Lesson:5 ➢ LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY - is a flat – panel

display that consists of a layer of color or

Computer - is an electronic device that processes data monochrome pixels arranged schematically
according to instructions that are provided by computer between a couple of transparent electrodes and
programs. two polarizing filters.
Input device - is a physical piece of hardware that connects ➢ LIGHT EMITING DIODE (LED) - is a flat – panel
to a primary device, such as a computer, to provide user display that uses light – emitting diodes for
input. backlighting.

• pointing device - sometimes called a pointing Other Example of Output Devices

tool, is a hardware input device that allows the
user to move the mouse cursor in a computer ➢ Speaker - It allows you to hear audio such as
program. Ex. COMPUTER MOUSE, TRACKBALL, music, voice, and other sounds.
TOUCHPAD
System Unit - A case that contains electronic
Computer mouse- is a handheld hardware input device components of the computer that are used to process
that controls a cursor in a GUI (graphical user interface) for data.
pointing, moving and selecting text.
MOTHERBOARD - The circuitry of the system unit
Trackball - is an input device that may resemble an usually is part of or is connected to a circuit board.
"upsidedown" mouse or a mouse on its side. It is on the
Two main components: processor, memory
top or side of the mouse.
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT - The electronic
Touchpad - Also called a glide pad, glide point, pressure-
component that interprets and carries out the basic
sensitive tablet, or trackpad, a touchpad is an input device
instructions that operate the computer.
on laptops and some keyboards.
Memory - Consists of electronic components that
Examples of Input Devices
store instructions waiting to be executed and data
➢ Microphone. Sometimes abbreviated as mic, a needed by those instructions.
microphone is a hardware peripheral and input
3 Types of Memory
device originally invented by Emile Berliner in
1877. ➢ RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY - A type of volatile
➢ Webcam - is a camera that connects to a memory that temporarily stores data and
computer. It captures either still pictures or instructions that the CPU needs while
motion video, and with the aid of software, can performing tasks.
transmit its video on the Internet in real time. ➢ READ-ONLY MEMORY - Non-volatile memory
➢ Scanner. a scanner, image scanner, or optical that is used to store firmware or permanent
scanner is a hardware input device that optically instructions needed to boot the computer.
"reads" an image and converts it to a digital ➢ CACHE MEMORY - A smaller, faster type of
signal. volatile memory that provides high-speed data
access to the CPU and improves processing
output device. is any peripheral that receives data from a
efficiency.
computer, usually for display, projection, or physical
reproduction. Storage Device - records and/or retrieves items to and
from Storage Media
Examples of output devices
USB FLASH DRIVE - a portable storage device that is
➢ Printer - is an external hardware output device
small and lightweight enough to be transported on a
that takes the electronic data stored on a
keychain or in a pocket
computer or other device and generates a hard
copy. HARD DISK - Provides much greater storage capacity
➢ 3D Printer - Created by Chuck Hull in 1984, the than a USB flash drive.
3D printer is a device that creates a physical
object from a digital model by layering materials PORTABLE HARD DISK - A portable storage device
(e.g., filament). that is small and lightweight enough to be
transported on a keychain or in a pocket.
2 Types of Printers
➢ Impact Printer - It is a type of printer that works OPTICAL DISC - A flat, round, portable metal disc with
by direct contact of an ink ribbon with paper. a plastic coating.
➢ Non-Impact Printer - This type of printer does 3 Types of Optical Disc
not hit or impact a ribbon to print. They used
laser, xerographic, electrostatic, chemical, and ➢ CDs (Compact Discs) - 650 million to 1 Blu-ray
inkjet technologies. Discs billion characters
➢ DISPLAY/MONITOR - Alternatively called a VDT ➢ DVDs (Digital Versatile Discs) - 650 million to 1
(video display terminal) and VDU (video display Blu-ray Discs billion characters 17 billion
unit). an output device that displays video characters.
images and text. ➢ Blu-ray Discs- 100 billion characters.

3 Types of Monitor MEMORY CARDS - Small, portable storage media

➢ Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) - s an electronic vacuum used in mobile devices like smartphones, cameras,
tube used for displaying electrical data in the and tablets.
form of images or videos on the screen. In 1897, CLOUD STORAGE - A service that allows data to be
German Physicist Karl Ferdinand Braun invented stored and accessed over the internet, providing
the cathode ray tube. remote storage capabilities and data backup.
Lesson: 6 Browser - is software that enables users with an
Internet connection to access and view webpages on
Why Computers are Powerful? a computer or mobile device.
Computers are powerful for a variety of reasons. They Search engine - is software that finds websites,
work with remarkable speed, reliability, consistency, and webpages, images, videos, news, maps, and other
accuracy. It is also used to store large amounts of data and information related to a specific topic.
is used for communication.
Online social network - encourages members to share
➢ Speed - Computers perform operations at their interests, ideas, stories, photos, music, and
incredibly fast speeds due to the electronic videos with other registered user.
circuits within the system unit.
➢ Reliability & Consistency - The electronic Green computing - involves reducing the electricity
components in a modern computer are consumed and environmental waste generated when
dependable because they have a low failure rate. using a computer.
The high reliability of components enables the
computer to produce consistent results.. Software - also called a program, tells the computer
➢ Accuracy - Computers can process large amounts what tasks to perform and how to perform them.
of data and generate error-free results, provided 2 Main Types of Software
the input data is accurate and the instructions
are correct. ➢ SYSTEM SOFTWARE - This software
➢ Communication - This has transformed how manages the hardware of a computer and
people interact, collaborate, and share provides a platform for applications to run.
information globally o OPERATING SYSTEM (OS) - The
most critical type of system
LESSON 7: CLASSIFYING COMPUTERS software, it manages all other
General Classifications Of Computers programs on a computer.
Examples include Windows,
➢ PERSONAL COMPUTER - a small single-user macOS, Linux, iOS, and Android.
computer based on a microprocessor, a personal o TOOLS (UTILITY PROGRAM) -
computer that has a keyboard for entering data, These are system software
a monitor for displaying information, and a designed to help analyze,
storage device for saving data. configure, optimize, or maintain
➢ WORKSTATION - powerful, single-user computer. the computer. Examples include
Just like the PC built has a more powerful antivirus programs, file
microprocessor and a higher quality monitor. management tools, and disk
➢ MINICOMPUTER – a multi-user computer cleanup utilities
capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of ➢ APPLICATION SOFTWARE -These are
users simultaneously. programs designed to help users perform
➢ MAINFRAME – a powerful multi-user computer specific tasks or applications. Examples
capable of supporting hundreds or thousands of include word processors, spreadsheets, web
users simultaneously. browsers, and games.
➢ SUPERCOMPUTER – extremely fast computer
that can perform millions of instructions per Communications Device - A hardware capable of
second. Example is NASA’s Pleiades transferring data between computers, devices,
supercomputer that has 245,536 CPU cores and and transmission media.
a total memory of 935TB Wireless Communications Technologies -
6 TYPES OF COMPUTERS Allow devices to connect and communicate
without physical cables.
➢ DESKTOP COMPUTERS – designed to be placed
on a desk. Network - A collection of computers and devices
➢ LAPTOP COMPUTERS – are battery-powered connected together, often wirelessly, via
computer devices whose portability makes them communications devices and transmission
possible to use almost anytime, anywhere. media.
➢ TABLET COMPUTERS – hand-held computers o Home networks-are
with touch-sensitive screens for typing and designed to connect devices
navigation. within a household.
➢ SMARTPHONES – hand-held telephones that can o Business Networks- are
do things those computers can do, including more complex and provide
browsing and searching the internet even playing essential services to support
games. business operations
➢ WEARABLES – includes fitness trackers and
smartwatches that can be worn throughout the LESSON 8: DIGITAL AGE, INFORMATION AGE,
day. AND COMPUTER AGE
➢ SMART TVs – are the latest television sets that
include applications present in computers; Media - refers to the various means of communication that
videos can be streamed from the internet employ unique tools to facilitate interaction among
directly onto the TV. people. These forms of media include: Television, Radio,
Cellular Phones, Internet.
Internet - is a worldwide collection of computer
networks that connects millions of businesses, In the digitals age, media can be considered as the
government agencies, educational institutions, and message, the medium and the messenger.
individual.
MEDIUM – refers to the tools used in sending messages Ethical Issues in ICT
from the source to the destination. E.g. (Traditional) TV or
radio, (today) social media like: Twitter 1. Plagiarism – An act of theft in which a person
copies another person’s work ideas, or writings.
THE MESSENGER – the one who delivers the message, this 2. Exploitation – action in which one deals with a
is why broadcasters are being called “MEDIA”. person dishonestly, in order to take advantage of
the latter’s works.
Lesson 9: Evolution of Media 3. Libel – It can either be an insult or a slur. Written
Wood cutting – Was used in the early 15th century. The or Spoken or even through actions.
oldest form of printmaking 4. Software Piracy –

1436- Johaness Gutenberg, designed printing press Chapter 2 : Lesson 1: HOW COMPUTERS WORK
capable of producing text at speed. CPU - The CPU executes instructions and performs
1800 - Invention of Telegraph and Telephone. calculations for the computer.

Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail invented the Buses - Buses transfer data between components within
telegraph in 1844. the computer.

Alexander Graham Bell- Credited with inventing Ports and Controllers - Ports connect external devices;
the telephone, which converts sound into controllers manage data transfer between the computer
electrical signals. US Patent on March 7, 1876. and these devices.

1900 – Advancement of broadcasting and recorded media Read-Only Memory (ROM) - ROM stores firmware that is
essential for hardware operation and cannot be modified
Radio Broadcasting – began early experiments in easily.
wireless telegraphy by Guglielmo Marconi in the
late 1920s and 1930s. Become a source of Main Memory (RAM) - RAM temporarily stores data and
entertainment and news. instructions for quick access by the CPU.

Philo Farnsworth - developed the Electronic Television. Input Devices - Input devices, like keyboards and mice,
allow users to enter data into the computer.
Phonographs – Thomas Edison 1877
Output Devices - Output devices, such as monitors and
Gramophones – Emile Berliner 1880 printers, display or produce results from the computer's
processes.

Secondary Storage - Secondary storage includes non-

LESSON 10: volatile devices like floppy disks , hard disks , and CD-ROM.
1. Artificial intelligence and Machine Learning TWO TYPES OF STORAGE
a. Natural Language Processing
b. Computer vision ➢ Primary storage, or RAM, is the computer's fast,
2. Virtual Reality – simulated 3D environment that volatile memory used to temporarily store data
lets users explore and interact with virtual for quick access while the CPU processes tasks.
surroundings. ➢ Secondary storage is non-volatile memory like
a. Healthcare hard drives and SSDs, used for long-term data
b. Gaming/Entertainment storage with larger capacity but slower access
3. Augmented Reality – an interactive experience compared to primary storage.
that combines real-world and computer-
generated content. TWO COMPONENTS OF THE CPU
a. Virtual try-on ➢ Control unit - contains circuitry that uses
b. Architecture and design electrical signals to direct the entire computer
4. Automation – refers to the use of technology to system to carry out, or execute, stored program
perform tasks with minimal human intervention. instructions.
a. Manufacturing Automation ➢ Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) - contains the
b. Wearable Health Monitors electronic circuitry that executes all arithmetic
(smartwatches) and logical operations.
5. Internet of Things (IoT) –
6. Physical – Digital integrations Logical operations can test for three conditions

Equal-to condition

Impact of ICT on Individuals, Orgs, & society ICT Less-than condition

Positive Effects Greater-than condition

1. Improved acces to educ. Accumulator - which collects the result of computations.

2. Security
An address register, which keeps track of where a given
Negative Effects instruction or piece of data is stored in memory.

1. Reduced personal Interactions A storage register, which temporarily holds data taken
2. Job loss from or about to be send by memory.
3. Security
A general-purpose register, which is used for several
functions.

·
Chapter 2: Lesson 2 How Computers Interpret Data 2. INFLUENCE OF COMPUTER IN EDUCATION
a. "Google search" being evolved as
Number Systems Human Assist adopting Artificial
DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM - is a base 10 number system Intelligence (the latest trends in
having 10 digits from 0 to 9. This means that any numerical Computer application).
quantity can be represented using these 10 digits 3. A NEW ERA IN EDUCATION
a. MOOC -become a paradigm in the
Binary Number System - The easiest way to vary heart of real knowledge seekers who
instructions through electric signals is two-state system – gets new horizon to the world of
on and off. On is represented as 1 and off as 0. learning with learner's convenience.
4. INFLUENCE OF COMPUTER IN UTILITY FACILITIES
Computer memory is measured in terms of how many bits 5. COMPUTER BRINGS TREMENDOUS PROGRESS
it can store. Here is a chart for memory capacity IN HEALTH CARE SECTOR
conversion. 6. LATEST TRENDS AND NEAR FUTURE
1 byte (B) = 8 bits EXPECTATIONS BY COMPUTERS
1 Kilobytes (KB) = 1024 bytes
CONCLUSION TO "HOW HAVE COMPUTERS CHANGED
1 Megabyte (MB) = 1024 KB
1 Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 MB OUR LIFE"
1 Terabyte (TB) = 1024 GB To conclude, computers have changed our life beyond
1 Exabyte (EB) = 1024 PB imagination and continue to play important role on
1 Zettabyte = 1024 EB human life and behaviors. It provides advanced
1 Yottabyte (YB) = 1024 ZB facilities for our life and also create effective learning,
production, control and utilization.
Octal Number System - Octal number system has eight
digits – 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7.

Hexadecimal Number System - Octal number system has

16 symbols – 0 to 9 and A to F where A is equal to 10, B is
equal to 11 and so on till F.

ASCII (AMERICAN STANDARD FOR INFORMATION

INTEGRATION)- Besides numerical data, computers must
be able to handle alphabets, punctuation marks,
mathematical operators, special symbols, etc. that form
the complete character set of the English language.
26 upper case letters
26 lower case letters
10 digits
7 punctuation marks
20 to 40 special characters
ISCII - stands for Indian Script Code for Information
Interchange. IISCII was developed to support Indian
languages on computers.

Unicode - is an international coding system designed to be

used with different language scripts. Each character or
symbol is assigned a unique numeric value, largely within
the framework of ASCII.

CHAPTER 2: LESSON 3

Using the Internet, computers connect and communicate

with one another, primarily using the TCP/IP (Transmission
Control Protocol / Internet Protocol).

➢ To connect to the Internet and other computers

on a network, a computer must have a NIC
(network interface card) installed.
Internet Service Providers (ISP) - provides a bridge
between your computer and all the other computers in the
world on the Internet.

A local area network (LAN) connects computers within the

same network.

A wide area network (WAN) connects multiple networks

COMPUTERS AND OUR LIFE: HOW HAVE COMPUTERS

CHANGED OUR LIFE?

1. COMPUTER AND HUMAN LIFE CORRELATED

WITH COMMUNICATION