NGÔN NGỮ HỌC TIẾNG ANH 1
1. Phonetics (Ngữ âm) vs Phonology (Âm vị học)
Phonetics Phonology
The study of human speech sounds The study of how sounds are oganised
(theory) and used in natural languages
(in reality)
Decribes how sounds are produced Study how these sounds combine and
how they change in combination
2. Vocabulary
Articulators: cơ quan ngữ âm
Organ: cơ quan
Vocal cords: two thick flags (dây thanh quản)
Alveolar ridge: behind the upper front teeth; between the top front teeth and the hard
palate (lợi)
Upper lip + Lower lip Labial
Teeth dental
Tounge: Root; back; front; blade; tip
Palate Palatal: - Hard palate: on the roof of the mounth (ngạc cứng)
- Soft palate (velum): ngạc mềm
Nasal cavity: khoang mũi
Oral cavity: khoang miệng
Vibrate: rung lên
Plottis: the space between the vocal coards (dây thanh môn)
Larynx: the voice box, located in the throat, contains the vocal cords (thanh quản)
Tranchea: khí quản
Windpipe: thông gió
Pharynx: 7 or 8 cm long; at its top end, it is divided into 2: the back of the mouth and
the beginning of the way through the nasal cavity (hầu họng)
Obstruct = block
Free airflow
Vowel all articulators participate in
Consonant the tounge
Vocal coards close Voiceless sound: âm vô thanh
Vocal coards open Voiced sound: âm hữu thanh
LUNGS (go through TRANCHEA) VOCAL CORDS PHARYNX
1. Bilabial consonants (âm môi-môi): /b/, /p/, /m/, /w/
/p/
p cup, pencil, piper, praise, ramp, surprise
pp apple, apply, opportunity, opposite, pepper
Note: hiccough
Slient in psychology, receipt, cupboard,
/b/
b bike, brain, fibre, hubris, jibe, tube
m amber,
mm
mb
mn
w
wh
qu (-/kw/)
u (after g,s)
2. Labial-dental consonants (âm răng môi): /f/, /v/
Lower lip (active) + upper teeth (passive)
3. Dental consonants (âm răng): /
Upper teeth (passive) + tongue tip (active)
4. Alveolar consonants (âm lợi): /t/, /d/, /n/, /z/, /s/, /l/
Alveolar ridge (passive) + touge
5. Post/ Palato-alveolar consonants (âm ngạc lợi): /
6. Palatal consonant: j
Hard palate + tonge front
7. Velar consonants (ngạc mềm): /ng/, /g/, /k/
8. Glottal consonant
MANNER OF ARTICULATION
Nasal consonants
/m/
/n/
/ng/
Plosives
/p/ /b/
/t/ /d/
/k/ /g/
Fricatives consonants=continuant
Affricates
Lateral
Approximants
FORTIS AND LENIS CONSONANTS
Plosives (âm bật) Fricatives (âm sát) Affricates (âm tắc sát)
Fortis /p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /s/ /ʃ/ /θ/ /tʃ/
(bật mạnh)
Lenis /b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /z/ /ð/ /ʒ/ /dʒ/
(nhẹ hơn)
Fortis Lenis
Voiceless Potentionally voiced
Slightly longer than lenis Slightly shorter than lenis
Shortening preceding vowels Strengthen and lengthen preceding
vowels
More muscular effort and greater breath Less muscular effort and less breath
force force
Stronger articulation Weaker articulation
VOWELS
1. Definition: produce out of mounth freely, not abtructed
2. Classification
- Vowels can classified according to three variables:
+ How high or low the longue is
+ Which part of the tounge is highest
+ Degree of lip rouding (độ tròn môi)
2.1. Tongue height
High vowels Low vowels Mid vowels
/i:/ /u:/ /ʌ/ /æ/ /e/ /ɔː/
/ɪ/ /ʊ/ /ɒ/ /a:/ /ə/ /ɜː/
Front vowels Back vowels Central vowels
/ɪ/ /i:/ /e/ /æ/ /u:/ /ʊ/ /ɒ/ /ɔː/ /a:/ /ə/ /ɜː/ /ʌ/
Rounded vowels Unrounded vowels
/u:/ /ʊ/ /ɒ/ /ɔː/
Tense vowels Lax vowels
/ɪ/ /ʊ/ /ʌ/ /æ/ /e/ /ɒ/ /ə/
DIPTHONGS
1. Definition
2. Classification
DIPTHONGS
Centring (ending in /ə/) Closing
Fronting (ending in /ɪ/) Backing (ending in /ʊ/)
1. Aspiration of stops: voiceless stops (p, k, t) are aspirated when they are only
thing in the onset of a stressed syllable
EX: phɪp, thest, khɪk
2. Obstruent devoicing: lenis consonants (p, d, g, v, z, ð, dʒ, ʒ) preceded by a
voiceless sound or silence or followed by a voiceless sound or silence are
devoiced (these retain full voicing when they are surrounded by voiced sounds)
EX:
3. Devoicing of approximants (w, l, n, j) when they occur after initial fortis
plosives (p, k, t) in the onset of a stressed syllable
4. Velarization (l): l is velarised after a vowel or before a consonant (the back of
the tongue rises toward the soft palate (the velum)
5. Dentalization of alveolar (d, t, n, l) except (s,z) are dentalised/ advanced to
dental when preceding dental fricatives
- Retraction and advancement of velar
+ Velar are retracted (backed) before back vowels and w
+ Velar are advanced (fronted) before front vowels and j
