Book:2

Chapter: 4

S/Q/A
1. Who is a Muezzin?
Ans: A muezzin is a man who goes up the tower called minaret five times a day to
call the people for prayer. They must stop whatever they are doing and pray.

2. How did the Moors rule in Spain?

Ans: Moors in Spain taught the rest of Europe plenty of things. Europeans learned
about medicine, mathematics, science, and astronomy, as well as how to navigate
ships, and discovered new painting and building techniques. They also learned
poetry, writing, and thinking. Spain had the best universities in Europe, and students
from all over the world went there to study.

3. Write a short note about Islam in Persia.

Ans: The Arabs began to lose influence in the middle of the 8th century, and Persia
became the leader of Islam. Persia was possibly the world's greatest civilization over
the next few centuries. It had beautiful cities, buildings, and gardens. Many writers,
poets, musicians, artists, doctors, scientists, and inventors were present there.

4. Write a short note about the Quran.

Ans: All of the sayings the angel had told Muhammad (PBUH) were put down in one
book when he died in AD 632. It is now the holy book of Islam called the Quran. It is
so holy that it must never be put on the ground or touch anything dirty. The Quran is
decorated with beautiful writings and designs.

B/Q/A
1. Who is Muhammad (PBUH)?
Ans: Around the year AD 570, Muhammad (PBUH) was born into a poor but noble
household. His mother died when he was six years old and his father died before he
was born. He was raised by his grandfather first, then by his uncle. Khadija, a
wealthy businesswoman, hired him to watch her merchandise caravan. She sent him
a marriage proposal because she was impressed by his honesty and Muhammad
accepted the proposal. Muhammad (PBUH) spent a lot of time thinking about how to
improve or change society. While meditating in a cave at the age of 40, the angel
Gabriel appeared to him and delivered God's message. He had now been appointed
as God's prophet. For the next twenty years, the angel would appear from time to
time with some more words from God, or as Islam calls Him, Allah. All of the sayings
the angel had told Muhammad (PBUH) were put down in one book called the Quran,
when he died in AD 632.

2. What are the five pillars of Islam? Explain them.

Ans: The teachings of Islam are based on the five pillars. These are:
i) Everyone must believe that there is one God and that Muhammad (PBUH) is His
prophet.
ii) Everyone, no matter where they are in the world, must face Mecca and pray at
least five times per day.
iii) Everyone must donate to the poor. A portion of a person's income must be given
to the poor, but good people give more.
iv) During Ramadan, Muslims are not permitted to eat or drink anything between
sunrise and sunset.
v) Everyone who is able should make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their
lives. They must gather, pray at Arafat, worship at the Kaaba, and, if possible,
sacrifice a sheep.

3.Write about the Arabs.

Ans: Islam began in the 7th century AD in what is now Arabia. This is one of the
most difficult places in the world to live in. Arabs were the people who lived in
Arabia. They wandered around the desert, looking for food for their camels and
goats. There were some towns near the coast, the most important of which was
Mecca. The Arabs were always moving, so it was difficult for them to unite as a
people. They did not have a single ruler for the same reason. There were instead
many small rulers of local tribes or towns. The Arabs worshipped many different
gods. These were commonly water and tree gods. Mecca was home to the Arabs'
most important shrine. It was a black stone block known as the Kaaba. Every year
during the sacred month, all fighting was stopped, and many tribesmen travelled to
Mecca. They came to worship their own gods and to have competition reciting
poetry.

4. Write the effects of the civilization of Islam I.

Ans: There were many great civilizations all around Arabia. The Arabs learned from
all of these people, but they also gave a lot to the world through their own civilization.
Some of these were:

Mathematics
The Arabs discovered fractions and decimals. They used numbers that were far
easier to use than the clumsy Roman and Greek numbers. This was a huge help as
trade expanded and merchants had to do a lot of math.

Astronomy
The Arabs studied the stars and created sky maps. They invented instruments such
as the astrolabe, which helped sailors in navigating at sea.

Medicine
Medicine was perhaps the Arabs' most important science. For centuries, their books
were used in Europe. They researched how ancient Greek and Indian doctors
treated diseases. They recreated the various herbs and other drugs that had been
used in ancient times. They cut up dead people to find out how the different parts of
the body worked.

Machines
Many machines were invented by Arabs. Some of these were only for fun, while
others were useful. Later, ideas like gear wheels became very important in Europe
for engineering. A machine for lifting water was used in the 13th century. It was
powered by a waterwheel or an ox.

5. Write the effects of the civilization of Islam II.

Ans: The effects of the civilization of Islam II were:

Buildings
Most Muslims lived in simple houses, but there were many beautiful mosques and
tombs. These structures commonly had domes. Outsides were often covered in
brightly colored tiles with words from the Koran written in various styles. There were
no religious images or statues because Islam forbade them. There were courtyards
with many pillars and arches inside the mosques. Many of these were decorated with
colored tiles.

Gardens
Muslims loved gardens with many flowers, pools of water, and trees, as well as
sitting in a shaded garden listening to poetry or stories being told to the sound of
music.

Poetry, writing and music

Muslims, particularly in Persia and India enjoyed listening to poetry, stories, and
music.

Chapter:5
S/Q/A
1. Write a short note on the results of the crusades.
Ans: The crusades established the first real connection between the East and the
West. For 200 years, Christians lived among the Arabs. The Arabs were excellent
merchants and travellers. They knew everything there was to know about India and
China, and they travelled there to trade. For the first time, Europeans learned about
the great civilizations of the East and the new goods that originate from them.

2. What do you know about the Mongols?

Ans: Many tribes of wild people known as Mongols had lived to the north of China
for hundreds of years. They wandered hundreds of miles of poor grasslands with
their tents and flocks of sheep and goats. They were brutal soldiers who fought on
horseback with powerful bows. They moved so fast that they could beat almost any
regular army of foot soldiers.

3. Who was Genghis Khan?

Ans: In 1206 all of the Mongol tribes united under one leader known as Genghis
Khan. He had conquered all of the lands from northern China to the Black Sea in a
matter of years. Instead of killing them, he taxed everyone. He placed a small tax on
land, salt, iron, and everything else sold. Every year, this brought him large amounts
of silver silk and corn.

4. What did the polos do in China?

Ans: The Polos were the first Europeans to explore Central and Southeast Asia, as
well as China. They displayed that the East had wonderful goods to trade. They
proved that trade routes through Central Asia could transport many goods. They
taught people that Asians were ordinary people, not strange monsters, as many
people believed. Other men were influenced by Marco Polo's book to travel to East
Asia.
B/Q/A
1. Write about the Crusades.
Ans: For Muslims, Christians, and Jews, Jerusalem is a holy city. It was captured by
Islamic soldiers in AD 638. The eastern end of the Mediterranean was conquered by
fierce Islamic soldiers known as the Saracens in 1071. They prevented Christian
pilgrims from travelling to Jerusalem. The Pope summoned all Christian knights in
Europe in 1095 to fight the Saracens and recapture Jerusalem. There were
numerous wars between Europeans and Saracens over the next 200 years. The
Crusades were named after the Christian knights' badge, which was a cross. 'crux' is
the Latin word for cross. Foot soldiers and knights arrived from France, Germany,
and England.

2. Write about Kublai khan.

Ans: Kublai Khan, Genghis Khan's grandson, was born in 1216. In 1260, he was
crowned Emperor and made Beijing his capital. He took over southern China and
established the Youn Yuan Dynasty. His empire was massive. He admired scholars
and welcomed missionaries from various religions to his kingdom. Kublai brought
many Tibetan Buddhist monks with him. He promoted writing, painting, and science
in China, and commissioned the construction of a great observatory in Beijing. Most
importantly, he enjoyed meeting people from various countries and encouraged
Western merchants to return to China through the Silk Road. Goods and ideas
began to flow more freely from Europe to Asia. He passed away in 1294.

3. What did the Europeans learn from the Arabs?

Ans: When Europeans went to Palestine to fight in the Crusades, they learned a lot
from the Arabs.

Science and Mathematics

The Europeans copied the Arabs' maps, which were far superior to their own. They
learned about the ship's compass and astrolabe. The Europeans also started using
Arabic numbers, which were much easier to remember than the difficult Roman
numbers. Europeans learned how to make much stronger steel for weapons.

Things to make life better

The Arabs showed the Europeans many things which make life better. There were
carpets, silks, cotton clothes, mirrors, the first violins, and chess and playing card
games. They learned about new foods such as apricots, lemons, rile, millet, ginger
sesame, and sugar. Previously, Europeans used honey instead of sugar to make
sweets. They desired to spend their money on items that would improve their lives.
More of these good things were desired by the Europeans. This resulted in trade
between the East and the West.

Paper and printing

In the eighth century, the Arabs learned how to make paper from the Chinese. The
Arabs built the first paper mill in Spain in 1100. The Arabs also learned how to make
wooden printing blocks from the Chinese. These printed one whole page at a time.
This helped to spread learning.
Buildings
The Arabs designed their castles in the shape of a circle. One inside the other, there
were two or three rings of walls. These castles were much stronger than European
castles, and many Crusader nobles copied them. The Arabs also taught Europeans
how to operate windmills.

4. Who was Marco Polo? What was his work?

Ans: Niccolo Polo, Marco Polo's father, and his brother Maffeo were merchants in
Venice. They went trading to Bokhara around 1264. They satisfied some men who
had come from Kublai Khan, China's Mongol emperor. These men invited the Polo
brothers to go to China with them. In 1269, the Polos accompanied Marco to China.
He was only 21 when they arrived in Beijing. Marco Polo was a brilliant man. He
studied Chinese languages. The emperor was pleased with him and raised him to
the rank of official. Marco travelled a lot throughout China and Southeast Asia. He
noticed that Kublai Khan was fascinated by strange things that people did in distant
lands. So he wrote down what he saw and mentioned it to the emperor. When he
returned to Beijing. This pleased the emperor greatly, and the Polos, particularly
Marco, grew in importance in China. The Polos returned to the west after seventeen
years and arrived in Venice in 1295. War broke out in 1298 between the two great
cities of Venice and Genoa. In a battle, Marco Polo was captured. He was released
after a year, however, and died in 1324.

Chapter:6
S/Q/A
1. Describe the reasons behind voyages of discovery?
Ans: The Europeans desired more Asian goods. They disliked paying taxes to Turks
and Arabs because it increased the cost of goods. They wanted to find a route to
India and China that did not pass through Islamic territory. Some merchants wanted
to make money by trading goods with the East. The Arabs had taught the Europeans
new things about ships and sailing, making it easier for them to explore. Men were
curious about the rest of the world. They also desired to discover new lands and
goods.

2. Why did the voyages take place?

Ans: Europe was undergoing a transformation in the 15th century. The nobles did
not want to fight each other as much. They did not need their strong, cold castles to
keep them safe. They desired more comfortable homes and a better quality of life.
They desired more fine silk and cotton clothes. This is why voyages of discovery
took place.

B/Q/A
1. Write about the great explorers.
Ans: Ships from Portugal and Spain made the first voyages of discovery. Because
they faced the Atlantic Ocean, these countries were ideal for trading. Henry the
Navigator, a Portuguese prince, was a great explorer. He encouraged his sailors to
sail further out into the sea, away from land.
In 1487, the Portuguese sailor Bartholomew Diaz sailed south, staying close to
Africa's coast. He had sailed round the 'bottom' of Africa.

In 1492, the Italian sailor Christopher Columbus set out to reach India by sailing west
in a Spanish ship. He thought the world was a ball. He had no idea that America was
located between Europe and Asia. After three months, he arrived on an island known
as the West Indies.

Vasco da Gama, another Portuguese sailor, sailed round the south of Africa in 1498.
He continued northward for a few weeks until he met some Arab sailors who showed
him the way to India. From then, sailors who had travelled by sea from Europe could
keep going on to Southeast Asia and China.

Ferdinand Magellan sailed from Portugal in 1519 with three ships and 234 men.
Magellan and most of his men died on the voyage as they sailed round the south of
America, across the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and round the south of Africa. They
had, however, proven that the world was a ball and that people could sail to the East
by sailing west.

2. Who was Pigafetta and what did he write in his notebook?

Ans: Pigafetta was one of the eighteen men who returned to Spain after a three-year
journey around the world. Many of the events of the voyage were recorded in a
notebook by him. These are some of the things he wrote.

November 1520: For three months and twenty days, the sailors were without water
and fresh food, and they survived on hard biscuits. There was only a powder full of
crawling maggots that had been soaked in rat urine. They drank yellow water that
had been rotting for several days. They ate the leather from the ship's mast as well
as sawdust from the ship's wood. Some sailors caught the rats and sold them for half
a ducat (20$) each.

Travellers’ tales: China's king was the greatest king in the world. When a noble
disobeyed him, he was skinned alive. When the King of China wanted to see his
subjects, he rode around the palace in a massive peacock model with six of his
wives.

Walking leaves: The sailors discovered an island with a bay that was ideal for
repairing their ship. They stayed on the island for 42 days and discovered trees with
living leaves. They walked away after falling from the tree. They had two little feet on
both sides of the leaf near the stem. They lacked blood.

Trading on the island: On this island, they bought a lot of cloves. They received
one bahar of cloves for four brazas of ribbon. They received hundreds of libras of
cloves in exchange for two brass chains. They finally ran out of goods to trade. Then
two sailors went out and sold their own clothes.
3. Why did the Spanish capture black people as slaves?
Ans: Many European diseases, such as smallpox, were brought to America by the
Spanish. Because the Amerindians had never experienced these diseases, it was
much more severe for them. Within a few years, the Inca and Aztec empires had lost
three-quarters of their population. There were no longer enough workers to extract
all of the silver desired by the Spanish from the mines. As a result, they began
capturing black people in Africa and transporting them to America as slaves. Slave
traders from Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, and England made huge profits in
America. Many Americans today are descended from these slaves.

4. How did Cortes occupy the Aztec empire and how did Pizarro occupy the
Ineas?
Ans: Hemando Cortes, a Spanish nobleman, landed in what is now Mexico in 1519
with a small army of 600 men, seven small cannons, and thirteen horses. His army
included an Amerindian tribe that despised the Aztecs. Cortes was given an Aztec
princess who had been sold as a slave to this tribe. He called her Marina. She
assisted the Spaniards in planning their battles with the Aztecs and disease also
assisted Cortes. Some of his men were infected with measles and smallpox. These
diseases were unknown in America. They killed roughly half of the Amerindians.
Cortes captured the Aztec capital in 1521. It was constructed on an island in a lake
and was now known as Mexico City.

Another Spanish nobleman, Francisco Pizarro, sailed from Panama in 1532 to

conquer the Inca empire. He took 200 men, as well as some guns and horses. He
conquered the Inca empire and was extremely cruel. He captured the Inca king, who
offered the Spaniards unlimited gold. They murdered the king after taking the gold.
The Incas were sold as slaves in order to obtain gold for the Spaniards to send back
to Europe.

5. Write the effect of the voyages of discovery.

Ans: The discovery of a sea route to the East had a significant impact on Europe,
influencing increased trade, lower prices, and new types of goods. People began to
build larger and faster ships to transport various goods.

Spices and silks

The main reason for voyages was to search for spices and silks. In the Middle Ages,
only rich people could buy them as both of these items were very expensive. Fine
cotton clothing also came from India, and most people could afford it because the
items were less expensive. Furthermore, many perfumes originated in the east.

New goods

Merchants usually allocated extra rooms on their ships to store their all purchased
goods like spices and clothes. They sometimes brought new goods that Europeans
had never seen before. The two most important products were tea from China and
coffee from East Africa.
Colonies

The Europeans could beat Amerindians easily and take their lands as they did not
have any good weapons and tribes would not join together to fight. On the other
hand, strong emperors with powerful armies existed in Asia, and Europeans were
unable to defeat them. When they felt strong enough, they began to conquer parts of
the land as colonies. In exchange for lands, they would sometimes agree to assist
the ruler in fighting his enemies.

Fragile goods

Carrying fragile goods like porcelain and furniture on the backs of animals along the
land route had been extremely difficult. The majority of them would be broken long
before they arrived in Europe. They could now be transported safely in ships.
Europeans began importing Chinese and Japanese porcelain and selling it at
exorbitant prices in Europe. Asian carpets and furniture were imported.

New ideas

New ideas regarding painting, decoration, building and thinking were brought back
by the sailors and merchants from Asia to Europe. Some western ideas and science
reached China. People in Europe started to know more about the world they lived in.

Book:3
Chapter:2
S/Q/A
1. What were the results of the Agricultural Revolution?
Ans: When one man owned a lot of lands he could do what he liked with it.
Many farmers tried experiments, such as draining the soil to make it richer. They
chose the biggest and best animals and mated them, this made the average size of
the animals higher. The new farmers began to use simple machines in the fields. The
most important was for sowing seed. The crops grew in straight lines and weeds
could be hoed. Later machines were invented for cutting corn and grass. Later still,
steam engines were used on farms for driving machines.
2. What is socialism?
Ans: Socialism is the political idea that wealth, property, and power should be
equally distributed among all people. Everyone should have the same opportunity.
Socialist political parties were formed in order to change the laws and improve living
conditions for all. The first socialist MPs were elected in Britain at the end of the
nineteenth century.

3. What is Revolutionary Road?

Ans: Karl Marx, a German thinker exiled from his home country for his ideas, was
one of the most influential socialists. He published his ideas in his book, Capital
(1867). He proposed a revolution to overthrow capitalism. Then all industries and
businesses would be owned and managed by the people. All profits would be given
to the state and used to benefit the people.

B/Q/A
1. What were the conditions of the Industrial revolution during 1750 in Europe?
Ans: There was no industry as we know it anywhere in the world until the 18th
century. Then came the great changes between 1750 and 1850. Britain was still a
village country in 1750. There were only four towns with populations greater than
20,000. The countryside was home to eight out of every ten people. Much of the
farming was similar to that of the Middle Ages. They only grew enough for
themselves, with little to sell. The majority of people did not travel frequently. When
they did, they had to walk, ride a horse, or take a coach. They were deep in mud in
winter, and hard and dusty in summer. The fastest coaches averaged about 15 km/h,
while most wagons averaged no more than 6 km/h. The majority of goods were
created in people's homes using hand tools or simple machines powered by animals
or water. The craftsman may have had one or two assistants. Everything took a long
time and cost a lot of money. The vast majority of people still belonged to one of two
classes. There were a few wealthy nobles, but the vast majority of people were
workers and peasants.

2. What were the conditions of the Industrial revolution during 1850 in Europe?
Ans: There was no industry as we know it anywhere in the world until the 18th
century. Then came the great changes between 1750 and 1850. Britain was primarily
an industrial country by 1850. There were over a hundred towns with populations
greater than 20,000 people. Cities housed more than half of the population. The
mediaeval system had vanished in the countryside, and there were large new farms
with hedges all around the fields. Moving from one class to another was made easier
by industry. Some ordinary people could become wealthy by working hard and
starting their own businesses. More professionals, such as lawyers, merchants, and
bankers, were required.

3. What were the causes of the industrial revolution?

Ans: During the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, European powers such as Spain,
Portugal, France, Holland, and Britain seized huge areas of land as colonies. They
returned with large quantities of raw materials such as tea, sugar, cotton, tobacco,
spices, silks, furs, and gold and silver. The merchants wanted to take more and more
goods to these foreign countries to trade with them. More and larger ships were
required to transport the goods. The ships required a wide range of equipment,
including guns, ropes, and various metal articles. The old method of making
everything by hand was simply too slow to meet the demands of the merchants and
traders.

The population of Europe, particularly Britain, began to grow in the 18th century for a
variety of reasons. More houses, clothes, furniture, pottery, food, pots and pans, and
other items were required as the population grew. All of this meant that more tools,
iron goods, coal, and buildings needed to be produced. The old method of making all
of these things by hand became too slow and expensive. People had to figure out
how to make them more quickly and cheaply.

Merchants in Europe, particularly in Holland and Britain, were extremely wealthy.

They didn't just want to keep their money, they wanted to invest it in something that
would make them more money. They saw that new methods of producing goods
quickly could bring them huge profits and were eager to assist inventors and others
who appeared to be capable of doing so.

4. What were the negative effects of the industrial revolution?

Ans: Prior to the industrial revolution, most people worked alone or with a few
others, but once factories were established, they had to work together with hundreds
of others. This had a big impact on their lives.

Capital and labour

The majority of the factories in the countries were divided into two groups: capitalists
and workers. The factories were owned by capitalists who had a lot of money to
invest. They hired the workers, who were mostly poor. Workers were paid as little as
possible and forced to work long hours in poor conditions.

Employment of women and children

After the invention of the steam engine, few strong men were required for factories
because it provided the necessary power. This allowed the owner to hire women and
children at half the wage of men. Sometimes factory owners would hire a man who
could bring his wife and several children with him.

Living in cities

Because thousands of people went to work in the factories, large cities grew up
around them. Many streets were narrow and made of earth, with deep holes filled
with filthy water. The dwellings were cramped and overcrowded.
Conditions in the factories

People were frequently forced to work twelve to sixteen hour days in hot, dusty, and
unhealthy factories. They had to keep working as long as the steam engine was
running. There were numerous reports of children who were so exhausted at the end
of the day that they fell asleep and died in the machines.

Workers’ homes

The factory owner usually owned the workers' homes and could charge whatever
rent he wanted. They were extremely small, crammed together, and poorly
constructed. There was frequently a family of five or six in each room, with another in
the cellar. There was frequently only one restroom for every ten or twenty houses.

5. What were the changes after the industrial revolution?

Ans: During the early years of the revolution, the majority of the poor became
significantly poorer and their lives became more miserable. Capitalists became
wealthier, and the gap between rich and poor became wider than ever before. The
system was so unfair that changes were required. These are some of the reasons for
the change.

Growing population

The population grew as a result of more food and gradual improvements, such as
clean water and drains. Britain's population increased threefold between 1800 and
1899. The majority of these people were workers, and their large numbers gave
them more power, especially when they were able to vote.

People meeting

Workers from the countryside did not frequently meet with others to discuss their
working conditions. In the cities, many of them worked in factories together and
discussed wages, working conditions, and hours of work, among other things.

Education

Because the industry required workers who could read and write, more people went
to school. They could, however, read political books and newspapers if they could
read for work. The steam printing press reduced the cost of newspapers. Later, the
electric telegraph quickly delivered news from all over the world, causing people to
reflect on how they were being treated.
Skilled workers

Machines necessitated highly skilled labor. They had increasing power because if
they didn't work or repair the machines, the entire factory would shut down.

Trade unions

Workers began to form trade unions after 1830. Initially, only skilled men such as
engineers could put significant pressure on employers, but as time passed, unskilled
workers gained significant power as well.