5 : 5 i i UNDERLINING (ITALICS) Italics are printed letters that lean to the right, such as the letters in these words. In your handwritten or typewritten work, indicate italics by underlining 24a Use underlining (italics) for titles of books, plays, periodicals, works of art, films, television programs, recordings, musical works, trains, ships, aircraft, and spacecraft. Books The Last of the Mohicans Roots Plays Our Town Romeo and Juliet Periodicals Sports Illustrated Seventeen Works of Art The Music Lesson Lovers Lane Films A Few Good Men Jurassic Park Television Nova Evening Shade Programs Recordings Texas Flood Sweet Baby James Musical Works | ° New World Symphony Carmen Trains Twentieth Century Santa Fe Chief Ships Titanic Queen Mary Aircraft Flyer Spirit of St. Louis Spacecraft Mercury 7 Sputnik 1 For The article the is often written before a title but is not capitalized unless. part of the official title. The official title of a newspaper or periodical is found on the masthead, which usually appears on the editorial page. EXAMPLE Tlike to read The Boston Globe. 267268 — Underlining (Italics) 24b Use underlining (italics) for words, letters, and figures referred to as such, EXAMPLES Drop the final ¢ before adding the suffix -ed to the word hope. ‘The last numeral in my ZIP Code is 8. The symbol $ can be drawn with one or two vertical lines. EXERCISE 1 Using Underlining (Italics) in Sentences For each of the sentences below, underline the word or words that should be in italics. EX. 1, The musical drama Evita is based on the life of Eva Peron. 1. Mark W. Davis’s column has appeared in Newsweek. 2. The March 1990 issue of National Geographic magazine has an interesting article about Siberia. 3. Two of my favorite recordings are the Gipsy Kings’ Mosaique and Celia Cruz’s Azucar Negra 4. John Glenn was the astronaut who piloted the space capsule Friendship 7. 5. A rock opera, The Who's Tommy, opened in New York City on April 22, 1993. 6. Peter Illich Tchaikovsky, a nineteenth-century Russian composer, wrote the opera Eugene Onegin. is work, 7. The name Tchaikovsky is difficult to spell because the T is almost silent. 8. Viktor Petrenko, the 1992 gold medalist in Olympic figure skating, performed in the show called Skates of Gold 9. Pequod was the ship in Herman Melville's novel Moby-Dick. 10. A film critic of the Toronto Sun used the word rare to describe the movie The Secret Garden. [HRW material copyrighted under notice appearing cuiHRW material copyrighted under notice appearing earlier inthis work. aris eee DU eeu on} QUOTATION MARKS 24¢ Use quotation marks to enclose a direct quotation—a person's exact words. exampLe “Do you have an extra concert ticket?” Miguel asked. 24d A direct quotation begins with a capital letter. EXAMPLE Sylvia whispered, “Let's hide the clue under that big stone.” 24e When the expression identifying the speaker interrupts a quoted sentence, the second part of the quotation begins with a small letter. EXAMPLES “I’m not sure,” Dave admitted, “that I’m ready for the test.” [A comma, not a period, follows the interrupting expression.] “Do you want to know a secret?” Fran asked. “My friend Rudolph is a magician!” [The first part of this quotation is a complete sentence. Because the second part begins a new sentence, it begins with a capital letter] 24f A direct quotation is set off from the rest of the sentence by a question mark, a comma, or an exclamation point, but not by a period. EXAMPLES “Where did you go on your trip?” Lyndon asked. “We flew over the Grand Canye.,” I said. “What a fantastic trip that must have been!” Lyndon said. 24g A period or a comma is always placed inside the closing quotation marks. EXAMPLE “Yes,” said Sven, “she does sing beautifully.” 24h A question mark or an exclamation point is placed inside the closing quotation marks when the quotation itself is a question or an exclamation. Otherwise, it is placed outside. EXAMPLES “Who brought the refreshments?” George asked. [The quotation is a question.] What was the meaning of your message “Hope is on the way”? [The sentence, not the quotation, is a question.] 269270 Quotation Marks When both the sentence and the quotation at the end of the sentence are questions (or exclamations), only one question mark (or exclamation point) is used. Itis placed inside the closing quotation marks. EXAMPLE Doesn’‘t a song from the musical Oliver ask, “Where is love?” EXERCISE 2 Correcting Sentences by Adding Capital Letters and Punctuation For each sentence below, add capital letters and punctuation as needed. Ex. 1. “Yes, jim said, my part in the school play has been announced. 1. “Yoo!” Jim sei, “my part in the echool play hae been announced” Wow she exclaimed our seats are in the front row Wasn't it Greta Garbo who said I want tobe alone Have you ever heard the song that asks, what kind of fool am I Tonight Dad said we're going to have a special treat in downtown Philadelphia Jim said Dad can we stay to hear my favorite group sing herpes as When does their part of the program begin Dad asked 7. I checked the newspaper and then said they’re singing on the steps of the art museum at nine o’clock 8. Great said Dad before the concert, we can see the African jewelry at the museum 9. The newspaper says dont miss this display of gold 10. Will there be any gold masks asked Jim 11. Mom said if you had said I’m going to need a ride you wouldn’t have had to walk home 12. Did Johanna hear me say please bring your parents 13. Helena asked what are the pampas 14, Ramon Dolores asked did you see the schedule 15. Mrs. Boyd explained put a cover sheet on your essay HRW material copyrighted under notice appearing earlier in this work,IRW material copyrighted under notice appearing earlier inthis work. Quotation Marks 271 241 When you write dialogue (conversation), begin a new paragraph each time you change speakers, EXAMPLE “What food should we take to the International Picnic?” Nina asked. “Last year, we took guacamole.” “Let's make burritos,” I suggested. “Your burritos are fantastic, and I'll be happy to help you make them.” “That's a great idea!” Nina replied. 24} When a quotation consists of several sentences, place quotation marks at the beginning and at the end of the whole quotation. EXAMPLE “All contestants for the race should report to the registration desk now. You will be given your number for the race. Please pin it to the front of your shirt. Then all runners should report to the starting line,” the race official announced. 24k Use quotation marks to enclose titles of short works such as short stories, poems, articles, songs, episodes of television programs, and chapters and other parts of books. “The Waltz” “The Rocking- Horse Winner” *Miending Wall” “Fall Wind” “The Face of the Future” "Highways to Heaven” “America the Beautiful” “Fire and Rain” “Spell of the “Knots ona Greasepaint” Counting Rope” “Punctuation” “Comparison F Shopping” 24 Use single quotation marks to enclose a quotation within a quotation and to punctuate the title of a short work used within a quotation. EXAMPLES “Which Robert Frost poem contains the line ‘Good fences make good neighbors’?” Kayla asked. “Tl repeat the directions,” Georgio said. “I said, ‘Take Rand Street for two blocks, and then make a left turn’ Mara asked, “Have you ever read the poem ‘Calling in the Cat’?”272 Quotation Marks EXERCISE 3 Correcting Sentences by Adding Quotation Marks On your own paper, rewrite each of the following sentences, adding quotation marks as needed. EX. 1, Henri asked, Who wrote the poem about grandmothers? 1. Henri asked, “Who wrote the poem about grandmothers?” Sheila answered, That was the poet Margaret Walker. The title of that poem is Lineage, she added. The first chapter in the book Heading Home is called Discovery. eye Who said, I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up? asked Leilani. 5. [read an article, Earthquake—Prelude to the Big One?, in an issue of National Geographic, said Bly. EXERCISE 4 Proofreading Dialogue for Errors in Punctuation On your own paper, rewrite the following passage, adding paragraph breaks and quotation marks as needed. =x. _ Rudy said, Let's look through this carton of old records. Maybe well find some interesting music. Rudy said, “Let’s look through this carton of old records, Maybe welllfind some interesting music.” The first thing Rudy came across at Mrs. Fiorella’s garage sale was a large box of old records. Flipping through them, he said to Maraya, Look at this one! It’s an album by Sergio Mendes, Brasil ‘66! Do you like Brazilian music? Maraya asked. Well, Rudy answered, to tell you the trath, Idon’t know much about it. But my dad has Sergio Mendes’s 1992 CD, Brasiliero, and he plays it all the time. My favorite song on that CD is called What Is This? Carmen Alice sings it. Why don’t you buy that Brasil ‘66 record for your dad? Maraya asked. Ibet CaN aunkwone he'lLlove it. That's a great idea! exclaimed Rudy. His birthday is next 10 week. [can give it to him then. HRW material copyrighted under notice appearing earlier inthis work.HRW material copyrighted tnder notice appearing easier inthis work. CHAPTER 24: PUNCTUATION APOSTROPHES The possessive case of a noun or a pronoun shows ownership ot relationship. An apostrophe is used to form the possessive case of nouns and some pronouns. Julia’s book la aya work the teachers’ desks | Ramon’s sister our house everybody's 24m To form the possessive case of a singular noun, add an apostrophe and ans. EXAMPLES — the cat’s toy an hour’s wait Thomas's bike the box’s lid a A proper noun ending in s may take only an apostrophe to form the possessive case if the addition of 's would make the name awkward to pronounce. EXAMPLES Mount Parnassus’ elevation Pocahontas’ birthplace 24n To form the possessive case of a plural noun ending in s, add only an apostrophe. EXAMPLES the birds’ nests the Reilleys’ dog _three dollars’ worth 240 To form the possessive case of a plural noun that does not end in s, add an apostrophe and an s. EXAMPLES the children’s games the mice’s footprints the men’s chorus Do not use an apostrophe to form the plural of a noun. INcoRRECT The kitten’s have soft coats. correct The kittens have soft coats. [plural] correct The kittens’ coats are soft. [plural possessive] 24p Do not use an apostrophe with possessive personal pronouns. EXAMPLE His painting is finished, but hers is not. 24q Use an apostrophe and an s to form the plurals of letters and numerals and of words referred to as words. EXAMPLES three d’s your 2's her and’s 273274 EXERCISE 5 Supplying Apostrophes On the line before each of the following sentences, write the noun or nouns that should appear in the possessive case. Add the apostrophe in the correct place EX. Nabil. 1, The committee members approved of Nabils plan. George Washingtons home is called Mount Vernon. Thaven’t had a minutes rest since I started washing the dishes. Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings book The Yearling is exciting and thought-provoking, The original Shetland ponies home was on the Shetland Islands, off the coast of Scotland. The geeses nest is under the bushes near the edge of the pond. The childrens first day back to school will be next Thursday. Each childs desk and books are ready. To answer questions about the school year, there will be a parents meeting in the library. My fathers friend forgot his keys. Everyone in the seventh-grade class hopes to get, all As and Bs this year. EXERCISE 6 Writing Possessives On your own paper, rewrite each of the expressions below, adding an apostrophe to create the correct possessive form. EX. FRE N E 1. the films of Gary Cooper 1. Gary Cooper's films the paychecks of the workers 6. the blankets of the babies the feet of the horse 7. the advice of my mother the time of a minute 8. the house of Louis the squeaks of the mice 9. the award of the champion the car of the O’Haras 10. the help of Dee ice appearing earlier inthis work. HRW material copyrighted undeHRW material copyrighted under notice appearing earlier inthis work. arais ee eae eet CONTRACTIONS A contraction is a shortened form of a word, a figure, or a group of words. 24r To form a contraction, use an apostrophe to show where letters or numerals have been left out. they had... they'd Tam. 1993. “93 where is... where's let us .let’s weare...... we're of the clock . . o'clock he is . she’d you will . she would . The word not can be shortened to n't and added to a verb, usually without changing the spelling of the verb. EXAMPLES isnot........... isn’t — hasnot........hasn’t are not. --aren’t have not «haven't does not doesn’t had not. . hadn't donot.........don’t should not . . shouldn’t was not wasn’t would not... wouldn’t EXCEPTIONS will not........ ‘won't COTTE. ve eh dees can’t Do not confuse contractions with possessive pronouns. - Uti The dog lost its collar. It’s been an interesting meeting. [Jt has) Who's running for class president? [Who is] | Whose boots are those? Who's left a message for me? [Who has} You're going to miss the bus. [You are] Your painting is beautiful. They're going to the movies. [They are] _| Their mother isa doctor. ‘There's a bus stop on the corner. [There is] | The cat is theirs. There’s been a terrible storm. [There has} 275276 Contractions EXERCISE 7 Writing Contractions Rewrite each of the phrases below as a contraction. Be sure to add an apostrophe in the correct place. EX, 1 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. you would youd could not we are he would they will . will not where is 6 7. Lam 8. they are 9. ai . would not 10. let us. EXERCISE 8 Punctuating Contractions The sentences below contain words that need apostrophes. On the line before each sentence, write the contraction correctly. EX. Theyre 1. Theyre going to polish its fenders with wax. Roberto and Nasser cant come to your game today. 1 ________ 2. Its an exciting day for them and for their father. ———————. 4. At seven oclock, his old car will be delivered. . Its been at a refinishing shop near your old neighborhood. Youll really see a difference when you see its new paint job. If your mom says that it is OK, lets go over there after the game. Hes bought a new engine for the car, too. 8. Its exciting to see the car looking new again! 10. Look at this present that Ive bought for the car’s rearview mirror. Theyre big dice, just like the ones he probably wouldve had on that car when it was new. this work. pytighted under notice appearing eal(erate wer el et UNICO) CHAPTER REVIEW A. Revising Sentences for the Correct Use of Punctuation On your own paper, rewrite each of the following sentences so that underlining, quotation marks, and apostrophes are used correctly. [Note: A sentence may contain more than one error.] Ex. 1. Dont the words accept and except sometimes cause confusion? 1. Don't the words accept and except sometimes cause confusion? 1. Thavent finished reading Hemingways book A Farewell to Arms. 2. Ivenever been to one of Lyle Lovetts concerts, but Id love to see him perform that song called Funny How Time Slips Away. 3. Ofall the poems in the book Adventures in Appreciation, the two boys favorite is Dreams, by Langston Hughes. 4. Gina asked, Didnt Paul Simon write the lyrics to the song I Ama Rock? 5. Tlove the way Aretha Franklin sang the word respect in that song! Alice said. 6. The writing team of Holland, Dozier, and Holland wrote the song Baby Love, which became one of the Supremes greatest hits. 7. Unfortunately, the popularity of the Supremes faded after Diana Rosss departure from the group. 8. Critics have used the word satin to describe her voice. 9. [just happen to have two tickets to Rachaels concert, my friend said. Wouldnt you like to go with me? 10. Ive heard the concert reviewed on a radio broadcast of Music America. 11. Dont forget to put i before e except after c. 12. Mr. Gilbert asked, Have you read the chapter called Where is Poetry? 13. The Browns horse jumped over the fence. 14. Before you may eat, youll have to wait until everyone else sits down. 15. My mother entered the race, said Toshi, and shes one of seven women. running today. 277278 Chapter Review B. Proofreading a Paragraph for Correct Punctuation The following paragraph needs underlining, quotation marks, and apostrophes. On your own paper, rewrite the paragraph to correct all errors. Be sure to start a new paragraph each time the speaker changes. FX. Perhaps I was once Cleopatra, the woman said softly. “Perhaps | wae once Cleopatra,” the woman said softly. 1 Arlo and I were studying for our math test. It was hard, and my mind was wandering, All the 3s started looking like 8s, and the Is started looking like 7s. Suddenly, said, Arlo, guess what I saw on television last night! It was an episode called This Is Your aton Lives. It was all about people who believe that they have lived other lives. I dont understand, Arlo said. what do you mean by the word other. How can someone have another life? I said, They think that they lived in another time. One woman believed that Cau she was once a soldier in the Roman army, Isnt that incredible? 10 Yes, itis, Arlo said. Lets stop doing math. Were going to imagine 11 that we had former lives. Who do you think you were? I dont 12. know, I said. But Id like to imagine that | was better at math, 3 whoever | was, C. Writing Interview Notes You and a partner are visiting Argentina. You are reporters for the New York Times. Your assignment is to write an article about the ranch hands, called, gauchos, that work on the Argentine ranches. On your own paper, write ten interview questions that you might ask a gaucho you meet. You should include possible responses. Use encyclopedias or reference books for information on gauchos. Be sure to use quotation marks correctly. EX. 1. What do you wear to protect yourself from the cold? Amado replied, "| wear a brightly colored cape called a poncho.” [HRW material copyrighted under notice appearing eal