Lab Session # 1
OBJECTIVE: To Study Electric Circuits Lab Equipment’s
Name: Hafiz Muhammad Abdullah
Roll No: 339
Dated: 15/09/2024
APPARATUS:
❖ BREADBOARD
❖ DIGITAL MULTIMETER
❖ DC POWER SUPPLY
❖ OSCILLOSCOPE
❖ FUNCTION GENERATOR
BREADBOARD:
A breadboard is a tool that we use for
making an example electronic circuit
without any soldering. It includes a rectangle plastic board with a grid of
interconnected holes Components such as resistors, capacitors, as well as ICs are
introduced into the apertures, making momentary contacts via internal metal
clips. Breadboards normally come equipped with two strips of drive rails down
the sides for power to be delivered and a grid of columns and rows in the middle
where components can be placed and connected. This allows engineers and
developers to quickly prototype, test, and
modify circuit designs before finalizing
them for production or custom
packaging.
DIGITAL MULTIMETER:
A digital multimeter (DMM) is an
electronic measurement instrument that
combines several functions in one unit. It
can measure alternating current(AC),
direct current (DC), resistance and often
have additional features like continuity
testing, diode testing and even capacitance measurement. These estimation are
then displayed on a digital screen, showing exact readings. DMMs are absolutely
essential tools for troubleshooting electrical
problems, designing circuits, and performing
regular maintenance. They have various
models intended for different level of
precision and having competitive aspects
making it suitable for both professional as well
costume use.
DC POWER SUPPLY:
A DC power supply gives a consistent direct current (DC) voltage or current to
electronic gadgets. Dissimilar to AC power, which substitutes heading, DC power
streams in a solitary course, making it ideal for driving delicate hardware and
circuits. DC power supplies can be movable or fixed, with differing voltage and
current limits, and are essential in applications like testing, advancement, and
activity of electronic hardware. They come in different structures, including seat
top models for research facility use and smaller units for implanted frameworks.
Solid DC power supplies guarantee steady
and precise power conveyance,
fundamental for the legitimate working of
electronic parts.
Oscilloscope:
An oscilloscope is a research facility
instrument used to show and examine the
waveform of electronic signs. It diagrams electrical signs after some time,
commonly delivering a two-layered chart with time on the x-pivot, making it
fundamental for planning, fabricating, and fixing electronic equipment. Overall,
oscilloscope is essential instrument for giving critical bits of knowledge into signal
way of behaving and framework execution.
FUNCTION GENERATOR:
A function generator is an electronic test
instrument that produces different kinds of
waveforms, like sine, square, three-sided, and
sawtooth waves, with movable frequency and
amplitude. It's normally used in gadgets for testing and designing circuits,
simulating signal inputs, and examining circuit behavior. Function generators can
be analog or digital, and current renditions frequently offer extra highlights like
modulation and arbitrary waveform generation for more complex signal
requirements.
CALCULATIONS:
❖ VOLTAGE CALCULATIONS:
Fm=2khz
V(p-p)m=1volt=1000mV
V(p-p)0=?
No of Boxes =4+0.2*2+0.2*2
=4.8
Volt /division=200mv
Voltage= V(p-p)o= Voltage per Division*No of boxes
V(p-p)m =4.8*200
=960mV
error= V(p-p)m- V(p-p)o/ V(p-p)m*100
=1000-960/1000*100
=4%
❖ TIME CALCULATIONS:
F0=1/t0
T0=?
No of boxes=2
Time/dw =200sec
t0 =2*200 =400sec
F0 =1/t0 =0.00225*10
= 2.25 kHz
Error=2-2.25/2*100=-12.5%
THE END
