflected on our ability to care for ourselves and keep good hygiene practices. Social Reasons Most people hate to be talked about, especially in a negative manner. By ensuring that our body is clean and well presented, we are more assured of projecting a positive body image that reflects our personalities.

Health Reasons If a person is due to go into hospital, sometimes that person becomes very aware of their hygiene.
The thought of being vulnerable and exposed to strangers can cause the person to become very strict on their hygiene needs. If you have cut yourself, the wound should be cleaned and dressed suitably, this can help reduced the risk of infection and pain.

Eight ways in which personal hygiene can be maintained: 1. Daily showers or bath and washing hair. 2. Frequently washing hands and face. 3. Daily brushing and flossing teeth, regularly after every meal. 4. Wearing clean clothes and keeping your surroundings clean. 5. Hold a tissue over the mouth when coughing or sneezing, not a bare hand.

6. Suppression of habits such as nose-picking, touching the face etc. 7. Washing hands before eating. 8. Not biting nails

Sterilization
Sterilization is the process of eliminating or killing all the microbes in a food by heating or irradiating. It is also the method by which all contaminations are completely destroyed.

Methods of sterilization
Ultra high temperature

Ultra-high temperature processing is the sterilization of food by heating it for an extremely short period, around 12 seconds, at a temperature exceeding 135C (275F), which is the temperature required to kill spores in milk. The most common UHT product is milk, but the process is also used for fruit juices, cream, soy milk, yoghurt, wine, soups, and stews. Pasteurization Pasteurization is a process of heating a food, usually liquid, to a specific temperature for a definite length of time, and then cooling it immediately. This process slows microbial growth in food. Unlike sterilization, pasteurization is not intended to kill all micro-organisms in the food. Instead pasteurization aims to reduce the number of viable pathogens so they are unlikely to cause disease (assuming the pasteurized product is stored as indicated and consumed before its expiration date.

Auto-claving The method of heating substances above their boiling point. An autoclave is used to sterilize by heat. Boiling The heating of water at one hundred degrees celcius (1000). Very few organisms can survive temperatures of 1000C and this method is mostly used at home to purify water.

Methods of disinfection
Chlorine: This is a chemical that aids in the destruction of micro organisms when used to clean, by forming hypoclorous acid in water, releasing oxygen. Disinfectants: These are chemicals used to kill bacteria and include antiseptics to prevent the reproduction of microorganisms. Antiseptics: These are chemicals such as Lyso and Chloro used to destroy or prevent the reproduction of bacteria. These are especially used in hospitals, to remove bacteria before they can contaminate anything in the operating theatre. Antibiotics: An Antibiotic is a chemical produced by living organisms which will destroy bacteria. The use of antibiotics and antifungal agents

The fungus penicillium is successful in killing bacteria and it completely changed the treatment of bacterial infections. Penicillin is used to control many diseases such as pneumonia, gonorrhea and syphilis. A number of other antibiotic drugs have been produced, such as Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol and Ox tetracycline. They are usually taken orally as pills from containers showing the dosage needed. Antibiotics work by stopping the multiplication of bacteria, or they may destroy the bacteria.

Vectors The method of carrying viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi and other pathogens to the body is varied. The animal (mainly insect) carriers of disease organisms are called vectors.

Common vectors in the Caribbean and the disease they carry VECTORS Mosquito Skin contact Skin contact Skin contact Skin contact Rat fleas DISEASE THEY CARRY Dengue, Malaria Ringworm Scabies Hook worm Tetanus Plague

Dog bite Flea, lice, ticks

Rabies Typhus Leptospirosis

Rat urine

Life Cycle of Aedes aegypti

Aedes aegypti is a so-called holometabolous insect. This means that the insects go through a complete metamorphosis with an egg, larvae, pupae, and adult stage. The adult life span can range from two weeks to a month depending on environmental conditions. The life cycle of Aedes aegypti can be completed within one-and-a-half to three weeks. Egg After taking a blood meal, female Aedes aegypti mosquitos produce on average 100 to 200 eggs per batch. The females can produce up to five batches of eggs during a lifetime. The number of eggs is dependent on the size of the blood meal. Eggs are laid on damp surfaces in areas likely to temporarily flood, such as tree holes and man-made containers like barrels, drums, jars, pots, buckets, flower vases, plant saucers, tanks, discarded bottles, tins, tyres, water cooler, etc. and a lot more places where rain-water collects or is stored. The female Aedes aegypti lays her eggs separately unlike most species. Not all eggs are laid at once, but they can be spread out over hours or days, depending on the availability of suitable substrates. Eggs will most often be placed at varying distances above the water line. The female mosquito will not lay the entire clutch at a single site, but rather spread out the eggs over several sites. The eggs of Aedes aegypti are smooth, long, ovoid shaped, and roughly one millimeter long. When first laid, eggs appear white but within minutes turn a shiny black. In warm climates eggs may develop in as little as two days, whereas in cooler temperate climates, development can take up to a week. Laid eggs can survive for very long periods in a dry state, often for more than a year. However, they hatch immediately once submerged in water. This makes the control of the dengue virus mosquito very difficult. Larvae After hatching of the eggs, the larvae (see figure 2) feed on organic particulate matter in the water, such as algae and other microscopic organisms. Most of the larval stage is spent at the water's surface, although they will swim to the bottom of the container if disturbed or when feeding. Larvae are often found around the home in puddles, tires, or within any object holding water. Larval development is temperature dependent. The larvae pass through four instars, spending a short amount of time in the first three, and up to three days in the fourth instar. Fourth instar larvae are approximately eight millimeters long. Males develop faster than females, so

males generally pupate earlier. If temperatures are cool, Aedes aegypti can remain in the larval stage for months so long as the water supply is sufficient. Pupae After the fourth instar, the larvae enter the pupae stage (figure 3). Mosquito pupae are mobile and respond to stimuli. Pupae do not feed and take approximately two days to develop. Adults emerge by ingesting air to expand the abdomen thus splitting open the pupal case and emerge head first.

Life cycle of Aedes aegypti: there is an aquatic phase (larvae, pupae) and a terrestrial phase (eggs, adults)

Life Cycle of a House Fly

Compared to their peers in the insect world, the common housefly has a relatively long life expectancy. In the wild, they can live up to one month. They survive even longer in laboratories and heated homes. The life cycle of a housefly begins in the egg stage. A female housefly is capable of laying up to 150 eggs in a batch. Over a period of a few days, she will produce five or six batches of eggs. Female houseflies favor damp, dark surfaces such as compost, manure and other decomposing organic material for egg laying. House fly eggs resemble individual grains of rice and are typically three to nine millimeters in length. Within a day, house fly eggs hatch into larvae, also known as maggots. Maggots are legless, white insects that feed from the egg-laying site for three to five days. During this time, maggots molt several times. They then choose a dark place to pupate. Fly pupae are similar in function to butterfly cocoons: their hard, brown shells protect the inactive, developing flies. Over the course of three to six days, the pupae develop legs and wings, ultimately emerging as full-grown houseflies. Within two to three days, female houseflies are capable of reproduction.

Methods of controlling vectors and the importance

During recent years many advances have been made in the development of insect control by genetic manipulation. These methods include the sterile-male technique, now well known, which depends on ionizing radiation or chemo sterilization. The recent field experiment carried out by WHO in Rangoon, Burma, on Culex fatigans has demonstrated that naturally occurring cytogenetic mechanisms such as cytoplasmic incompatibility can be used successfully without the use of radiations or chemosterilants. Insecticide resistance has been a problem in all insect groups that serve as vectors of emerging diseases. Although mechanisms by which insecticides become less effective are similar across all vector tax, each resistance problem is potentially unique and may involve a complex pattern of resistance foci. The main defense against resistance is close surveillance of the susceptibility of vector populations. We describe the mechanisms of insecticide resistance, as well as specific instances of resistance emergence worldwide, and discuss prospects for resistance management and priorities for detection and surveillance.

Immunity
Immunity: The resistance to diseases Immunization: The act of making immune. Antigen: A large molecule, usually a protein (although some, as on red blood cells, are large carbohydrates). These antigens cause the lymphocytes to make and release antibodies. Antibody: They are large molecules, which destroy the pathogens. Hence the antigen on the surface of a pathogen stimulates lymphocytes to make antibodies, which destroy the Anti-toxin: Toxins also behave as antigens and the antibodies that are made are called anti-toxins. Vaccine: Most vaccines are weak cultures which cause a very mild form of the disease. Vaccination: Taking a vaccine as a precaution against contracting a disease.

Types of immunity
Artificial immunity Vaccines are weakened in various ways, such as by heating or adding formalin. Such vaccines give artificial active immunity. Example: vaccination against TB is given by a BCG injection. Acquired immunity It has common knowledge for a long time that those who survived infections diseases seldom caught them again. Such people have naturally acquired active immunity.

Natural passive immunity: Natural innate passive immunity is when antibodies produced by the mother pass to the developing fetus. Alternatively these antibodies can be passed to the baby in the mothers breast milk. Such immunity lasts a few months. The body does not make the antibodies.

Drug use and abuse

Drug dependence means that a person needs a drug to function normally. Abruptly stopping the drug leads to withdrawal symptoms. Drug addiction is the compulsive use of a substance, despite its negative or dangerous effects. A person may have a physical dependence on a substance without having an addiction. For example, certain blood pressure medications do not cause addiction but they can cause physical dependence. Other drugs, such as cocaine, cause addiction without leading to physical dependence. Prescribed drugs commonly abused: Barbiturates (phenobarbital) Benzodiazepines (sleeping pill, tranks) Flunitrazepam (Roofinol)

Non-prescribed drugs commonly abused:

Asthma Inhalers Laxatives Antacids Diet pills Cold medicine

Physiological effects of drug abuse

Many people wonder about the physiological effects of drug abuse. Drug abuse alters the way that many parts of the body function, from the brain to the heart and lungs. Some of the physiological effects are minor while others can be serious or even fatal.

Social effects of drug abuse

Many people wonder about the social effects of drug abuse. Drug abuse erodes the social life of the addict, tearing apart his family, friendships and professional relationships. Without intervention, the drug addict can wind up alone, with the drug being his only "friend." Isolation is the most common social effect of drug abuse. The drug abuser eventually maintains a connection only with his drug of choice. Depending upon the drug of choice, the financial strain can be devastating. Buying drugs becomes more important to the drug addict than daily responsibilities. Close connections to the drug abuser are affected. Relationships become dysfunctional, as the co-dependent recognizes the effects of the drugs. Social effects on the family can be felt long after the addiction. The family can be dissolved, children can develop emotional issues and trust can be shattered.

Economic effects of drug abuse:

Economic effects of drug abuse can be measured in two forms. One is the cost of government drug enforcement policies. Nations around the world spend billions yearly on law enforcement and other efforts aimed at drug interdiction. Because a central principle in economics is that resources are scarce and require decisions about how to allocate them, it follow that money spent on drug enforcement is money not spent on education, public infrastructure, or given to the public in the form of lower taxes. Another economic effect from drug abuse is the lost human productivity, such as lost wages and decreased production that results from illnesses and premature deaths related to drug abuse. many parts of the body function, from the brain to the heart and lungs. Some of the physiological effects are minor while others can be serious or even fatal.

HUMAN AND SOCIAL BIOLOGY WORKSHEET

Name: Shanelle Haughton Grade: 113 Date: September 19, 2011 Subject: Human and social Biology Teacher: Mr. Miller