space technology it's easy to Cu ed aac Po eee cy ight evolve in the coming decades, look no further than Cee emo tear) Ce uaa ee ad CR ue ee od Per ut ae ene ete eu hoes Cm BOO ere ee cee especially the visionary or unusual ones that would normally Cee A ier cued Ree substantial funding to projects it thinks could make these big ee ee ee) of concepts that are considered. The ideas currently funded cover many fields ~ everything from pioneering robotics to Ce et ee Le a ey é - irene Cee : Portree nL % : oer ae eee eer a Poe ae 2 SO BU oe Se ee) Peter ee ere une Perr eee aetna nein ar NES 4SPRINGY kets, parachutes and airb jeneration of rors may use a totally ne colleagues at Titan that will b eld in p under tension. This would be equipp le constru uments and airbag. “The stru self is and ‘orb strong impact shocks an land safel expl Ibe mobile too, he SunSpiral. N itcan shor ling and The concept of putting astronauts into hibernation during a long mission into Lautoka ane Rotamecoutal oo aa a ee ee et era systems have become a visual © synonym for the advanced space een ed ee ee Peek ny make the science fiction of hibernating astronauts a reality. Dr John E | Bradford is president of SpaceWorks eee ks eee etd pioneering technology. “In short, we Se cea ee ce tneed a parachute -ompliant so it payload, d six to nine-month transfer periods. Pes RR a Seed known as hypothermia therapy. “It's Cee es cd injuries,” says Bradford. “inducing this torpor state requires reducing the core body temperature by 5 to 10°F [up to 6°C] and providing some mild Te nerd to the ‘freezing’ of astronauts often ‘seen on the big screen, says Bradford, “We're not attempting ‘cryo- preservation’ and the cessation of all molecular activity. Our goal is to be able to keep the crew in an inactive eee hs ‘during certain parts of the mission.” oer) team envisage using technology that’s Pree ar eaceat bbe fed and hydrated through an Sere aes eo a end ee eek ki cad Nee eae ‘The are several benefits to be had Ce eee hay through a long space voyage, argues Ba a | to BURT hs kul ESE a Ua ae DOE RCC tied Peewee ta See oe as Ce Roe Teeny ees Read Se Se my itself will be a very small module containing four to six crew memt ‘each in their own sleep chamberBy contrast, a typical habitat for an active ‘crew is required to have space for food | eee ces eee) ‘quarters and entertainment” iced Se ee ad mission, you can expect to have a Sk Leuk very small space for an extended ered ee eee eed problem,” explains Bradford. “A lot of ee a ee ey SoM ne ee eee een De ee et See ees Se area Soe Ree! Cem ere n ee) and waking up on Mars six months ea ad yPanesar kec gig ee ateueneed ps ey hhave to be put into a state of ~~ tse nF the solution. It cells could be « 3D-printing, to construction m: even human tissue.‘We could one day simply scatter sheets of ‘sensors onto planets “Enabling material to be PEO Dem eR enable us to use smaller rockets” rectory orth Dr Robert Hoyt, Tethers Unlimited etersSMASH AND GRAB SPACECRAFT Robotic rovers and orbiting spacecraft are all well and good for exploring the Solar System, but what planetary scientists everywhere dream of are samples of these distant worlds. Getting ‘material back to Earth is not easy, though. if your probe does manage to launch without a hitch it still has to fly all the way to its destination, carry out a risky landing, take-off and then return through Earth's atmosphere in one piece. Just ask the team that worked on Winglee at the University of Washington is investigating the feasibility of a planetary ‘smash and grab’ sample return technique. The idea is to have a probe drop penetrators into the surface of an asteroid or a moon as it flies past. The penetrators would be attached to the spacecraft by a long tether. “For asteroids, only a few kilometres of tether are needed, and maybe a few Spacecraft deploys sampler at the end of atether SCIENCE tens of kilometres for moons,” explains Winglee. As the penetrators smash into the surface they will pick up some material in an on-board sample-return capsule. This capsule will then be reeled all the way back to the probe, using the tether, before being sent on the long trip, home to Earth. “It will provide a huge step towards understanding the origins of the Solar System,” says Winglee, Spacecraft thrusts to decelerate and to spin up tether NASA's Genesis mission Genesis successfully sampled the solar wind during a 32-million-km journey through space, only to embed itself at 320knV/h in the Utah desert, when parachutes failed to open. Now a team led by Prof Robert The tether tosses the sampler towards an Earth return trajectory a STL See ark) eet tet aa) De ry Sa ue cd ‘System. Launching such enormous Be eg ea ua eke kero) Se ee cae you need astronauts to do much of the Cans ‘One method to get around this, now Peete ae er) eee es Se ho construct itself once in orbit - they call their idea ‘SpiderFab’. “We're developing See eu F i. Tether sets the sampler down on the then picks it back up Se ea) eee to create the desired structure,” explains See eee eased En kc een ed te eet ec ancy ee Ce Dee ie ek Dette acu ee ee components,” says Hoyt. “Enabling the Peer te eed Cee eee cas Cee ee ee ete aedCaras ern) Prt Erect etre peeredi eo ee Sending telescopes into orbit can be a very costly way to study the Universe. Ce ets Pn eee eed ea) letting them drift high up into the sky. eet nese tetany view the cosmos largely unimpeded ead absorb many of the wavelengths of Cee ere oe) ees pee acerca {or LBR) takes this concept one eta ee ed Peers ee eta balloon’ will take the telescope to AC ae Pec ean cce) Pe en eed 20m in diameter. A 10m-wide patch of this balloon will eee) See ec eet ero are ee ees Peron Peake) Seen Pron Seed es ores ro ee er aS balloon material largely unhindered, but not the ‘mirror’. “This wavelength provides clues to our cosmic origins, Cee ku eae See eos Walker from the University of Arizona. “The largest terrahertz/far-infrared Re ee er Se Gk et) Eee ed Pe eed Peery Pi eeoiketet Cee oe Pe Pores tty Peery Peery ceed ra Sa ee Pes THE GLIDER Once a cryobot melts its way through Europa’s surface ice, it releases a glider like this to swim and explore the subsurface ocean ROBOT SUBMARINES Hidden beneath the surface of Jupiter's moon Europa is a vast ocean of liquid water. It's an astrobiologist’s dream. Now a NIAC project, led by Professor Leigh McCue at Virginia Tech University, has laid out what's needed to explore it. The team's concept involves sending three landers to the surface of Europa, Each will be equipped with a ‘eryobot' that will melt its way through the icy crust before breaking out into the subsurface ocean. The three cryobots will then release ‘gliders’ that will swim through the ocean, studying itn detail. “Europa’s ocean offers our most likely prospect for finding some form of extraterrestrial life within our Solar System,” says McCue. “That is what is most exciting to me; under-ice exploration of Europa could change our very understanding of life.” sensor} By Pectoral fin Wil Gater isa Pm stmnt ra tie are Pett eel eg) Tr Reaeer aunts eres fees eee Reman Poem Pe ee cl SO a forego ce) Cea ead Sea ete ceed starting a two-year selection process, seeking participants suitable for both. Se ee esa eg eee ce ety announced it would send an unmanned rover and communications satellite to the Red Planet, to arrive in 2018. It Dee eee ee ease emi 3 See ee) crews setting off every two years. Dero ere oi ee aa) ee aS Per erase ees cee ke) Ree aun ee a one ee Wate) Cer eres art their blood boil, while the merest Cesta cy‘SCIENCE | PLANETARY EXPLORATION ‘Vladimir Pletser of the European Space Agency Thankfully by the time they launch, they may know what to expect. This year is shaping up to be the busiest yet for dress rehearsals on Earth. For the whole year, a succession of erews are living in a habitat in the Utah desere — a desolate environment resembling Mars, And fiom August 2014, 4 crow of six will simulate a Mars mision for 12 months in the Arctic chill of northern les the scientific pull of the Red Planet that’s ateracting researchers to the bleakest corners of our world. They live aif they are fon Mars: toiling their power, food and water rationed, Just to sep outside means donning a realistic spacesuit and passing through a simulated airlock. Even radioing the outside world involves a 20-minute time dela. “The analogue suit makes you Gel isolated,” recalls Ashley Dale, an aerospace PhD student atthe University of Bristol, ‘who in 2011 spent ewo weeks at the Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS) in western Utah.""The gloves are bulky and there’ an air circulation system — you can't hear a thing. except through the radio. The high altitude puts strain on your cardiovascular system, and the suit weighs more than 10kg.The helmet limits your view too ~ you don't normally realise how seeing your feet helps you walk” During one ‘Extra Vehicular Activity” Ashley and his crewmates heard blood- ‘carding screams from back in the "Hab They sped back, stil observing the standard re-pressurisation protacol:""We didn't know if t was some kind of tes” Ie wasn't a mouse had snuck inside, surprising the occupants, Januacy sees Ashley returning to the Utah station for another fortnight, leading its first UK crew: Plans include trying out a new suit with inbuilt aie supplies, testing how “extremophile’ bacteria take to the Utah desert and operating the Canadian Space Agency’s Artemis Jr rover, prototype lunar explorer d to take systems like this ‘out ofthe lab to really put them to the test ana, within confined modules, You ni Ashley adds."*The same is teue of people.” ‘The University of Bristol is also working con some specially designed gloves chat will feed information from the outside surface through to the user’ fingertips using ultrasonic pulses. The hope is that the gloves will allow astronauts to be more aware of the envionment as well as helping them ‘with manual tasks when gripping took. Human confinement studies, mimicking the isolation of long-term space missions, searted in the 1960s. The major Biosphere experiment began in 1991 in the Arizona desert, with eight “bionauts’sealed away for ‘wo years, growing their own food and generating their own oxygen. Veteran bionauts are now advising Mars One on lite support technologies. Interest in ‘planetary analogues’ locations ‘on Earth with similarities to aspects of other ‘worlds — arose more recently. "Analogues have become mote sought after as planetary science becomes more interdisciplinary.” says Anita Heyward of Europlanet,a European network of planetary scientists that supports field ei Siberia. "Its not just geology these days, but areas like astrobiology ~ studying life in extreme environments » to analogue sites from Tunisia to ‘The Austrian Space Forum's ‘Aouda.X’ is designed to let wearers feel what it would be like to take a stroll in Mars's light gravity, powerful radiation and toxic atmosphere. Costing around £1 million, it's not a true spacesuit but Instead is designed to simulate the same stresses and limitations astronauts would experience if they were to wear a suit while walking on Mars.her conduc fil te ida. X spanasult as Sensors check temperature, humidity ‘and build-up of CO, to warn of Moving inside a spacesuit has boon Skene to folding a balloon. An adjSCIENCE | PLANETARY EXPLORATION, Alien worlds on earth Twas the Mars Society ~ advocating. manned missions to the Red Planet = that began combining confinement and analogue studies.“ The society took advantage of the fact that NASA already had a research presence on Devon Ishnd in the Canadian Arctic. In 2000 the society received permission co site the Flasline ‘Mars Arctic Research Station (FMARS) there," explains Vidimir Plewser ofthe European Space Agency, veteran of both FMARS and MDRS, Neatly twice the size of Belgium, uninhabited Devon Island isthe site of the 23km (14-mile) diameter Haughton Crater, formed about 39 million years ago but largely intact, offering incriguing geology. ‘The MDRS next took shape in Utah. “1 was attracted by the adver, offering: “Hard work, no pay, eternal glory?” recalls Vladimir, who oversees ESA zer0-G fights as his day job. ‘This year saw a new Mars base arise, the Hawaii Space Exploration Analog and Simulation (HI-SEAS), on the voleanic slopes of Mauna Loa. During an initial four-month stay, che eight occupants of HI-SEAS undertook various experiments ‘These included charting links between food fieshness and preparation with crew well~ being, as well as modelling anti-microbial clothes ~ one participant wore a single ‘unwashed T-shirt for the duration “Does it help the experiments generally for us to be located here?” asks Kim Binsted, overseeing HI-SEAS experiments. “Wel, the participants benefit from having. genuinely meaningfal work, HI-SEAS is ‘near a lava field with unexplored lava tubes; there is the chance to do actual science each time they go out” HI-SEAS has a novel geodesic dome design compared to the cylindrical Mars Society Habs. Days start early at about 5 to 6am, with plenty to-do, from scientific research t0 ‘maintenance. That includes a typical 1wo to three EVAs per day, with quad bikes n the Arctic and Utah for geological surveying farther afield,"With the suits, there are all kinds of problems you can't anticipate,” explains Viadimix. “I needed to fix computer equipment, but my gloves ‘were so big I was tapping four keys at once. I didn’ get permission to take any glove off, 50 I taped a screw to my finger, leting sme press what | wanted.” Evenings are for rest: crews typically make the effort to eat / chocolate are among the successes s0 f HOW TO FEED A MISSION TO MARS PACK VEGGIE Hawaii's HI-SEAS project proposed ‘spam-fried rice for its crew. But tinned ‘meat takes up too much space so Tofu offers a lighter, easier to store, protein- rich alternative. Martian explorers may have to be veggie. GROW YOUR OWN Astronauts cultivating their own food ‘would not only reduce the monotony but provide an oxygen bonus too. In fact, soybeans are already cultivated on the International Space Station so re's already a precedent. 3D PRINT IT _ Cornell University is working on ___3D-printed food. Layers of edible gets build the desired dish and can be given various textures, tastes and nutrients by the printer. Cheese (pictured) and dinner together, ofen followed by a movie, usually sci-fi ‘Not that simulating Mars demands a habitat: last February, non-profit research group the Austrian Space Forum undertook 2 four-week field study near Erfoud, in Morocco’ northern Sahara. More than a tonne of equipment was shipped out to the desert, assisted by the Moroccan authorities ‘who also provided security Camping by night, they evaluated various European space hardware, including Hungarian lunar rover, prototype planetary lander and weather station, and their own Aouda.X simulated Mars suit, and performed geological retrieval amid other mock experiments inspired by the Apollo :moonwalkers’ tasks. The suit performed ‘well. although fine Saharan sand got everywhere, including backpack electronics. “Eventually it had to be taken apart for cleaning, though we were well prepared for ays Forum’ Alexander Soucek For World Space Week last October the Forum's timing ext went one step farther, with synchronised testing of thee different analogue Mars sits: their own, in Austria, the Mars Society suit at MDRS, and another from the University of North Dakota. This neeworked “Word Spage Walk’ vas a fist step towards sting common standard for suit evaluation. [Next year FMARS and HI-SEAS both plan year-long tous, paneling the scheduled year-long crew stay on the International Space Station. And if Mars One does go forward, the concept of analogue tours should come into the mainstream. TV viewers will play their part in history as they choose the firse humans to walk on Mars for teal.)HOW TO GET TO MAR Reaching the Red Planet is a long and perilous journey at least with current rocket technology Mars at its most distant is a thousand landing on the surface. Either way, times further than the Moon, which is after three to four months, the return. itsolf a thousand times further than launch window would open, unless the International Space Station. This this is a long-term (or one-way) trip. is amajor reason why more than half _ Cruising between worlds spells of all Mars probes have failed. A danger from cosmic radiation. Food manned mission would need some _and water (plus waste) packed around redundancy, including twin the hull would double as radiation spacecraft. A suitable ‘launch shielding. But the best way to cut window’ opens every two years anda exposure is to slash travel time, NASA chemical rocket trip might take seven hopes to do this with the VASIMIR, tonine months. The main spacecraft _ plasma rocket ~ due for ISS testing in would remain in orbit while landers 2015, This could take a crew to Mars dropped to the surface. Alternatively, in 39 days, but to power the rocket for ‘docking’ with Martian moon Phobos this length of time would require a might be simpler than immediately _yet-to-be developed fusion reactor._ Be - | inaou.theus ‘generated nearly 2nillontonsof waste plastic or 204 pounds per capi. THE riding a bicycle stacked 4.6 meters high with computer G AR B AGE keyboards. Pucket followed him toa village and, ike ‘Ace taling the white rabbit through Wonderland, he a discovered an upside-down world almost certooish in its horrors. Towering ples of monitors, printers, and fax ‘machines ned streets and occupied front yards, Ina neighboring village, women cooked circuit boards cur oo side in woks, and children played atop ash heaps. There Mike Biddle could free the world from were piles of burning wires, clouds of noxious fumes, having to make new plastic. Forever. dred els of gooey sue, Puckett met people Backend hheadtotoe with printer toner. Villagers explained that Guiyu now specialized in reey cling clectrones, or ewaste and tha truckloads areved around the clock from the port city of Nanhai five hours ‘evay. Thousands of x farmers were streaming in from the countryside to earn $1.50 a day. It was all momvand- popevel stuf, with each vilage and neighborhood con centrating on particular kindof reveling. Some burned clectrcal wires in open pits o recover the copper. Others acid stripped circuit boards in caustic baths near the river to salvage bits of gold. No one wore protective clothing, Ina village dedicated to plastics recycling, Puckett found young women sting on a concrete floor, bashing com: puter housing to pieces with hatchet, Primitive grinders reduced those bis to lentilsize fragments, which children then sifted through and sorted by color. Those were fed cember 2001, American environmen- stein ten mos ivist Jim Puckett traveled to the ‘was zero ventilation in that room,” he says. “Those i i i women were breathing hydrocarbons all day long. of Guiyu in southeast China to look Plastics have nasty things in them like brominated flame for old computers. Hed learned that elec- setaxians, and when you burn them, you gta whole tronic waste from the West was finding ‘cocktail of cancercausing stuf.” Pucket estimated that just more than half ofthe ma its way to Guiyu, and the place apparently exiai processed in Guiyu actualy got reels, judging ‘By Paul Kvinta| ‘Photographs by Cody Pickens wasn't what it used to be. For centuries, omits esi ete leaded pe aatrsreiee residents of Guiyu’s four villages had Kctcwste gh eal ed liam tle scratched out a living farming rice along _190:imes higher than the World Health Organization's the Lianjiang River. When Puckett arrived, | sld#inesfrsafe drinking water. ne soi th ot ‘of chromium was 1,338 times higher than the EPA's one of the first things he saw was a Man | environmental risk standardTHE GARBAGE MAN 03.14 Puckett works for Basel Action Network (BAN), a group that monitors the export of hazardous waste. In 2002, BAN produced a film about his trip cle Exporting Har: The HighTech Thing of Ais povied heit | substantial documentation of American ewaste dumping in the developing ‘world. Shorly afer its release, a man named Mike Biddle sat down to watch it Biddle had been suspicious about the fate of American ewaste for some time, chemical engincer, he had spent years making plastics forall kinds of products but in 1992, he reversed course and started focusing on how to uunmake them. Inthe world of recycling, “mixed plastics” (everything beyond ‘water bottles, milk jugs, and plastic bags) were considered a dead end. While | small percentage of mixed plastics were “downcycled” from high-end prod: ucts like computers to lowend goods like lowerpots and drainage tls, most ended up in landfil, i But by the time he saw Pucket's film, Biddle had quietly achieved what ‘most thought impossible: He had discovered how to separate certain mixed | plasties completely. This was no mere down-eyting, Biddle could take the plastic from, say laptop, reduce ito its purest form, and sll it back to a ‘computer company to make another laptop. What's more, at his facility in| Richmond, California, Biddle could produce recycled plastic with as tle as 10 percent of the energy required to make virgin. In a world where people 240,000 plastic bags every 10 seconds, where passengers on U.S. aieines | ‘consume one milion plastic cups every six hours, where consumers in total discard more than 45.5 million metric tons of plastic annually, closing the loop on production and recycling could reduce global dependence on oi the source material fo virgin plastic, It could conceivably influence not only the price of ol, but global flows of trade as well. And it could dramatically | explains why we're standing before a mountain of scrap at reduce the wholesale smothering of communities across Asia and Aftica with | one of EMR’s London facilites. Biddle's plants actualy hazardous ewaste. I Biddle could convince people to give him waste rather | 241.35 km north, but the first step in his reeyeling process cinerators othe ocean. than dump it around the globe, he could conceivably change the world. happens here, with a bone shaking piece of equipment the Metso Lindemann EtaShred Zerdiratr: OU WANT TO SEE A CAR get shredded in 20 ut in the yard, we watch as three yellow cranes seconds?” Biddle asks me as we gear up in hard hats and_| snatch and fling old BMWs and Audis onto a conveyor a" steeHtoed boots and prepare to troop out into ascrap- | belt that rses three stories toward the 2.4meter-wide yard in an industrial suburb of London. Ido, absolutely. | maw of the shredder. Steam billows from the opening. But the February morning is cold and damp and very _| There's a tremendous roar, and two corrugated rollers English, and when I'd first contacted Biddle, Pd ‘rab the cars, pancake them, and suck them into a anticipated something a bit balmier, maybe a Plastics 101 lesson at his 5,000-horsepower hammer mil, where 16 freeswinging, Richmond plant in the Bay Area. That's when I learned that Biddle’s firm, | 181.4kg stel hammers spin 500 rpms around a rotor, MBA Polymers, doesn’t recycle plastic in the U.S. anymore, The company’s | unleashing hell “It beats them to smithereens, basicaly,” inability to secure a steady steam of source material had forced Biddle to | says Graeme Carus, the EMR representative showing us turn the Richmond plant into a research facility and open three commercial | around. The Zerdirator can shred cars, appliances, and plants abroad, including one in England. It's not that Europe consumes —_| pretty much anything else, It can process 99.8 metric ‘more plastic than the U.S. In 2011, Europe and the U.S. each dispoted of | tons of material per hour. It takes no prisoners oughly 30 million tons of plastic, but Europe recycled more than 25 Giving the beast a wide berth, we approach three percent of that, while the U.S. recycled less than 10 percent. Among distinct piles, each growing taller asthe conveyor drops industrialized nations, the U.S. remains the only county without federal laws that mandate the domestic recyling of clectonis and car. A & result, much ofthat plastic lows offshore to the developing word BIDDLE COULD TAKE THE Europe and parts of Asia, on the othe had, ofr al kinds of oppor PLASTIC FROM, SAY, A nities for someone like Biddle. Directives from the European Union require manufacturers to met specific reeling goals, and Biddle has formed LAPTOP, REDUCE IT TOITS partnerships with various companies to garante him a steady suppl of PUREST FORM, AND SELL plas. In England, he gts most of his material rom the country’ largest ITBACK TO A COMPANY TO metals recycler, a company called European Metal Recyclers (EMR), which MAKE ANOTHER LAPTOP.pieces onto them. The frst pile consists offistsize hunks of steel, uniformly gray, all smoking hot from he recent violence, The second contain ferrous metals such as aluminum and copper, The third pile, known as “shredder residue,” includes everything seplastc, foam, rubber, glass, leather, carpet, k (people haul everything in their cars). Carus explains that within the hammer mill, ricochet and collide until they are reduced to small chunks, which drop through a sorting screen onto @ conveyor belt. The lighter items are vacuumed off while the heavy stuff moves past magnetic separators that pull ‘out the steel. And then all three in these three pi shredd wood and r ateral streams land Carus nods toward the mound of sidue. “We used to landfill that,” he says. ‘Now we send it to Mike. Standing next to the smoldering shredder residue, dirator howling in the background, Bid seems out of place. An outdoorsman, he’s small and fit and looks a decade younger than his 58 years. For his honeymoon 15 years ago, 5,486.4:meter Kala Patthar in Nepal, affording them 4 spectacular view of Mt, Everest from base camp to summit, He takes extended backpacking trips in the Sierras with his fami and his wife climbed and he tells his two kids: Ge fe got. Use and He views plastics similarly, They are @ nd over, theoretically forever. To not hold that view would be to condone by on what you e. Take personal responsibil cert Biddle receives his ‘RIND Ir The 20 bis these of PROCESS IT reseling them as pellets for usein the trashing of raze atthe heap of shredde garbage. I see an above ground mine smething he loves: nature. Now, as we g esidue, he says, “Most people would look at this pile and see HREE HOURS NORTH OF LONDON, in the former ‘boom bust coal mining town of Worksop, MBA's 18,580-squar ling facility rises like a giant blue barn, The building itself was reeycled from @ rundown glassbottle factory. Biddle and I arrive and stop briefly inthe lobby, where he shows me some slock black desk lamps, He then ushers me to the plant’s cavernous intake bay to ow me what those lamps looked like in a previous life. There's a yedder residue from EMR piled in the corner. Biddle looks it cover. As in mining, the allenge in plastics recy he target material from the many nontarget ones. Biddle’s targets are the five major plastics used in manufacturing durable goods: ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), HIPS (high impact polystyrene), HDPE (high density ‘and Filled PP. Biddle points out the zt dead animals,” he tain of shi ing ie separating polyethylene), PP (polypropylene ‘wood, the foam, the copper wire says, “We get everything.” He plucks out a black fragment that looks like “Tis is rubber tubing,” he says. ‘want to put plastic in those desk lamps, I have to get things like this 99 or it will show up as a defect.” He drops the rubber and me his nowfilthy hands, “I also can’t have any dirt, 3 five target materials must ‘Sometimes plastic ‘can’t have ths in my plastic, If (Once the nonplasties have been eliminated, th sly sep be sorted from the other types of plastic. Unlike metals, which are rated from one another based on different densities, colors, and ‘magnetic properties, plastics have overlapping densities and nearly identical clectrical and magnetic properties. And any type of plastic can come in anycolor. In addition to type, the plastics must be separated by property. Some plastics are flame retardant, thers aren't, Some are reinforced, All ofthis is further complicated by the many costings and dyes manufactur rs apply to plastics. “I's hard to do,” Biddle says. “That's why no ong .occeeee E seage soc ee ‘Sleeps @ fr more active process than 2 socneee once thought. While you're offi the land of 8 rage 2 aanseee Nod your brain and body arehard at work. = fee's what we know so far. 3 a eo i ¢ 5 5 sioge Coe eee cee ee et acceeoe 1 iocsneom . : 8 ws TIME (HOURS) Sharpest aod seston ‘i pressure hime fies Non-RapidfyeMovement i ‘Stage 1 of California, Riverside showed that Transition Scmiistering Grogs to test subjects Hiotest ted | Thetrain cits int slept toinaresse the romber of alee ett crn the mind a he body Ssincescramataly ne 30pm. impression o tipping a fang. Mi Deepest seep muse ctivty slows. Grain actvty Stage 3 Secreaces and the ayes barely move, Deep Sleep TF Soe ving, body tempars- slots. Waking during this stage often ture arops, and both heart rate a leads to grogginese Dsep slp isthe CIRCADIAN RHYTHM: breathing re steady. Bran activity most physically restorative phase and nt for THE SLEEP CLOCK slows, exhibiting regular electrical also may be import waves oalled K-complones, high memarles Last year, ‘Thebody’s clock runs on a roughly 24-hour tune ut external noes Tt leo fafa Pati oacleadlan ryt Tepe stowabarsaolacviy aledsteyp fund bat steal charges enced by the amount of ligt entering the Shoicarporatng nom memores ir aeerease bot dey sleep and. eyes, which trigers cells in the brain to pro 2018 researeers rom the Unversity memory retention duce more ores of the hormone melatonin (which causes drowsiness). Clock genes are Rapid £ye Movement ee ede beset eee cell tre in thabod REM-stage sleeps when most survival. Scientists frm MIT recenty 1n200 researchers at Harvard University reams cour Neary almusces ae Showed tht curing REM, neu demonstrated that a hour circadian shit foratzed, tne eyes move rapidly and ine hippocampus cf rts repay peer ace tekers may bocet flestaiettaprdatr shane get” tnpeneingiosn ery ctr blood sugar alter hormones related to appe all mammals have evolved wih REM foc rewarinaoating that this tite, and increase blood pressure. Bnyuay indeatngitsimportanoe to. stage rantorces learned behav Abbreviated History of What's Keeping Us Awake SSS Thieves Bed bugs Car tratfic Johnny Carson Late Show with David LettermanPeed Quiz: HOW ARE YOU SLEEPING? I you're getting to bed on time ‘and staying there for the recom- ‘mended seven to eight hours, but stil are routinely fatigued, you may have a steep disorder. If you answer yes to any of the following, talk to your doctor Ree ee inne poo EM Seep Foundation 500 people nsx countries, We ae WwW HOURS OF SLEEP NEEDED PERCENT WHONAP MAKETHE BEDDAILY Do you unintentionally fall asleep during the day? Does it take longer than 30 minutes for you to fall To fall asleep at night, do you need pharmaceuticals, “TO FUNCTION BEST | rover Bb “oe hb BE Men are 35% foe) RARELY OR NEVER FALL RARELY OR NEVER RARELY ORNEVER Oo Oo O | ined oO Oo ieeectereum) | ASLEEPauicnLy SLEEPTHROUGHTHENIGHT _AWNAKENFEELING REFRESHED Doyouwake Waainag | the night? O | Tyouwake in the night L do you have trouble going Ne : ae | | backtto steep? steep wmTuTHER SLEEP WITHA PET SLEEP INTHE NUDE Oo Do you have pain that h sleep? In the hour before bed, country most likely to: Reada ‘Use acellphone Drinks soothing "magazine : O [| Doyouhave frequent nightmares? Pees eee eee kar Beene rate them into long-term memory. 3—Violent dreams prepared our eer) of daily life price Serer eee ee eee eee SE TN Rea es ER Seer eee ene) Seer in Prescott Valley. Arizona. “Whether or not that's ever going to be p i gt) py Internet Obesity Phones Bea bugs7 Pore Should You Stay Up Late? ‘So you want to keep bingeing on Netflix, but you need to wake up early tomorrow, ‘What's the worst that could happen? START Be honest How No agers often do you cut Promise? Unbiesy > een shore | | A NO. WHO ARE YOU, MY MOM’ Ape, ‘ Tcan co) | REMEMBER Temorrow il Shar term oprvation a youreprate ke ing rane Saying Amy, teary machinery vate ainoursmeycause | sORFES, | work on projets the some mental Engen Tune of ator a5. 0.05% blood alcohol level. O Stes Byzhouststiea Dur noe tevel of 02% Acite seep ngage mote tose pleas toderensed derivation ‘ italy aed rosie No Have you bee In studies, skppin | “tretiketinood of lagnosed wt coats he iplensant cance art mp ofan ‘xperrcesby 60% Poole “date sk mental less?" pecially vulnerable, but others | ‘mood disorders, | No ‘ Ofsteep cn bos the you overweight or mone itn by 20 trying to lose weight? ~ the following day. No ’ Y Y Resa er erg reer eer ree nen Peers ote reenter Ee eesti enn peer aan Point, please PT MeN Tee ees eee ee ee Ree eee ees rena reee es Seater es crane ere ree aranold del Worst-Case Scenarios: POOR SLEEP HELPS CAUSE CATASTROPHES 1986 CHERNOBYL NUCLEAR MELTDOWr The world’s worst nuclear disaster happened at 123 am. after employees postponed a safety test and then left it tothe night crew to finish. Night shift workers are always at odds with their circadian rhythm, whic puts them at risk of fatigue. 1989 EXXON VALDEZ OIL SPILL: Just after midnight, the Exxon Valdez tanker spilled u million gallons of ollin Alaskais Prince William Sound. The single crew- member on the bridge during the wreck had reportedly been at work for 18 hours, See: 1999 AMERICAN AIRLINES FLIGHT 1420 CRASH: At ten tomidnight,a plane with 139 passengers overshot the run- way at Little Rock National Air port killing 10 and injuring more than a hundred. According to the National Transportation Safety Board, the flight crew's fatigue contributed to the accident.rest WHEN SLEEP GOES TERRIBLY WRONG A Story of Lost Time Chris Stimae was a typical high school freshman: athieto, friendly, into science, He Loved football and hoped to play it in college. But in the winter of 2003, he got flu-like illness, which left him somehow changed. Stimac descended into a dark, foul mod, and he couldrit shake exhaustion, When he wasn't sleeping, hedsitin his room in a confused daze, emerging only to Use the bathroom or eat insatiably. He could devour entre pizzas at once, And if he didn't get exactly what he wanted, he would scream obscenities uncontrollably The episade lasted only a couple of weeks but the symptoms returned about a year later. After that the spells recurred several times a year. Between episodes, Stimac labored through catch-up work and avoided dating, Doctors ran several sleep studies but couldn't figure out what was wrong, Finally, one sug- HE COULDN'T SHAKE EXHAUSTION. WHEN HE WASN'T SLEEPING, HE'D SIT IN HIS ROOM IN A CONFUSED DAZE. he goto the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota, which diagnosed him with a classic case of avery rare sleep disorder: Kleine-Levin Syndrome (KLS), KLS is more common in mates and typically strikes inthe mid-teens, Researchers are aware of only about 700 cases worldwide. There are two main hypotheses for what causes it, says Emmanuel Mignot, a sleep expert at Stanford University. KLS may be an autoim mune or infectious disease, because it often follows an infection and because it waxes and wanes like viral. lUness. Or it may be a metabolio disorder, which would ‘explain the excessive sleep and hunger. Mignot leads a team that is studying about 500 KLS patients to iden tify genes associated with the gisorder. Those genes could help point toa cause and hopefully a treatment The work could also provide some insight into how brain controls basic behaviors lke sleep, appetite, and sex (because hypersexuality can also be a symptom). imac reached college, KLS made him miss too much coursework and so he had to drop out his frashman year. “Tt was wearing me dawn, stressing me ut he says. KLS usually fades in @ person's thirties, Stimac experienced three episodes last year, he's cautiously optimistic they'll soon cisappear. Until then, he's making the most of his time: At 24, he now has a steady job, anew house, and a fiancée. ‘Theapproxinate shumber of known worldwide. Sie seudying about 500 of them for anda cure.tate Pee) A Completely Unscientific Sleep Study HOME GADGET EST, a Many of the Latest fitness trackers also claim ‘tomonitor sleep, so decided to test afew. 1 strapped four of them to my arm 24/7 for a week of self-designed experiments. ‘Some nights, I curbed caf feine, exercised early, and {got to bed on time, Other nights, I suffered from jet lag, stayed up way too late watching Homeland, or experienced the ill effects ‘of too much bourbon, The results were mixed, 3. Fitbit Force SLEEKEST ow it works: In adation Burm algo, and 8 meat og, the cevoe has on altimeter o My tae The t-te, com fontale end straightorward Fit Force was the ony device Tiveonsider wearingin future. But gave me lenteat cares ona night slept realy “Sleep efficiency: Percen How it works: An accor: Comatarthat measures motion tracks bot actvty and rest fineluding sie) An sigorthm fies burned hesod onthe users es, woh, newght and 998 My take: Tho op breske down slecp ine light and deep phases, supposedly based fn smal diferencesn body ‘movement. Yeton night where In notes say Twoke many times, the Up24 claims T slept soundly. 6148.99 Data:s Ease of use: 10 Looks:® Comfort: 10 4, BodyMedia ‘it Lis BEST SLEEP TRACKER How it works: It has sensors for sweat skin temperature, heat lox and an accelerometer My take: Although teny ana arekwaraly placed on my upper frm itwas the most accurate On terrible nights, twas the ony one that came close to. Fellecting how many times 7 woke up. Butt wasn't erect, Claiming 78 percent sleep efficiency" onthe right 1 fle Tseot the best and 90 percent when Thad jet lag. $218 2. Basis B1 BEST SWEAT MONITOR How it works: An acceler ‘ter and sensors tack neat Fate calorie bun, sin trp: tre and perspiration My take: The unt epestealy faled to syne with the app and ‘wobsite and the minimal sleep date dit match how T rally Slept (Butts sweat festive i encourage me to lower the thermostat at right) The tis yar wil evaluate REM and deep sleep as well stesing land turning in bed. $199 Data:2 Ease of uee:2 Looks:s Comfo Plus: ONE APP Sleep apps generally use a tpnene intemal acceler In bed, reqaring you to put your eras and sound 9 morning alarm within a 30 minute range when your sleep Ielightest (forthe east oroony o Wo S18 gamut eartburn scar ata:é§ —“Easeof use: etpectabe fl outof100, 096 Looks: 4 Comfort: 3 NO MORE NIGHTMARES The occasional sweaty bad dream isjust a bother, but five percent of adults have frequent nightmares, which can disrupt sleep enough to interfere with waking life too. And for the 77 million American adults with PTSD, the propor- tion climbs to 71 percent. The American Acade- my of Sleep Medicine recently came out with two official recommen- dations for how to chase away bad dreams, Both are commonly used in veterans hospitals. al Prazosin a bloodpressure drug flap alleviates recurring night ‘mares While the underlying mechanisms are unknown, the ‘medication may work by blocking alin, a chemicil involved the fighe-aright response During the day, patent the nightmare in detallbut give lea happier ending Over tine, the dream Becomes less frequentINSOMNIA Current insomnia drugs typi cally sedate the brain. Suvorexant ‘comes from a new class called orexin-receptor antagonists, whic destabilize wakefulness instead, As a result it won't cause lingering drowsiness, Its now in clinical trials and, pending FDA approval, could be on the market next year. SLEEP APNEA Researchers from the University of Pennsylvania and University of Toronto are working on treatments for sleep apnea that would target ‘motor neurons in the upper airway tokeep it from relaxing and block- ing breathing during steep. (One sible method could be to inhi potassium channels, A drug may be available within fi JET LAG At least four independent research groups have identified ‘molecules that help keep circadian rhythms in syne. Suppressing those ‘compounds in mice enables the animals to adjust to major sleep cyete changes (similar to those caused by crossing time zones ‘or working the night shift), T years, the findings could lead to an anti-jet lag drug for people. Breed pee Corrente rere an EEG device to track Rrra arnt Poe Penner See een Ree eee eee eT A Pry How to Get Better Z’s Knowing what to do is totally different from actually doing it. Tessa Miller at the how- to site Lifehacker suggests these cheats for changing ingrained bad behaviors. These are the six most im- portant things anyone can do for improved shuteye, says Bernie Miller, supervisor at the Sleep Disorders Center at Mayo Clinic in Arizona D> [EXERCISE EARLY, Workout at leat four to six BUILD A WALKING DESK. Elevate your work sutfae and adda treadmill With the machines Speed set 01 mph, you can steadily work ou ddringofice hours 5 [CURB NAPS. Ifyou must nap limit 020 ‘minutes between noon and 4pm. so it wot interfere with your regular sleep NAP STRATEGICALLY. Use poychologst Sara Mednicksonlinenap whee ond the best. time (i's when REM and dep sleep are well proportioned. maximizing the bene ofboth) 9 WATCH THE CAFFEINE. No coe, tea. o other (affeinated pick-meups afternoon. affeine has ahalife of around fivehours and may stayin your system forup 1a ‘BASK IN BLUE LIGHT. Replace coffee breaks ‘with exposure tablueshued lamp or screen. Researchers have found t boosts fecus and accuracy beter thn caffeine > TURN OFF THE TV. Dont fll aseepin front wing television ~its artifical light an ‘TURN ON AN E-READER. Wind down witha (or areal book) Ifyou watch TV et the sleep eee a eer rea ee eee cet Spore ree tee Re Pet eee ee ee ee TY‘SCIENCE | HOW DO WE KNOW OPN Ne leg THE STRUCTURE OF THE PERIODIC TABLE BY ANDREW ROBINSON The periodic table is familiar in classrooms all over the world, but it took a century of scientific endeavour to be fully realised the great physicist Emest Rutherford is famously reported to have said, “All science is either physics or stamp collecting”, to the inrtation of subsequent generations of scientists who were not physicists. Yet when Rutherford was awarded a Nobel prize in 1908 for a physics experiment, the prize was given for chemistry. Rutherford took it with good humour, referring to his “instane ransmutation fom physicist, to chemi” Rutherford played a key part in developing a periodic law governing the chemical clements in the 20¢h Century, and our understanding of elements today is down to both chemistry and physics, The law was discovered 145 years ago this month, in February 1869, by Drnitri Mendeleev and other chemiss. Although he’s regarded as a chemist, Mendeleev spent almost no time searching for the elements in his laboratory. What constitutes a chemical clement has long been debated, and is sill unresolved to some extent The concept ofan element goes back to the ancient Greek philosophers ‘They recognised just four terrestrial clement: earth, water, air and fre. These corresponded with the shapes of the four Platonic solids known to mathematicians: the cube, the icosahedron, the octahedron and the tetrahedron. Thus, the liquidity of water was thought to parallel the relatively smooth shape of the 20-faced icosahedron, while the pain caused by touching fire was exphined by the sharp comers of the tetrahedron. When a fifth Platonic iced dodecahedron, was, solid, the 12 later discovered, Aristotle proposed the existence of a fifth element. It was ‘quintessence’, the celestial aether: Of course, some of the 90 oF so naturally occurring substances we recognise today as elements have bes earlier ~ for example, carbon, copper, gold, iron, lead, mercury, silver, tin and sulphue! These substances were found in an uncombined form known since antiquity or even minerals in which they occurred. For many centuries, alchemists occupied ssily separable from the themselves in attempting to transform the naturally occurring “base” metals, such as iron and lead, into the ‘noble’ metas, gold and silver, without success. In the scornful words of the iniluential natural philosopher Francis Bacon, writing in the 1620s: “Al the philosophy of nature, which is now received is either the philosophy of the G alchemists. The one never fileth to multiply words, and the other ever faileth to multiply gold.” cians, or the other of the Modern matter ‘The modem concept of the chemical clement began to emerge only in the late, 18th Century with the work of the French chemist, Antoine- Laurent de Lavoisier. He is generally regarded as the founder of modern chemistry from the 1770s until his death under the guillotine in 1794. Using quantitative experiments, Lavoisier defined an element empirically as a material substance that was yet to be decomposed into ‘any more fundamental substances. In 1789, the year of the French Revolution, Lavoisier published his»a o> 4 A Cy ow A 83 7 Y TTT Br Ga Bi 2 en omy ie i Ca] 50 | Sb : 51 @ I | 53 si ry 7 y ay Pb Cay ay DT ay Da Dey See at) Pai eis allo them occur naturally PO een ny classified the four elements as fire, water, wind Soe os Cee eee penceSCIENCE | HOW DO WE KNOW ubstan to know’, p79) of several ced 33 simpl Many of these ar ‘elements today ~ the compounds, Wate he metals known since antiquity seven-eighths oxygen by simple chemi appeared to be eighth hydrogen and Nec had the respective atomic weight ortar 23 and 39. Sodium’s atomic weight must therefore lie midway berween plus manganese, molybdenum and led Dalton to assign an atomic weight earth metals calcium, strontium and nd the non-metals carbon, of 1 to hydrogen and 7 to oxygen, by barium, and for the halogens chlorine sphorus, But othi suming water's molecular formu bromine and iodine. Between 1827 nical elements in to be HO. Although Lavoisier’ and 1858, other chemists extended included lime and measured proportions were somewhat Dabereiner's observation d baryta, which are now known accurate, and Dalton’s molecula these triads by adding magnesium to b 1 compounds, and light orm in this particular case was the alkaline-earth metals and fluorine and heat, which belong in physics, erroneous (as everyone now know to the halogens. Oxygen, sulph Hi avoisier__his approach was sound. The relati selenium and tellurium were class correctly rejected the ancient Greek atomic weights of the elements 2s a family; nitrogen, phosphors clement fire and air, would prove crucial, after farther atsenic, antimony and bismuth oon the grounds t had been inement, to the construction of another fail shown to be composed of mor periodic tables in the 1860s fundamental substance A German chemist, Johann Multiple approaches The next step towards classifying Wolfgang Dabereiner, began the in 1858 an Italian chemist, Stanslao the elements was taken by an English process. From 1817, over several years Cannizearo, published a standardise remist, John Dalton, around 1803, he noticed that eriads of elemer list of atomic and molecular weight Dalton assumed that each element haring similar chemical properties He did so by reviv 181 nsisted ofa particular type of so shared a pattern in their atomic hypothesis of hie compatriot, chemist atom ~ an indivisible entity, Usin weights, For instance, the alkali ccum-physicise Amedeo Avogadro, avoisie’s data, Dalton estimated the metals lithium, sodium and potassium ‘conceming gases. Avogidto, unlike i Poe er ee aes De ey ee reg eh ert te ees Cee ge eee eet shuffling the elements both on paper and in his mind, Indeed he may have played a form of soltaie (patience) wit ‘element cars. tual certain that Dera eee Se ee re ts ered asthe missing element ese Co ee aac ‘byincreasing atomic weight. thereby spotting periodic repetitions of chemical Cee ee ee ee ee ge rt ee ee tt ee LE ed Petryheld in Karlsruhe, German Among those attending Dmitri Mendeleev from Russ nd Willian Odling from Great Britain, All three chemists, alo ith two others, ohn Newlands ind Gustavus Hinrichs and a French ologist, Alexandre-Emile Bégu de Chancourtois, proposed different rsions of the periodic table during the 1860s. They investigated pattems in atomic weights, chemic Hinrichs, atomic spectra of ey ments known at cis tim Mendeleev"s propos, whick ‘occurred to him while writing a Russian chemistry textbook tof these six. It was p fully in 1871, altho pears not to have been influenced by proposals had considerable merit, but only Mendeleev’s woul e seeded was that in 1869-71 Mendeleev had made a number f predictions of the existence o unknown elements. He labelled them with the Sanskrit word, eka, meaning aded eka-alumninium, he predicted would have the ato weights 68, 44 and 72, respect The fist of them wat discovere Sea Pater ety Ce eed apprentice. He became a professor atthe University ee td cee Cece a) SOA el et triads of elements with Cees Ca ae) eg Cee Crs Peery Dy eee Care Cer as Ct Peete er Peed ety re ceo oan oor country weaver and the ens Sed esd Ce Md Pee On rete ett ee De ene | eet fees ey eed er Petersburg and then went to Cees Ce eer \woights and chemical Ce See Henry Moseley (1987-1915 ees Secs DG Seta te ety Petey eg ea ee eed Cc ny PetrSCIENCE | HOW a Sah RACAL A aU een NN Cae cs ney Ss te ey Dey peer eo eer eee Pr ‘omic weights are See ad rns ee ny Pe eT ents eee Ly ee ret ee aes eres ee Seg Gallium, the fst of three Cee ney eT teens Cen Se ore Cron) co eect) and collabora Pe ery Antonius van den Broek theoris that an elements nuclear charge Ce Oe Ce eo a eer es te ee | ee ee determined ty tis number; and only around PoyOa) tee ed ces ead Se ee Cee eer Se etry Pree ne ee ery Oe Aso known as relative atomic mass, the Se ee an Ce et which has anatomic weight of approximate Cre oe rere cr mo eee Dee ee ea substances by chemical means. The atoms of a Cre ee ee ee as ‘unknown to Mendeleev, In some 19th clements w Sentury periodic tables, simply numb weight. The concept owes existence to physicists, notably the work of Rutherford and He Moseley in 1911-14, Rutherford discovered the atomic nucleus, wit its positively charged protons, around which negatively charged electrons orbit in a kind of ‘Solar System Moseley followed a suggestion by an economist and amateur physicist Antonius van den Broek, that the number of an element should correspond to its nuclear charge, in By measuring the wav 8 hs of characteristic X-ray spectral lines of many elements, Moseley showed that the wavelengths depended in nber. Emest Rutherford (righ) in his laboratory at Cambridge University was awarded the Nobel Prize in ‘chemistry in 1908 for his work that helped shed light on patterns in the periodic table Ieis atomic number, not atomic weight, which isthe ordering prin of the many versions of the modem periodic table. The reason why atomic weight nevertheless remains a good guide to an element's properties is that parallels increasing atomic number because atomic weight is determined by the protons and the neutrons in the nucleus, As the number of protons rises through the periodic table so sa general rule, does the number of neutrons. Therefore rising atomic number and increasing atomic weight roughly correspond, That said, the physics of the atom illverer Gotnplately predict fit Jhemical behaviour as an element. In the words of The Periodic Table, a .lebrated collection of short stories by Primo Levi, the Italian-Jewish hemist who evaded being g Auschwitz in 1944, ‘one must distrust nd sodium, nearest neighbour alkali metals in the periodic abl ‘can behave very differently under the explosion, the other not. Alluding death in the Holocaust, Levi added: consequences, like a nilroad’s switch points”, [e's an appropriate conclusion to the convoluted history of the most profound discovery in chemistry. © Ime Pere Robinsons we eto of View an interactive periodic table, compiled by the Royal Society of Chemistry > wurrsc.orp/periodic-tableCOR ais cke [20 Runa ‘The Vforever changed the ener) paar ontenes priate Peery (eter ate) Cee eee te Pe ea ae tere) ter oms Pt itl PASS Teta Pea aod eetenrenrern or Rae eos pee rent Sey’ Se eeeieecticd a ed comers) Soe tes ensure eat ag eens Tyed Cemecy re) Prerniy Peek once cor pres eee ee ed reer Colors’ Khatron eres Reirre eed er er 15 YEARS OF TECH O@@@ eer rest coreg irae rere) cori Perna ety cersCreative unlocks the gate to the future of music... Grveted now AIBOS Lost our frst 168 SD cardmis i nea Nee VaN Ee) Pot ree aay Sen acti teat cd ae eee oe) ra) Peeters Poa earpiece oad Sy ad Pre rene tert Pree eens Se ea Saree! Seale eta Re tdieuclokatesoeire Pehl enti Parner eer tn eet ee rns selng by the bucketload, making iPod levelsof renee oe iT ees15 YEARS OF TECH OO@® Nintendo converts cough potatoes into ‘balsa Hag Nintendo Wii eer onal prrtoectnn ers Ce air Cetciad eo ae ed Sea lvaskeriae tan ed Pe ad eer eres Rd at ad Prerion eta Ce ate toplay thesame game the Wi erg Pra Selected forts universal appeal rT Gres Care snr Peete pre eet od