1 Field Visit

Points to Remember:
• An important study method in Geography Field visit
• Geographical concepts can be directly experienced through Field visit
• Material to be carried during a field Notebook, Pen, Pencil, Scale, tape, compass,

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binoculars, bag, first aid kit, camera, specimen, questionnaire etc.

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• Field visit helps us to get information of a place through Observation

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• The information collected during field visit is compiled together a Field report

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• Traditional houses built by a specific method using mud and wood Dhabyaach Ghare

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• A large reservoir of fresh water Lakes

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• A barrier constructed to hold back water and raise its level, forming a reservoir Dam
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• Meaning of words Vanrai and Devrai Woodlands and Sacred groves,
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• A dense well-managed plantation generally on the outskirts of village Devrai
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• The alternate rising and falling of the sea usually twice in each lunar
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day at a particular place, due to attraction of moon and sun Tides

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• The application of controlled amounts of water to plants at needed intervals Irrigation

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• The plantation of trees to increase rainfall specially in mountainous regions Vanrai

• Exploration of relationships and connections between Geographical Concept
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people and both natural and cultural environment

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Q.2. (A) Statistical data:

MASTER KEY QUESTION SET – 1
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Sahyadri Devrai Locations

Q.1.
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(1) Village Wagholi

(1) What was the intention behind arranging a field
visit? Taluka Chalisgaon
Ans. The main intention of arranging a field visit was District Jalgaon
to experience the changes occuring in the soil,
vegetation and human settlements as we travel. Number of trees planted 18,000

(2) What are multi purpose projects? (2) Village Mhaskewadi

Ans. Taluka Parner
(i) Projects which serve more than one purpose are District Ahmednagar
called as Multipurpose projects.
Number of trees planted 10,000
(ii) Multi Purpose projects are planned for
various purpose like irrigation and hydro (3) Village Ekburji Waghalgaon
power generation, water supply for drinking Taluka Gangapur
and industrial purpose, flood control, navigation etc.
District Aurangabad
Number of trees planted 20,000
(1)
2 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

(5) Vanrais
(4) Village Diwadi
Ans.
Taluka Maan
(i) Van - means forest.
District Satara (ii) The plantation of trees to increase rainfall
Number of trees planted 15,000 specially in mountainous regions is called a
Vanrai.

Q.2. (B) With the help of given statistical data,
Q.3. Give Reasons:
answer the following questions:
*(1) Pulses grow well in places where there is less
(1) What is the information about?
rainfall. (Textbook Page No. 2)
Ans. The information shows the statistical data of the
Ans.
plantation in villages, i.e. – Devrai
(i) Extreme weather events during growing and
(2) Names the villages mentioned.
harvesting seasons can cause serious damage to
Ans. The villages mentioned are Wagholi, Mhaskewadi,

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crops.
Ekburji, Waghalgaon and Diwadi

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(ii) Pulses are very sensitive to torrential rain, especially
(3) Which district has planted maximum number

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in the early vegetative stage and flowering.
of trees? (iii) A high quantity of rainfall can cause disease

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Ans. Ekburji, Waghalgaon village in Aurangabad district infestation in crops.

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has planted the maximum number of trees. Hence, pulses are grown in places where there is

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less to moderate rainfall.

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Q.3. Explain the following terms:
*(2)
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(1) Devrai difference in the means of livelihood.
Ans. (Textbook Page No. 6)
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(i) Devrai is a dense but well managed plantation, Ans.
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generally on the outskirts of villages.

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(i) A person's livelihood refers to their "means of

(ii) Devrai is a pretty old concept and references can securing the basic necessities-food, water, shelter
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be found in old literatures. and clothing - of life."

(iii) The famous Devrai of Maharashtra is Sahyadri
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(ii) To acquire above necessities, people work either

Devrai. individually or as a group by using skills (both
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(2) Tides human and material) for meeting the requirements

Ans. The alternate rising and falling of the sea, usually of the self. The activities are usually carried out
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twice in each lunar day at a particular place, due repeatedly. For instance, a fisherman's livelihood
to the attraction of the moon and sun are called depends on the availability and accessibility of
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tides. fish.
(3) Irrigation (iii) So, definitely the regions and necessities influence
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Ans. the difference in the means of livelihood.

(i) The application of controlled amounts of water to
plants at needed intervals is called as irrigation Q.4. Answer in Detail:
(ii) Irrigation helps grow agricultural crops, maintain *(1) Make a report on your field visit.
landscapes and revegetate disturbed soils in dry Ans. [Students to use the following points for Report
areas and during periods of less than average making]
rainfall. (i) Introduction
(4) Geographical Concept (i) Location and Route map
Ans. (iii) Natural features
(i) It helps the exploration of relationships and (iv) Climate
connections between people and both natural (v) Plant and Animal Life
and cultural environment. (vi) Human Settlements
(ii) It provides a frame work that geographers use to (vii) Occupations
interpret and represent information. (viii) Land use and Type of crops
(ix) Important Historical places
(x) Environmental problems
Field Visit 3

*(2) Prepare a questionnaire for a field visit to a *(5) Outline the importance of field visit.
factory. (Textbook Page No. 8) Ans.
Ans. A questionnaire for a field visit to a factory will (i) Geography is a science to be learnt through
be as follows : observation.
(i) Which product is manufactured in the factory? (ii) Field study gives us an opportunity to get
(ii) What are the raw materials used to make the final firsthand information of the place of visit.
goods ? (iii) Students learn the relationship between physical
(iii) Where do the raw materials come from? and cultural factors and how man adapts himself
(iv) In which market is the final product sold ? accordingly.
(v) How many people are employed in the factory ? (iv) They also learn to compare the areas and their
(vi) Do you have shifts for your employees ? What are activities.
their timings ? (v) They develop the skill of observation and
(vii) What safety measures do you adopt for your staff reasoning.
? (vi) They get an opportunity to interact with the local

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(viii) What precautions have been taken to prevent a people and understand their problems.
fire hazard ? (vii) Students develop the feeling of belonging to

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(ix) What precautions have been taken to prevent or these regions.

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reduce environmental pollution ?

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DISCUSS (Textbook Page No. 1)
*(3) How will you manage the litter during the field

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visit? If you were a part of field visit, what preparations

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Ans. would you make ?
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(i) It is our special responsibility to ensure that the Suppose teachers ask you to plan the visit. How will
cleanliness and sanctity, of the place of visit is you plan the details of the trip?
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maintained during the visit. Ans. One needs to understand the current climatic
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(ii) During field visit, we must ensure that we do not

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conditions, it is especially important to plan

throw any trash or litter around us. carefully for all contingencies.
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(iii) We must use the dustbins for throwing empty (i) Decide where you are going and why.
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packets of snacks, empty water bottles, left-over (ii) Search on the internet for details as to how to reach,
food items etc. time required etc. Gather all the information as to
(iv) Also one must try to keep surrounding clean by
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what can be seen.

segregation of wet and dry waste. (iii) Ask Your administrator about the budget.
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(v) We can also avoid usage of plastic bags and (iv) Arrange for transportation.
instead can make use of jute or cloth bags. (v) Decide on a food plan.
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*(4) What items will you take with you for the field (vi) Plan the day's schedule.
visit? (vii) Take necessary permissions in case of visit to a
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Ans. If I were to do a field visit. I would have carried factory or dam.

the following things. (viii) Make a list of items required. e.g. Water bottle,
(i) Notebook book, pen, binoculars, compass, map, camera,
(ii) Pen cap etc.
(iii) Pensil
(iv) Ziplock bags to collect samples ACTIVITY
(v) Camera (Textbook Page No. 2)
(vi) Binaculars (a) What precautions will you take continuously
(vii) Magnetic compass during the field visit?
(viii) Map of the place Ans. Few of the precautions/points to be taken
(ix) First aid kit continuously during the field visit are
(x) Information booklet about the place to be visited (i) Not down information gathered immediately in
(xi) GPS enabled mobile phone the book.
(xii) Cap (ii) Preserve the book and samples collected carefully.
(xiii) Water bottle, etc. (iii) Take photographs of sites/people wherever
necessary during the field visit.
4 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

(iv) Safeguard the natural surroundings and the (b) 'Vegetation is an indicator of difference in
historical monuments during the visit. precipitation'. What are the other indicators of
(v) Ensure that the students are engaged so as to difference in precipitation?
prevent any mishaps. Ans.
(b) Collect more information about mud and wood (i) Crops grown in a particular region can be one of
houses. (Dhabyachee ghare) the indicators of precipitation.
Ans. (ii) Rising temperature, increasing droughts, the
(i) Dhabyachee ghare or mud and wood houses amount of water in lakes, rivers and streams
are made of earth mixed with water and organic indicate the difference in precipitation.
materials such as straw or dung. The roof is made (iii) Texture and colour of the soil, humidity in the air
up of wood. etc. are indicators of precipitation.
(ii) Straw is useful in binding the brick together (iv) As temperatures rise, more people will need to
and allowing the brick to dry evenly, thereby keep cool by using air conditioning, which uses
a lot of electricity. So, consumption of energy is

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preventing cracking due to uneven shrinkage

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through the brick. Dung offers the same another indicator of precipitation.
(v) Animal life can also be affected. If the climate is not

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advantage.
(iii) These houses are built in the low rainfall areas of suitable -too wet, too dry, or too cold in winter, -

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Maharashtra e.g. Vidarbha, Marathwada. (plants and the animals that depend upon them for

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(c) Correlate pulse cropping with low rainfall. food or habitat) will struggle or die.

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Ans.

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(i) Pulses like tur, udad, chawli, gram etc are grown ng (Textbook Page No. 4)
in the low rainfall areas of Maharashtra. (a) How will the terrain below appear to the birds
(ii) Pulses use less water than other crops. in the sky?
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(iii) They increase soil health as the rhizobium bacteria Ans.
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found in its roots help in nitrogen fixation thus The birds flying in the sky will be able to see
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increasing soil fertility. almost the whole land in a single view. They will
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(iv) Pulses also take lesser time to grow as compared also see the uneveness of the land. To them every
object will look very small in size.
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to the other crops.

Thus pulses and low rainfall are directly related
with each other. (b) Out of which process has the plateau of
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(Textbook Page No. 3) Maharashtra formed? What is the main type of

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(a) Obtain information regarding multi-purpose rock seen here?

projects. Ans.
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Ans. (i) The Deccan plateau was formed due to the

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Today, dams are built not just for irrigation but for volcanic eruptions.
(ii) The Deccan Plateau is made up of basalt extending
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electricity generation, water supply for domestic

and industrial uses, flood control, recreation, up to Bhor Ghats near Karjat. This is an extrusive
inland navigation and fish breeding. igneous rock. Also in certain sections of the
Hence dams are referred to multipurpose projects region, we can find granite, which is an intrusive
where many uses of the collected water are done. igneous rock.
For e.g., Bhakra Nangal Multipurpose project on
River Satluj Jayakwadi Multipurpose project on
River Godavari etc.
Field Visit 5

Gather information about forts. Consider the following points for it. (Textbook Page No. 5)
Determination of location, period of construction, construction style and security mechanism.
Ans.
Sr. No Name of Fort Determination of location Period of Construction style and
construction security

Jala-durga Antardvipa-durga (island fortress): 12th to 16th Since these forts are
1. (Water fort) surrounded by natural (sea or river) century surrounded by water
water bodies. E.g. Murud-Janjira. it can not be easily
Sthaladurga (plain fortress): surrounded Late Medieval invaded
by artificial moats or irrigated by a river period

Dhanvana or Surrounded by an arid area of at least These forts have thicker

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2. Maru-durga 5 yojanas (area span of 73 km) 1156 AD outer boundaries as

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(Desert Fort) compared to other forts

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3. Giri-durga (I) Located on a flat hill summit. E.g. Medieval These forts are

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(Hill fort) forts such as Chittor, Gwalior and Period located on a hilly

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Ranthambore. terrain surrounded by

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Giri-parshva-durga: The fortifications and valleys.

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civilian structures extend down to the
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hill slope (not just the summit).
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Guha-durga: Located in a valley
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surrounded by hills, where the outposts

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and the signal towers are located.

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4. Vanadurga Surrounded by a dense forest over a 11th Century These forts are located
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(Forest fort) distance of at least 4 kroshas (14.6 km). in dense forest.

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Khanjana-durga, built on a fen

surrounded by thorny forests.
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Sthambha-durga, built in the forest

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among tall trees; lacks sufficient water

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sources.
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5. Mahidurga Mrid-durga: surrounded by earthen 17th to 19th These forts were erected
(Earthen fort) walls. Century at the junction or on
the bank of rivers.
Canals, large tanks
(dighis), moats (nalas)
and ditches were
provided to strengthen
the defence system
in keeping with the
physiography and
topography of the land.
6 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

Parigha-durga: Surrounded by earthen

walls, as well as stone or brick walls. The
walls are atleast 5.4 m high and their
width is half of their height.
Panka-durga: Surrounded by fens or
quicksand
6. Nridurga Defended by a large number of loyal 16th Century Defended by a large
(Human fort) and experienced warriors. Usually a number of loyal and
city fortress, populated by a substantial experienced warriors.
garrison.

(Textbook Page No. 6) (ii) Do not wear expensive watches and jewellery

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(a) Do you agree that regions and necessities when going to the sea coast.

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influence the difference in the means of (iii) If you want to avoid traveller's diarrhoea then

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livelihood? avoid sea food if you think it's not hygienically
prepared.

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Ans. Yes, I agree that means of livelihood is influenced
by the regions and necessities (iv) Do not drink tap water and drinks with ice. Use

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only bottled water.

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(i) Differences in the regions develop due to
difference in quality of land, climate, soil, animals (v) Avoid foods and beverages from street vendors.

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and usage of technology. (vi)
ng Do not eat undercooked food or meat or fish.
(ii) Primary, Secondary and Tertiary occupation Moreover, avoid food that is left at room temperature.
develop due to these differences. (c) What is the simplest method of understanding
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Thus region and necessities influence the difference in the timings of tides? (Textbook Page No. 7)
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the means of livelihood Ans.

(b) Guess which season of the year is the field visit (i) Tides are defined as the rise and fall of sea levels,
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being undertaken? caused by the combined effects of gravitational

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Ans. The following points tell us that the field visit forces of the Moon, the Sun and the rotation of
had been undertaken in the rainy season. Earth.
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(i) Paddy fields were visible. (ii) The difference between the high and low tides
(ii) The waterfalls in the Sahyadris. determines the "tidal range", the depth of water
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in any one spot throughout the day.

(iii) This tidal range typically changes twice daily,
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(Textbook Page No. 7)

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since the lunar high tides occur every 12 hours

(a) What is the concept of Devrai?
and 25 minutes, which means that it takes six
Ans. Nature worship is an age old tribal belief.
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hours and 12.5 minutes to go from high tide to

(i) It is based on the understanding that all creations
low tide or vice versa.
of nature have to be protected. Such beliefs have
preserved several virgin forests in pristine form
(Textbook Page No. 8)
called Devrai or Sacred Groves.
(ii) These patches of forests or parts of large forests (a) What type of photographs will you click with
have been left untouched by the local people and respect to the field visit?
any interference with them is banned. Ans. If the purpose of the filed visit is to study relief,
vegetation and human settlements etc of a
(b) What precautions have to be taken while going
particular place.
to the sea coast? (Textbook Page No. 7)
Ans. The following precautions must be taken while (b) On the basis of which points will you write the
going to the sea coast: tour report? (Textbook Page No. 8)
(i) Sun exposure at the sea is quite high. So, bring Ans. The report is written on the basis of following
sunglasses and a hat to beat the sun's rays as it points:
can cause sunburn. Place of visit, Time of visit, Objective of visit,
Observations, Note taking, Photography,
Conclusions.
Field Visit 7

ASSIGNMENT - 1
Time : 1 Hr. Marks : 10

Q.1. Explain the following terms: (4)

(1) Devrai (2) Vanrais

Q.2. Give Reasons: (4)

(1) Pulses grow well in places where there is less rainfall.

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Q.3. Answer in Detail: (2)

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(1) Outline the importance of field visit.

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 2 Location and Extent

Points to Remember:
• The second largest populated country in the world India
• India is known for its Spices
• This country known as the ‘coffee pot’ of the world Brazil
• The samba dance is a distinct feature of this country Brazil

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• Capital of India New Delhi

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• Capital of Brazil Brasilia

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• The southern most tip of India is called as Indira Point

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• Indira point is located on 6°45’N Parallel

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• Number of States in India are 29

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• India got independence from British rule ng 15th August 1947
• Brazil got independence from Portuguese rule 7th September 1822
• The type of government in India and Brazil is Republic
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• India is located in Northern and Eastern hemisphere

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• In the continent of Asia, India is located in Southern part

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• Most of Brazil is located in Southern Hemisphere

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• In context of the Prime Meridian, Brazil is located in the Western hemisphere

• In the continent of South America, Brazil is located in the Northern part
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• Important latitude passing through the middle of India Tropic of Cancer

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MASTER KEY QUESTION SET – 2

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(4) India is located in the .............. part of the Asian

continent.
Q.1. Choose the correct option and rewrite the
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(a) southern (b) northern

statements:
(c) northeastern (d) western
(1)
The second largest populated country in the
(5) Brazil gained independence in .............. .
world is .............. .
(a) 1890 (b) 1980
(a) China (b) Brazil
(c) 1822 (d) 1820
(c) India (d) Russia
(6) Capital of Brazil is .............. .
(2) Brazil is famous for .............. type of dance form.
(a) Kabul (b) Kaula Lumpur
(a) Salsa (b) Samba
(c) Brasilia (d) Monaco
(c) Ballet (d) Tango
(7) Capital of India is .............. .
(3) The Country known as the ‘Coffee pot’ of the
(a) Patna (b) New Delhi
world is .............. .
(c) Dispur (d) Chandigarh
(a) Brazil (b) India
(c) China (d) Pakistan

(8)
Location and Extent 9

(8)India was under .............. rule for almost one and *(17) Considering hemisphere, which shape correctly
a half century. represents the hemisphere in which India lies?
(a) Portuguese (b) African S. N.
(c) Russian (d) British N.
(9) For more than a half century, Brazil was under a
.............. government. S.
(a) Populist military N. S.
(b) Monarchy (a) (b) (c) (d)
(c) Constitutional government *(18) Considering the hemisphere, which correctly
(d) Dictatorial represents the hemisphere in which Brazil mainly
lies?
(10)
Most part of mainland Brazil lies in the ..............
S. N.
hemisphere.
N.
(a) northern (b) southern

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(c) eastern (d) northwestern

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(11)
Brazil was ruled by .............. imperial power

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S.
which also ruled a part of India. N. S.

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(a) Portuguese (b) British
(a) (b) (c) (d)

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(c) Indonesia (d) Pakistan
Ans. (1) India (2) Samba (3) Brazil (4) southern

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*(12) India’s southernmost point is known as .............. . (5) 1822 (6) Brasilia (7) New Delhi (8) British
(a) Lakshadweep (b) Kanyakumari

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(9) Populist military (10) southern (11) Portuguese
(c) Indira point (d) Port Blair
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*(13) These two countries in South America do not (15) (d) (16) (c) (17) (c) (18) (b).
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share their borders with Brazil .............. .
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(a) Chile-Ecuador Q.2. Match the column:

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(b) Argentina Bolivia (1)

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(c) Columbia – French Guiana Group A Group B

(d) Surinam Uruguay
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(i) Dance form of Brazil (a) Brazil

*(14) Both the countries have .............. type of (ii) Capital of India (b) Samba
government.
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(a) Military (b) Republic (iii) Capital of Brazil (c) New Delhi
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(c) Communist (d) Presidential (iv) Coffee pot of world (d) Brasilia
*(15) Which of the following shapes show the coastal
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(e) Bangladesh
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part of Brazil correctly?

(f) Myanmar
Ans. (i - b), (ii - c), (iii - d), (iv - a)
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(a) (b)
(2)
Group A Group B
(i) Country to the south of (a) China
(c) (d) Brazil
(ii) Sea to the west of India (b) Uruguay
*(16) Which of the following shapes show the coastal
part of India Correctly? (iii) Second largest populated (c) Arabian sea
country
(a) (b) (iv) Imperial power ruling Brazil (d) India
(e) Portuguese
(f) Japan
(c) (d) Ans. (i – b), (ii – c), (iii – d), (iv – e)
10 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

Q.3. (A) Answer the following questions in one (17) In which hemispheres is India located?
sentence: Ans. India is located in the northern and eastern
(1) Which is the second largest populated country hemispheres.
in the world? (18) What type of government does Brazil have today?
Ans. The second largest populated country in the Ans. Today, Brazil has Federal Presidential Republic
world is India. type of government.
(2) Which country is called the ‘Coffee pot’ of the (19) What type of government does India have
world’? today?
Ans. Brazil is called the coffee pot of the world. Ans. Today, India has Federal Parliamentary Republic
(3) Which dance form is famous in Brazil? type of government.
Ans. Samba is the famous dance of Brazil. (20) Where does the name Brazil come from?
(4) What is the capital of India? Ans. The name Brazil comes from ‘Pau Brasil’, a local
Ans. The Capital of India is New Delhi. wooded tree.

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(5) When did India gain Independence?
Q.3. (B) Name the following:
Ans. India got independence on the 15th of August 1947.

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(1) The second largest populated country in the
(6) When did Brazil gain independence?

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world.
Ans. Brazil gained its independence on the 7th of

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Ans. India
September 1822.

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(2) The country famous for its spices in the world.
(7) Which countries are located to the north of Brazil?

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Ans. India
Ans. Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana ng
are situated to the north of Brazil (3) The country known as the ‘coffee pot’ of the
world.
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(8) Which countries are located to the west of Brazil?
Ans. Brazil
Ans. Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina
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are situated to the west of Brazil. (4) Famous dance form of Brazil.
Ans. Samba
(9) Which countries are situated to the south of Brazil?
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Ans. Uruguay is situated to the south of Brazil. (5) Hemispheres in which India is located.
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Ans. Northern and Eastern hemispheres.

(10) Which ocean lies to the east of Brazil?
Ans. North and South Atlantic Ocean lies to the east of (6) Continent in which India is located.
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Brazil. Ans. Asia

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(11) Which countries are situated to the east of India? (7) What is the Latitude extent of India?
Ans. Myanmar and Bangladesh are situated to the east Ans. 8°4’N to 37°6’N
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of India. (8) What is the longitudinal extent of India?

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(12) Which countries are situated to the north of India? Ans. 68°7’E to 97°25’E
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Ans. China, Bhutan and Nepal are situated to the (9) Under whose rule was Brazil for more than
north of India. three centuries?
(13) Which sea lies to the west of India? Ans. Portuguese.
Ans. Arabian Sea lies to the west of India. (10) Independence day of Brazil.
(14) Which countries lie to the south of India? Ans. 7th September 1822.
Ans. Srilanka, Maldives and Indonesia lie to the south (11) Type of Government in Brazil from 1930 to 1985.
of India. Ans. Populist Military Government.
(15) What is the location of southernmost tip of India? (12) What is the latitudinal extent of Brazil?
Ans. The location of southernmost tip of India (Indira Ans. 5°15’N to 33°45’S.
Point) is 6°45’ N parallel. (13) What is the Longitudinal extent of Brazil?
(16) According to the equator, in which hemisphere Ans. 34°45’W to 73°48’W
is Brazil located?
Ans. Some part of Brazil lies in the northern
hemisphere, while most of it lies in the southern
hemisphere.
Location and Extent 11

Q.3. (C) Distinguish between: Q.4. Give geographical reasons:

*(1) Location of India and Brazil (1) Brazil is called as the country having third
India Brazil longest land borders.
Ans.
(i) India is located at (i) Brazil is located at
(i) Brazil shares its boundaries with all South
8°4’N to 37°6’N 5°15’N to 33°45’S
American countries, except Chile and Ecuador.
latitude and between latitudes and
(ii) Brazil has borders with ten different countries,
68°7’E to 97°25’E between 34°45’W to
like Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, French Guiana,
longitudes. 73°48’W.
Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay,
(ii) It is located in the (ii) Some part of Brazil Venezuela, totalling 16,885 kilometres.
northern and eastern lies in the northern (iii) So, Brazil is called the country having third
hemispheres. hemisphere, while largest land borders.
most of it lies
(2) India is looked upon as a young country.
in the southern

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Ans.
hemisphere.

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(i) The proportion of youth in India’s population is
(iii) India is located in the (iii) Brazil is located in

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high.
southern part of the the northern part

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(ii) This forms the major part of a working population.
Asian continent. of South American (iii) According to 2011 census the percentage of

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continent.

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working population is more than 50 %.
(iii) Hence, India is looked upon as a young country.

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(3)
ng India’s Economic development has paced up.
Q.3. (D) Are the sentences right or wrong? Rewrite
Ans.
the wrong ones:
(i) Despite facing several problems after
ni
*(1) Brazil is mainly located in the Southern
Independence, India is a major developing
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Hemisphere.
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country of the world.

Ans. Right
(ii) India is considered to be a global market too.
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*(2) Tropic of Capricorn passes through the middle (iii) Because of various reforms from time to time,
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of India. India’s economic development has paced up.

Ans. Wrong. Tropic of Cancer passes through the
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middle of India. Q.5. Answer in brief:

*(3) Equator passes through the northern part of *(1) What problems did Brazil and India face after
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Brazil. independence?
u

Ans. Right Ans.

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*(4) Brazil has a coastline along the Pacific Ocean. (i) India was under the British rule for almost one-
Ans. Wrong. Brazil has a coastline along the Atlantic and-a-half century. India got its independence in
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ocean. the year 1947.

*(5) Pakistan is a neighbouring country to the (ii) It faced several problems like three wars, famine
southeast of India. situations in various parts and similar issues after
Ans. Wrong. Pakistan is a country to the northwest of independence.
India. (iii) For more than three centuries, Brazil was under
Portuguese rule. Brazil gained its independence
*(6) The southern part of India is called Peninsula.
in 1822.
Ans. Right
(iv) From 1930 to 1985, for more than a half century, it
*(7) The Longitudinal extent of Brazil is less than
was under a populist military government.
India.
(v) It faced global financial difficulties in the late 20th
Ans. Wrong. The Longitudinal extent of Brazil is more
century.
than India.
(vi) Thus, both India and Brazil faced many problems
post-independence.
(vii) Inspite of these problems today, India is a
major developing country of the world and is
considered to be a global market.
12 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

(viii) Even Brazil is seen as a contributor to economic (iv) Also, it lies in the western hemisphere. It is
growth of the world and an important market in located in the northern part of the South American
the future. continent.
*(2) How are Brazil and India different from each (3) Describe the latitudinal and longitudinal extent
other in terms of location? of India and Brazil.
Ans. Ans.
(i) India is located in the northern and eastern (i) The extent of the mainland India is 8°4'N to 37°6'N
hemispheres of the Earth. latitudes and between 68°7' E to 97°25'E longitudes.
(ii) It is located in the southern part of the Asian (ii) Indira Point is the southernmost tip of India.
continent. (iii) It is located on 6°45'N parallel.
(iii) Some part of Brazil lies in the northern (iv) The extent of the mainland Brazil is 5°15'N to
hemisphere, while most of it lies in the southern 33°45' S latitudes and between to 34°45'W to
hemisphere. 73°48'W longitude.

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Make friends with maps! (Textbook Page No. 12)

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(1) Name all the continents and oceans of the world.

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(2) Colour Brazil and India using different colours and name them.

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(3) Draw equator on the map and write its value in degrees.

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(4) Show the symbol for direction.
Ans.

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ng
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Ans.
Make friends with maps! (Textbook Page No. 10)
No. Directions Neighbouring Countries/ Oceans
Observe the map and answer the following questions. (1) North China, Bhutan, Nepal
(Refer to Textbook Page No. 10, Fig 2.1)
(2) South Indian Ocean, Sri Lanka, Maldives,
Name the neighbouring countries / oceans situated.
Indonesia
• To the North
(3) East Myanmar, Bangladesh, Bay of
• To the South
Bengal
• To the East
(4) West Arabian Sea, Pakistan, Afghanistan
• To the West
Location and Extent 13

Make friends with maps! (Textbook Page No. 11) (e) Draw the flags of India and Brazil.
Ans.
Observe the map and answer the following question.
(Refer to Textbook Page No. 11, Fig 2.2)
Name the neighbouring countries / Oceans situated.
(Map of Brazil)
• To the North • To the South
• To the East • To the West
Ans.
Neighbouring
No. Directions Oceans
Countries
(1) North Venezuela, Guyana, North Atlantic
Suriname, French Ocean

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Guiana

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(2) South Uruguay South Atlantic

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Ocean

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(f)Obtain information regarding the emblems of

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(3) East South Atlantic both the countries.

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Ocean Ans. India: The national emblem of India is an

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(4) West Peru, Bolivia, ng adaptation of the Lion capital of Ashoka at
Paraguay, Colombia, Sarnath. The emblem has three lions visible, the
Argentina fourth being hidden from the view. The four
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lions symbolise power, courage, confidence and
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pride. At the bottom is a horse and a bull, and its

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Colours of Both (Textbook Page No. 12) centre is a wheel (Dharma Chakra). Forming an
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integral part of the emblem is the motto inscribed

Answer the following questions with respect to the
in Devangri Script: Satymeva Jayate (Truth Alone
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countries that you have studied.

Triumphs)
(Colours of Both Textbook Page No. 12)
Brazil: The national emblem of Brazil shows the
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(a) Out of the countries that you have coloured,

Southern cross in a blue circle. The ring of 27 stars
which country is larger in size?
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around it represents Brazil’s 26 states and the

Ans. Brazil
Federal District. The whole is placed on a star and
u

(b) Which country has a larger latitudinal extent? surrounded by coffee (at the left) and tobacco (at
uT

Ans. Brazil the right), which are the important crops in Brazil.
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(c) How do the locations of Brazil and India differ The blue ribbon contains the official name
in terms of their positions in their respective of Brazil (Republica Federativa Do Brazil –
continents? Federative Republic of Brazil) in the first line. In
Ans. Brazil lies in the northern part of the continent of the second, the date of the federative republic’s
South America, whereas India lies in the Southern establishment (November 15, 1889) is written.
part of the continent of Asia.
(d) How many states does each of the two countries
have?
Ans. Brazil has 26 states, whereas India has 29 states.
14 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

Give it a try. (Textbook Page No. 13) (b) The imperial power which ruled Brazil also
ruled a part of India. Find out when that part of
(a) Find the difference between postindependence India achieved independence ?
characteristics of India and Brazil. Ans. In India, Goa, Diu and Daman, Dadra and Nagar
Ans. Haveli were under Portuguese rule. These regions
Brazil India got independence on 19th December 1961.
(i) Brazil gained its (i) India got its
independence in 1822. independence in
From 1930 to 1985, the year 1947. It has
for more than half a federal parliamentary
century, it was under republic type of
a populist military government.
government. Presently,

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Brazil has federal

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presidential republic

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type of government.

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(ii) The proportion of (ii) The proportion of

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youth, i.e. working older people that

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population in Brazil's is non working
population is low. population is high.

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(iii) It has overcome (iii) India faced several
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global financial problems like three
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difficulties in the late wars, famine situations
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20th century. in various parts and

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similar issues after

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independence.
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(iv) Sex ratio and literacy (iv) Sex ratio and literacy
rate is high in brazil. rate is low in India.
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Location and Extent 15

ASSIGNMENT - 2
Time : 1 Hr. Marks : 20

Q.1. Fill in the blanks choosing the most appropriate alternative. (2)
(1) With a population of around 19 crores, according to census 2010, Brazil ranks ............... in the world.
(a) 3rd (b) 5th (c) 7th (d) 9th
(2) The interior of the Amazon basin is ............... populated.
(a) densely (b) moderately (c) highly (d) very sparsely

e
Q.2. Are the following sentences right or wrong? Correct the wrong ones. (2)

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(1) The western part of Brazil is densely populated.

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(2) Brazil is the second most populous country in the South American Continent

e O
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Q.3. Answer in one sentence. (2)
(1) What is sex ratio?
(2) What is a population pyramid?
T
ng
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Q.4. Answer the questions as per the instructions: (2)

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(1) Arrange the following states of India in descending order of their population. Himachal Pradesh,
Uttar Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh.
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Q.5. On outline map of India mark the following: (2)

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(1) The westernmost state with a population density of 251 to 500 persons per sq.km.
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(2) The southern states with a population density of more than 500 people per sq.km.
(3) The easternmost state with a population density of less than 100 persons per sq.km.
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(4) The capital of India.

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Q.6. Give geographical reasons: (4)

(1) Brazil’s population density in very less.
(2) Population density is high in the Ganga plains.

Q.7 Give geographic al reasons: (6)

(1) Giving examples, correlate climate and population distribution
(2) What could be the reasons of lower sex ratio in any region?

vvv
3 Physiography and Drainage

Points to Remember:
• Five major physiographic divisions of India The Himalayas, The North Indian Plains,
The Peninsula Coastal Plains, Island Groups
• The Himalayas One of the young fold mountains in the world
• Extension of Himalayas (i) Pamir Knot in Tajikistan to the east
(ii) Jammu and Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh

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in
• Himalayan ranges from south to North OR Shiwaliks, Lesser Himalayas,

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Himalayan ranges from young to old Greater Himalayas and Trans Himalayas

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• From West to East Himalayas are divided into Western Himalayas (Kashmir Himalayas),

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Central Himalayas (Kumaun Himalayas),

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Eastern Himalayas (Assam Himalayas)
• North Indian Plains lies between Himalayan mountains

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ng in the north and Peninsula in the South
• Part of North Indian Plains lying to the east of Aravalis Ganga Plains
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• Delta of Ganga and Brahmaputra system is called Sunderbans
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• Western part of North Indian plains is called Thar Desert or Marusthali

• Area lying to the south of North Indian Plains The Peninsula
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• Oldest fold mountains in India The Aravali

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• Length of the coastline of India approximately 7500 km

• Eastern Coastal plains formed as a result of depositional work of rivers
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• Rivers originating from Western Ghats form estuaries and not deltas
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• Islands in Arabian sea are Lakshadweep islands

• Islands in Bay of Bengal are Andaman and Nicobar islands
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• Only active volcano in India Barren Island

• Physiographic divisions of Brazil The Highlands , The Great Escarpment,
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The Coastal region, The Plains, The Island region

• Highest peak of Brazil Pico de Neblina. (3014 m)
• Pico de Neblina lies on the border between Brazil and Venezuela
• The eastern side of Brazilian Highland is demarcated by The Great Escarpment
• The escarpment is very steep from Sao Paulo to Porto Alegre
• The rainshadow area in the north eastern part of highlands is called as Drought Quadrilateral
• The northern coast extends from Amapa to Rio Grande Do Norte
• The plains of Brazil are confined to Amazon basin and Paraguay Parana source region
• Most of the Amazon plains are covered by Tropical rain forests
• One of the largest wetlands in the world are Pantanal
• The marine islands are located at a distance of more than 300 km away from main
land of Brazil
• Length of coastline of Brazil Approximately 7400 km

(16)
Physiography and Drainage 17

• Coral islands near the coast of South Atlantic ocean are in the form of Atolls
• Longest sandy beach in the world Praia do Cassino or Casino Beach
• Major river basins of Brazil are Amazon Basin, Paraguay- Parana system, Sao-Francisco
• Amazon collects its head waters from Eastern slopes of Andes mountains in Peru
• Discharge of Amazon 2 lakh m3/s
• Part of Brazil where Parana and Paraguay are located South western part
• Coastal rivers of Brazil River Paraniba and River Itapecuru
• Third important river of Brazil is Sao Francisco
• According to their source region, Rivers in India are classified as Himalayan rivers and
Peninsular rivers
• Himalayan rivers are Perennial in nature

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• Major tributaries of River Sindhu River Jhelum, River Chenab, River Satluj, River Ravi

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• River Satluj originates near lake Mansarovar

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• Origin of Ganga river Gangotri Glacier

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• Major tributary of River Ganga River Yamuna

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• River Yamuna originates from Yamunotri Glacier

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• North of Great Himalayas, Brahmaputra is called as River Tsang Po

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• In Arunachal Pradesh, Brahmaputra is called as ng River Dihang
• Peninsular rivers are divided as East flowing (meeting Bay of Bengal),
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West Flowing (meeting Arabian sea)
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• Peninsula tributaries of river Ganga River Chambal, Ken, Betawa, Shon, Damodar etc.
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• Major water divide in Peninsula Western Ghats

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• Peninsular rivers are seasonal in nature

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• Rivers draining in Gulf of Khambhat River Tapi, Narmada, Mahi and Sabarmati
• Second largest river system of India in terms of the catchment area River Godavari
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• Major tributaries of River Krishna River Bhima and Tungbhadra

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• Kaveri Basin flows through the state of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
• Backwaters of Kerala are called Kayals
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*(4) Amazon is a large river in the world. Near its

MASTER KEY QUESTION SET – 3
mouth ...................... .
Q.1. Complete the sentences by choosing the correct (a) deltaic regions are found
option: (b) no deltas are found
*(1) Brazil is covered mainly by ...................... . (c) deposition of sediment occurs
(a) Highlands (b) Mountainous region (d) fishing is done
(c) Plains (d) Dissected hills *(5) The Lakshadweep Islands of Arabian Sea are ............
*(2) Like Brazil, India too has ...................... . (a) made from the part separated by mainland
(a) high mountains (b) west flowing rivers (b) coral islands
(c) ancient plateau (c) volcanic islands
(d) snow capped mountains (d) continental islands
*(3) The Amazon Basin is mainly ...................... . *(6) To the foot hills of the Aravalis ...................... .
(a) characterized by droughts (a) lies the Budelkhand plateau
(b) filled by swamps (b) lies the Malwa plateau
(c) covered by dense forests (c) lies the Mewad plateau
(d) fertile (d) lies the Deccan plateau
18 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

(7) The part of North Indian Plains lying to the east (17) The Islands in the Bay of Bengal are called
of the Aravalis is called ...................... . ...................... islands.
(a) Ganga Plains (b) Brahmaputra Plains (a) Andaman and Nicobar
(c) Kaveri Plains (d) Krishna Plains (b) Maldives
(8) The delta of Ganga-Brahmaputra system is called (c) Corsela
the ...................... . (d) Lakshadweep
(a) Sunderbans (b) Parnaiba (18) The highest peak of Brazil is called as ......................
(c) Amazon (d) Marajo (a) Pico de Neblina (b) Mount Everest
(9) The western part of the North Indian Plains (c) Kanchenjunga (d) Mount Roraima
occupied by deserts is known as ...................... (19) The ...................... acts as a barrier to the south east
(a) Thar desert or Marusthali trade winds giving rise to the rain shadow area in
(b) Gobi Desert the north eastern part of the highlands.
(c) The Deccan Thorn scrub Desert (a) Coastal Plains (b) Escarpment

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(d) Spiti Valley Cold desert (c) Plateaus (d) Pantanal wetlands

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(10) The area lying to the south of North Indian plains (20) Amazon collects its headwaters from the eastern

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and tapering towards Indian Ocean is called slopes of Andes mountains in ...................... .

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...................... . (a) Uruguay (b) Peru

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(a) Himalayas (b) Peninsula (c) Ecuador (d) Columbia

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(c) Western Ghats (d) Indira point (21) The ...................... Island is the only active volcano
(11) The ...................... in the North of Peninsular India of India.

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are the oldest fold mountain. (a) Majuli (b) St. Mary's
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(a) The Aravalis (c) Barren (d) Lakshadweep
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(b) The Satpudas (22) .............. is a large coastal island located between
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(c) The Karakoram range the mouths of river Amazon and river Tocantins.
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(d) The Vindhya range (a) Pantanal (b) Plata

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(12) The ...................... rivers are seasonal in nature. (c) Paraniba (d) Marajo
(a) Northern (b) Peninsular
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(23) ...................... is one of the largest wetlands in the

(c) Himalayan (d) Mountainous world.
(13) River ...................... is the second largest river (a) Plata (b) Marajo
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system in India in terms of catchment area. (c) Pantanal (d) Paraniba

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(a) Krishna (b) Godavari (24) The Paraguay and the Parana rivers form the
(c) Brahmaputra (d) Ganga catchment of River ...................... in Argentina.
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(14) The major river ...................... of peninsula flows (a) Paraniba (b) Plata
through the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. (c) Pantanal (d) Marajo
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(a) Kaveri (b) Sindhu (25) River ...................... enters the Atlantic Ocean near
(c) Ganga (d) Brahmaputra Salvador town.
(15) India is blessed with a long coastline extending (a) Marajo (b) Puraguaco
for approximately ...................... (c) Plata (d) Parana
(a) 8000 km (b) 5000 km (26) The river ...................... flows through Pakistan
(c) 7500 km (d) 7900 km and then meets the Arabian Sea.
(16) The islands in the Arabian sea are called as (a) Ganga (b) Chambal
...................... islands. (c) Sindhu (d) Brahmaputra
(a) Andaman and Nicobar (27) Ganga receives ...................... as its tributary in its
(b) Barren lower reaches in Bangladesh.
(c) Marajo (a) Satluj (b) Sindhu
(d) Lakshadweep (c) Brahmaputra (d) Ravi
Ans. (1) Highlands (2) Ancient plateau (3) covered by dense
forest (4) no deltas are found (5) coral islands (6) lies
the Mewad plateau (7) Ganga Plains (8) Sunderbans
Physiography and Drainage 19

(9) Thar desert or Marusthali (10) Peninsula

(3) Column 'A' Column 'B'
(11) The Aravalis (12) Peninsular (13)Godavari
(14) Kaveri (15) 7500 km (16) Lakshadweep Longest river of
(1) (a) Sao Francisco
India
(17) Andaman and Nicobar (18) Pico de Neblina
(19) Escarpment (20) Peru (21) Barren (22) Marajo (2) Second largest river (b) Godavari
(23) Pantanal (24) Plata (25) Puraguaco (26) Sindhu of India
(27) Brahmaputra (3) Longest river of (c) Ganga
Brazil
Q.2. (A) Match the following: (d) Brahmaputra
(1)
(e) Amazon
Column 'A' Column 'B'
Ans. (1 – c), (2 – b), (3 - e)
1. Himalayas (a) lies to the western
and eastern part of Q.2. (B) Identify the correct group:

e
2. North India Plains Peninsula.

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*(1) The order of the physiographic units in Brazil
(b) consists of many
while going from North West to South East

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plateaus and hill
(i) Parana River basin -Guyana Highlands - Brazilian

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3. The Peninsula ranges
Highlands

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(c) one of the young fold
(ii) Guyana Highlands - Amazon River basin -

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mountains in the
Brazilian Highlands
4. The Coastal Plains world.

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(iii) Coastal plains - Amazon River basin -
(d) lies between ng Brazilian Highlands
Himalayan
Ans. Guyana Highlands - Amazon River basin -
mountains in the
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Brazilian Highlands
north and the
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*(2) These Rivers of Brazil are north flowing -

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5. The Island group Peninsula in the

south. (i) Juruika - Xingu - Aragua
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(e) are located more than (ii) Negro - Branco - Paru

(iii) Japura - Jarua - Purus
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300 km away from

the mainland in the Ans. Juruika - Xingu - Aragua
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Atlantic ocean. *(3) The order of plateaus of India from south to

(f) small and large North.
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islands along the (i) Karnataka - Maharashtra - Bundelkhand

coast of the mainland. (ii) Chota Nagpur - Malwa - Marwad
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Ans. (1 – c), (2 – d), (3 - b), (4 – a), (5 - f) (iii) Telangana - Maharashtra - Marwad

Ans. Karnataka - Maharashtra - Bundelkhand
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(4) Parallel ranges of Himalayas from south to

(2) Column 'A' Column 'B'
north
(1) Western Himalayas (a) Shiwaliks (i) Siwaliks - Lesser Himalayas - Greater Himalayas
(2) Central Himalayas (b) Assam Himalayas (ii) Trans Himalayas - Kumaun - Shiwaliks
(3) Eastern Himalayas (c) Kashmir Himalayas (iii) Kashmir Himalayas - Kumaun Himalayas -
(d) Kumaon Himalayas Assam Himalayas
Ans. Siwaliks - Lesser Himalayas - Greater Himalayas
Ans. (1 – c), (2 – d), (3 – b)
(5) Physiographic division of India from north to
south
(i) The Himalayas - The North Indian Plains - The
Peninsula
(ii) The Peninsula - The Great Escarpment - The
North Indian Plains
(iii) Coastal Plains - Islands - Himalayas
Ans. The Himalayas - The North Indian Plains - The
Peninsula
20 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

(6) Physiographic divisions of Brazil (11) Length of coastline of Brazil.

(i) The Himalayas - The North Indian Plain - The Ans. Approximately 7400 km
Peninsula (12) Major river basins of Brazil.
(ii) The Highlands - The Great Escarpment - The Ans. Amazon Basin, Paraguya-Parana system, Sao
Plains Francisco.
(iii) Islands - Peninsula - Coastal Plains
(13) Two main Himalayan river basins of India.
Ans. The Highlands - The Great Escarpment - The
Ans. Ganga river basin and Sindhu
Plains
(14) Origin of Ganga in Himalayas
(7) Three major River Basins of Brazil
Ans. Gangotri Glacier
(i) The Ganga Basin - The Brahmaputra Basin - The
(15) Major tributary of Ganga
Narmada Basin.
Ans. Yamuna
(ii) Paraguay Parana Basin - Amazon Basin - Sao
Francisco (16) Tributaries of River Sindhu.
Ans. Rivers Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Satluj

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(iii) Godavari Basin - Krishna Basin - Kaveri Basin.

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Ans. Paraguay Parana Basin - Amazon Basin - Sao (17) Origin of River Satluj.

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Francisco Ans. Mansarovar

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(8) The order of subdivisions of North Indian (18) Rivers flowing into the Gulf of Khambhat.

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Plains from west to east Ans. Rivers Tapi, Narmada, Mahi and Sabarmati

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(i) Marusthali - Ganga Plains - Sunderbans (19) River basin located to the south of River Godavari
(ii) Pamir Knot - Punjab Plains - Marusthali Ans. Basin of River Krishna

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(iii) Sunderbans - Vindhyas - Western Ghats
(20) Plains formed due to depositional work of river
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Ans. Marusthali - Ganga Plains - Sunderbans
Satluj.
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Ans. Punjab Plains
Q.2. (C) Name the following:
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(21) Tributaries of Peninsula joining the Ganga

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(1) Five major physiographic divisions of India.

basin.
Ans. The Himalayas, The North Indian Plains, The
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Ans. Rivers Chambal, Ken, Betwa, Son, Damodar

Peninsula, Coastal plains and Island groups
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(22) States having short and swift river systems.

(2) West -East division of Himalayas.
Ans. Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra, South Gujarat
Ans. Western Himalayas (Kashmir Himalayas),
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(23) River originating from the eastern slopes of

Central Himalayas (Kumaun Himalayas) and
Western Ghats.
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Eastern Himalayas (Assam Himalayas).

Ans. Rivers Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri
(3) Region constituting delta of Ganga Brahmaputra
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(24) Largest wetlands in the world.

system or world's largest delta
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Ans. Pantanal
Ans. Sunderbans
(25) Highest peak of Brazil
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(4) Coast bordering Arabian sea

Ans. Pico de Neblina
Ans. Western coast
(26) Western border of Indian Peninsula.
(5) Coast bordering Bay of Bengal
Ans. Western Ghats
Ans. Eastern coast
(27) Eastern border of Indian Peninsula.
(6) Islands in the Arabian Sea.
Ans. Eastern Ghats
Ans. Lakshadweep
(28) Oldest fold mountains of India.
(7) Islands in the Bay of Bengal
Ans. Aravalis
Ans. Andaman and Nicobar
(29) Major mountain system of Asia.
(8) Other name of Thar Desert.
Ans. Himalayas
Ans. Marusthali
(9) Ranges in the central part of India.
Q.3. (A) Answer the following in one sentence:
Ans. Vindhyas and Satpuda.
(1) Which mountain is considered as one of the
(10) Physiographic divisions of Brazil.
young fold mountains in the world?
Ans. The Highlands, The Great Escarpment, The
Ans. The Himalayas are considered as one of the
Coastal region, The Plains, The Island groups
young fold mountains in the world
Physiography and Drainage 21

(2) What is the southernmost range of Himalayas (15) What are most of the Amazon Plains covered with?
called? Ans. Most of the Amazon Plains are covered by
Ans. The southernmost range of Himalayas is called as tropical rainforest.
the Siwaliks. (16) Where is Pantanal located?
(3) Where are the North Indian Plains located? Ans. Pantanal is located in the northwestern Mato Grosso
Ans. The North Indian Plain lies between Himalayan Do Sul in Brazil and it extends into Argentina.
Mountains in the north and the Peninsula in the (17) What is a `Drought Quadrilateral’?
south. Ans. The escarpment acts as a barrier to the SouthEast
(4) Where are the Ganga Plains located? Trade winds giving rise to the rain-shadow
Ans. The Ganga plains lie to east of the Aravalis in the area in the north-eastern part of the highlands.
North Indian Plain. The region to the north of this area is called the
(5) What constitutes the delta of Ganga- `Drought Quadrilateral.’
Brahmaputra system? (18) What is the Brazilian coast characterized by?

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Ans. Most of the West Bengal state of India and Ans. The Brazilian coast is characterised by a large

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Bangladesh together constitute the delta of number of beaches and sand dune complexes.

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Ganga Brahmaputra system. (19) What protects the Brazilian coast?

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(6) What are Sunderbans? Ans. The Brazilian coast is protected in some areas by

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Ans. The delta region of Ganga-Brahmaputra system coral reefs and atoll islands.

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is called as Sunderbans. (20) What is Pantanal?

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(7) What is the length of coastline of India? Ans. Pantanal is one of the largest wetlands in the
ng
Ans. The length of coastline of India is approximately world. It is a region of swamps and marshes in
7500 km. northwestern Mato Grosso Do Sul in Brazil.
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(8) Why do the rivers originating from Western (21) From where does Amazon collect its head waters?
r

Ghats form estuaries? Ans. Amazon collects its headwaters from the eastern
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Ans. Rivers originating from Western Ghats are short slopes of Andes Mountains in Peru.
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and swift, hence they form estuaries. (22) Where does the river Sao Francisco flow?
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(9) What are the islands located in the Arabian Sea Ans. The river flows towards the north for a distance
called? of about 1000 km. over the Brazilian plateau and
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Ans. The islands located in the Arabian sea are called then takes a sharp eastward turn to enter the
as Lakshadweep islands. coastal strip along the Atlantic Ocean.
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(10) What are the islands located in the Bay of Bengal (23) Which rivers meet the North Atlantic Ocean?
u

called? Ans. River Paraniba and River Itapecuru meet the

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Ans. The islands located in Bay of Bengal are called as North Atlantic Ocean.
Andaman and Nicobar islands. (24) Which two river systems are covered under the
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(11) Name the only active volcano in India. Himalayan Drainage System?
Ans. The Barren island is the only active volcano in Ans. The Himalayan drainage system cover two
India located in Andaman and Nicobar islands. major river systems such as the Sindhu river
(12) Which is the highest peak in Brazil? system and the Ganga river system.
Ans. The highest peak in Brazil is Pico de Neblina (25) What are “Kayals”?
(13) What acts as a barrier to the South East trade Ans. The coastal rivers in Kerala have long extending
winds giving rise to rainshadow area in backwaters near their mouths, which are locally
northeastern part of highlands in Brazil? known as “Kayals.”
Ans. The escarpment acts a barrier to the South East (26) Name the three major river basins of Brazil.
Trade winds giving rise to rainshadow area in Ans. The three major river basins of Brazil are Amazon
northeastern part of the highlands in Brazil. Basin, Paraguay-Parana system in the southwest
(14) Which is the coastal island located between and Sao Francisco in the eastern part of highland.
mouths of river Amazon and river Tocantins? (27) What is the approximate discharge of Amazon river?
Ans. Marajo is a large coastal island located between Ans. The approximate discharge of Amazon river is
mouths of River Amazon and river Tocantins. about 2 lakh m3/s.
22 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

(28) Where are the rivers Paraguay-Parana located? (4) A piece of land surrounded by water on the
Ans. The rivers Paraguay and Parana are located in the majority of its border, while being connected to
south-western part of Brazil. a mainland from which it extends.
(29) Which is the third important river of Brazil? Ans. The Peninsula
Ans. Sao Francisco is the third important river of Brazil. (5) A steep slope or long cliff that forms as an
(30) Name the two major classifications of rivers of effect of faulting or erosion and separates
India. two relatively leveled areas having differing
Ans. The rivers in India are classified into Himalayan elevations.
and Peninsular rivers. Ans. Escarpment
(31) Name the major tributary of river Ganga. (6) Any piece of sub-continental land that is
Ans. Yamuna, originating at Yamunotri is a major surrounded by water.
tributary of Ganga. Ans. Island
(32) From where do Himalayas extend?

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Q.3. (C) Distinguish Between:
Ans. The Himalayas extend from Pamir Knot in

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Tajikistan to the east. *(1) Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats.

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Ans.
(33) Which physical division lies between the

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Himalayas and the Peninsula? Eastern Ghats Western Ghats

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Ans. The North Indian Plain lies between the Himalayas (1) The Eastern Ghats (1) The Western Ghats

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in the north and the Peninsula in the south. run along the also known as

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(34) Which physical division form the core of South ng Eastern coast of Sahyadri run in the
America continent? India in the north north-south direction
Ans. The Brazilian and Guyana Highlands form the east to south west along the western
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core of the South American continent. direction. coast of India.
r
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(35) The Guyana highlands cover which states of Brazil? (2) It forms the eastern (2) It forms the western
Ans. The Guyana highlands cover the states of boundary of the boundary of Deccan
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Roraima, Para and Amapa in Brazil. Deccan plateau. Plateau.

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(36) The eastern side of Brazilian highlands are (3) It is not continuous, (3) The Western ghats
demarcated because of which physical division? but is broken at is like a continuous
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Ans. The eastern side of Brazilian highlands are many places by wall like structure
demarcated because of the Great Escarpment.
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rivers like Godavari but is broken at

(37) Which is the largest plain land of Brazil? and Krishna. places by passes.
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Ans. The Amazon plains lying in the northern part is

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(4) Comparatively less (4) It is a source of

the largest plain land of Brazil.
number of rivers many westward and
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originate from the eastward flowing

Q.3. (B) Identify the type on the basis of the statement:
Eastern Ghats. rivers.
(1) A landform formed due to deposition of
sediment carried by a river as the flow leaves its (5) The average altitude (5) The average altitude
mouth and enters slower-moving or standing of the Eastern ghats of the Western
water. is low (600 mts) but ghats is high (900-
Ans. Delta they are wider than 1000 mts) but it is
(2) The area where land meets the sea or ocean, or a Western Ghats. narrower in width
line that forms the boundary between the land than Eastern Ghats.
and the ocean or a lake. (6) Highest peak of (6) Highest peak of
Ans. Coast Eastern Ghats is Western Ghats is
(3) Any area of land where precipitation collects Mahendragiri Anaimudi Peak
and drains off into a common outlets, such as (1690 m) (2695 m)
into a river, bay, or other body of water.
Ans. River Basin
Physiography and Drainage 23

(2) Delta and Estuary (2) Deltas are formed in Regions of high tides
Ans. the regions of low tides and rift valleys witness
Delta Estuary and coastal plains. estuaries.
(1) Delta means a tringular An Estuary refers to a (3) Deltas are fertile lands Estuary does not have
shaped landform water body along the fertile lands.
formed at the mouth coast i.e formed when (4) Ganga Brahmaputra, Narmada and Tapi
of the river due to the fresh water of river Krishna Kaveri form rivers form estuary.
deposition of sediments meets the salt water of delta
carried by the river. the sea or ocean.

Q.4. Mark the following on the map with the given information:
1. Outline Map of India.

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(1) Aravali ranges (2) Great Himalaya (3) Vindhya range (4) Satpuda range (5) Western Ghats (6) Eastern

in
Ghats (7) Lakshadweep Islands (8) Andaman and Nicobar Island (9) Gulf of Kutch (10) Gulf of Khambhat

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Ans.

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ng
r ni
ea
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.C
u be
uT
Yo
24 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

2. Look at the given map of India :

Ans.

e
in
nl
O
e
Tub
ng
ni
r
ea
/L
om
.C
u be
uT
Yo
Physiography and Drainage 25

3. On the map of India show all major rivers.

Ans.

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in
nl
O
e
Tub
ng
ni
r
ea
/L
om
.C
u be
uT
Yo
26 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

4. Outline Map of Brazil.

(1) Guyana Highlands (2) Brazilian Highlands (3) Great Escarpment (4) Marajo Island (5) Marajo Bay
(6) Sao Marcos Bay (7) Atlantic Ocean (8) Pantanal Wetlands (9) Pico De Neblina Peak.
Ans.

e
in
nl
e O
T ub
ng
r ni
ea
/L
om
.C
u be
uT
Yo
Physiography and Drainage 27

5. Outline Map of Brazil.

(1) River Amazon (2) River Sao Francisco (3) River Parana (4) River Paraguay (5) River Itapecuru
(6) River Paraniba (7) River Paraguaco (8) River Uruguay
Ans.

e
in
nl
e O
T ub
ng
r ni
ea
/L
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.C
u be
uT
Yo
28 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

Q.5. (A) Give Geographical reasons: *(4) As compared to Amazon, the pollution in the
*(1) There are no west flowing rivers in Brazil. river Ganga affects human life greatly.
Ans. Ans.
(i) Many rivers originating from the terminal portion (i) The Amazon Basin is sparsely populated region
of the Brazilian highlands flow northwards to of Brazil. Unfavourable climate, heavy rainfall,
meet the Amazon river and finally terminate in inaccessibility and dense forest are the barriers
the Atlantic Ocean. for development of human settlements and
(ii) Also Sao Francisco River flows 1000 kms towards industrialisation here.
the north and then turns east to join the Atlantic (ii) On the other hand, Ganga Plain region is one of
Ocean. the most densely populated regions of India.
(iii) The rivers Parana, Paraguay and Uruguay (iii) Due to flat fertile plains, availability of water,
originating from the southern part of Brazilian suitable climate, dense human settlements have
highlands flow southwest and enter Argentina. been established in this region.
(iv) Mining activities in the Amazon basin causes

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(iv) The Amazon river, originating from the Andes

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mountain in the west flows eastwards to meet the pollution in the Amazon River, whereas
industrial and domestic sewage adds to pollution

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Atlantic Ocean.
(v) Thus, there are no west flowing rivers in Brazil. of River Ganga. But as compared to Amazon, the

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pollution in the River Ganga affects human life

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*(2) There are dissimilarities between the eastern
greatly as the Ganga Plain is densely populated

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and the western coast of India.
as compared to the Amazon Plains.
Ans.

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(i) The western coast borders the Arabian Sea and (5)
ng There are no deltas on the western coast of
the eastern coast borders the Bay of Bengal. India.
(ii) The western coast is by and large a rocky coast. At Ans.
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places, spurs taking off from the Western Ghats (i) The western coast bordering the Western Ghats
r

are by and large rocky coast having narrow

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have extended right up to the coast. The eastern

coast has formed as a result of depositional work width.
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of rivers. (ii) Many short and swift seasonal rivers originate

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(iii) The width of western coast is narrow, whereas from the steep western slopes of Western Ghats.
that of eastern coast is wide. (iii) As the rivers flows through steep slopes, their
velocity increases. So there is very little deposition
.C

(iv) Short and swift rivers originating from Western

Ghats form estuaries, whereas because of the done by them.
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gentle slope the east flowing rivers flowing at (iv) At places, spurs taking off from the Western
low speed deposit sediments and form deltas. Ghats have extended right up to the coast.
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(v) Due to the steep slope and narrow width of the

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(v) Thus there are dissimilarities between the eastern

and the western coasts of India. western coast, the rivers cover a short distance
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and drain into the Arabian sea. Hence, they form

*(3) There are fewer natural ports on the eastern
estuaries and not deltas.
coast of India.
Ans. (6) Many deltas are found along the Eastern coast
(i) The Westen coast is a coast of submergence of India.
wheras the eastern coasts are emergent or Ans.
shallow, so the bigger ships cannot enter close to (i) The eastern coast borders the Bay of Bengal. It
the land. has formed as a result of depositional work of
(ii) The Eastern rivers form the delta and so due to rivers.
the deposition of the sediments by the river the (ii) Many east flowing rivers rising from the Western
ships find it dificult to reach the east cost. and Eastern Ghats after travelling a long distance
(iii) The continental shelf on the east extends upto 500 join the Bay of Bengal at this coast.
km into the sea and water here is comperatively (iii) Because of the gentle slope of the land, rivers flow
not very deep. As a result the ships can enter and at lower velocities and deposit the sediments
leave only during tides. brought with them at the coast. Therefore, this
(iv) As the eastern coastline is not indent, there are coast is comparatively wider than the west.
fewer natural ports on the eastern coast of India.
Physiography and Drainage 29

(iv) As a result, deltas are found along eastern coast (ii) These plains have formed as a result of the
of India. depositional work by river Satluj and its
(7) The region to the north of escarpment is called tributaries.
Drought Quadrilateral. (iii) Since the soil here is very fertile, agriculture is
Ans. largely practised in this region.
(i) The eastern side of the Highlands is demarcated (iv) Thus, due to the availbility of fertile soil and
because of the Escarpment having an altitude of ample water suppy agriculture is practised here.
790 m.
(ii) The Escarpment acts as a barrier to the Southeast Q. 5. (B) Answer in Detail:
trade winds and cause orographic type of rainfall *(1) Differentiate between the Physiography of
in the coastal region. Brazil and India.
(iii) Beyond the highlands the effect of these winds Ans.
gets reduced leading to minimal rainfall. The Physiography of The Physiography of

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(iv) A rain shadow region is formed to the north east India Brazil

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of the escarpment. Thus, the region to the north (1) The physiographic The physiographic

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of this area is called "Drought Quadrilateral". divisions of India are divisions of Brazil

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(8) The Amazon Plains are covered by inaccessible the Himalayas, the are as follows : The

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tropical rainforest. North Indian Plains, Highlands, The Great

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Ans. the Peninsula, Coastal Escarpment, The
(i) The northern part of Brazil lying between Equator Plains, Island Groups. Coastal region, The

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and Tropic of Capricorn, i.e. in the Tropical zone ng Plains, The Islands.
is covered largely by Amazon Plains.
(2) There are long and Whereas in Brazil
(ii) Amazon plains lying between the Guyana
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high mountain ranges there are no high and
highlands and the Brazilian highlands form the
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in northern and continuous mountain

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largest plain land of Brazil.

north eastern part of ranges. The eastern
(iii) The Amazon valley receives very heavy rainfall
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India in the form of side of the Highlands

of around 2000 mm and the average temperature
Himalayan ranges. is demarcated because
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here is 25 to 28° C.
The Western Ghats of the Escarpment.
(iv) These conditions favor the dense growth of
and Eastern Ghats lie The Great Escarpment
.C

Tropical rain forests. Due to frequent flooding

to the west and east of located in south-
and dense undergrowth, these forests are largely
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the Peninsular region. eastern part of the

inaccessible.
The average altitude Highlands has an
u

(9) Pantanal is called the largest wetlands in the of mountain ranges in altitude of 790 m in
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world. India is around 6000- this region with the

Ans. 8000 m. height gradually
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(i) Pantanal lies towards the southwest part of the decreasing.

highland areas in Brazil.
(ii) Roughly 80% of the Pantanal flood plains are
submerged during the rainy season.
(iii) This region is filled with swamps and marshes
from north western Mato Grosso Do Sul in Brazil
till Argentina.
(iv) Since it extends over 195000 sq.km area, Pantanal
is called the largest wetland in the world.
(10) Agriculture is widely practised in the plains of
Punjab region.
Ans.
(i) Plains of Punjab lie to the north of Rajasthan. This
region is spread to the west of Aravalis and Delhi
ranges.
30 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

(3) In India the Plains Whereas in Brazil *(2) What measures are being taken to control
occupy a wide area in we have the Amazon pollution in the rivers of India?
the north. The Plains Basin in the North Ans. Rivers in India are getting polluted due to the
lie between Himalayas and the Parana- sewage and effluents being added to it and thus
in the North and Paraguay Basin affecting its quality. Following measures are being
the Peninsula in the to the South West taken to control pollution in the rivers in India.
South. It extends from which constitutes (i) Treating of the sewage before draining it into the
Rajasthan in the West the Plain. Also a rivers.
to Assam in the East. narrow coastal plain (ii) Reducing the use of pesticides and insecticides as
The Coastal Plains in confined to the they drain into the water sources and pollute it.
lie to the west and North and the East. (iii) Discharge of industrial effluents into rivers
east of the Peninsula. No deltas are formed without proper treatment is now controlled.
The Western Coast along the coast but (iv) Reusing the water for different purposes which
reduces the overuse and pollution of water.

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is narrower and we find bays, sand

in
estuaries are formed dune complexes & (v) Carrying out the cleaning and purification
of the rivers water under the National River

nl
here whereas the beaches here.
Conservation Plan (NRCP).

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Eastern Coast is wide,
with deltas formed (vi) Creating awareness in the people about the

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importance of rivers and harmful effects of

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along the coast.
pollution.
(4) The Peninsular In Brazil the

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(vii) Setting up of Pollution Control Boards (PCB) at
Plateau region of Highlands occupy
ng the state and national level to curb pollution.
India lies to the an extensive area *(3) Explain the characteristics of the North Indian
ni
South of the North in the South and Plains.
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Indian Plains and described as Ans.

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is divided into 2 Brazilian Highlands (i) This division lies between Himalayan Mountains
groups. The Central or Brazilian Shield.
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in the north and the Peninsula in the south.

Highlands and the Also to the North
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(ii) Similarly, it extends from Rajasthan and Punjab

Deccan Plateau. is the Guyana in the west to Assam in the east.
Highland. The (iii) It is mostly a flat low lying area.
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Deccan Plateau (iv) The North Indian Plains are divided into two
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slopes to East and parts. The part lying to the east of the Aravalis
the Central Highland is the basin of the river Ganga and is therefore
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to the North and is known as the Ganga Plains. It slopes eastward.

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a source of many (v) Most of the West Bengal state of India and
rivers. The Brazilian
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Bangladesh together constitute the delta of

Plains slope to Ganga-Brahmaputra system. It is known as
the North and the Sunderbans. It is considered to be the world's
Guyana Highlands largest delta.
to the south. (vi) The western part of the North Indian Plains is
(5) The islands in India The islands in occupied by desert. It is also known as Thar Desert
are either volcanic Brazil are mainly or Marusthali. Most of Rajasthan is occupied by
or coral in origin. depositional in this desert.
nature. (vii) To the north of the desert lie the plains of Punjab.
This region is spread to the west of Aravalis and
(6) There are Backwaters and
Delhi ranges. These plains have formed as a
backwaters and a desert are absent in
result of the depositonal work by river Satluj and
desert in India Brazil.
its tributaries. The slope of the plains is towards
the west.
(viii) Because the soil here is very fertile, agriculture is
largely practised in this region.
Physiography and Drainage 31

*(4) What could be the reasons behind the formation (v) Rainforest towns like Manaus and Iquitos were
of swamps in the extensive continental location found on its banks.
of Pantanal? (vi) Due to the river's width and sheer water volume,
Ans. especially during the wet season, ships from the
(i) Pantanal is one of the largest wetlands in the Atlantic can travel more than 2000 miles inland
world, lying in the south west part of the highland (vii) So, Amazon is considered as one of the important
areas. rivers.
(ii) It is a region of swamps and marshes in
northwestern Mato Grosso do Sul in Brazil and it Q. 5. (B) Write notes on :
extends into Argentina too. *(1) The Amazon River Basin
(iii) This region is drained by the river Paraguay and Ans.
its tributaries. (i) Amazon collects its headwaters from the eastern
(iv) They collect the water from the highland areas slopes of Andes Mountains in Peru.
and deposit the sediments in the low lying

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(ii) Amazon River receives huge discharge. This is

in
Pantanal region. about 2 lakh m3/s.
(v) Pantanal is a gently sloped basin which is

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(iii) As a result, Amazon washes off the load supplied
submerged throughout the year due to the filling to it from the catchment.

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of the sediments and water in the depression area (iv) Consequently, sediments are not deposited even

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of the Pantanal. at the mouth.

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*(5) Which are the major water divides of India? (v) A dense network of distributaries, which is a

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Give Example. ng characteristic feature of river mouth areas, is by
Ans. A mountain or an upland which seperates two and large absent in the mouth region of Amazon.
drainage basins is known as Water Divide. The (vi) Instead, we find a series of islands developed
ni
major Water Divides of India are : along the mouth of Amazon, beyond the coastline
r

(i) Western Ghats : The Western Ghats acts as a into the Atlantic Ocean.
ea

water divide and seperates the west flowing (vii) At the mouth, the width of Amazon channel is 150
/L

rivers like Zuari, Mandvi, Vaitarna draining into km.

the Arabian Sea, from the east flowing rivers the (viii) Most of the course of the Amazon river is suitable
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Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri draining into the for navigation.

Bay of Bengal.
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*(2) Himalayas
(ii) Vindhya ranges : It divides the drainage basin of Ans.
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the River Ganga and the River Narmada. (i) The Himalayas is one of the young fold mountains
(iii) Aravali ranges : The Aravalis separates the west in the world.
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flowing river Luni from the east flowing River

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(ii) The Himalayas extend from Pamir Knot in

Banas. Tajikistan to the east. It is a major mountain
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(iv) Satpuda ranges : The Satpudas separate the system of the Asian continent.
Narmada drainage basin and the Tapi drainage (iii) In India, it extends from Jammu and Kashmir to
basin. Arunachal Pradesh.
(6) Why is Amazon considered as one of the (iv) The Himalayas is not a single mountain range.
important rivers? There are many parallel ranges in the system.
Ans. (v) The southernmost is known as Shiwaliks. It is
(i) The Amazon River, being the world's second also the youngest range.
longest river and the one with the most discharge, (vi) Next to Shiwaliks are Lesser Himalayas, Greater
has a massive drainage basin covering most of Himalayas (Himadri) and Trans Himalayan
northern South America. ranges from south to north.
(ii) It drains the vast Amazon Rainforest and creates (vii) These ranges are young to old respectively.
unique flooded habitats along its banks. (viii) These mountain ranges are also divided into
(iii) The Amazon is home to several unique species, Western Himalayas (or Kashmir Himalayas),
including the pink river dolphin and piranhas. Central Himalayas (or Kumaun Himalayas) and
(iv) The river is an important route for trade and Eastern Himalayas (or Assam Himalayas).
transportation.
32 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

*(3) The coasts of Brazil area in the northeast part of the highlands. The
Ans. region to the north of this area is called 'Drought
(i) Brazil has a coastline of about 7400 km. They are Quadrilateral.
divided into two parts namely northern and the (6) The Western Ghats.
eastern coast. Ans.
(ii) The northern coast extends from Amapa province (i) Western Ghats also known as Sahyadri
in the north to Rio Grande De Norte in the east. (Benevolent Mountains) is a mountain range that
This can be called as North Atlantic Coast. From runs parallel to the western coast of the Indian
there, the eastern coast extends towards the peninsula.
south. (ii) The range runs north to south along the western
(iii) The northern coast is characterized by mouths of edge of the Deccan Plateau, and separates the
many rivers including the Amazon. Therefore, plateau from a narrow coastal plain, called
this region is a low-lying region. Konkan, along the Arabian Sea.
(iv) On this coast lie the Marajo island, Marajo and

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(iii) The range starts near the border of Gujarat and

in
Sao Marcos Bays. Maharashtra, south of the Tapi river, and runs
(v) Marajo, a large coastal island located between

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approximately 1,600 km through the states
River Amazon and River Tocantins, lies on the of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and

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northern coast. Tamil Nadu ending at near Kanyakumari, at the

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(vi) The eastern coast receives large number of southern tip of India

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smaller rivers. The only major river which meets (7) Island group of India.

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the Atlantic Ocean here is Sao Francisco. Ans.
ng
(vii) The Brazilian Coast is characterized by a large (i) India has many small and large islands along the
number of beaches and sand dune complexes. coast of the mainland. These are included in the
ni
(viii) The Brazilian Coast is protected in some areas by coastal island group.
r

coral reefs and atoll islands.

ea

(ii) Besides, India has two large group of islands, one

*(4) The Indian Peninsula each in the Arabian Sea and in Bay of Bengal.
/L

Ans. (iii) The islands in the Arabian Sea are known as

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(i) The area lying to the south of North Indian Plains Lakshadweep whereas the islands in the Bay
and tapering towards the Indian Ocean is called of Bengal are called the Andaman and Nicobar
Indian Peninsula.
.C

Islands.
(ii) It consists of many plateaus and hill ranges. (iv) Most of the islands in Lakshadweep are atoll islands.
be

(iii) The Aravalis in the north are the oldest fold (v) They are small in extent and not very high.
mountains here. (vi) Islands in the Andaman group are mainly
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(iv) It includes a series of plateaus bordering the

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volcanic islands.
Plains, Vindhyas and Satpuda ranges in the (vii) They are large with hills in their interior parts of
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central part and the hilly regions of Western and includes an island called Barren Island which has
Eastern Ghats. the only active volcano in India. There are atolls
*(5) The Great Escarpment in the Nicobar group too.
Ans. (8) Brazilian Highlands.
(i) Though it occupies a very small area, the nature Ans.
of its slope and the effect it has on the climate (i) The southern Brazil is occupied by an extensive
makes is a separate physiographic region. plateau. It is differently described as Brazilian
(ii) The eastern side of the Highland is demarcated Highlands or Brazilian Shield or Brazilian Plateau.
because of the escarpment. (ii) Brazilian and Guyana Highlands together form
(iii) In this region, the altitude of the escarpment is the core of South American continent.
790 m. (iii) The main part of the Guyana highlands is in
(iv) In some regions, the height decreases gradually. Venezuela and it extends upto French Guiana. In
(v) The escarpment is very steep particularly from Brazil, it covers the states of Roraima, Para and
Sao Paulo to Porto Alegre. Amapa in the north.
(vi) The escarpment act as a barrier to the Southeast (iv) The lower part of these highlands is found in
Trade winds giving rise to the rainshadow Brazil. But the highest peak of Brazil, Pico de
Physiography and Drainage 33

Neblina, is 3014 m high and lies on the border (iv) The Amazon basin is quite wide in the west
between Brazil and Venezuela. (about 1300 km) and it narrows eastward. Its
(v) The regions to the east and south of the Brazilian width is minimum where the Guiana Highlands
highlands have an altitude of more than 1000m. But and Brazilian Highland come closer. (240 km.)
in other parts, the altitude is between 500 to 1000m. (v) As the river approaches the Atlantic Ocean, the
(vi) The highlands gradually slope towards north width of the plains increases.
and slopes are not very steep. (vi) These are mostly forested areas and largely
(vii) The tributaries of Amazon flowing through this inaccessible due to frequent flooding and dense
region make rapids and waterfalls. Towards undergrowth. Most of the Amazon plains are
the north the slopes are steep but not abrupt. covered by tropical rainforests.
A number of rivers take off from the terminal (vii) The other plains in Brazil are located to the
portion of the highlands and flow northwards to southwestern part of the highlands. They form
meet Atlantic Ocean. the source region of Paraguay and Parana rivers.
(viii) The source region of Paraguay slopes towards the

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(viii) Some major rivers like Uruguay, Paraguay and

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Parana originate from the southern slopes of the south while the source region of Parana slopes
towards the southwest.

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highlands and enter Argentina. Its slope towards
the east is steep and it appears in the form of an (ix) Pantanal is one of the largest wetlands in the

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escarpment. world. It lies towards the southwest part of the

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highland areas . It is a region of swamps and

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(9) Coastal Plains of India.
Ans. marshes in northwestern Mato Grosso Do Sul in

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(i) India is blessed with a long coastline extending ng Brazil and it extends into Argentina too.
for approximately 7500 km. (11) Coastal Rivers of Brazil.
(ii) It lies to the western and eastern part of the Ans.
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Peninsula. Its western and eastern coastlines (i) Brazil has a number of short coastal rivers.
r

(ii) The coastal area being densely populated these

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show remarkable dissimilarities.

(iii) The western coast borders the Arabian Sea. It is rivers attain significance.
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by and large a rocky coast. (iii) River Parnaiba and River Itapecuru flowing
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(iv) At places, spurs taking off from the Western northwards meet the North Atlantic Ocean.
Ghats have extended right up to the coast. Its (iv) The rivers that enter South Atlantic Ocean collect
width is also less. their headwaters along the escarpment.
.C

(v) Rivers originating from Western Ghats are short (v) River Puraguaco enters the Atlantic Ocean near
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and swift and hence they form estuaries and not Salvador town.
deltas. (12) Paraguay - Parana system.
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(vi) The eastern coast borders the Bay of Bengal. It

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Ans.
has formed as a result of depositional work of (i) These two rivers are located in the southwestern
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rivers. part of Brazil.

(vii) Many east flowing rivers rising from the Western (ii) Both the rivers form the catchment of River Plata
and Eastern Ghats meet this coast. in Argentina.
(viii) Because of the gentle slope of the land, rivers flow (iii) These two rivers and river Uruguay in extreme
at lower velocities and deposit the sediments south of the highlands collect their headwaters
brought with them at the coast. As a result, deltas from the southern portion of the highlands.
are found along this coast. (13) Sindhu River System.
(10) The Plains of Brazil Ans.
Ans. (i) Sindhu and its tributaries (Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi
(i) The plains in Brazil are confined to two areas and Satluj) drain the Western Himalayas i.e. they
namely the Amazon basin in the north and flow through the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
Paraguay-Parana source region in the southwest. (ii) They flow almost parallel to each other.
(ii) Amazon plains lying between the two highlands (iii) A major tributary of river Sindhu , the Satluj,
form the largest plain land of Brazil. originates near Mansarovar and flows westwards.
(iii) Amazon plains lying in the northern parts of (iv) Punjab Plains have formed from the depositional
Brazil generally slope eastwards. work of this river and its tributaries.
34 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

(v) Sindhu flows through Pakistan and then meets (16) Rivers Meeting the Bay of Bengal
the Arabian Sea. Ans.
(14) Ganga River System: (i) Most of the area of the Peninsula is drained by
Ans. the rivers flowing towards Bay of Bengal.
(i) The river Ganga originates from the Gangotri (ii) The important river systems of this group are
glacier and crosses the Himalayas to become an Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri.
east-flowing river. (iii) Mahanadi basin occupies the northeastern part
(ii) Many tributaries of the Ganga also flow in a of the Peninsula.
similar manner. (iv) Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri originate in the
(iii) Yamuna, originating at Yamunotri, is a major eastern slopes of the Western Ghats.
tributary of Ganga. (v) River Godavari is the second largest river system
(iv) Another major tributary of the Ganga flows of India in terms of the catchment area.
through the northern part of the Greater (vi) To the south of Godavari is located the basin of
River Krishna. It major tributaries are Bhima and

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Himalayas, crosses the Himalayas to enter India.

in
(v) When it flows through the Himalayas it is called Tungabhadra.
(vii) River Kaveri Basin flows through the states of

nl
Tsang Po.
(vi) When it crosses the Himalayas, it is called Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. It is one of the major

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Dihang and its eastward flow thereafter is called rivers of Peninsula.

e
as Brahmaputra. (viii) It is a river that has been harnessed for irrigation

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(vii) From time to time, Ganga meets its tributaries, since a long time.

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hence its discharge increases. (ix) The major rivers of Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri
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(viii) Ganga receives Brahmaputra as its tributary in its rise from the eastern slopes of the western ghats
lower reaches in Bangladesh. The huge volume and flow towards Bay of Bengal. However the
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of water and huge deposition has led to the river originating from westward slopes merging
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formation of a large delta. into Arabian sea are swift.

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(ix) Besides these Himalayan rivers, Ganga receives

Make friends with maps! (Textbook Page No. 14)
/L

a number of tributaries from Peninsula like

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Chambal, Ken, Betawa, Shon, Damodar etc. Observe the map and answer the questions :
(15) Rivers Meeting the Arabian Sea. (a) (Refer to Textbook Page No. 14, Fig 3.1)
.C

Ans. (i) In which direction does the region with an

(i) The west flowing rivers occupying the area altitude of more than 6000m lie in India ?
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between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Ans. The region with an altitude of more than 6000m
Coastline are short in length but swift. lie in India towards the north and north east.
u
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(ii) This condition of short and swift river system (ii) Look for the south flowing river in the peninsular
exists in the states of Kerala, Karnataka, region. In which river basin does it lie?
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Maharashtra and Southern Gujarat. Ans. River Wardha and Wainganga are the south
(iii) Further northwards one comes across the river flowing river in the peninsular region. These lies
system flowing in to the Gulf of Khambhat. in the Godavari river basin.
(iv) These river systems are Tapi, Narmada, Mahi
(iii)In which direction is the slope of the region in
and Sabarmati.
the north shown in dark green.
(v) Tapi and Narmada flow slowly through rift
Ans. The slope of the region in the north shown in
valleys.
dark green is towards the east.
(vi) Mahi River flows from North East to South West
(iv) Make a list of plateaus located in between
direction whereas River Sabarmati collecting its
Aravalli ranges and Chota Nagpur plateau.
headwaters from the southern slopes of Aravali
Ans. Plateaus located in between Aravalli ranges
ranges flows in somewhat North-South direction.
and Chota Nagpur plateau are Mewad plateau,
(vii) Another noteworthy river forming the catchment
Bundelkhand, Baghelkhand and Malwa plateau.
of Arabian Sea is River Luni.
(viii) It originates along the western slopes of Aravali (v) Name the peak shown in the Eastern Ghats
range and flows in somewhat northeast to Ans. Mahendragiri is the peak shown in the Eastern
southwest direction and flows into Gulf of Kutchch. Ghats.
Physiography and Drainage 35

(vi) Which mountains demarcate the deep plains of (vi) Describe the plateau region with height of 200
Brahmaputra? to 500 m through which tributaries of Amazon
Ans. Dafla hills, Patkai hills, Naga hills, Garo, Khasi how in your own words.
and Jaintia hills demarcate the deep plains of Ans. The highlands here gradually slope towards north
Brahmaputra. and slopes are not very steep. The tributaries of
(vii) Give the relative location of the Nilgiri Hills. Amazon, eg. Xingu river flowing through this
Ans. Nilgiri is at the convergence of Western Ghats and region make rapids and waterfalls.
Eastern Ghats and lies in western Tamil Nadu of
Make friends with maps! (Textbook Page No. 16)
southern India.
(Refer to Textbook Page No. 14, Fig 3.1)
(viii) In which direction does the height of Sahyadri
hills increase? (a) In which direction do the Aravalis lie?
Ans. The height of Sahayadri hills increase towards Ans. The Aravalis lie in Northwest direction. OR
the south. Aravalis lie to the North of peninsula.

e
It stretches from the north east to south west.
(ix) The Vindhyas act as a water divide between

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which two river basins? (b) Aravali ranges act as a water divide between

nl
Ans. The Vindhyas acts as a water divide between which rivers?

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Ganga river system and Narmada river system. Ans. The Aravali act as a water divide between river
Luni to the west and river Banas to the east.

e
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(b) (Refer to Textbook Page No. 15, Fig 3.2) (c) Name the hills located on the plateaus to the
(i) What is the range of altitude of the Amazon east of Aravalis.

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river basin? Ans. Hills located on the plateaus to the east of Aravalis
ng
Ans. The range of altitude of Amazon river basin is from are Vindhya, Satpuda, Mahadeo, Kaimur hills
ni
0 meters to 200 meters. and Maikal ranges.
r

(ii) Between which two highlands is the Amazon (d) Across which states has the Deccan Plateau
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river basin located? spread?

Ans. Deccan plateau has spread across Maharashtra,
/L

Ans. The Amazon river basin is located between

Guyana Highlands and Brazilian Highlands. Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh.
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(iii)Observe the region with the altitude of 500 (e) Which hill ranges lie to the west of the Deccan
to 1000 meters. Describe the locational extent Plateau?
.C

of this region in yellow with reference to the Ans. Sahyadri hill ranges (Western ghats) lie to the
be

direction. west of the Deccan Plateau.

Ans. The region in yellow represents the Brazilian (f) Enumerate the characteristic of the Western
u

highlands. They cover most of the eastern and Ghats.

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southern parts of Brazil, stretching from north Ans.

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east to south east. (i) The Western Ghats are continuous chain of
(iv) What do the isolated regions shown in yellow mountains extending from north to south for
indicate? about 1600 km. They run parallel to the west cost
Ans. The isolated region shown in yellow indicate of India.
Brazilian highlands or Brazilian plateau or (ii) In the north, i.e. in Maharashtra and Karnataka
Brazilian shield. these mountain ranges are referred as Sahyadris
and in the south they are referred as Annamalai
(v) Besides the Amazon river basin, where else do
hills.
you find regions with an altitude of less than
(iii) The height of the Western Ghats increases
200m?
towards the south.
Ans. Besides Amazon basin the other regions with an
(iv) These hill ranges comprise of many peaks such as
altitude of less than 200 m are Pampas, Parana
Kalsubai Peak (1646 m) located to the north and
and Paraguay basin, Eastern and Northen coastal
Anaimudi Peak (2695 m) located to the south of
region.
Western Ghats.
(v) The highest peak of Western Ghats is Anaimudi
Peak (2695 m) located in Annamalai hills.
36 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

(vi) The western slope of the western ghats is steep In Brazil, the Escarpment occupying the southern
while the eastern slope is gentle part has highest altitude and the highest peak
(vii) The western ghats acts as a water divide for the Pico de Neblina lies to the north in the Guyana
rivers flowing towards Arabian Sea and Bay of highlands.
Bengal. The major rivers of Godavari, Krishna (b) In which country is the range of altitude higher?
and Kaveri rise from the eastern slopes of the Ans. India has the highest range of altitude.
western ghats and flow towards Bay of Bengal.
(c) Compare the highest range of altitudes given in
However, the river originating from westward
both the countries. What difference do you see?
slopes merging into Arabian Sea are swift.
Ans. The highest range of altitude in Brazil is more
(g) Compare the Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats than 1000m. Whereas in India, the highest range
Ans. Refer Q.3. (C) Distinguish Between : Q. No. (1) of altitude is more than 8000 m.
(h) Why are the Western Ghats called a water (d) In which direction is the slope of the Amazon
divide ? river basin region?

e
Ans. The Western Ghats divides the basins of the west Ans. The slope of Amazon Basin is towards the east.

in
flowing rivers like Vaitarna, Madvi etc. flowing
(e) In which direction is the slope of the Deccan

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towards the Arabian sea from those of the east
Plateau of India ?

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flowing rivers like Godavari, Krishna etc. flowing
Ans. The slope of Deccan plateau is towards the east.

e
towards Bay of Bengal.
(f) Tell the regions of rain shadow in both the

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Colours of Both (Textbook Page No. 19) countries.

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Ans. The rain shadow regions of India are eastern
Use the maps and the indices to answer the following: ng side of Sahyadri ranges on the Deccan plateau. In
(Refer to Textbook Page No. 14, Fig 3.1 &
Brazil the rain shadow regions are the area in the
Page No. 15, Fig. 3.2)
ni
north eastern part of the highlands.
(a) In which parts do the areas with highest altitude
r
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lie in both the countries, respectively?

Ans. In India, the Himalayas occupying the northern
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and the north eastern part has highest altitude.

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.C
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Physiography and Drainage 37

Try This (Textbook Page No. 19)

Write a comparative note on the basins of Ganga and Amazon river. You may consider following points for the
comparison.
Ans.
Points for comparison Ganga River Basin Amazon River Basin
(i) Size of catchment area Spreading across the northern and Spreading across the northern
eastern parts of India the Ganga parts of Brazil the Amazon River
River basin has a total catchment basin has a total catchment area of
area of 10,16,124 sq. km. 70,50,000 sq. km.
(ii) Their relative location The Ganga river basin lies to the The Amazon river basin occupies
within respective countries south of the Himalayas in the North the entire region in the north of
Indian plains and also occupies the Brazil right from the Guyana

e
northern part of the peninsula. i.e. highlands to the northern part of

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the Central Highlands. the Brazilian highlands.

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(iii) Headwater regions of rivers. Ganga river originates from The Amazon river originates

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Gangotri glacier in Uttarakhand. from the eastern slopes of Andes

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mountains in Peru.

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(iv) Orientation of the rivers The Ganga flows eastwards The Amazon river flows from the

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passing through the states of Uttar
ng west to the east entirely through
Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal the states of Amazonas and Para in
and terminates into the Bay of northern Brazil and terminates into
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Bengal. One of its branch enters the North Atlantic Ocean.
r
ea

into Bangladesh.
(v) Major tributaries and their (a) Yamuna is the major right bank (a) Rivers like Negro, Branco,
/L

orientation tributary of the river Ganga Paru flow south from Guyana
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originating from the Yamunotri highlands and meet the

glacier and meeting Ganga at Amazon river as left bank
.C

Allahabad. Other right bank tributaries.

tributaries originating from (b) River Madeira, Juruaka, Xingu
be

the Peninsula like Chambal, and Tocantins flow northwards

u

Ken, Betwa and Son flow and join the Amazon river at its
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northwards and join Ganga. right bank.

(b) The left bank tributaries like
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Gomati, Ghagra, Gandak and

Kosi flow South and meet Ganga.

(vi) Any other point(s) (a) The Ganga river basin is (a) Amazon river basin is
densely populated due to the sparsely populated due to
deposition of fertile alluvial soil dense equatorial rain forests,
and plenty of water available unfavourable climate and lack
for agriculture. of transport links.
(b) Fertile plains and deltas are (b) No deltas are formed but
formed. islands have developed along
the mouth of Amazon River.
(c) River Ganga is 2525 km long. (c) River Amazon is 6400 km long.
(d) Water discharge is 16,648 Cu.m. (d) Water discharge is 2,08,000
per sec. Cu.m. per sec.
38 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

ASSIGNMENT - 3
Time : 1 Hr. Marks : 20

Q.1. (A) Complete the sentences by choosing the correct option: (2)
(1) Amazon is a large river in the world. Near its mouth ...................... .
(a) deltaic regions are found (b) no deltas are found
(c) deposition of sediment occurs (d) fishing is done
(2) The major river ...................... of peninsula flows through the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
(a) Kaveri (b) Ganga Sindhu (c) Ganga (d) Brahmaputra

e
Q.2. Identify the correct group : (2)

in
(1) The order of the physiographic units in Brazil while going from North west to south east

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(i) Parana River basin -Guyana Highlands - Brazilian Highlands

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(ii) Guyana Highlands - Amazon River basin - Brazilian Highlands

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(iii) Coastal plains - Amazon River basin - Brazilian Highlands

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(2) These Rivers of Brazil all north flowing - ng
(i) Juruika - Xingu - Aragua
(ii) Negro - Branco - Paru
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(iii) Japura - Jarua - Purus
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Q.3. Answer the following in one sentence : (2)

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(1) What are “Kayals”?

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(2) What is the southernmost range of Himalayas called?

.C

Q.4. (A) Distinguish Between: (2)

*(1) Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats
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Q.4. (B) Outline Map of Brazil. (2)

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(1) Guyana highlands (2) Great Escarpment

(3) Marajo Island Pantanal wetlands (4) Pico de Neblina peak
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Q.5. Give Geographical reaons. (4)

(1) Many deltas are found along the Eastern coast of India.
(2) Pantanal is called the largest wetlands in the world.

Q.6. Answer in Detail (6)

(1) Explain the characteristics of the North Indian Plains.
(2) The Great Escarpment.

vvv
4 Climate

Points to Remember:
• Brazil experiences wide range of climatic variatio due ton Vast latitudinal extent.
• Climate near the Equator Hot.
• Climate near the Tropic of Capricorn Temperate.

e
• Brazil receives rainfall from South East trade winds; North East trade winds.

in
• Type of rainfall in coastal region of Brazil Orographic

nl
• Reason for orographic rain in Brazil The obstruction of Escarpments.

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• Rainshadow region is also called Drought Quadrilateral.

e
• Temperature in Northern part of Brazil High.

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Temperature in southern part of Brazil Low.

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• The zone in which most of Brazil and India lies ng Tropical zone.
• Average temperature in Amazon Valley 25°C – 28°C.
• Rainfall in Amazon valley 2000 mm.
ni

• Type of climate in India Monsoon Type.

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ea

• Average temperatures are higher throughout the year in India As the Sunrays are
perpendicular upto the Tropic of Cancer.
/L

• India experiences diversity in climatic conditions due to Latitudinal location and altitude.
om

• Less amount of rainfall in Gujarat and Rajasthan as winds blow parallel to Aravali range.
• Frequent natural disasters in India Erratic rainfall, droughts, cyclones, floods etc.
.C

• Wettest places in the world Mawsynram and Cherrapunji.

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• Driest place in India Jaisalmer.

u

• Four seasons of India (i) Hot weather season (ii) Season of rainfall (monsoon)
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(iii) Season of retreating monsoon (iv) Cold weather season.

• In India, temperature increases towards South
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• In India, temperature decreases towards North

• In Brazil, temperature increases towards North
• In Brazil, temperature decreases towards South
• Amount of rainfall received in Cherrapunji and Mawsynram 11000 mm
• Amount of rainfall received in Shillong 1000 mm
• State receiving rainfall during the retreating monsoon season Tamil Nadu
• Low pressure area developed in India due to high temperatures in summer Punjab Plain and
Thar desert in Rajsthan
• Rainfall in North-Eastern Brazilian coast around 1000-1200 mm.

(39)
40 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

(12) Orographic type of rainfall occurs in India

MASTER KEY QUESTION SET – 4
because of the natural obstruction of …………… .
Q.1. Choose the correct option and rewrite the (a) Himalayas (b) Escarpments
complete answer: (c) Highlands (d) Sahyadris
(1) The climate found near the Equatorial region is (13) As the …………… passes through the middle of
…………… . India, India is considered to be a tropical region.
(a) hot (b) dry (c) humid (d) cold (a) Tropic of Capricorn (b) Equator
(2) The climate found near the Tropic of Capricorn is (c) Tropic of Cancer (d) 60°S latitude
…………… . (14) Most part of Brazil lies in the …………… zone.
(a) hot (b) humid (a) polar (b) tropical
(c) temperate (d) cold (c) sub-tropical (d) temperate
(3) Brazil gets rainfall from …………… trade winds. Ans. (1) Hot (2) temperate (3) North - East and
(a) North - West and South - West South - East (4) Escarpments (5) Orographic

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(b) South - East and North - West (6) Cyclones (7) 25° - 28°C (8) 2000 mm

in
(c) South - West and North - East (9) monsoon (10) latitudinal (11) Indian

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(d) North - West and South - East (12) Himalayas (13) Tropic of Cancer (14) Tropical

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(4) The …………… act as an obstruction to the winds
coming from sea in Brazil. Q.2. (A) Match the following:

e
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(a) Himalayas (b) Escarpments Column 'A' Column 'B'
(c) Andes (d) Western Ghats

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(1) Wettest places in the (a) Tamilnadu
(5) The coastal region of Brazil receives ……………
ng world
type of rainfall.
(2) Driest place in India (b) Cherrapunji and
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(a) orographic (b) cyclonic
Mawsynram
(c) convectional (d) frontal
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(6) Since the convergence of trade winds are weak (3) Rainshadow region (c) Jaisalmer, Rajasthan
near the equator, …………… are not formed. in Brazil
/L

(a) clouds (b) ocean currents (4) Climate of India (d) Drought Quadrilateral
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(c) cyclones (d) tides (e) Monsoon type

(7) The average temperature in the Amazon valley is (f) Dry type
.C

…………… . Ans. (1 – b), (2 – c), (3 – d), (4 – e)

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(a) 15° - 20°C (b) 13° - 15°C

(c) 30° - 32°C (d) 25° - 28°C *(B) Write names of the states / regions in appropriate
u

(8) The Amazon valley receives around …………… .

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columns.
mm of rainfall Bihar, Tocantins, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Eastern
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(a) 2000 (b) 1800 Maharashtra, Western part of Rajasthan, Gujarat,

(c) 1500 (d) 1000- 1200 Rio Grande Do Norte, Paraiba, Western Ghats,
(9) India has …………… type of climate Eastern Himalayas, Western Andhra Pradesh,
(a) monsoon (b) dry Roroima, Amazonas, West Bengal, Rio Grande
(c) cold (d) humid do Sul, Santa Catarina, Goa
(10) The diversity in the climatic conditions of India Ans.
are due to the …………… location and altitude
States / Regions India Brazil
of the place.
(a) longitudinal (b) latitudinal High Rainfall Western Tocantins, Rio
(c) equatorial (d) tropical Ghats, Eastern Grande do Sul,
Himalayas, Goa Roraima
(11) The …………… ocean and the Himalayan ranges
exert a great influence on the climate of India. Moderate Bihar, Eastern Santa Catarina,
(a) Atlantic (b) Arctic rainfall Maharashtra Amazonas,
(c) Pacific (d) Indian West Bengal Alagoas
Climate 41

Low rainfall Western part of Pernambuco, (4) Which region is called the 'Drought
Quadrilateral'?
Rajasthan, Paraiba,
Ans. The northern part of Brazil beyond the Highlands
Gujarat, Western Rio Grande do
is called 'Drought Quadrilateral'.
Andhra Pradesh Norte, Alagoas
(5) Where is the difference in temperature
negligible in Brazil?
Q.3. (A) State whether right or wrong. Rewrite
Ans. The difference in temperature in the coastal
wrong sentences:
regions near the equator is negligible in Brazil.
*(1) The fact that Brazil lies on the equator affects its
climate in a big way. (6) In which zone does most of Brazil and India lie?
Ans. Right Ans. Most part of Brazil and India lies in the Tropical
zone.
*(2) India and Brazil have the same seasons at the
same time. (7) What passes through the northern part of Brazil?
Ans. Wrong - India and Brazil have different seasons Ans. The equator passes through the northern part of

e
Brazil.

in
at the same time.
(8) What is the average temperature in Amazon

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*(3) India faces tropical cyclones frequently.
Ans. Right valley?

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Ans. The average temperature in Amazon valley is
*(4) Brazil gets a lot of rainfall because of the

e
25° – 28°C.

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southwest monsoon winds.
Ans. Wrong - Brazil gets rainfall from South-East (9) Which part of Brazil has cooler climate?

T
Trade Winds and North-East Trade Winds. OR Ans. The climate is cooler in the Highlands.
ng
India gets a lots of rainfall because of the South (10) Why do the Brazilian coasts experience mild
West Monsoon Winds. and humid climate?
ni

(5) Brazil experiences wide climatic variation due Ans. The Brazilian coasts experience mild and humid
r

climate because of its proximity to sea.

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to its vast longitudinal extent.

Ans. Wrong - Brazil experiences wide climatic (11) Which type of climate is found in India?
/L

variation due to its vast latitudinal extent. Ans. India has monsoon type of climate.
om

(6) The winds more in the vertical direction in (12) What passes through middle of India?
northern Brazil. Ans. The Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle
.C

Ans. Right of India.

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(7) The rainfall reduces on the windward side of (13) What diversifies the climatic conditions of India?
the Great Escarpment. Ans. The diversity in the climatic conditions of India
u

Ans. Wrong - The rainfall reduces on the leeward side are due to the latitudinal location and altitude of
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of the Great Escarpment. OR India.

The rainfall is high on the windward side of the (14) What exerts a great influence on the climate of
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Great Escarpment. India and the origins of the monsoon?

Ans. The Indian Ocean and the Himalayan ranges
(B) Answer in one sentence each. exert a great influence on the climate of India and
(1) Why does Brazil experience wide climatic the origin of monsoons.
variations? (15) In India, what obstructs the cold winds blowing
Ans. Brazil has vast latitudinal extent because of which from the North?
it experiences wide climatic variations. Ans. In India, the Himalayas obstruct the cold winds
(2) Which winds bring rainfall to Brazil? blowing from the north.
Ans. Brazil receives rainfall from the South East and (16) What brings more rain in the coastal regions of
North East Trade Winds. India?
(3) What acts as an obstruction to the winds coming Ans. The obstruction caused by the Eastern and
from sea in Brazil? Western Ghats bring more rain in the coastal
Ans. The Escarpments act as an obstruction to the regions of India.
winds coming from the sea in Brazil.
42 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

(17) Which natural disasters does India face (4) The state in India which receives maximum
frequently? rainfall during the retreating monsoon season.
Ans. India faces natural disasters like erratic rainfall, Ans. Tamil Nadu
droughts, cyclones, floods, etc. frequently. (5) Temperature in Kargil in winter.
(18) Find out more about different ways of Ans. -48°C.
classification of the seasons. For example, what (6) Temperature in Ganganagar, Rajasthan in the
is summer? months of June.
Ans. The hot weather season is called the summer. The Ans. 50°C.
season where the rain begins is called the Monsoon.
(7) Name the hills responsible for heavy rainfall in
The cold weather season is called the winter.
Cherrapunji and Mawsynram.
Ans. Garo, Khasi and Jaintia hills.
(C) Name the following:
(8) Name the winds which provide rainfall to the
(1) The two places in India is considered as the
Tamil Nadu coast.

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wettest place in the world.
Ans. North East Monsoon winds.

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Ans. Cherrapunji and Mawsynram.
(9) Name the state to receive rain first in India.

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(2) Years in which Brazil has experienced snowfall.
Ans. Kerala.

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Ans. 1879, 1957and 1985.
(10) Name the four seasons of India as per Indian

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(3) The driest part of India.

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meteorological department.
Ans. Jaisalmer, Rajasthan.
Ans. The four seasons of India as per Indian

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ng meteorological department the hot weather
season (Summer), the season of rainfall
(Monsoon), the season of retreating monsoon
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and the cold weather season (Winter).
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Climate 43

Q.4. Mark the following on the map with the given information:
(1) Outline Map of Brazil.
(i) Winds bringing rainfall to Brazil or North East and South East Trade winds.
(ii) Drought Quadrilateral or Rainshadow region in Brazil.

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44 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

(2) Outline Map of India.

(i) Southwest Monsoon winds or winds bringing rainfall to most parts of India.
(ii) Coromandel Coast.
(iii) Cherrapunji and Mawsynram
(iv) Kargil or place recording lowest temperature in India.
(v) Jaisalmer or place recording lowest rainfall in India.

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Climate 45

Q.5. Give Geographical Reasons: (iv) India is a tropical country and receives orographic
*(1) The north-eastern part of Brazilian Highlands rain. So convectional type of rainfall is not
receives very less rainfall. prominent in India.
Ans. *(4) Tropical cyclones occur rarely in Brazil.
(i) Brazil gets rainfall from the South-East Trade Ans.
Winds and the North-East Trade Winds. (i) In the coastal regions of Brazil near the equator in
(ii) Parts of the Brazilian Highlands extend upto the Brazil, differences in temperatures are negligible.
northern coast. (ii) The winds move in the vertical direction in this
(iii) The Escarpments act as an obstruction to the region.
winds coming from the sea and cause orographic (iii) Similarly, the convergence zone of the trade
type of rainfall in the coastal region. winds is weak here. As a result, cyclones are not
(iv) Beyond the Highlands, the effect of these winds formed.
gets reduced. As a result, the rainfall is minimal. (iv) That is why tropical cyclones occur rarely in Brazil.

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(v) Thus the North Eastern part of Brazilian *(5) There is not much difference in the range of

in
highlands receives less rainfall. This rain shadow temperature in Manaus.

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region is also called as 'Drought Quadrilateral'. Ans.

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*(2) Snowfall doesn't always occur in Brazil. (i) Manaus is located to the north of Brazil and lies
Ans. close to the equator.

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(i) Because of the vast latitudinal extent of Brazil, (ii) This region receives perpendicular rays of the
it experiences wide range of climatic variations. sun throughout the year.

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Near the equator it is hot, while temperate type (iii) It also receives convectional type of rainfall every
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of climate is found near Tropic of Capricorn. day.
(ii) Considering the temperatures in Brazil, the (iv) So the climate is hot and humid throughout the
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northern part of Brazil is hot while the temperatures year.

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in the southern part are comparatively lower. (v) There is not much difference in the maximum
(iii) It generally snows in those areas lying in the and minimum temperatures.
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temperate or polar regions or in the mountainous (vi) So there is not much difference in the range of
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regions of very high altitude. temperature in Manaus.

(iv) Snowfall does occur but is only confined to higher *(6) India receives precipitation from the North East
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elevations in the southern states of Rio Grande Monsoon Winds too.

Do Sul, Parana and Santa Catarina. Ans.
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(v) Most part of the country lies in the tropical zone (i) The South West Monsoon Winds return from the
which experiences a hot and humid climate.
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Himalayan ranges and the retreating monsoon

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(vi) So snowfall doesn't always occur in Brazil and is season starts in India..
considered a rare phenomenon. (ii) While blowing from the north east towards the
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*(3) Convectional type of rainfall is not prominent Indian Ocean these winds bring rainfall to some
in India. parts of the peninsula.
Ans. (iii) These are the North East Monsoon Winds.
(i) Convectional rains are a feature of the equatorial (iv) They pick up moisture from over the Bay of
regions. Bengal and thus bring rain to the eastern coast.
(ii) Due to the intense heat here the air expands (v) Thus India receives precipitation from the North
and rises upwards. There is high proportion East Monsoon Winds too.
of moisture present in the air. As the air goes *(7) Shillong get less than 1000 mm of rainfall
upwards it cools down, condensation occurs and annually, whereas Cherrapunji / Mawsynram
clouds are formed. This leads to convectional which is nearby gets over 11000 mm of rainfall
rains every day. annually. (Find out, Textbook Page No. 31)
(iii) The equator passes through the northern part Ans.
of Brazil so the northern part of Brazil lies in the (i) Cherrapunji/ Mawsynram lies on the windward
equatorial region and experiences such type of side of the Khasi hills and receives rainfall from
rainfall. the South West Monsoon Winds.
46 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

(ii) While Shillong lies on the leeward side of the (6) Refer fig. 4.11 : Well- A source of water (India)
Khasi hills, so they receive less rainfall being in (Textbook Pg. 30)
the rain shadow area. Ans. Fig. 4.11 shows a well from which water is used.
(8) In spite of the Aravalli hills, many parts of
Rajasthan, Western Rajasthan do not receive (7) Refer fig. 4.13 : Paddy farming (India) (Textbook
much rainfall. Pg. 30)
Ans. Ans. Fig. 4.12 shows paddy farming in India. The
(i) The Aravallis lie parallel to the Arabian Sea. farmers are planting paddy. The water clogged
(ii) The winds bypass this region and no rain is shed. fields are shown.
(iii) As there are no mountain ranges that lie
transversely across. Q.7. Answer the following questions:
(iv) More over, this region is also on the leeward side *(1) Describe in brief the changes occurring in the
where the South West Monsoon Bay of Bengal climatic conditions of India while going from

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branch blows. south to north.

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Ans.

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*Q.6 Observe the pictures given below and write (i) India's climate is of 'monsoon' type. But there is

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brief description about them. diversity in climatic conditions of India due to
(1) Refer fig. 4.6 (a) : Traffic Jam Due to Rainfall the latitudinal location and altitude of the place.

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(Brazil) (Textbook Pg. 29) (ii) As the Tropic of Cancer passes through the
Refer fig. 4.6 (b) : Traffic Jam Due to Rainfall middle of India. India is considered to be in the

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(India) (Textbook Pg. 29) ng tropical region.
Ans. Fig. 4.6 (a) and 4.6 (b) shows the traffic congestion (iii) The Tropic of Cancer divides the country into
during heavy rains. Due to lack of proper tropical region in the south and temperate region
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drainage and heavy downpour the water gets to the north.
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accumulated disturbing the commuting system. (iv) Temperature increases towards the south as
perpendicular sunrays are received upto the
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(2) Refer fig. 4.7 : Dry land in drought affected region Tropic of Cancer and the average temperature
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(India) (Textbook Pg. 30) is high throughout the year. Also humidity is
Refer fig. 4.12 : Drought Quadrilateral region higher in the south than north.
(Brazil) (v) In the north summers are very hot and winters
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(Textbook Pg. 30) are cool and dry.

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Ans. Fig. 4.7 and 4.12 show the drought affected (vi) In winter, temperature drop to –48ºC in Jammu
regions of India and Brazil respectively. Due to and Kashmir and parts of mountainous regions
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less amount of rainfall received in these regions of Himalayas, due to high altitude.
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the land has became dry and cannot be cultivated. (vii) It rains heavily in the coastal regions and in the
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north east, due to orographic rainfall but the

(3) Refer fig. 4.8 : Snowfall ( India) (Textbook Pg. 30) interior parts of the Deccan Plateau receive less
Ans. Fig. 4.8 shows snow fall during winter season in rain as they lie in the rain shadow region.
the northern parts of India. (viii) The amount of rainfall keeps decreasing as we go
from the south to the north.
(4) Refer fig. 4.9 : Rainfall ( Brazil) (Textbook Pg. 30) *(2) Explain the importance of Himalayas and the
Ans. Fig. 4.9 shows heavy rainfall in the Brazillian Indian Ocean with respect to the climate of India.
rainforest region. Ans.
(i) The Indian Ocean and the Himalayan ranges
(5) Refer fig. 4.10 : Deforestation (Brazil) (Textbook exert a great influence on the climate of India and
Pg. 30) the origin of monsoons.
Ans. Fig. 4.10 shows the trees being cut down to bring (ii) Because of high temperatures in summers, low
land under cultivation. Deforestation is a major pressure area develops in Punjab Plains and the
issue in Brazil. Thar Desert of Rajasthan.
(iii) At the same time there is a high pressure region
developed over the Indian Ocean.
Climate 47

(iv) This attracts winds and they start blowing from *(4) Compare the climates of Brazil and India.
over the Indian Ocean towards mainland India. Ans.
(v) These are moisture–laden winds which bring Climate of India Climate of Brazil
rainfall to India.
(1) India has a monsoon Brazil has a tropical climate
(vi) These winds move towards the Himalayas and
type of climate to the north and temperate
due to the natural obstruction of the Himalayas,
climate to the south.
orographic rain occurs.
(vii) Later these winds retreat from the Himalayas (2) The southern part of The northern part of
and move from the north east towards the Indian India lies in the Tropics Brazil lies in the tropics
Ocean and brings rain to some parts of the so the temperature so the temperature is
Peninsula. is high in the south high in the north and
(viii) Also the very cold winds blowing from the north and comparatively comparatively low in the
are obstructed by the Himalayas and saves India low in the north. south i.e. Temperature
from severe winters. i.e. Temperature decreases from north to

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*(3) Discuss the factors affecting the climate of Brazil. decreases from south south.
to north.

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Ans.
(3) India receives rain Brazil receives rain

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(i) Brazil experiences wide range of climatic
variations due to its vast latitudinal extent, from the South West from the South East

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proximity to the equator, presence of the Atlantic Monsoon Winds and North East Trade

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Ocean and the Great Escarpment. and the North East Winds.

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(ii) The northern part of Brazil near the equator is ng Monsoon Winds.
hot, while temperate type of climate is found
(4) It receives orographic It receives convectional
near Tropic of Capricorn.
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rainfall. and orographic type of
(iii) Brazil gets rainfall from the South-East Trade
rainfall.
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Winds and the North-East Trade Winds blowing

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from the Atlantic Ocean. (5) The western part of The north eastern part of
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(iv) Convectional rainfall occurs in places near the Rajasthan, Gujarat the Brazilian highlands
and eastern side of is a rain shadow region.
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equator. Amazon valley receives 1000 -2000 mm

of rainfall. the Western Ghats
(v) The Escarpments act as an obstruction to the receive less rain.
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winds coming from the sea and cause orographic (6) Tropical cyclones are a Tropical cyclones are a
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type of rainfall in the coastal region which receive frequent phenomena. rare phenomena.
1000 – 1200 mm rainfall.
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(vi) Beyond the highlands, the effect of these winds (5) What is Drought Quadrilateral?
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gets reduced. As a result, the rainfall is minimal. Ans.

(i) Parts of the Brazilian highlands extend upto the
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(vii) This region is a rainshadow region. This region is

called ‘Drought Quadrilateral’. northern coast.
(viii) The equator passes through the northern (ii) The escarpments act as on obstruction to the
part of Brazil so the temperature here is high. winds coming from the sea and cause orographic
Average temperature of Amazon valley is type of rainfall in the coastal region.
25º - 28ºC. Climate is cooler in the highlands. (iii) Beyond the highlands, the effect of these winds
While the temperatures in the southern part are gets reduced.
comparatively lower. (iv) As a result, the rainfall is minimal. This region
(ix) In the coastal regions near the equator in Brazil, is a rainshadow region. This region is called
differences in temperatures are negligible. ‘Drought Quadrilateral’.
Because of the proximity to the sea, the coast
experiences mild and humid climate.
(x) The winds move in the vertical direction in this
region. Similarly, the convergence zone of the
trade winds is weak here.
So the tropical cyclones are a rare phenomena here.
48 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

Make friends with maps! (Textbook Page No. 25) (j) In which region do you find a higher temperature?
Ans. The northern part of Brazil has higher temperature.
1. Observe the given map below and answer the
(k) Considering the latitudinal extent of Brazil,
following questions.
where will you find temperate climate in Brazil?
(Refer to Textbook Page No. 25, Fig 4.1)
Ans. The southern part of Brazil lying below
(a) Considering the isotherms of Brazil, what is the 23 ½ºS latitude (Tropic of Capricorn) experiences
average range of temperature in Brazil? temperate climate.
Ans. Considering the isotherms of Brazil, the
(l) Describe the winds blowing between 0° to 5° N
average range of temperature of Brazil is
and S zones.
10ºC (28ºC - 18ºC).
Ans. The winds blowing between 0° to 5° N and S
(b) In which area does it rain more? zones move in the vertical direction leading to
Ans. It rains more in the northern and central part of convectional type of rain. The North East and
Brazil. e.g. Amazon Valley. South East Trade winds are very weak in this

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(c) From which directions are winds flowing region.

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towards Brazil? (m) Which method has been used to show

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Ans. The winds are flowing from North East and distribution in this map?
South East directions.

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Ans. Isopleth method has been used to show

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(d) What could be the reason behind that? distribution in this map.

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Ans. These are permanent trade winds which flow
from high pressure belt to the equatorial low 2. Observe the given Map and answer the

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pressure belt. Brazil being in the tropical zone, ng following questions.
a low pressure area is created and wind start (Refer to Textbook Page No. 26, Fig 4.3)
blowing from the ocean to the land.
ni
(a) Which region gets more than 4000 mm of rainfall ?
(e) What could be the obstruction in the way of
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Ans. Western Ghats, Western Coasts of India and the

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these winds? northeastern region comprising Mawsynram,

Ans. The escarpments acts as obstruction in the way of Cherrapunji and parts of Assam and Arunachal
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the South East Trade Winds coming from the sea. Pradesh gets more than 4000 mm of rainfall.
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(f) Which type of rainfall will occur because of (b) Identify the regions with maximum and
these winds? minimum temperatures?
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Ans. Orographic rainfall will occur because of these Ans. Central and North Western parts of Peninsular
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winds. Plateau and islands have high temperature. Hilly

(g) Correlate these winds and rainfall. regions of north, northeast and South India have
u

Ans. The escarpments act as an obstruction to the low temperature.

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winds coming from the sea and cause orographic (c) In which direction is the temperature increasing?
type of rainfall in the coastal region. Beyond the
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Ans. The temperature is increasing towards the south.

Highlands, the effect of these winds gets reduced. (d) Identify the direction of the winds shown. What
As a result, the rainfall is minimal. are they known as?
(h) In which part of Brazil are the average Ans. The winds shown are blowing from the south
temperatures low? west to north east direction. These winds are
Ans. The average temperatures are low in the southern called as Southwest Monsoon winds.
part of Brazil. (e) Which winds are responsible for the rainfall in
(i) Identify the rain-shadow area in Brazil. Describe India ?
its climatic characteristics. Ans. South West Monsoon Winds are responsible for
Ans. North eastern part of Brazilian highlands is a rain rainfall in India.
shadow region. Beyond the highlands the effect (f) Some part of Rajasthan is under desert? What
of the South East Trade Winds gets reduced and could be the reason for it?
the rainfall is minimal. Also, the temperature here Ans. The South West Monsoon Winds blow parallel
is quite high. This rain shadow region is referred Aravallis. As these moisture laden winds are not
to as 'Drought Quadrilateral'. obstructed by the Aravallis it rains less here. So,
Rajasthan is under desert.
Climate 49

(g) Draw the main parallel of latitude passing Use your brain power ! (Textbook Page No. 29)
through India which affects its climate. (Refer
(a) Group the months into seasons for a whole year
to. Fig. 2.1)
according to the charts given.
Ans. Students are expected to draw the Tropic of Cancer.
Ans.
(h) In which part of Peninsular India are semi-arid
Seasons India Brazil
climatic conditions found and why?
Ans. Summer March to May December to March
(i) The part of peninsular which have semi-arid Winter December to June to September
climatic conditions are Central part of Peninsula February
Plateau comprising parts of central Maharashtra,
Western Andhra Pradesh, Eastern Karnataka and (b) Find out more about different ways of
Western Tamil Nadu. These regions lie on the classification and the seasons. For example,
leeward side of the Western Ghats and Eastern what is summer?

e
Ghats. It rains less here and rain shadow region Ans. Spring (February to April), Summer (April to

in
is formed. June), Monsoon (June to Septmber), Autumn

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(ii) Some parts of Gujarat and Rajasthan are also (October to November), Winter (December to
semi-arid as the Aravallis lie parallel and do not March).

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obstruct the south west monsoon winds.

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Colours of Both! (Textbook Page No. 29)

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Give it a try (Textbook Page No. 27) Considering the location extent and climatic

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Considering the various factors affecting Brazil’s conditions of both the countries, write months as per
ng
climate, complete the table. in the seasons.
Ans. Ans. Refer Use your brain power ! : Q. No. (a)
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Regions Climatic
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Give it a try (Textbook Page No. 31)

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characteristics
(1) Amazon Valley The climate is Considering the location, extent of Brazil and India,
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generally hot and look for the differences in the elements of climate
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humid. It receives like temperature and rainfall as per direction. Write

around 2000 mm of a short note on it.
.C

rainfall. The average Ans. Refer Pg. 47, Q. 7. Answer the following questions:
range of temperature Q. No. (4)
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here is 25ºC – 28ºC.

Give it a try (Textbook Page No. 31)
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(2) Highlands Hot and dry climate,

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low rainfall. In which part of India are three crops grown in a year?
(3) Pantanal Warm and humid How is this related to the rainfall over there?
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Ans.
(4) North coastal region Hot and humid
(i) Coastal areas of Tamil Nadu in India grow three
climate. Rainfall
crops in a year. This crop is taken during the
between 1000 to 1200
retreating monsoon season.
mm.
(ii) The climate of Tamil Nadu is also favourable for
(5) South coastal region Mild and humid
coconut and rubber plantations.
climate.
(iii) The South West Monsoon Winds while blowing
(6) Southernmost region Hot summers, cool from North East towards the Indian Ocean brings
of Brazil winters and snowfall. rain to some parts of Peninsular India, Tamil
Nadu being one of them.
50 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

ASSIGNMENT - 4
Time : 1 Hr. Marks : 20

Q.1. Choose the correct option and rewrite the complete answer: (2)
(1) The climate found near the Tropic of Capricorn is …………… .
(a) hot (b) humid (c) temperate (d) cold
(2) The …………… act as an obstruction to the winds coming from sea in Brazil.
(a) Himalayas (b) Escarpments (c) Andes (d) Western Ghats

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Q.2. State whether right or wrong. Rewrite wrong sentences. (2)

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(1) The fact that Brazil lies on the equator affects its climate in a big way.

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(2) India faces tropical cyclones frequently.

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Q.3. Name the following. (2)
(1) Years in which Brazil has experienced snowfall.

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(2) Name the state to receive rain first in India.
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(3) Name the hills responsible for heavy rainfall in Cherrapunji and Mawsynram.
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(4) The driest part of India.
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Q.4. Give Geographical Reasons: (6)

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(1) The north-eastern part of Brazilian Highlands receives very less rainfall.
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(2) Convectional type of rainfall is not prominent in India.

(3) There is not much difference in the range of temperature in Manaus.
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Q.5. Answer the following questions: (8)

(1) Discuss the factors affecting the climate of Brazil.
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(2) What is Drought Quadrilateral?

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vvv
5 Natural Vegetation & Wildlife

Points to Remember:

Brazil Vegetation
Brazil - Major Forest Types

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Equatorial Tropical Swampy Hot Deciduous Thorny Temprate

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Forests Grasslands Lands Forests Shrubs Grasslands

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• Reason for Variation in Rainfall in Brazil Physiography

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• Types of forest in region where it rains throughout the year Evergreen forests
• Types of forest in region where it rains during certain season grasses, short shrubs, thorny

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vegetation, etc.
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• Largest number of vegetation species are found in Brazil
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• Trees found in Brazil Pau Brasil, rubber, mahogany, rosewood and orchids
• Rainforests of Brazil ‘Lungs of the world'
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India Vegetation
India-Major Forest Types
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Evergreen Forests Deciduous Forests Thorny Shrubs Himalayan Forests Coastal Forests
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• The leaves of trees in Evergreen forests Broad and green

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• Type of wood of trees found in Evergreen forest hard, heavy and durable
• Trees having hardwood which is heavy and durable Mahogany, rosewood, rubber
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• In regions the rainfall is between 1000 mm to 2000 mm Deciduous forests.

• Trees found in Deciduous forest of India Teak, bamboo, banyan, peepal, etc.
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• Regions having less than 500 mm rainfall Thorny, Shrub like vegetation
• Type of plants found in region having less than 500 mm rainfall Catechu, Acacia, Khejri,
Aloe vera and Agave
• Swampy areas, estuaries and lagoons Coastal type of vegetation
• Coastal type of vegetation is called Mangroves or Sunderbans
• The wood quality of coastal vegetation is Oily, light and durable

Types of forest in Indian Himalayas (according to altitude)

Highest altitude Medium altitude Foot hills

Seasonaly flowering Coniferous trees like (including both coniferous

trees pine, deodar, fir and deciduous type of forests)

( 51 )
52 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

Brazil Wildlife
• Swampy areas of the Pantanal Anacondas
• Animals found in Brazil Guinea pigs, crocodiles, alligators, monkeys, pumas, leopards, etc.
• Fish varieties in Seas Sword fish
• Fish varieties in rivers Pink dolphins and Piranhas
• Bird varieties include Condors, parrots and flamingoes
• A bird which is huge in size and can fly high in sky Condors
• Degradation of environment due to Illegal smuggling of animals, slash and burn agriculture
(roka), deforestation, pollution etc.
India Wildlife
• Animal found in Hot and humid forests Elephants
• Swampy and marshy lands of Assam One horned rhinoceroses

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• Arid lands Wild ass and camels

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• Snow capped regions of Himalayas Snow leopards and yaks

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• Peninsular region Indian Bisons, deer, monkeys and antelopes

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• The only country in the world where Tigers and Lions are found India

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• Rivers, estuaries and coastal areas turtles, crocodiles and gavials (gharial).

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• Variety of birds in the forests and wetlands Peacocks, Indian bustard, Kingfishers, peasants,
ducks, parakeets, cranes and pigeons.

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•
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Many species of wildlife are on the verge of extinction because of poaching, pollution and
rapid deforestation.
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• Measure for protection of wildlife and forest in India Setting up of National Parks, wildlife
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sanctuaries, bird sanctuaries and biosphere reserves.

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(6) The rainforests are rightly called the

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MASTER KEY QUESTION SET – 5

………………..
Q.1. Choose the correct option and rewrite the (a) lungs of the world (b) limbs of the world
.C

complete answer: (c) heart of the world (d) brain of the world
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(1) In Brazil, ……………….. varies due to (7) Highest biodiversity is found in ................. forests.
physiography (a) thorny (b) deciduous
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(a) soil (b) rainfall (c) evergreen (d) coastal

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(c) agriculture (d) mineral availability (8) In regions receiving rainfall between 1000 mm
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(2) In most parts of the ……………….. region, it rains to 2000 mm in India, ……………….. forests are
throughout the year. found.
(a) temperate (b) tropical (a) thorny (b) evergreen
(c) grasslands (d) equatorial (c) deciduous (d) tropical
(3) As one moves away from the equator, (9) In Regions receiving less than 500 mm of rainfall
……………….. decreases. that experience dry summers for a long time in
(a) altitude (b) forest India, ……………….. and shrub like vegetation
(c) rainfall (d) snowfall is found.
(4) The ……………….. forests are found where there (a) equatorial (b) evergreen
is rainfall throughout the year. (c) grasslands (d) thorny
(a) tropical (b) thorny (10) In ……………….. areas, coastal type of vegetation
(c) evergreen (d) temperate is found
(5) Brazil has the/a ……………….. number of (a) peninsular (b) mountainous
vegetation species in the world. (c) rocky (d) swampy
(a) moderate (b) largest
(c) low (d) smallest
Natural Vegetation & Wildlife 53

(11) Coastal type of vegetation is called as (23) Hot and Humid forests are a home for …….……. .
……………….. in India (a) tiger (b) elephants
(a) bangar (b) sunderbans (c) dogs (d) leopard
(c) pantanal (d) terai (24) One horned rhinoceroses are found in swampy
(12) The wood found in Sunderbans is ……………….., and marshy lands of…………………. .
light and durable. (a) Assam (b) Madhya Pradesh
(a) dry (b) fragile (c) Telangana (d) Tamil Nadu
(c) oily (d) soft (25) Indian Bisons, deers, monkeys are found in the
(13) In areas located in ……………….. altitude of …………………region.
Himalayas, seasonly flowering trees are found. (a) Himalayan (b) Western Ghats
(a) highest (b) lowest (c) Peninsular (d) Deccan
(c) plains (d) medium (26) The only country where both Lions and Tigers
(14) In regions with ……………….. altitude of are found is…………………………

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Himalayas, coniferous trees are found. (a) Brazil (b) India

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(a) high (b) low (c) Australia (d) America

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(c) plains (d) medium
Ans. (1) rainfall (2) equatorial (3) rainfall (4) evergreen

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(15) At foothills of the Himalayas ……………….. (5) largest (6) lungs of the world (7) evergreen

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forests are found. (8) deciduous (9) thorny (10) swampy (11) sunderbans

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(a) mixed (b) teak (12) oily (13) highest (14) medium (15) mixed
(c) coniferous (d) pine

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ng (16) sal (17) Brazil (18) huge anacondas (19) sword fish
(16) The proportion of ……………….. trees is higher (20) piranhas (21) flamingoes (22) roka (23) elephants
at the foothills of the Himalayas. (24) Assam (25) Peninsular (26) India
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(a) sal (b) teak
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(c) rosewood (d) pine Q.2. (A) Match the following:

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(17) A greater diversity of wildlife is found in *(I) Column 'A' Column 'B'
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……………….. than any other country in the

(1) Evergreen Forests (a) Sundar trees
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world.
(2) Deciduous forests (b) Pine
(a) India (b) Russia
(c) Australia (d) Brazil (3) Coastal forests (c) Pau Brasil
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(18) In the swampy areas of pantanal, ……………….. (4) Himalayan forests (d) Khejari
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are found. (5) Thorny and bush (e) Teak

(a) cobra (b) vipers type vegetation
u
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(c) huge anacondas (d) Indian python. (f) Orchid

(19) Among fish varieties, ……………….. fish is found (g) Sal
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in seas of Brazil
(a) mackerel (b) king fish Ans. (1 – c), (2 – e), (3 – a), (4 – b), (5 – d)
(c) sword fish (d) scoliodon
(II) Column 'A' Column 'B'
(20) In Brazilian rivers, pink dolphins and
……………….. are found (1) Evergreen Forests (a) Major portion of
(a) gold fish (b) piranhas Madhya Pradesh
(c) king Fish (d) mackrels (2) Deciduous forests (b) Arunachal Pradesh
(21) One of the major bird species found in Brazil (3) Thorny shrubs (c) Sundarbans
includes …………….. (4) Himalayan forests (d) Western ghats
(a) ostrich (b) flamingoes
(5) Coastal forests (e) Gujarat
(c) kiwi (d) duck
(f) Cold desert in Jammu
(22) Slash and burn agriculture is also called
and Kashmir
…………… in Brazil.
(a) kumri (b) roka (roca) (g) Hot desert in Rajasthan
(c) dry farming (d) bewar Ans. (1 – d), (2 – a), (3 – e), (4 – b), (5 – c)
54 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

(9) With reference to Birds found in Brazil.

(III) Column 'A' Column 'B'
(a) Condors (b) Flamingoes
(1) Equatorial forests (a) Caatinga (c) Macaws (d) Peacocks
(2) Grasslands forests (b) Pantanal Ans. (d) Peacock
(3) Swampy Lands (c) Pumpas (10) With reference to Birds found in India.
(4) Hot deciduous forests (d) Amazon river Basin (a) Peacock (b) Kingfisher (c) Duck (d) Flamingoes.
(5) Thorny shrubs (e) Escarpment Ans. (d) Flamingoes.
(f) Savanna
Q.3. (A) Answer in one sentence:
(g) Parana basin
(1) Where does it rain throughout the year?
Ans. (1 – d), (2 – c), (3 – b), (4 – e), (5 – a) Ans. It rains throughout the year, in most parts of the
equatorial region.
Q.2. (B) Identify the odd man out: (2) As one moves away from the equator, does the

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*(1) Forest type of Brazil rainfall increase?

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(a) Thorny bush type vegetation Ans. No, the rainfall decreases as one moves away

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(b) Evergreen forests from the equator.

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(c) The Himalayan Forests (3) Where are evergreen forests found?

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(d) Deciduous forests Ans. Evergreen forests are found in the area where it

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Ans. (c) The Himalayan Forest rains throughout the year.
*(2) With reference to India

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(4)
ng What effect does rainfall have on vegetation?
(a) Mangrove forests Ans. As the rainfall decreases, the density of the
(b) Mediterranean forests vegetation reduces.
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(c) Thorny bush-type vegetation (5) What kind of vegetation is found in places of
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(d) Equatorial forests less rainfall?

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Ans. (b) Mediterranean Forest Ans. Various types of grass, short shrubs and thorny
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*(3) With reference to Fauna of Brazil. vegetation is found in places of less rainfall.
(a) Anaconda (b) Tamairin
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(6) Where are the largest number of vegetation

(c) Red Panda (d) Lion species found in the world?
Ans. (c) Red Panda
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Ans. Brazil has the largest number of vegetation

*(4) With reference to flora in India. species in the world.
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(a) Deodar (b) Anjan (7) What kind of trees are found in Brazil?
(c) Orchid (d) Banyan
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Ans. Trees like Pau Brasil, rubber, mahogany,

Ans. (c) Orchid
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rosewood and variety of orchids are found in

(5) With reference to fauna in Brazil. Brazil.
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(a) Anaconda (b) Tamairin (c) Tiger (d) Red panda (8) Why are the evergreen forests called the lungs
Ans. (d) Red Panda of the world?
(6) With reference to Fauna in India. Ans. Evergreen forests called the lungs of the world
(a) Anaconda (b) Elephants (c) Lion (d) Tiger because they release large amount of oxygen
Ans. (a) Anaconda in environment which decreases the amount of
(7) With reference to Flora of Brazil. carbon dioxide.
(a) Pau Brazil (b) Rubber (c) Mahogany (d) Deodar (9) Decribe the leaves of trees found in evergreen
Ans. (d) Deodar forests?
(8) With reference to Himalayan Forests. Ans. The leaves of trees found in evergreen forests are
(a) Seasonal flowering plants broad and green.
(b) Orchids (10) What is the quality of wood found in evergreen
(c) Pine forests?
(d) Mixed Forests Ans. The wood found in evergreen forests is hard,
Ans. (b) Orchids heavy and durable.
Natural Vegetation & Wildlife 55

(11) In which region are deciduous forests found? (24) Where is greater diversity in wildlife found in
Ans. Deciduous forests are found in regions receiving the world?
rainfall between 1000 mm to 2000 mm in India. Ans. A greater diversity in wildlife is found in Brazil
(12) Which trees are found in deciduous forests? than any other country in the world.
Ans. Trees like Teak, bamboo, banyan, peepal etc. are (25) Which animal is found in the swampy areas of
found in deciduous forest. the Pantanal?
(13) Which regions experience dry summers for a Ans. Huge anacondas are found in the swampy areas
long time in India? of Pantanal.
Ans. Regions that receive less than 500 mm of rainfall (26) Which are the other animals found in Brazil?
experience dry summers for a long time in India. Ans. Animals like guinea pigs, crocodiles, alligators,
(14) Which kind of vegetation is found in regions monkeys, pumas, leopards etc. are found in
receiving less than 500 mm of rainfall? Brazil.
Ans. Thorny or shrub like vegetation is found in (27) Which is the main variety of fish found in The

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regions receiving less than 500 mm of rainfall. Brazilian sea?

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(15) How are the leaves of trees in the region where Ans. Sword fish is mainly found in the Brazilian sea.

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there is less than 500 mm of rainfall? (28) Which varieties of fish are found in the rivers of

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Ans. The leaves of trees are small in the region where Brazil?

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there is less than 500 mm of rainfall. Ans. Piranhas are found in the rivers of Brazil.

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(16) Name some plants found in regions having less (29) What kind of birds are seen in the Brazilian sky?

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than 500 mm of rainfall in India. Ans. Condors, parrots, macaws and flamingoes are
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Ans. Catechu, acacia, khejri and a variety of cactus like found in the Brazilian skies.
aloevera and agave are found in regions having (30) Why is degradation of environment happening
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less than 500 mm of rainfall in India. Brazil?
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(17) Where is coastal vegetation found? Ans. Degradation of environment is happening in

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Ans. Coastal vegetation is found in swampy areas, Brazil due to illegal smuggling of wild animals,
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estuaries and lagoons near coastal areas. slash and burn agriculture (roka), deforestation
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(18) What is coastal vegetation called in India? and pollution.

Ans. Coastal vegetation is called mangroves or (31) Where are elephants found in India?
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sunderbans in India. Ans. Elephants are found in hot and humid forests of
(19) How is the wood of trees found in coastal India.
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vegetation? (32) Where are one horned rhinoceroses found?

u

Ans. The wood of trees found in coastal vegetation is Ans. One horned rhinoceroses are found in the
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oily, light and durable. swampy and marshy lands of Assam.

(20) How many types of forests are there in the (33) Which animals are found in the arid lands of
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Himalayas? India?
Ans. There are three types of forests in the Himalayas Ans. Wild ass and camels are found in the arid lands
based on their altitude. of India.
(21) Which kind of trees are found in regions of high (34) Which animal is found in the snow capped
altitude? regions of Himalayas?
Ans. Seasonally flowering trees are found in regions of Ans. Snow leopards are found in the snow capped
high altitude. regions of the Himalayas.
(22) Which type of trees are found in regions with (35) Which animals are found in the peninsular
medium altitude? region of India?
Ans. In regions with medium altitude, coniferous trees Ans. Indian Bisons, deer, antelopes and monkeys are
like pine, deodar and fir are found found in the peninsular region of India.
(23) Where are mixed forests found? (36) Which is the only country where both Lions and
Ans. Mixed forest are found at the foothills of the Tigers are both found?
Himalayas. Ans. India is the only country where Lions and Tigers
are both found.
56 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

(37) Where are turtles, crocodiles and gharials found (12) Kind of trees found in forests located on higher
in India? altitudes in Himalayas.
Ans. Turtles, crocodiles and gharials are found in Ans. Seasonally flowering trees.
rivers, estuaries and coastal areas of India. (13) Kind of trees which are grown in forests located
(38) Which birds are found in the forests and on medium altitudes in Himalayas.
wetlands of India? Ans. Coniferous trees like Pine, Deodar, Fir.
Ans. Birds like peacocks, Indian bustard, kingfishers, (14) Region where mixed forests are found in
peasants, ducks, parakeet, cranes and pigeons Himalayas.
are found in the forests and wetlands of India. Ans. Foothills of Himalayas
(39) What measures are taken by the Government of (15) Animal found in the swampy areas of Pantanal?
India for the protection of wildlife and forests Ans. Huge anacondas.
of India?
(16) Any two varieties of animals found in Brazil.
Ans. The Government of India has set up a number
Ans. Guinea pigs, crocodiles.

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of national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, bird
(17) Kind of fishes found in seas of Brazil.

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sanctuaries and biosphere reserves for the
Ans. Sword Fish.

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protection of wildlife and forests in India.
(18) Fish varieties found in the rivers of Brazil.

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Ans. Pink Dolphins and Piranhas.

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Q.3. (B) Name the following:

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(1) The region where it rains throughout the year. (19) Any two species of birds found in Brazil?
Ans. Equatorial region. Ans. Condors, different types of parrots, macaws.

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(2) Name the forests which are found where it rains (20) Causes for degradation of environment.
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throughout the year. Ans. Illegal smuggling of wild animals, roka,
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Ans. Evergreen forests deforestation and pollution
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(3) Kind of vegetation found in places of less (21) Region where Elephants are found in India.
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rainfall. Ans. Hot and humid forests

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Ans. Grass, short shrubs, thorny vegetation. (22) Animal which is found in the swampy and
marshy lands of Assam.
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(4) Country where the largest number of vegetation

species in the world is located. Ans. One horned rhinoceroses
Ans. Brazil (23) Animals which are found in arid lands of India.
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(5) Name the types of trees found in Brasil. Ans. Wild ass and camels.
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Ans. Pau Brasil, rubber, mahogany, rosewood and (24) Animals which are found in the snowcapped
variety of orchids. mountain of Himalayas?
u
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(6) What are the rainforests called? Ans. Yaks and Snow Leopards.
Ans. 'The lungs of the world.' (25) Which animals are found in the peninsular
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(7) Trees found in deciduous forests? region of India?

Ans. Teak, bamboo, banyan, peepal Ans. Indian Bisons, deer, antelopes and monkeys.
(8) Type of vegetation found in region having less (26) Which is the only country where both Lion and
than 500 mm of rainfall Tigers are found?
Ans. Thorny and Shrub-like Ans. India.
(9) Name some plants found in regions having less (27) Animals found in rivers, estuaries and coastal
than 500 mm of rainfall. areas of India.
Ans. Catechu, acacia, khejri and varieties of cactus Ans. Turtles, crocodiles and garials.
(10) Kind of vegetation found in swampy areas. (28) What has Government of India set up to protect
Ans. Coastal type. wildlife?
Ans. National parks, bird sanctuaries, wildlife
(11) Another name of coastal type of vegetation in
sanctuaries and biosphere reserves.
India.
Ans. Mangroves or Sunderbans (29) National animal of India.
Ans. Tiger.
Natural Vegetation & Wildlife 57

Q.4. (A) Mark the following on the map of India with the given information:
(1) (a) Evergreen forests (b) Deciduous forest (c) Thorny shrubs (d) Himalayan Forests (e) Coastal Forests
Ans.

e
in
nl
e O
T ub
ng
r ni
ea
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.C
u be
uT
Yo
58 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

(2) Mark the following on the map of Brazil with the given information:
(1) Equatorial forests (2) Tropical grasslands (3) Swampy lands
(4) Hot deciduous forest (5) Thorny shrubs (6) Temperate grasslands
Ans.

e
in
nl
e O
T ub
ng
r ni
ea
/L
om
.C
u be
uT
Yo
Natural Vegetation & Wildlife 59

(3) Mark the following on the map of India with the given information:
(1) Bengal Tiger (2) Lion (3) Great Indian Bustard
(4) Gangetic Dolphin (5) Olive Ridley turtles (6) Swamp deers
(7) One horned rhinos (8) Nilgiri Tahr goat (8) Gharials
Ans.

e
in
nl
e O
T ub
ng
r ni
ea
/L
om
.C
u be
uT
Yo
60 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

Q. 4. (B) Answer the following questions on the basis of map given:

Temperate forests 27oC

21oC 1200 mm
1600 mm 23oC
Tropical forests 600 mm

Coastal Plains
1000 m Deciduous forests
Various
Equatorial forests 21oC
types
28oC 1500 mm Reptiles and
of Apes
grassland animals
500 m 2000 mm Grassland animals
Reptiles

Reptiles, Arboreal and aquatic animals

400 km 1200 km 2000 km 2800 km 3600 km

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5o11'N. Guyana Highlands Amazon Basin Parana Basin Brazil Highlands 25 o 24'S.

in
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(1) How much mm of rainfall does Tropical forests *(2) Vegetation is scarce in the high altitude of the
have? Himalayas.

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Ans. Tropical forests receives rainfall of 1600 mm. Ans.

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(2) How much rainfall does equatorial forests (i) As the altitude increases, the temperature

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receive? decreases.

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Ans. Equatorial forests receive 2000 mm of rainfall. (ii) The climatic is very cold in the high altitudes.
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(3) Name the types of forests shown in figure. In Jammu and Kashmir and parts of Himalayas
Ans. Tropical forest, Equatorial forest, Deciduous temperature drops to -40ºC.
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forests and Temperate forests are shown in the (iii) Very few species of plants can survive in such
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above figure. extreme conditions. Only seasonally flowering

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(4) Where are tropical and equatorial forests found trees are found at higher altitudes.
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in Brazil? Hence, Vegetation is scarce in the high altitude of the

Ans. Tropical and equatorial forests are found in Guyana Himalayas.
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Highlands and Amazon basin respectively. *(3) A wide variety of species of insects is found in
(5) Where are deciduous forests and temperate Brazil.
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forests found in Brazil? Ans.

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Ans. Deciduous forests and Temperate forests (i) Evergreen forests are found in Brazil.
found in Parana Basin and Brazilian Highlands (ii) A greater diversity in wildlife is found in Brazil
u

respectively. compared to any other country in the world.

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(6) What kind of wildlife is seen in Brazilian (iii) Due to heavy rainfall and swampy regions, it
Yo

Highlands? serves as a favourable ground for insects to breed.

Ans. Reptiles and grassland animals are seen in (iv) Hence, millions of insect varieties are found in
Brazilian Highlands. Brazil.
*(4) Wild life in India is decreasing day by day.
Q. 5. Give geographical reasons: Ans.
*(1) The northern part of Brazil is covered with (i) Wildlife in India is decreasing day by day because
dense forests. of poaching, pollution and rapidly occurring
Ans. deforestation.
(i) The northern part of Brazil is the equatorial (ii) Expansion of cities to accommodate the growing
region. population is leading to cutting down of the
(ii) In most parts of the equatorial region, it rains valuable forests which leads to the loss of habitat
throughout the year. The region receives of wildlife.
convectional type of rainfall. (iii) Also the problem of pollution has become severe
(iii) In regions which receive rainfall throughout the due to urbanisation. Various types of pollution
year, the vegetation is dense. have threatened the lives of many of the species.
Hence, the northern part of Brazil is covered with
dense forests.
Natural Vegetation & Wildlife 61

(iv) Smuggling of wild animals, poaching endangered As there are no tall Owing to the presence
species etc. have also led to loss of wildlife in and long extending of Himalayas,
India.
mountains in Brazil, Himalayan type forests
*(5) Like India, there is a need for conservation of
Himalayan type forests are found in North and
forests in Brazil too.
are not found here. North-East of India that
Ans.
(i) Wildlife in both India and Brazil are decreasing are classified on the
due to illegal smuggling of wild animals, slash basis of attitude.
and burn agriculture (roka), deforestation, Pantanal which is Coastal forests are also
pollution etc. one of the largest called as Sunderbans in
(ii) Various types of pollution in both the countries wetlands in the world India. It is mainly found
have threatened the lives of many of the species. is also referred to as a along the Eastern Coast
(iii) It is important to conserve the biodiversity for Swampy Land which of India.
everyone’s benefit and for the benefit of future

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is located to the South

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generations.
Western part of Brazil.
Hence there is a need for conservation of forests in both

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Brazil and India. Thorny shrubs are Thorny shrubs

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(6) Thorny and shrub-like vegetation is found in found to the North are found in India

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regions where there is less or no rainfall. Western part of receiving less than

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Ans. Brazilian which is also 500 mm of rainfall. It

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(i) The regions where there is less or no rainfall have ng considered to be a is majorly found in
a hot and dry climate. Drought Quadrilateral. Gujarat, Rajasthan,
(ii) The soils in these regions are also rocky and dry. rain shadow region of
ni
(iii) Water evaporation in leaves is more since the Western Ghats etc.
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surface area of exposure is more than that of

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thorns.
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(iv) Hence, thorny and shrub-like vegetation is found (2) Correlate Wildlife and Natural Vegetation in
in regions where there is less or no rainfall to India and Brazil.
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conserve water. Ans.

(7) The Brazilian rainforests are called the `lungs (i) Wildlife in any area depends upon the natural
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of the world’. vegetation found in that region. Hence, the

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Ans. habitat of every animal is unique.

(i) The evergreen rainforests of Brazil, release a large (ii) Marshy areas are a favourable habitat for huge
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amount of oxygen in the environment. anacondas, crocodiles, alligators. Hence, these

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(ii) This helps to reduce carbon dioxide levels. animals are found extensively in the swampy
(iii) Therefore, these rainforests are rightly called the lands of Pantanal and Equatorial Rainforests.
Yo

‘lungs of the world’. (iii) Savanna (Tropical Grasslands) is a favoured site

for millions of insect varieties. Hence different
Q. 6. Answer in short : birds that thrive upon these insects for food are
(1) Differentiate between the forest types of Brazil found here.
and India. (iv) Elephants thrive in the hot and humid forests.
Ans. One-horned rhinoceroses are found in the
swampy and marshy lands of Assam.
Forest type of Brazil Forest type of India
(v) Also, turtiles, crocodiles, gavials (gharials) are
(1) Brazil is extensively India is extensively found in the rivers, estuaries and coastal areas.
covered by Equatorial covered by Deciduous (3) What environmental issues are faced by Brazil
Rainforest due to the forest as major portion and India?
equatorial climate, of India receives Ans.
ample sunlight and rainfall between 1000- (i) Degradation of environment is happening in
heavy rainfall. 2000 mm. Brazil due to illegal smuggling of wild animals,
slash and burn agriculture (roka), deforestation,
pollution etc.
62 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

(ii) Due to these problems, many endemic species more area needs to be brought under agriculture.
are on the verge of extinction. For the expansion of agricultural land, forest
(iii) India too faces environmental issues such as areas are being cut down.
poaching, pollution and the fast spreading (iii) In both India and Brazil, forests are being cut
deforestation. down for firewood and for other domestic needs.
(iv) Many species of wildlife are on the verge of (iv) Slash and Burn agriculture which is also called as
extinction in India. Roka in Brazil and Jhum in India is responsible
(4) What environmental issues are faced by Brazil for deforestation.
and India? (v) Apart from all the above reasons, forest fire,
Ans. pollution, overgrazing etc. is also responsible for
(i) Degradation of environment is happening in degradation of forests.
Brazil due to illegal smuggling of wild animals, (6) Why does the deciduous type vegetation occupy
slash and burn agriculture (Roka), deforestation, most of India?
Ans.

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pollution etc.

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(ii) Due to these problems, many endemic species (i) Vegetation in a region is affected by the climate
and rainfall of the region.

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are on the verge of extinction.
(iii) India too faces environmental issues such as (ii) India lies in the tropical zone and it has a monsoon

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poaching, pollution and the fast spreading type climate.

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deforestation. (iii) India experiences that climate throughout the

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(iv) Many species of wildlife are on the verge of year and also a major portion of India receives

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extinction in India. ng rainfall between 1000-2000 mm. This rainfall is
seasonal in nature.
(5) What are the major causes of degradation of
(iv) Thus, deciduous forests thrive well in this
forest in Brazil and India?
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condition. Deciduous forests shed their leaves
Ans.
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during summer so that water is not lost due to

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(i) Forests are being cut down as more area is

evaporation.
required to expand the cities. Hence rapid
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(v) Teak, Bamboo, Banyan, Peepal etc. are the trees

urbanisation is one of the reasons for degradation
found in deciduous forest of India.
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of forest.
(ii) To ensure continuous food supply to meet the
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needs of the ever increasing population, more and

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*Q.7. On the basis of the information given in the chapter, figures and maps, complete the table below:
Ans.
u
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Sr.
Type of forest Characteristics Regions in India Regions in Brazil
No.
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(1) Tropical Forests Broad-leaved evergreen trees Andaman and Nicobar Amazon basin
Islands, the Western
Ghats.
(2) Semi arid thorny 1. Thorny trees and bushes. Gujarat, Rajasthan, Parts North-Eastern part of
vegetation 2. Leaves are modified into of Madhya Pradesh and Brazil.
thorns to minimise evaporation. Uttar Pradesh.
(3) Savannah Scanty bushes and Most of the plateau of Brazilian Highland
shrub like trees and peninsula India.
rain resistant grass.
(4) Tropical Mixed type vegetation Central India and South South Eastern Brazil
semi-deciduous India.
(5) Grasslands Grassland region like the Foothills of Shiwalik hills Southern Brazil
Pampas of Argentina and Assam
Natural Vegetation & Wildlife 63

Q. 8. Answer the following in detail: (ii) Elephants are found in hot and humid forests.
*(1) What are the major causes of degradation of One-horned rhinoceroses are found in swampy
forests in Brazil and in India? and marshy lands of Assam.
Ans. (iii) Wild ass and camels are found in arid lands.
(i) Many species of wildlife are on the verge of snow leopards and yaks are found in the Snow-
extinction from India because of poaching, capped regions of Himalayas.
pollution and rapidly occurring deforestation. (iv) Indian Bisons, deer, antelopes and monkeys are
(ii) E.g. Degradation of environment is happening found in the Peninsular region.
due to illegal smuggling of wild animals, slash (v) India is the only country in the world where both
and burn agriculture (roka), deforestation, tigers and lions are found.
pollution, etc. (vi) Rivers, estuaries and coastal areas are homes of
many turtles, crocodiles and gavials (gharial).
(2) Write a note on Brazilian Vegetation.
(vii) The forests and wetlands are the shelters of variety
Ans.
of birds like peacocks, indian bustard, kingfishers,

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(i) In Brazil, rainfall varies due to physiography.

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peasants, ducks, parakeets, cranes and pigeons.
In most parts of the equatorial region, it rains

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throughout the year. Activity (Textbook Page No. 32)

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(ii) As one moves away from the equator, the number
(Refer to Textbook Page No. 32, Fig 5.1)

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of rainy days as well as amount of rainfall reduces.
Observe the images given below and discuss on

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(iii) This affects the life cycle of the vegetation too.
(iv) Evergreen forests are found in the area where it the basis of the following points and answer the

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rains throughout the year. following questions:
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(v) In regions which receive rainfall only during (i) Can you tell the names of the plants/trees shown
certain seasons, the density of the vegetation in the image?
ni

reduces. Ans. Caatinga, Coffee, Teak, Rufous Bellied thrush,

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Leopard, Anaconda.
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(vi) Instead of forests, various types of grass, short

shrubs, thorny vegetation, etc. are found. (ii) Where have you seen these plants before?
/L

(vii) Brazil has the largest number of vegetation Ans. Caatinga (cactus) is generally seen in low rainfall
region of India. Coffee plantations are seen in
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species in the world.

(viii) This includes evergreen vegetation, semi- hilly tracts of Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu.
Teak trees are found in regions receiving 1000 to
.C

evergreen, arid, etc.

(ix) One finds trees like Pau Brasil, rubber, mahogany, 2000 mm rainfall.
be

rosewood and a variety of orchids. (iii) Name the fauna shown in the image.
Ans. Rufous Bellied thrush, Leopard, green Anaconda.
u

(3) Write a note on wildlife of Brazil

(iv) Where have you see them before?
uT

Ans.
Ans. On the internet and in movies.
(i) A greater diversity in wildlife is found in Brazil
(v) In which country do you find a greater diversity
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than any other country in the world.

of vegetation? What is the reason behind it?
(ii) In the swampy areas of the Pantanal, huge
Ans. Brazil has a greater diversity of vegetation
anacondas are found.
because of the variation in climatic conditions.
(iii)) In Brazil, guinea pigs, crocodiles, alligators,
monkeys, pumas, leopards, etc are found. Make friends with maps! (Textbook Page No. 33)
(iv) Among the fish varieties, mainly swordfish
are found in the seas, while pink dolphins and Observe the map and answer the questions :
piranhas are found in the rivers . (Refer to Textbook Page No. 33, Fig 5.3)
(v) Condors which are huge in size and fly high in (a) Which forests are found in western snow-
the sky, various types of parrots, macaws, and capped regions?
flamingoes are the major birds found here. Ans. Himalayan Forests are found in western snow-
(vi) Millions of insect varieties are also found here. capped regions.
(4) Write a note on wildlife of India. (b) On which coast do you mainly find the coastal
Ans. vegetation?
(i) India is also a Mega-diverse country in terms of Ans. The coastal vegetation is mainly found along the
wildlife there are many species of wildlife in India. Eastern Coast.
64 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

(c) Which type of forests occupy maximum area in

Colours of Both (Textbook Page No. 34)
India ? Why?
Ans. Deciduous forests are found in the regions (a) In which country do equatorial forests occupy a
receiving rainfall between 1000 mm to 2000 mm greater area ? What could be the reason behind
Since most of India has rainfall in that range, it?
deciduous forests dominate the Indian Ans. Equatorial forests occupy a greater area in Brazil.
subcontinent. This is because the equator passes through
(d) Where do you find thorny and shrub vegetation Northern part of Brazil. Hence, the climate is
in India and why? generally hot throughout the year. Moreover, this
Ans. Semi arid areas of Gujarat, Rajasthan, region receives heavy rainfall throught the year.
Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh (b) Which type of forests found in India are not
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil found in Brazil?
Nadu and Haryana are the places where thorny Ans. Himalayan forests are found in India and not in
Brazil.

e
and shrub vegetation are found. The thorny

in
forests are found in these regions as the rainfall is (c) Which type of forests found in Brazil are found
in India too?

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less than 500 mm.
Ans. Evergreen forests, Decicuous forests and Thorny

O
Make friends with maps! (Textbook Page No. 34) Shrub type vegetation are found in both Brazil

e
and India.

ub
Observe the map and answer the questions :
(d) In which country a greater diversity of
(Refer to Textbook Page No. 34, Fig 5.4)

T
vegetation is found? What is the reason behind
(a) Name the species shown on the map. Condor,
ng it?
Anaconda, Golden lion tamarin, macaw, etc.
Ans. Brazil has a greater diversity of vegetation
ni
Ans. Some of the major species shown on the map
because of the equatorial climate, ample sunlight
are Condor, Golden Lion Tamarin, Anaconda,
r

and heavy rainfall.

ea

Crocodile, Sward fish, Flamingoes etc.

(e) Considering the climate and vegetation types,
(b) In which regions are these animals found? Why
/L

in which country will forest-based occupations

are their habitats found in these forests? flourish?
om

Ans. Ans. Forest based occupations will flourish more in

(i) Equatorial forest region is home to Golden Lion Brazil.
.C

Tamarin, Condor, Anaconda, etc. This is because

Activity (Textbook Page No. 35)
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the forest lie near the Amazon River and it

receives rainfall throughout the year. The climate (a) Correlate geographical conditions and the flora
u

is hot and humid in the region. and fauna there.

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(ii) Swampy lands of Pantanal is home to Anacondas

Ans. There is close relationship between vegetation,
and Crocodiles because it is favourable for the
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animal life and climate. Vegetation of a region

habitation. depends upon the climate. Vegetation not only
(iii) Sword fish thrives near the South Atlantic Coast provides food but is also the habitat for different
due to the extensive continental shelf. animals. Animals are mobile. They move from
(c) Classify the forest regions with reference to place to place but each species can tolerate only
their extent. a limited range of climatic conditions. Animals
Ans. living in cold regions (e.g., tundra) have thick
(i) Equatorial forests are found in the northern part fur or kin to protect them from the intense
of Brazil and it covers an extensive area. cold or else they go into hibernation to avoid
(ii) Tropical Grasslands (Savanna) is the next major the bitter cold winter (e.g., Reindeer, wolf, fox,
forest type occupying central part of Brazil. bear). Grasslands are more open and permit
(iii) Hot deciduous forests occupy the southern Brazil rapid movement of animals. Animals here have
whereas Swampy Lands of Pantanal occupy a long legs and hard hooves for swift movement
small part of Brazil in the south west. (e.g. zebra, deer, giraffe). Carnivores like lion,
(iv) Thorny shrubs occupy the north western part of tiger are common. Animals living in deserts
Brazil owing to low rainfall whereas temperate are light coloured with padded feet and double
grasslands (Pampas) occupy the South Brazil.
Natural Vegetation & Wildlife 65

eyelids (e.g., camel). In the tropical. Rainforests, Acacia planifrons Umbrella tree, Tamil Nadu
animal adapt themselves to live among trees. For kudai vel (rare)
examples, monkeys have opposable thumbs to (Tamil)
help them swing from tree to tree. Elephants can
Abutilon indicun Indian mallow, Tamil Nadu
move through the thick forests by making their
thuthi (Tamil) (rare)
path path in the jungle.
and athibalaa
(b) Do you know some other animals too ? (Sanskrit)
Ans. Asiatic Lion, Himalayan blue sheep, Domestic
Yak etc. Chlorophytum Musli Tamil Nadu
(c) Show the habitats of tigers in India with their tuberosum
names on a map. Chlorophytum Malabar lily Tamil Nadu
Ans. On Map malabaricum (threatened)
(d) Why is their habitat found in these regions? Nymphaea Jammu

e
Ans. Tigers are found in a variety of habitats, including tetragona (endangered),

in
tropical and sub tropical forests, evergreen Kashmir

nl
forests, mangrove swamps and grasslands. In (threatened)

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India, tigers are found in 19 states. All tigers are Belosynapsis Spider wort Madhya

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carnivores. Mostly a tiger's diet consists of large vivioara Pradesh (rare

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prey, such as pigs, deer, rhinos or elephant calves. and threatened)
Since these animals are found in forests. Tigers

T
Colchicum Himachal
are found in these regions.
ng
luteum Pradesh (rare
and threatened)
ni
Give it a try (Textbook Page No. 36) Pterospermum Malayuram, Kerala (rare),
r

retriculatum Malavuram Tamil Nadu

ea

Tiger is the national animal of India. The number

(threatened)
of tigers are decreasing day by day. The situation is
/L

similar to elephants. Find information about other Ceropegia Jeemikanda Gujarat,

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such plants and animals. Find about their habitats. odorata (Gujarat) Melghat Tiger,
What should be done to conserve these animals? In Rajasthan and
.C

which regions can this be done? Make a presentation Salsette Islabd,

of their possible places. (endangered)
be

Ans.
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Endangered Plants in India Endangered Animals in India

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Plant Also known as Region (Status) Animal Region

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Polygala Milkwort Gujarat (rare) Indian Tiger Bengal

irregularis
Ganges Dolphin Ganges
lotus corniculatus Bird's foot Gujarat (rare)
Gharial Ganges/Chambal river
Amentotaxus Assam catkin Arunachal
assamica yew Pradesh Indian Bustard Gujarat, Maharashtra,
(threatened) Rajasthan

Psilotum nudum Moa, skeleton, Karnataka Indian Rhinoceros North eastern part of
fork fern, and (rare) Assam
whick fern Lion Tailed Macapue Western ghats of southern
Diospyros Ebony tree Karnataka India
celibica (threatened) Nilgiri Thar (wild sheep) Western ghats
Actinodaphne Kerala
Sangai (Deer) Manipur
lawsonii (threatened)
66 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

Legal protection has to be provided to wild animals

against hunting and commercial exploitation. Protected
Areas, viz., National Parks, Sanctuaries, Conservation
Reserves and Community Reserves covering important
wildlife habitats have to createsd.

Use your brain power ! (Textbook Page No. 36)

Find out in which parts of India agricultural practices
like the ‘Roca’ is found? By what names are they
called?
Ans.
Slash and Burn Farming in India

e
Name Regions

in
Jhumming Assam, Meghalaya,

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Mizoram and Nagaland

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Pamlou Manipur

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Dipa Bastar (Chhattisgarh)

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and Andaman & Nicobar
Islands

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Bewar or Dahiya Madhya Pradesh
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Podu or Penda Andhra Pradesh
ni
Pama Dabi or Koman or Orissa
r

Bringa
ea

Kumara Western Ghats

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Valre or Waltre South Eastern Rajasthan

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Khi Himalayan belt

Kuruwa Jharkhand
.C
u be
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Natural Vegetation & Wildlife 67

ASSIGNMENT - 5
Time : 1 Hr. Marks : 20

Q.1. Choose the correct option and rewrite the complete answer: (2)
(1) One of the major bird species found in Brazil includes ……………..
(a) ostrich (b) flamingoes (c) Kiwi (d) Duck

(2) The proportion of ……………….. trees is higher at the foothills of the Himalayas.
(a) sal (b) teak (c) rosewood (d) pine

Q.2. Match the following: (2)

e
(I) Column 'A' Column 'B'

in
(1) Evergreen Forests (a) Malabar coast, India

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(2) Deciduous forests (b) Amazon Basin

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(3) Coastal forests (c) Parana Basin

e
ub
(4) Himalayan forests (d) Brazilian Highlands
(5) Temperate forests (e) Himalayan mountains

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(f)
ng
Cold desert
ni
Q.3. Identify the odd man out: (2)
r

(1) With reference to flora in India.

ea

(a) Deodar (b) Anjan (c) Orchid (d) Banyan

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(2) With reference to Himalayan Forests.

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(a) Seasonal flowering plants (b) Orchids

(c) Pine (d) Mixed Forests
.C

(3) With reference to Birds found in Brazil.

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(a) Condors (b) Flamingoes (c) Macaws (d) Peacocks

(4) With reference to Birds found in India.
u
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(a) Peacock (b) Kingfisher (c) Duck (d) Flamingoes.

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Q.4. Answer in one sentence. (2)

(1) Which trees are found in deciduous forests?
(2) Which is the main variety of fish found in The Brazilian sea?

Q.5. Show the following animals on the outline map of India and answer the following: (2)
(1) Bengal Tiger (2) Gangetic Dolphin (3) Swamp deers (4) Nilgiri Tahr goat

Q.6. Give geographical reasons. (6)

(1) Vegetation is scarce in the high altitude of the Himalayas.
(2) Wild life in India is decreasing day by day.

Q. 7. Answer the following. (4)

(1) Write a note on Brazilian Vegetation.
(2) Write a note on wildlife of India.

vvv
6 Population

Points to Remember:
• An important resource of any country. Population
• The qualitative aspects of a population are important for a nation's economic and social
progress.
• The climate and physiography of India affect its population distribution.

e
in
• According to Census 2011, India's population is around 121 crores

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• Second most populous country in the world. India

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• Percentage of land area of the world occupied by India 2.41%

e
• Percentage of world population residing in India 17.5%

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• As per 2011 Census, India's average population density 382 persons per sq.km.
• India's, population distribution is uneven
•
T
Factors that play and important role in population distribution physiography and climate
ng
• Factors due to which human settlements have been fertile land, plain
ni
established in some parts for many centuries. land and availability of water,
r

• Reasons for a proportion of the population getting farming, industries and

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concentrated in a few places, like the northern plains of trade

/L

India, and a few major cities

• In mountainous hilly regions, dry desert areas, dense inaccessibility, absence
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forest areas, population density is sparse due to of facilities and tough life.
• The most populated country in the South American continent Brazil
.C

• According to Census 2010, population of Brazil is 19 crores

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• Population wise Brazil ranks 5th in the world

• With respect to land area too, Brazil ranks 5th in the world
u
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• Percentage of total land area of the world occupied by Brazil 5.6%

• Percentage of world population residing in Brazil 2.78%
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• The density of population of Brazil is around 23 persons per sq.km.

• The distribution of population in Brazil is uneven.
• Majority of the Brazilians are concentrated within 300 kilometers
of the eastern coastal areas also called the coastal lowlands.
• Density of population in eastern coastal areas of Brazil is high, therefore agriculture and
industries have flourished here
• The interior region of the Amazon Basin is very sparsely populated
• Settlements occur only in a few places in the Amazon unfavourable climate, heavy
basin due to rainfall inaccessibility and dense forest
• Population in central and western Brazil less
• Density of population in the Brazilian Highlands moderate
• In India men outnumber women

(68)
Population 69

• In India for a few decades, we see fluctuations in the sex ratio

• There has been a slight increase in the sex ratio after 1991
• Sex ratio means the number of females per 1000 males in a region.
• The number of women has always been more than men Brazil
• The number of women has never been more than men India
• India has a higher propotion of youth and has higher working population.
• The graph that shows the age and sex of population is also known as population pyramid.
• Population pyramid is used to study the age and sex related aspects of a
region's population.
• The rate of population growth is decreasing and may not increase Brazil.
in the next two decades in

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• The number of young people is more in Both India and Brazil

in
• The number of children is more in India

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• The propotion of people in the age group above 80 years is more in Brazil

O
• In Brazil, the rate of growth of population has reduced considerably.

e
• From 2001 to 2011 India's population increased by 18.2 crores.

ub
• India's population growth rate has stabilized but it was higher till 1971.

T
• India's population is still growing but growth rate is
ng declining
• Increase in life expectancy is an indicator of development of that society.
• An increase in average life expectancy is due to improvement in medical facilities,
ni

progress in medical field, access to nutritious food

r
ea

• The average number of years a person born in a country is expected to live. Life expectancy
• India's life expectancy was 41 years in 1960, but now, on an average Indians live for 68 years.
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• On an average Brazilians live for 75 years.

om
.C
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Important for objective Questions

u

S.N. India Brazil

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(1) Total Population 121 crores (2011 census) 19 crores (2010 census)
(2) Land Area of the world occupied 2.41% 5.6%
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(3) World population supported 17.5% 2.78%

(4) World ranking with regard to second fifth
population
(5) World ranking with regard to area. seventh fifth
(6) Population density 382 persons per sq.km. 23 persons per sq.km.
(7) Sex Ratio in 2011 App. 940 App. 1080
(8) Life expectancy in 2011 68 years 75 years
(9) Literacy rate in 2016 72.2% 92.6%
(10) Age structure Propotion of youth is Propotion of aged
high people is high
70 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

(11) Population growth rate Declining growth rate Declining growth rate
but population is in- but population may
creasing not increase in next to
decades
(12) Population record mentain by Cenus of India IGBE (I Brazilian Insti-
tute of Geography and
Statistics

(9) The interior of the Amazon basin is ......................

MASTER KEY QUESTION SET – 6
populated.
Q.1. Fill in the blanks choosing the most appropriate (a) densely (b) moderately
alternative. (c) highly (d) very sparsely
(1) The ...................... aspects of a population are (10) The central and western parts of Brazil are / is

e
important for a nation’s economic and social ...................... populated.

in
progress. (a) densely (b) sparsely
(a) quantitative (b) qualitative

nl
(c) moderately (d) less
(c) measurable (d) calculable

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(11) The density of population in the ...................... of
(2) India is the ...................... most populous country in

e
Brazil is moderate.

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the world. (a) Amazon Basin (b) coastal lowlands
(a) second (b) fifth (c) highlands (d) forested areas

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(c) seventh (d) sixth
(12) In India, there has been a ...................... in the sex
ng
(3) Due to farming, industries and trade, the ratio, after 1991.
proportion of the population got ...................... in a
ni
(a) decrease (b) slight increase
few places. (c) consistency (d) steep increase
r
ea

(a) distributed (b) sparse

(13) The proportion of ...................... in India is more.
(c) concentrated (d) equal
(a) middle-aged people (b) old people
/L

(4) In mountainous / hilly regions, dry desert areas (c) children (d) youth
om

and densely forested areas, population density is

(14) The rate of population growth is now ......................
...................... because of inaccessibility, absence of
in India.
.C

facilities and tough life.

(a) increasing (b) declining
(a) high (b) very high,
be

(c) stable (d) stagnant

(c) sparse (d) moderate
(15) It is observed that Brazil’s population may not
u

(5) Brazil is the ...................... populated country in the

increase in the next ...................... decades.
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continent of South America.

(a) two (b) three
(a) second most (b) third most
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(c) four (d) five

(c) fifth most (d) most
(16) The eastern coastal areas of Brazil are also called
(6) With a population of around 19 crores, according
the coastal ...................... .
to census 2010, Brazil ranks ...................... in the
(a) lowlands (b) highlands
world.
(c) ravines (d) badlands
(a) 3rd (b) 5th
(17) In most of the developing countries life expectancy
(c) 7th (d) 9th
is still less, but with socio economic development
(7) With respect to area, Brazil stands ...................... in
it is ...................... .
the world.
(a) decreasing (b) increasing
(a) 3rd (b) 5th
(c) gradually declining (d) steeply increasing
(c) 7th (d) 9th
Ans. (1) qualitative (2) Second (3) concentrated (4) sparse
(8) A majority of Brazilians have concentrated within
(5) most (6) 5th (7) 5th (8) Eastern coastal areas
300 kilometers of the ...................... .
(9) very sparsely (10) less (11) highlands (12) slight
(a) Guyana highlands (b) Amazon river,
increase (13) youth (14) declining (15) two (16) lowlands
(c) Eastern coastal areas (d) Pantanal wetlands
(17) increasing
Population 71

Q.2. Match the columns: (11) In Brazil and India, population is evenly
Column `A' Column `B' distributed.
Ans. Wrong - In Brazil and India, population is unevenly
(1) Coastal lowlands (a) sparsely populated
distributed.
(2) Amazon Basin (b) moderately
(12) The central and western part of Brazil are less
interiors populated
populated.
(3) Central and (c) densely populated Ans. Right.
western part (within 300 kms. of
(13) The sex ratio of Brazil has been less than 1000
the area)
since centuries.
(4) Highlands (d) less populated Ans. Wrong - The sex ratio of Brazil has been more than
1000 since decades.
Ans. (1 – c), (2 – a), (3 – d), (4 –b)
(14) It is observed that in Brazil, the rate of
population growth is increasing.

e
Q.3. (A) Are the following sentences right or
Ans. Wrong - It is observed that in Brazil, the rate of

in
wrong? Correct the wrong ones.
population growth is declining.

nl
*(1) Literacy Rate is higher in Brazil than India.

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Ans. Right Q.3. (B) Answer in one or two sentence.

e
*(2) In Brazil, people prefer living in the south east (1) According to census 2011, what is India’s

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as compared to the north east. population and how much is its average
Ans. Right. population density?

T
*(3) The life expectancy of Indians is decreasing. Ans. According to census 2011 India’s population is
ng
Ans. Wrong - The life expectancy of Indians is increasing. around 121 crores, and its average population
ni
*(4) The north-western part of India is densely density is 382 persons per sq. km.
r

populated. (2) What percentage of the total land area of the

ea

Ans. Wrong - The north-western part of India is sparsely world is occupied by India and Brazil?
/L

populated. Ans. India occupies only 2.41% of the land area of

the world, whereas Brazil occupies 5.6% of the
om

*(5) The western part of Brazil is densely populated.

Ans. Wrong - The western part of Brazil is sparsely world’s total land area.
populated. (3) What is the difference in the percentage of the
.C

(6) India is the fifth most populous country in the world population supported by India and Brazil ?
be

world. Ans. India supports 17.5% of the world’s population,

Ans. Wrong - India is the second most populous country whereas Brazil support 2.78% of the world’s total
u

population. The difference is 14.72% (India has

uT

in the world. OR Brazil is the fifth most populous

country in the world. more than Brazil)
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(7) India’s average population density is 832 (4) According to census 2010, what is the total
persons per sq. km. as per the 2011 census. population of Brazil and what is its average
Ans. Wrong - India’s average population density is 382 population density?
persons per sq. km. as per the 2011 census. Ans. According to census 2010, Brazil’s total population
(8) Brazil is the second most populous country in is around 19 crores and its average population
the World. density is 23 persons per sq. km.
Ans. Wrong - Brazil is the fifth most populous country in (5) What is sex ratio?
the world. Ans. Sex ratio means, the number of females per 1000
(9) Brazil ranks fifth in the world with respect to area. males in a region.
Ans. Right. (6) What is a population pyramid?
(10) The total population of Brazil is around 91 crores. Ans. A population pyramid is a kind of graph which
Ans. Wrong - The total population of Brazil is around 19 shows the age and sex of the population in a
crores. region.
72 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

(7) How is the population pyramid useful? (2) Factors which play an important role in the
State the uses of a population pyramid. distribution of population.
Ans. The population pyramid is used to study the age Ans. Physiography and climate
and sex related aspects of a region’s population (3) Factors due to which human settlements have
and we can know the number or percentage of been established for many centuries.
various age groups of males and females in a Ans. Fertile land, plain land and availability of water
country. (4) Factors due to which population got concentrated
It also helps us to know the proportion of children, in a few places, in India.
youth and old people in a country. Ans. Farming, industries and trade
(8) What is life expectancy? (5) Areas which have sparse population density in
Ans. Life expectancy means the average number of years, India.
a person born in a country, is expected to live. Ans. Mountainous / hilly regions, dry desert areas,
dense forest areas.

e
*Q.3. (C) Answer the questions as per the instructions:
(6) Factors due to which population density is

in
(1) Arrange the following states of India in sparse in a few areas.

nl
descending order of their population. Himachal Ans. Inaccessibility, absence of facilities and tough life.

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Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh,
(7) The most populated country in the South

e
Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh.
American continent.

ub
Ans. According to 2011 census
Ans. Brazil.
Descending order : Uttar Pradesh, Madhya

T
Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, (8)
ng Brazil’s ranking in the world with regard to
Arunachal Pradesh. population as well as land area.
Ans. Fifth
ni
(2) Arrange the states of Brazil in ascending order
(9) The part of Brazil having maximum concenration
r

of their population: Amazonas, Rio de Janeiro,

ea

of population.
Alaguas, Sao Paulo, Parana.
Ans. Eastern coastal areas or coastal lowlands.
/L

Ans. Ascending order. (All based on 2010 census)

(10) The part of Brazil that is sparsely populated.
States of Brazil : Alaguas, Amazonas, Parana, Rio
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Ans. Amazon River Basin

de Janeiro, Sao Paulo.
(11) The region of Brazil that is moderately
.C

(3) Classify the factors affecting the distribution of populated.

population into favourable and unfavourable.
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Ans. The highlands.

Ans.
(12) The parts of Brazil that are less populated.
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Factors Favourable /
Ans. Central and western parts.
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Unfavourable
(13) Out of Brazil and India, the country where men
(1) Nearness to Sea Favourable
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outnumber women.
(2) Lack of roads Unfavourable Ans. India.
(3) Temperate Climate Favourable (14) Increase in this factor is an indicator of
(4) Lack of Industries Unfavourable development of that society.
(5) New Cities and towns Favourable Ans. Life expectancy / Sex Ratio / Literacy Rate.

(6) Tropical moist forests Unfavourable (15) Factors that lead to an increase in average life
expectancy.
(7) Minerals Favourable
Ans. Improvement in medical facilities, progress in
(8) Semi arid climate Unfavourable medical field and access to nutritious food.
(9) Cultivated land Favourable (16) The development of this aspect of an economy
leads to an increase in average life expectancy.
Q.3. (D) Name the following: Ans. Socio - economic development.
(1) Indian cities that are densely populated.
Ans. Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Pune, Bengaluru, Chennai.
Population 73

Q.4. (A) Fill the map with the given information:

(I) On a map of India, show the following.
(1) State with highest sex ratio.
(2) State with lowest sex ratio.
(3) State with highest literacy rate.
(4) State with lowest literacy rate.
(5) State with density of population.
(6) One state of North India with low density of population.
(7) Two states in South India with high density of population.
Ans.

e
in
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ng
r ni
ea
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om
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u be
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Yo
74 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

(II) On a map of Brazil, show the following.

(1) A place in Brazil with highest density of population.
(2) Two places with a high density of population.
(3) State with lowest density of population.
Ans.

e
in
nl
Oe
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ng
r ni
ea
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u be
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Population 75

*Q.4. (B) unfavourable climatic conditions, heavy rainfall

(1) Read the following diagram and answer the and dense forests. Providing social infrastructure,
questions: amenities and other services becomes relatively
expensive here.
(ii) The Central Plains of India, i.e The Northern Plains
(comprising Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh,
Bihar, West Bengal) and the Eastern Plain (the
Assam Plain which is an extension of the North
Indian Plain) have a high density of population,
i.e. more than 500 persons per sq.km. The reasons
are (a) plenty of rivers flowing in the region
thereby making the soil fertile and (b) making it
favourable for agriculture and settlements due
(a) Compare and classify the population densities
to availability of fresh water, (c) making it easier

e
shown in the figure `a’ and `b’ representing

in
for laying a dense network of transportation due
1 sq. km. of area.
to plain and flat land, etc. The same applies to

nl
Ans. In the fig. (a) density of population is 7 persons per sq.
Tamil Nadu and Kerala that have a good amount

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km. The region is sparsely populated due to the less
of water due to the presence of monsoons, and
number of people in one square km.

e
highly urbanised districts.

ub
In the fig. (b), The density of population is
(iii) The states of Assam and Tripura in the far east,
18 persons per sq. km. The region is densely

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the eastern and western coastal states of Gujarat,
populated due to the increase in the number of ng Goa, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh
people in per sq. km.
and Odisha as well as the interior states like
ni
(b) If in figure B one sign = 100, then what will be
Telangana and Jharkhand have a moderate
the sex ratio?
r

population density of 251 to 500 people per sq.km.

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Ans. In fig (b), Number of female = 1000

In most of these states, there are high density
Number male = 800
/L

districts, normally located on the coasts, due to

As a sex ratio is calculated as the number of
well developed agriculture and the presence of
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female the 1000 males

highly industrialised and urbanised districts.
Males 800 1000 (iv) ThestatesofRajasthan,MadhyaPradesh,Chhattisgarh,
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Females 1000 ? Meghalaya, Manipur and Nagaland have a population

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density of 101 to 250 people per sq.km. Some states

= 1250 suffer from certain physical handicaps such as aridity,
u

undulating topography having shallow soils,

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If one sign is 100, the sex ratio is 1250 females per

presence of mountains and forest cover. The
1000 males.
prevalence of subsistence tribal economy, low level
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(c) Comment upon the population density of of socio-technical development and adverse physical
fig 6.1 (b). conditions are some of the factors responsible for the
Ans. The population density in India, as shown in the lower density of population here.
fig. 6.1(b) is very uneven. The density of population
(d) Obtain the talukawise data of your district's
per sq. km. is divided in to four classes.
population and show it with the help of a dot map.
less than 100
Ans.
101 - 250 Mumbai
251 - 500
More than 500
(i) In the Northern hilly/mountainous states of
Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Mumbai City Mumbai Suburban
District District
Uttarakhand, the population density is very low,
(Population 9,332,481)
i.e. less than 100 persons per sq. km. It is the
same in the state of Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram
and Sikkim as they lie in the Purvanchal Andheri Borivali Kurla
Himalayan region. This is due to inaccessibility, Taluka Taluka Taluka
76 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

(2) Answer the following by reading the graph (3) On the basis of the map 6.2(b), classify the
(Refer graph in Textbook Page No. 40, Fig 6.3) distribution of population in Brazil in the
following table.:
Comparative study of the Sex Ratio of Brazil and
(Refer map in Textbook Page No. 39, Fig 6.2 [b])
India.
Ans.
(a) What is the difference in the sex ratio of India
Sr. Population Names of the places
and Brazil in the year 1961?
No. Density
Ans. India’s sex ratio in 1961 : 940
Brazil's sex ratio in 1961 : 1010 (approx.) (1) Less than 50 Acre, Amazonas, Roraima,
Difference in the sex ratio between India and Rondonia, Para, Amapa, Mata
Brazil is approx 70. (1010 - 940 = 70) Brazil's sex Grasso, Mato Grasso Do Sul,
ratio is more than India's by 70. Goias, Tocantins, Maranhao,
Piaui, Bahia, Minas Gerais,
(b) During which year has India’s sex ratio been the
Rio Gande Do Sul
lowest?

e
(2) 51 -100 Paraiba, Parnambuco,

in
Ans. India’s sex ratio has been the lowest in the year
Parana, Santa Catarina,
1991.

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Sergipe, Rio Grande Do Norte,
(c) In which year has Brazil’s sex ratio been the

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Ceara
highest? Mention the sex ratio.

e
(3) 101 - 150 Alagoas
Ans. Brazil’s sex ratio has been the highest in the year

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2011. It is approximately 1080 females per 1000 (4) 151 - 300 Sao Paulo

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males. ng(5) More than 300 Rio de Janerio, Brasilia
(d) During which three years has the India's sex
ratio been quite close or quite similar.
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(4) Population growth rate graphs :
Ans. The three years when the Indian sex ratio has
r

Look at the graphs in Fig. 6.5 indicating the

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been close or similar are

population growth rate of Brazil and India and
(i) 1971 and 1991 showing a low trend.
answer the following questions.
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(ii) 1981 and 2001 showing and increasing trend

(Refer in Textbook Page No. 42, Fig 6.5)
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(iii) 1961 and 2011 with a sex ratio of 940.

(a) What is the common feature in both the graphs?
(e) What overall difference do you observe between
Ans.
.C

the sax ratios of Brazil and India during the

(i) Both the graphs are indicating that the population
decade 2001 to 2011?
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has not decreased, and it is increasing. But the

Ans. During the decade 2001 to 2011, there has been
growth rate is not as high as before.
u

a sharp rise in the sex ratio of Brazil from about

(ii) Both the graphs show lesser growth in the last
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1020 to about 1080, which is a great jump or leap.

2 decades.
During the same decade, India’s sex ratio has
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increased only marginally i.e. from about 930 to (b) What feature on the graph will indicate that the
940. population is decreasing?
Ans. On the graph, if the line or the point is marked
(f) During which two decades do you observe a fall
below zero, then it will indicate that there is
in the sex ratio in India?
a negative population growth rate and that
Ans. During the decades 1961 to 1971 and 1981 to 1991,
population is decreasing.
we see a downward sloping line in the graph of
India, which indicates a fall in the sex ratio in (c) In which two decades has the population growth
India. rate of India remained almost stable?
Ans. The population growth rate of India has remained
almost stable during the two decades 1971 to 1981
and 1981 to 1991.
(d) During which time period has Brazil seen a
sharp decline in the population growth rate?
Ans. From 1980- 1999, Brazil has seen a sharp decline in
the population growth rate.
Population 77

(e) What is the main point of difference between (6) Based on the figure, observe carefully
the two graphs? and answer the questions given below.
Ans. (Refer in Textbook Page No. 44, Fig 6.7)
(i) In the first decade between 1961-1971 the growth (a) What do the graphs indicate?
rate in India showed an upward trend whereas Ans. The graphs indicate the literacy rates of India and
Brazil have a downward trend throughout. Brazil (in percentage).
(ii) Also the decline in Brazil is more sharp but
(b) What is this general conclusion that you can
India's decline in the growth rate is marginal.
come to, after observing both the graphs?
(f) What is the most promising feature of Brazil’s Ans. On observing both the graphs, we can conclude
growth rate of population? that Brazil is and has always been way ahead of
Ans. The most promising feature of the trend of Brazil’s India with regard to literacy rate.
population growth rate is that it is about to touch
(c) What is the general conclusion, regarding
0.0 and then will begin its negative growth rate
the literacy rates of Brazil and India? after

e
(i.e.) the population will start decreasing.
comparing both the graphs,

in
Ans. Both Brazil and India are progressing, Brazil's

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(5) Based on this figure, observe carefully literacy rate is much higher than of India. The gap

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and answer the question given below. between the literacy rates of both the countries,

e
(Refer in Textbook Page No. 43, Fig 6.6) which was earlier wider has continuously been

ub
(a) In which year has the difference in the life narrowing. It has reduced from 33.8% in 1981
expectancy in Brazil and India been the to 20.4% in 2016. So, India has definitely been

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progressing consistently.
maximum? Show the calculations.
ng
Ans. In the year 1960, the difference between the life (d) What has been the total growth of Brazil with
ni
expectancy of Brazil and India has been the regard to literacy rate? State with regard to 1981
r

maximum till today?

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Brazil’s Life expectancy in 1960 : 54 Ans. The literacy rate of Brazil was 74.6% in 1981
India’s Life expectancy in 1960 : 41 whereas it was 92.6% in 2016. So, the literacy rate
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Brazil's life expectancy is more than India's has increased by 18% (92.6% - 74.6%) in 35 years.
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by 13 years (e) What has been the total growth in India’s

(b) Has the difference in life expectancy been literacy rate from 1981 to 2016?
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increasing or decreasing? Ans. India’s literacy rate was 40.8% in 1981 and has
be

Ans. During the past 36 years, (i.e.) from 1980 onwards, touched 72.2% in 2016. So, we have achieved a
the difference between the life expectancy of growth of 31.4% (72.2% - 40.8%) in the same time
u

Brazil and India has remained constant. It has period of 35 years.

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been 7 to 8 years. (f) Why do you think India could grow at such a
fast pace with regard to its literacy rate?
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(c) What is the similarity between both the graphs?

Ans. Both India and Brazil have experienced an Ans. India’s literacy rate was only 40.8% in the
increase in the life expectancy. Both the graphs year 1981. So, with such a larger percentage of
indicate an upward trend continuously. illiterate people still in the country, the scope
for growth was more. On the other hand, for
(d) Is the increase in life expectancy a positive or a
Brazil, the scope for improvement at this rate was
negative indicator of an economy? Why?
limited, comparatively, because even in 1981, it
Ans. The increase in life expectancy is a positive
was already at 74.6% which is higher than what
indicator for any economy because the longer the
India has managed to achieve by 2016.
people’s average age, the longer the productive
years of a person, which indirectly contributes
towards the growth of an economy. It also
indicate the social development of that economy.
78 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

Q.5. Give geographical reasons: (iii) All these factors are barriers to the development
*(1) Population is an important resource. of human settlements.
Ans. (iv) Therefore, settlements occur only in a few places
(i) Population is an important resource of any country. in the Amazon basin.
(ii) The qualitative aspects of a population are important (v) So, the density of population is sparse in the
for a nation's economic and social progress. Amazon basin.
(iii) The supply of labour in a country depends upon *(5) Population density is high in the Ganga plains.
the size of the population. Ans.
(iv) The higher proportion of a youth in a country (i) The Ganga Plains are a fertile plain land and there
contributes to the economic activities leading to is an availability of fresh water due to the flow of the
economics progress. perennial river Ganga and its tributaries in the
(v) Education, training and health services improve region.
the quality of human resources. (ii) Due to mild climate moderate rainfall and rich

e
(vi) Thus an optimum and quality population can fertile soil human settlements have established in

in
bring about a country's development. the plains region for many centuries now, leading

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*(2) Brazil’s population density is very less. to the occupation of agriculture.
(iii) Apart from agriculture, a good proportion of

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Ans.
(i) Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world with the population got concentrated there due to the

e
development of industries and trade.

ub
respect to area.
(ii) It occupies 5.6% of world’s total land area. (iv) As a result, population density is high in the

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(iii) Brazil is the 5th most populated country in the ng Ganga Plains.
world with a population of around 19 crores (6) In India, population is very unevenly distributed.
(according to Census 2010). Ans.
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(iv) This account for only 2.78% of world’s total (i) In India, population is very unevenly distributed
r
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population. (ii) Physiography and climate play an important role

(v) Thus Brazil has more percent of world's land in the distribution of population
/L

than world's population. Therefore, the density (iii) Due to fertile land, plain land and availability of
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of population is very less i.e. around 23 persons water, human settlements have been established
per sq.km. in some parts for many centuries.
.C

*(3) India’s population density is high. (iv) Due to farming, industries and trade, the
Ans. proportion of the population has become
be

(i) India is the second most populous country in the concentrated in a few places.
(v) For example, the Northern Plains of the country,
u

world, with a population of around 121 crores

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(according to census 2011). Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Pune, Bengaluru,

(ii) India occupies only 2.41% of the land area of Chennai, etc.
Yo

the world, but it supports 17.5% of the world’s (vi) On the contrary, in mountainous / hilly regions,
population. dry desert areas, dense forest areas, density
(iii) Thus India has less percent of world's land and is sparse because of inaccessibility, absence of
high percent of world's population. facilities and tough life.
(iv) Hence, India’s average population density is (7) The distribution of population is very uneven
high i.e. 382 persons per sq. km. (as per the Census in Brazil.
2011). Ans.
*(4) The density of population is sparse in the (i) The distribution of population is very uneven in
Amazon basin. Brazil.
Ans. (ii) A majority of the Brazilians are concentrated
(i) The interior part of the Amazon basin has within 300 kilometers of the eastern coastal areas
(a) A very unfavourable hot and humid climate also called the coastal lowlands.
(b) Heavy rainfall nearly 2000 mm (iii) Therefore, agriculture and industries have
(c) Dense forests and flourished well here.
(d) is inaccessible (iv) As a result, higher density of population is found
(ii) Transportation too is not well developed here. here.
Population 79

(v) On the other hand, the interior in the Amazon (iii) In the northernmost part of Jammu & Kashmir,
Basin is very sparsely populated. population is hardly seen in the snow covered
(vi) Unfavourable climate, heavy rainfall, inaccessibility regions due to extremely cold climatic conditions.
and dense forests are the barriers to development (iv) Due to meagre rainfall and extreme climatic
of human settlements here. conditions settlements are lesser and sparse in
(vii) Therefore, settlements occur only in few places in the westernmost part of India in the Thar desert
the Amazon basin. region of Rajasthan.
(viii) The central and western part of Brazil is less (v) Similiarly due to high temperature and low
populated. The density of population in the rainfall population is low in the north eastern
highlands of Brazil is moderate. part of Brazilian Highlands.
(vi) The coastal plains of Brazil and the northern plain
Q.4. Answer the following questions: as well as the coastal plains of India are densely
*(1) Explain the similarities and differences between populated due to mild climate and moderate
rainfall.

e
the population distribution in Brazil and India.

in
Ans. Similarities in population distribution in Brazil *(3) How can sex ratio improve?
Ans. Sex ratio can be improved by educating people

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and India:
(i) In Brazil as well as in India, population is very about the importance of having a well-balanced sex

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unevenly distributed. ratio. Female literacy and women

e
(ii) Inaccessibility dense forests and absenence of empowerment should be increased.

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facility are the barriers to human settlements. People should be aware of the negative
consequences and the social problems that can

T
(iii) Regions in the north, north west and north east of ng
both the countries are regions of low population. crop up if the number of males is much higher.
(iv) Population is concentrate in flat fertile regions Gender bias should be removed from society
ni
which have abundent water resources, transport for sex ratio to improve by discouraging unjust
r

facilities, mild climate and development of social custom and protecting women by stricter
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agriculture industries and trade. government regulations.

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(v) Coastal regions are densely populated in Brazil. (4) How can population growth be controlled?
Ans.
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Also the western and eastern coastal region on the

northern plains of India are densely populated. (i) Population growth can be controlled by
Differences between population distribution in educating the masses about the end result of
.C

Brazil and India. having too many children (e.g.) low standard of
be

(i) Though the area of both the countries is occupied living, difficulty in providing everyone with even
by vast river basins the distribution of population the basic facilities and education.
u

is extremely opposite in both the river basins. (ii) To remove the notion that 'larger the family
uT

(ii) The Amazon river basin is densely populated. more the income' by increasing the literacy rate,
reducing the poverty, by increasing employment
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(iii) The average density of population in India it is

382 persons per sq.km. opportunity and empowering females.
(iii) Population can be control by creating awareness
*(2) Giving examples, correlate climate and
to social massages, with the help of NGOs and by
population distribution
introduction by family planning measures.
Ans. Climate and population distribution are closely
(iv) Strict Government regulation can also play an
interreleted. A temperature and rainfall, the
important role but voluntary involvement stand
two elements of climate greatly influence the
always give desired results.
population consentration.
(i) Unfavourable hot and humid climate, heavy
rainfall, inaccessibility and dense forests are the
barriers to the development of human settlement
in the interiors of the Amazon basin in Brazil.
(ii) Similarly the north-eastern states in India also
have a low population due to the same factors
metioned above.
80 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

ACTIVITY (Textbook Page No. 38) topography, and are highly inaccessible regions
with hardly any flat and plain land to develop
(Refer map to Textbook Page No. 38, Fig 6.1 [a] and [b]) any kind of transport network. This leads to
Study the maps and answer the following questions : lesser number of people settling there, thereby
(a) States with the highest population density. leading to negligible amount of trade or business
Ans. Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West in the economy of the region.
Bengal, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. (ii) The North Indian Plains with a temperate like
climate have plenty of rivers flowing through
(b) States with lowest population density.
them along with their tributaries making it a very
Ans. Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,
fertile plain with flat and plain lands. This makes
Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Mizoram and Arunachal
the region favourable for settlements due to easy
Pradesh.
availability of fresh water for domestic purposes,
(c) On the basis of maps given above, classify industrialization, agriculture, hydel and power
the distribution population in India in the

e
production well developed transport system.
following table.

in
(iii) The Eastern Coastal Plain is largely a deltaic plain
Ans. due to the deltas formed there by the four major

nl
Sr. Population Density Name of the States / eastward flowing rivers there, thus making it a

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No. (per sq.km.) Union Territories favourable region for settlements, agriculture, etc.

e
(iv) The Western Coastal Plain too has many natural

ub
(1) less than 100 Jammu and Kashmir,
harbours and has many rivers. The region receives
Himachal Pradesh,

T
plenty of rainfall from the south west monsoon
Uttarakhand, Sikkim,
ng winds, thus making it a favourable destination for
Mizoram,
settlements.
ni
Arunachal Pradesh
(v) Both the coastal plains have ship building
r

industries, fishing industries, agriculture etc.

ea

(2) 101 to 250 Meghalaya, Manipur,

Nagaland, Rajasthan, due to their large settlements. Thus, population
/L

Madhya Pradesh, distribution directly depends on the climate and

physiography of a place.
om

Chattisgarh.
(vi) Also due to flat land, farming and industrial
(3) 251 to 500 Gujarat, Maharashtra, development and aboundant mineral resources the
.C

Goa, Karnataka, Andhra peninsular plateau is also moderatly populated.

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Pradesh, Telangana,
Odisha, Jharkhand, Make friends with maps!
u

Assam, Tripura. (Textbook Page No. 39)

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(4) more than 500 Punjab, Haryana, (Refer to Textbook Page No. 39, Fig 6.2 [a] and [b])
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Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, (a) In which area is population greatly concentrated?

West Bengal, Kerala and Ans. Population is greatly concentrated in the south
Tamil Nadu. eastern part of Brazil.
(b) In which area is the distribution of population
*(d) Correlate the climate and physiography of
sparse?
India with its population distribution and write
Ans. The Amazon basin in the nothern part and the
a note on it.
central and western parts of Brazil have sparse
Ans.
distribution of population.
(i) The climate in the northernmost part of India is
unfavourable due to its extremely low temperature (c) Prepare a note on factors responsible for the
because of the permafrost conditions existing uneven distribution of population based
there in the Himalayas. The western part of on the study of Brazil you have made so
India is semi – arid with extreme climates in the far.
desert region of Rajasthan. The far eastern states Ans. The distribution of population in Brazil is uneven:
of India receive the heaviest rainfall in the world. (i) Due to hot and humid climate, heavy rainfall,
So, they have dense forests too. (Cherrapunji dense forests, inaccessibility, the Amazon basin
/ Mawsynram). They have a very uneven has a sparse population.
Population 81

(ii) Also the populatio is low in the swanapy areas of GIVE IT A TRY. (Textbook Page No. 40)
Pantanal.
(iii) The central and western part of Brazil has a low (a) What could be the reasons of lower sex ratio in
population due to lack of minerals low rainfall any region? (Give it a try; Textbook Page No 40)
and hot and dry climatic conditions. Ans. Some of the reasons for lower sex ratio in any
(iv) The density of population in Brazilian Highlands region are :
is moderate. (i) Illiteracy : Narrow mindedness and lack of
(v) Due to flat fertile abundant availability of education leads to gender bias in the society.
minerals, agricuture, industries and trade has (ii) Sex discrimination : Preference of a boy child over
developed leading to a high population in the a girl child leads to poor sex ratio.
coastal regions and in the southern part of Brazil. (iii) Poverty : Poverty struck families do not prefer a
girl child as they consider female child a burden
(d) Identify the type of map showing distribution.
due to practices like dowry prevalent in the society.
Ans. The type of map showing distribution of
(iv) Female infanticide and female foeticide in on a

e
population is a dot map.
rise due to the availability of modern technology

in
USE YOUR BRAIN POWER ! (Textbook Page No. 39) which is wrongly used.

nl
(v) Government policies stricter implementation and
Calculate the population density of area shown in

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more government support required.
1 sq.km. of square in ‘a’ and ‘b’ each

e
(b) In India, men outnumber women. Is this

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= 80 people
condition found in all the states of India?

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Ans. In India, men outnumber women, on an
ng average. But in some of the states of India, women
outnumber men. They are (based on the
ni
2001-2011 census) :
r

Sr.
ea

2001 2011
No.
/L

1058 females 1084 females

(1) Kerala (State)
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per 1000 males per 1000 males

(a) (b) Puducherry 1001 females 1037 females

.C

(2)
Ans. Population density of area shown in 1 sq. km. of (U.T.) per 1000 males per 1000 male
be

square (a) = 1280 persons per sq.km.

1 sign = 80 people
u

16 × 80 = 1280 people per sq. km.

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Population density of area shown in 1 sq. km. of

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square (b) = 1840 persons per sq.km.

1 sign = 80 people per sq. km.
23 × 80 = 1840 people per sq. km.
82 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

TRY THIS (Textbook Page No. 41)

Using the figure 6.4 find the difference between the males and females of various age groups.
Ans. The difference (approximate) between the males and females of various age groups is as follows :

India 2016 Brazil 2016

More Difference Females male Age Group Male Female Difference More
numbers numbers
Males 0.5 4.3 4.8 0-4 3.7 3.5 0.2 Males
Males 0.5 4.4 4.9 5-9 3.8 3.7 0.1 Males
Males 0.6 4.4 5.0 10 - 14 4.2 4.0 0.2 Males
Males 0.6 4.3 4.9 15 - 19 4.25 4.2 0.05 Males

e
Males 0.5 4.2 4.7 20 - 24 4.1 3.9 0.2 Males

in
Males 0.4 4.1 4.5 25 - 29 4.2 4.1 0.1 Males

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Males 0.4 3.8 4.2 30 - 34 4.25 4.3 0.05 Females

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Males 0.3 3.4 3.7 35 - 39 3.9 4.0 0.1 Females

e
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Males 0.25 3.0 3.25 40 - 44 3.4 3.6 0.2 Females
Males 0.05 2.7 2.75 45 - 49 3.2 3.3 0.1 Females

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Males 0.2 2.3 2.5 50 - 54 2.8 3.1 0.3 Females
ng
Males 0.1 2.0 2.2 55 - 59 2.3 2.6 0.3 Females
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Equal 0 1.7 1.7 60 - 64 1.8 2.1 0.3 Females
r

Equal 0 1.2 1.2 65 - 69 1.3 1.7 0.4 Females

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Females 0.1 0.8 0.7 70 - 74 0.9 1.2 0.3 Females

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Females 0.2 0.6 0.4 75 - 79 0.6 0.8 0.2 Females

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Equal - 0.3 0.3 80 - 84 0.3 0.5 0.2 Females

Eqaul - 0.2 0.2 85 - 89 0.2 0.3 0.1 Females
.C

Equal - 0.1 0.1 90 - 94 0.5 0.1 0.05 Females

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- - - - 95 - 99 - - - -
- - - - 100↑ - - - -
u
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In India, the difference in the percentage between the In Brazil, the difference in the percentage between
males and females is maximum in the age groups is 0 - 14 the males and female is maximum in the age group of
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and 15 - 34. 50 - 59 and 60 - 69.

(iii) Also a person living longer will indicate an

USE YOUR BRAIN POWER ! (Textbook Page No. 43) increase in number of children he may have.
Is there a relationship between increase in life
COLOURS OF BOTH (Textbook Page No. 44)
expectancy and growth of population ? How?
Ans. From Fig 6.3 to 6.7, various aspects of population
(i) There is definitely a relationship between composition are given. Study the graphs, discuss and
increase in life expectancy and growth of answer the following questions.
population (e.g.) If the life expectancy is less, the (a) Which country has a higher sex ratio?
growth of population could be less. Ans. Brazil is the country with a higher sex ratio than
(ii) If a person lives longer it shows that the birth India (Fig. 6.3)
rate is decreasing and there will be an increase in (b) Which country has a higher literacy rate?
population. Ans. Brazil has a higher literacy rate than India.
(Fig. 6.7)
Population 83

(c) Which country is growing at a faster rate? A: What measures can be adopted to increase the
Ans. India is growing at a faster rate than Brazil. literacy rate of our country?
(Fig. 6.5) B: We can make people aware of the need and
(d) Which country’s population has a higher life importance of education, help in teaching them,
expectancy? introducing various literacy campaigns by
Ans. Brazil has a higher life expectancy (75 years) than making use of free calls, free sms services, etc.
India (68 years) (Fig. 6.6)
USE YOUR BRAIN POWER ! (Textbook Page No. 44)
(e) Which country has a higher proportion of the old
age people? If the proportion of dependent age groups increases
Ans. Brazil has a higher proportion of the old age in the composition of population, how will it affect
people (Fig. 6.4) the economy of a country?
Ans.
(i) If the proportion of dependent age groups
THINK ABOUT IT. (Textbook Page No. 44) increases in the composition of population, it

e
in
will have an adverse effect on the economy of a
Considering the above discussion, what should be
country.

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done so that our manpower is utilized properly, sex
(ii) The reason is if the working population is less,

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ratio improves and population growth is controlled?
Write two to three sentences on each. the productive activities will reduce and will

e
have a direct impact on the economic growth and

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Ans. Education and health are the basic requirement
to improve human resource. Our manpower development of that nation.

T
can be utilised properly by imparting training (iii) The production will decrease in comperison to
ng
to improve their skills (after giving them the consumption leading to inflation the per capita
basic education), by creating relevant jobs, by income and GDP will decrease.
ni
encouraging people to have their own business (iv) Export will reduce and import will increase.
r

(v) The proportion of the working population will be

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so that more manpower can be absorbed.

less and this would increase the work pressure on
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them. Progress will not take place at a fast pace.

TRY THIS (Textbook Page No. 44)
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Write a similar conversation using the graph in

GIVE IT A TRY. (Textbook Page No. 44)
Figure 6.7
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Ans. Study the indices of density maps of both the countries.

be

A: What do these graphs show? What difference do you find! What conclusions can
B: These graphs show the literacy rates of India and you draw?
u

Brazil. Ans.
uT

A: What do you mean by literacy rate? (i) India's density of population is proportionately
scatered while Brazil's density of population is
Yo

B: It means the total percentage of the population of an

area at a particular time aged seven years or above only constrated on the eastern coast.
who can read and write with understanding. (ii) After studying the indices of the density maps of
A: It means that, as on today’s date, the literacy rate both the countries, we can conclude that India’s
of our country is 72.2%. population density is much higher than that of
B: But, Brazil had an even higher literacy rate decades Brazil.
back in 1981, i.e. 74.6% and it has touched 92.6 as of (iii) The lowest value on the map of India indicates
today (2018), which is quite commendable. less than 100 whereas on the Brazil map it is less
A: Yes, definitely But, we have also seen a steady than 50.
growth in the literacy rate of the country, (iv) Places in Brazil which are highest in density is
especially, during the period between 1991 and grouped in the category of more than 300 person
2011. per sq. km. whereas in India it is more than 500
B: Still, though we are growing, we are way behind persons per sq. km.
Brazil today with 72.2% because they have a
much higher literacy percentage of 92.6.
84 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

ASSIGNMENT - 6
Time : 1 Hr. Marks : 20

Q.1. Fill in the blanks choosing the most appropriate alternative. (2)
(1) With a population of around 19 crores, according to census 2010, Brazil ranks ............... in the world.
(a) 3rd (b) 5th (c) 7th (d) 9th
(2) The interior of the Amazon basin is ............... populated.
(a) densely (b) moderately (c) highly (d) very sparsely

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in
Q.2. Are the following sentences right or wrong? Correct the wrong ones. (2)

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(1) The western part of Brazil is densely populated.

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(2) Brazil is the second most populous country in the South American Continent

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Q.3. Answer in one sentence. (2)

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(1) What is sex ratio?
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(2) What is a population pyramid?
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Q.4. Answer the questions as per the instructions: (2)

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(1) Arrange the following states of India in descending order of their population. Himachal Pradesh, Uttar
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Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh.

.C

Q.5. On outline map of India mark the following: (2)

be

(1) The westernmost state with a population density of 251 to 500 persons per sq.km.
u

(2) The southern states with a population density of more than 500 people per sq.km.
uT

(3) The easternmost state with a population density of less than 100 persons per sq.km.
Yo

(4) The capital of India.

Q.6. Give geographical reasons: (4)

(1) Brazil’s population density in very less.
(2) Population density is high in the Ganga plains.

Q.7 Answer in detail: (6)

(1) Giving examples, correlate climate and population distribution
(2) What could be the reasons of lower sex ratio in any region?

vvv
7 Human Settlement

Points to Remember:
• In India, we can see a variety of settlement patterns climatic factors,
given the variety of availability of water, slope of the
land and level of development.
• Nucleated settlements are found throughout the plateau region of Narmada Valley,

e
paddy lands in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Vindhyan Plateau

in
and several other cultivated parts of India.

nl
• Dispersed settlements are found in tribal parts covering the central part of India,

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eastern and southern Rajasthan, Himalayan slopes

e
and land with dissected and uneven topography.

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• The earlier settlements in Brazil were formed by the settlers from Europe

T
ng mainly in the coastal areas.
• The Sao Paulo area has a nucleated settlement. (i) The region has good water supply.
(ii) Rich soils ideal for growing coffee.
ni
(iii) A large supply of natural minerals close by, such as iron ore
r

(iv) A steady energy supply.

ea

(v) A good transport system.

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• Settlements become sparse as we move in towards the central part of Brazil.

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• Given are the major reasons: (i) The area is covered by thick dense equatorial rainforests.
(ii) The climate is unhealthy and unfit
.C

(iii) Limitations on use and exploitation of natural resources.

(iv) Poor transport links in the region.
be

• The level of urbanisation is measured in terms of percentage of urban population to

u

total population.
uT

• The growth of urbanisation in India has been slow.

• In 2011 the level of urbanisation in India was 31.16% (quite low compared to that of
Yo

developed countries).
• Urbanisation has been more in the south than in the north.
• The most urbanised state with 62% population living in urban areas Goa
• Delhi is more than 80% urban.
In the states of Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Kerala urbanisation is more.
• Himachal Pradesh, Jammu Kashmir, Uttarakhand,
Bihar, Rajasthan are some of the states with low levels of urbanisation.
• Brazil is one of the few developing countries which is highly urbanised.
• Urban population in Brazil is about 86%.
• Looking at this growth in few parts of the country, "Go West" policy which will reduce
the Brazil government is promoting population pressure on few areas as well as reduce
regional imbalance in the country.

(85)
86 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

• States like Sao Paulo, Goias, Minas Gerais have more urban population than the states
in the North.
• Manaus is a port on the confluence of the Negro and the Amazon where urbansiation
has occurred.

Q.1. (B) Fill in the blanks choosing the most

MASTER KEY QUESTION SET – 7
appropriate alternative :
Q.1. (A) Tick (√) the correct options: (1) In India, nucleated settlements are found
*(1) The concentration of settlements is related to the throughout the plateau region of ................... valley.
following major factor - (a) Tapi (b) Godavari
(a) Proximity to the Sea (c) Narmada (d) Krishna

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in
(b) Plain region (2) Nucleated settlements are found in the ......................
lands in Bihar.

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(c) Availability of water
(a) wheat (b) jowar (c) bajra (d) paddy

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(d) Climate (3) Nucleated settlements are found in the ......................

e
plateau.

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*(2) In North-Eastern part of Brazil, which types of
settlements are found? (a) Vindhya (b) Meghalaya

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(c) Malwa (d) Chhota Nagpur
(a) Nucleated
ng
(4) ...................... settlements are found in tribal parts
(b) Linear
covering central part of India.
ni

(c) Dispersed (a) Nucleated (b) Linear

r
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(c) Dispersed d) Circular

(d) Star-shaped
(5) The earlier settlements in Brazil were formed by
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*(3) Where do you find dispersed settlements in India? settlers from ......................, mainly in coastal areas.
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(i) Near the rivers (a) Africa (b) Asia

(ii) Near the transport routes (c) Europe (d) Australia
.C

(6) Although the coastal climate is hot and humid,

(iii) Hilly areas
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and flat land is limited due to ...................... the

(iv) Industrial regions region has a good water supply and a large range
u

*(4) Concentrated settlements are found in Narmada of natural resources.

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Valley (a) high population (b) rugged topography

(c) industies (d) agriculture
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(i) Forested Land

(7) Sao Paulo has ...................... settlements.
(ii) Cultivable Land
(a) isolated (b) nucleated
(iii) Undulating topography (c) scattered (d) dispersed
(iv) Industries (8) Rural areas of Brazil such as the north east
highlands suffer from ...................... which make it
*(5) Which State has the least urbanisation in Brazil?
difficult for practising agriculture.
(i) Para (a) high rainfall (b) extreme cold
(ii) Amapa (c) extreme droughts (d) extreme heat
(iii) Espirito Santo (9) Settlements become ...................... as we go to the
central part of Brazil.
(iv) Parana (a) sparse (b) dense
Ans. (1) Availability of Water, (2) Dispersed, (3) Hilly (c) nucleated (d) triangular
areas, (4) Cultivable Land (5) Para
Human Settlement 87

(10) The transport links are poor in the ...................... Q.2. Match the columns:
part of Brazil (1) Column `A' Column `B'
(a) Eastern (b) Western
(1) Eastern and (a) steady energy supply
(c) Northern (d) Central
Southern Rajasthan
(11) The growth of urbanisation in India has been
...................... . (2) Cultivated parts of (b) sparse settlements
(a) quick (b) moderate (c) slow (d) rapid India
(12) In India, urbanisation has been more in the (3) Brazilian north- (c) hot and humid
...................... part. east Highlands
(a) Western (b) Eastern (c) Northern (d) Southern (4) South-Eastern (d) nucleated settlements
(13) Goa is the most urbanised state in India with Brazil
...................... urban population.
(5) Central Brazil (e) droughts
(a) 92% (b) 52% (c) 62% (d) 82%

e
(14) ...................... is more than 80% urban. (f) dispersed settlement

in
(a) Goa (b) Gujarat Ans. (1 – f), (2 – d), (3 – e), (4 – a), (5 – b)

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(c) Delhi (d) Puducherry

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(2) Column `A' Column `B'
(15) Today, about ...................... of Brazil population

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lives in a/an urban area. (1) Most urbanised (a) Bihar and Jammu and

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(a) 96% (b) 66% (c) 86% (d) 76% state Kashmir

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(16) Looking at the growth in a few parts of the country, (2) Low level of
ng (b) Tamil Nadu and
the government is promoting “Go ......................” urbanisation Kerala
policy which reduces pressure on other densely (3) More urbanization (c) Delhi
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populated areas.
(4) More than 80% (d) Puducherry
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(a) East (b) North (c) South (d) West

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urban
(17) Urbanisation has occurred more in the ......................
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states, in Brazil. (e) Goa

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(a) inland (b) coastal Ans. (1 – e), (2 – a), (3 – b), (4 – c)

(c) central (d) north-western
(3) Column `A' Column `B'
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(18) States like Sao Paulo, Goias, ..................... have more

urban population than the states in the North. (1) Manaus (a) More urban
be

(a) Mato Grosso Do Sul (b) Bahia population

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(c) Mato Grosso (d) Minas Gerais (2) Amazon Basin (b) Major metropolitan
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(19) ...................... is a port on the confluence of the and Brazilian and industrial area.
Negro and the Amazon rivers, where urbanisation Highlands
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has occurred.
(3) Sao Paulo (c) Less urbanisation
(a) Alagoas (b) Parana (c) Manaus (d) Ceara
(4) South and South- (d) Gold mines
Ans. (1) Narmada (2) paddy (3) Vindhya (4) Dispersed (5)
eastern part of
Europe (6) rugged topography (7) coffee (8) extreme
Brazil
droughts (9) sparse (10) Central (11) slow (12) Southern
(13) 62% (14) Delhi (15) 86% (16) West (17) coastal (5) Goias and Minas (e) Good transport
(18) Minas Gerais (19) Manaus Gerais system
(f) Confluence of Negro
and Amazon
Ans. (1 – f), (2 – c), (3 – b), (4 – e), (5 – a)
88 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

Q.3. Find out the correct group : (c) Jharkhand, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Goa.
(1) States of Brazil having 91% to 100% urban (d) Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Uttarakhand,
population. Assam.
(a) Sao Paulo, Goias, Espirito Santo, Tocantins. Ans. Maharashtra, Kerala, Gujarat, Mizoram.
(b) Espirito Santo, Rio De Janeiro, Para, Goias. (6) Trend of urbanisation in India.
(c) Espirito Santo, Goias, Sao Paulo, Rio De (a) 1981 - 18%, 1991 - 28%, 2001 - 33.3%,
Janeiro. 2011 - 45.7%
(d) Sao Paulo, Amapa, Santa Catarina, (b) 1980 - 66%, 1990 - 74.6%, 2000 - 81.5%,
Rondonia. 2010 - 84.6%
Ans. Espirito Santo, Goias, Sao Paulo, Rio De Janeiro. (c) 1981 - 23.3%, 1991 - 25.7%, 2001 - 27.8%,
2011 - 31.2%
(2) State of India having less than 20 % of
(d) 1980 - 47%, 1970 - 56.8%, 1980 - 60%,
Urbanisation.
1990 - 70%
(a) Meghalaya, Uttar Pradesh, Arunachal
Ans. 1981 - 23.3%, 1991 - 25.7%, 2001 - 27.8%,

e
Pradesh, Rajasthan.

in
2011 - 31.2%
(b) Lakshadweep, Daman & Diu, Puducherry,

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Nagaland.
Q.4. State whether the statements are Right or

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(c) Tamil Nadu, Mizoram, Gujarat, Maharashtra.
Wrong. Correct the worng one :

e
(d) Odisha, Assam, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh.
(1) India does not have a great tradition of

ub
Ans. Odisha, Assam, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh.
unbanisation.
(3) Nucleated settlements in India.

T
Ans. Wrong - India has a great tradition of unbanisation.
(a) Vindhyan plateau, Plateau region of
ng Harappa, Moheanjodaro, Paithan etc. are few
Narmada valley, Paddy lands in Bihar, Uttar example of the urban settlements of earlier times.
ni
Pradesh.
(2) The earlier settlements in Brazil were formed
r

(b) Rajasthan, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh,

ea

by the rettlers from America.

Punjab.
Ans. Wrong - The earlier settlements in Brazil were
(c) Himalayan slopes, East Rajasthan, Tribal
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formed by the rettlers from Europe.

part of Madhya Pradesh, Nagaland.
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(d) Vindhyan plateau, Paddy lands in Uttar (3) North-East Highlands of Brazil suffer from
Pradesh, Land with dissected topography, extreme droughts.
.C

Bihar. Ans. Right.

(4) The growth of urbanisation in India has been
be

Ans. Vindhyan plateau, Plateau region of Narmada

valley, Paddy lands in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh. very fast, reaching 86% in 2011.
u

Ans. Wrong - The growth of urbanisation in India has

(4) Dispersed settlements in India.
uT

been very slow. In India urbanisation grow from

(a) West coast, West Rajasthan, Paddy lands of
18% in 1961 to 31.2% in 2011.
Yo

Punjab, Mizoram.
(b) Land with dissected topography, South (5) In under developed countries, the rate of
Rajasthan, Vindhya plateau, Uttar Pradesh. urbanisation is low.
(c) Tribal part of Madhya Pradesh, Himalayan Ans. Right.
slopes, West and South Rajasthan, Land
with the uneven topography.
(d) Himalayan slopes, Narmada Valley, West
Rajasthan, South India.
Ans. Tribal part of Madhya Pradesh, Himalayan
slopes, West and South Rajasthan, Land with the
uneven topography.
(5) States of India having urbanisation between
41% to 60%.
(a) Chandigarh, Daman & Diu, Gujarat, Uttar
Pradesh.
(b) Maharashtra, Kerala, Gujarat, Mizoram.
Human Settlement 89

Q.5 Study the choropleth map of Brazil showing the Statewise urban population of Brazil and answer the
following questions :

e
in
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e O
T ub
ng
r ni
ea
/L
om
.C
be

(1) Which State (region) in Brazil is the most (ii) Of all these, availability of water is a major factor
u

urbanised? affecting human settlements.

uT

Ans. The states of Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas (iii) Water is required for survival of living beings,
Gerais, Espirito Santo and Manus in Brazil are for purposes like drinking, cooking, agriculture,
Yo

the most urbanised industries etc.

(2) Which state (region) in the least urbanised ? (iv) The ancient settlements in Varanasi, Harappa,
Ans. The states of Para, Maranhao and Piaui in Brazil Mohenjodaro, Paithan developed in river basins.
are the least urbanised states. Thus it can be said that the prosperity of human
civilization depends on availibility of water.
Q.6. Give geographical reasons: *(2) In Brazil, a majority of the population is found in
*(1) Availability of water is a major factor affecting the eastern coastal areas.
settlements. Ans.
Ans. (i) The Eastern coast of Brazil has good water supply.
(i) The human settlements in a particular place (ii) The region has rich fertile soil which is most
depends on factors like the physical geography suitable for water cultivation..
(climate, availability of water, topography of the (iii) Also, this region is rich in minerals like iron core
land) availability of economic opportunities, and has a steady power supply.
transport facilities, government policies etc. (iv) An excellent transportation facility is also available
here.
90 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

(v) Eg. states like Sao Paulo, Rio De Janeiro, Espirito (iv) It has a large supply of natural minerals close by,
Santo. such as iron ore.
Due to the above reasons, majority of Brazil (v) It also has a steady energy supply.
population is found in the eastern coastal areas. (vi) This region has a good transport system too.
*(3) Urbanization is increasing rapidly in India. (vii) All these factors makes Sao Paulo, an area of
Ans. nucleated settlements.
(i) In India, there has been growing industrialisation, (7) Brazil is one of the few developing countries
leading to availiability of jobs in urban areas. which is highly urbanised.
(ii) Urban areas have better facilities and amenities Ans.
like water supply, electricity, health, education etc. (i) Brazil's substantial urban growth process is unique
(iii) There is increasing migration of people from rural and one of the underlying factors contributing to
areas to urban areas. its present-day rapid economic growth.
(iv) Emergence of new towns has further helped (ii) In 2010, about 86% of Brazil's population lived in

e
urbanisation. an urban areas.

in
So urbanisation is increasing rapidly in India. (iii) In Brazil, rapid urbanisation happened mainly in

nl
*(4) Settlements are sparse in north-eastern Brazil. the South and South-East with Sao Paulo emerging
as a major metropolitan and industrial area.

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Ans.
(i) The thick equatorial rainforest zones are in the (8) The Brazilian government is promoting ‘Go

e
ub
north-east. West’ policy.
(ii) The climate here is unhealthy and unfit for settlement. Ans.

T
(iii) There are limitations on use and exploitation of (i) Brazil is one of the few developing countries which
ng
natural resources. is highly urbanised.
(iv) Transport facilities are very poor in the region due (ii) But urbanisation in Brazil is confined to South and
ni
to poor infrastructural facilities. South East.
r
ea

(v) In the North-East Brazil lies the 'Drought (iii) For E.g. States like Sao Paulo, Goias, Minas Gerais,
Quarilateral' which has poor rainfall and racks any Rio De Janeiro have very high urban population.
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kind of cultivation. (iv) Western Brazil continues to remain least urbanised,

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So, settlements are sparse in north eastern Brazil. creating regional imbalance.
*(5) Except Delhi and Chandigarh, urbanization is (v) In order to reduces regional imbalance, the Brazil
.C

low in other parts of India. Government is promoting 'Go-West Policy'.

Ans.
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(i) Delhi and Chandigarh are Union Territories laying Q.7. Answer in short :
*(1) Write a comparative note on urbanisation in
u

in the flat Northern Plains of India.

Brazil and India.
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(ii) Delhi is the capital of India and has an ancient

history of urbanisation. Ans.
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(iii) Chandigarh is one of the most well planned citiesm Urbanisation in India Urbanisation in Brazil
known internationally for its architecture.
(iv) Both Delhi and Chandigarh have good water Growth of urbanisation Growth of urbanisation
supply due to rivers like Yamuna and many in India has been slow. in Brazil has been rapid.
waterbodies. e.g. From 18% in 1961 to e.g. From 47.1% in 1960 to
(v) As compared to the other cities in North India, 31.2% in 2011. 84.6% in 2010.
both the cities have well developed infrastructure, Urbanisation has been Urbanisation has been
industries and opportunities employment. more in southern part more in the coastal states
Hence, except Delhi and Chandigarh, urbanisation than Northern part. than the states in the
is low in other parts of India. interior.
(6) Sao Paulo area has nucleated settlements. Nucleated settlements Nucleated settlements
Ans. are found in paddy lands are found in East coastel
(i) Sao Paulo situated in South East coastal Brazil. of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, region.
(ii) The region has a good water supply. Plateau region of Narmada
(iii) It an extensive area under rich soil which is it ideal etc.
for growing coffee.
Human Settlement 91

Dispersed settlements Dispersed settlements are *(3) Why do human settlements grow in specific
locations only?
are found in Himalayan found in Amazon valley,
Ans.
slopes, deserts of Pantanal region.
(i) Human settlements in specific locations depend
Rajasthan, tribal parts of
on various factors like climate, availability of
central India etc. water, topography level of employment and the
Most urbanised cities Most urbanised regions development.
and states are Goa (62%), are Sao Paulo, Rio De (ii) In India nucleated human settlements are found
Delhi (80%), Chandigarh, Janeiro, Espirito Santo, in the Ganga River Basin of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Minas, Gerais, Manaus. because of the flat fertile plains, abundance
Tamil Nadu. of water, favourable climate and growth of
Least urbanised states are Least urbanised states are agriculture and industries.
Himachal Pradesh, Bihar, Para, Maranhao, Piaui, (iii) Dispersed settlement are found in Himalayan
slopes, eastern and southern Rajasthan because

e
Assam, Odisha, Central Acre, Rondonia.

in
India, North East India. of uneven topography unfavourable climate and
lack of development.

nl
(iv) In Brazil, nucleated settlements are found in Sao

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*(2) Differentiate between the human settlements
Paulo, Southern Coastal Brazil, due to nearness

e
in the Ganga river basin and the Amazon river
to the oceans, fertile soil, availability of natural

ub
basin.
minerals line iron ore, steady power supply and
Ans.

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good transportation system.
Human settlements in Human settlements
ng
(v) Dispersed settlements are found in Northern
the Ganga river basin in the Amazon river Brazil due to the inaccessible forests in Amazon
ni
basin River Basin, unhealthy climate, limitations on
r

(1) Nucleated settlements Dispersed settlements use of natural resources and poor transport
ea

are found in Ganga are found in this rigion. connectivity. Scattered settlements are also found
/L

River Basin. in the drought region of Caatinga.

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(2) River Ganga flows in The Amazon River Basin

Northern India and is to the north of Brazil Geographical explanation (Textbook Page No. 46)
.C

the soil deposited by is and is its largest river

Study the two types of settlement patterns in India
Ganga and tributaries basin.
be

given in figure 7.1 (a) and 7.1 (b) Answer the following
its tribal found has
questions :
helped the of Northern
u

(a) Identify the type of settlements?

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Plains.
Ans. The settlement shown in figure 7.1 (a) is a nucleated
(3) There is ample of water, It receives around settlement as it seems to be on a plain land.
Yo

fertile soil, favourable 2000mm rainfall. There Figure 7.1 (a) is a dispersed settlement.
climate in the Ganga is extremely unhealthy Figure 7.1 (b) is a nucleated settlement.
River Basin. climate, inaccessibility. (b) Which one is a nucleated settlement? Why?
(4) Ganga River Basin is The Amazon River Ans. The settlement shown in figure 7.1 (b) is a
suitable for human Basin is unsuitable for nucleated settlement as it seems to be on a plain
settlement. human settlement. land, with good road connectivity.
(c) Which one is a dispersed settlement? What
(5) The above conditions Due to dense evergreen
could be the reason behind it?
has helped flourish forests, there are
Ans. Figure 7.1 (b) is a dispersed settlement as it seems to
agriculture and other restrictions on the use
be on a dissected land with poor road connectivity.
industries resulting of natural resources,
(d) Can you guess in which regions are these
in huge employment which has affected
settlements located in India?
opportunities. economic development.
Ans. The dispersed settlements may be an inaccessible
village, probably from north-west India. The
nucleated settlement pattern may be northern
fertile plains.
92 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

petrol pumps on the same road. Villages have

Think about it (Textbook Page No. 46)
one or two pumps.
Tell whether settlements shown in images 7.1 (a) and (2) Theatre : It is a building or an outdoor area in
(b) are urban or rural. which plays and other dramatic performances
Ans. The image shown in 7.1 (a) is urban and are watched by live audience (people). There
The image shown in 7.1 (b) is rural are rows of seats and a stage on which a real or
imagined event is presented . In villages, there
Let’s recall (Textbook Page No. 46) are few theatres - sometimes only one or two, but
Some amenities and facilities are given here Tick (√) cities have many theatres to entertain people.
in the relevant column and complete the table on the (3) Weekly Market: They don’t have permanent
basis of their presence in urban and rural areas or shops. They are mostly seen in rural areas, small
both. And write five sentences on each with examples towns and cities. They are very old in nature.
from your vicinity. They are held on a specific day of the week.
Ans. Traders set up shops for the day and then close

e
in
Amentity Available in Available them in the evening or night. In such markets,
most of the things are available at one place, e.g.

nl
Villages in Cities
vegetables, clothes, utensils etc.

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(1) Petrol Pump √ √ (4) Primary Health Centre : (PHCs) They are also

e
(2) Theatre known as Public Health Centres. They are state-

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√
owned rural health care facilities in India. They
(3) Weekly Market √

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ng mostly have only one physician. These clinics have
(4) Primary Health facilities for minor surgeries only. They are the most
√ basic units of the Public health system in India.
Centre
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Presently, there are more than 28,000 PHCs in India.
(5) Police Outpost √ √
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(5) Police Outposts : An outpost is a place, especially

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(6) Art Gallery √ a small group of buildings or a town, which

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(7) Gram Panchayat represents the authority or business interests of a

√
government or company that is far away. Outposts
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(8) Agricultural could be police outposts, military outposts or

Produce Market colonial outposts. They are outlying branches
√ √
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Committee or positions of a main organization or a group.

(APMC)
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Villages have one or two outposts, but cities have

(9) Primary School √ √ many - sometimes more than one in each suburb.
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(6) Art Gallery: It is a room / hall / building for

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(10) Senior School √

displaying (showing) or selling works of art,
(11) College √ usually (visual art ‒ like paintings). They are
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(12) Shop √ √ not permanently displayed for conservation

reasons. They are considered as important assets
(13) Multi-speciality
√ in the cultural life of any community. There are
Hospital commercial galleries as well as co-operatives where
(14) Metro station √ a group of artists who work together to show their
work, promote the gallery. Mumbai has a few
(15) Bus station √ renowned art galleries.(e.g.) Jehangir Art Gallery in
(16) University √ Mumbai. You will rarely find one in villages.
Ans. (7) Gram Panchayat : It is a local self- governance
(1) Petrol Pump : It is a piece of equipment or device organization / system in India at the village level
installed in a petrol station to dispense petrol, or at a small-town level. It has a sarpanch who
diesel etc. into the fuel tank of a motor vehicle. is the elected head. There are almost 2,50,000
It also displays the quantity, quality and usually gram panchayats in India. It is divided into
the cost of the petrol delivered too. In cities like wards. Each ward is represented by a member.
Mumbai, there can be more than one or two The term of the elected representative is 5 years.
The secretary of the Gram Panchayat is a non-
Human Settlement 93

elected representative, appointed by the State (13) Multi-Speciality Hospital : These offer care and
Government to oversee Panchayat activities. treatment of a patient suffering from a specific
(8) Agricultural Produce Market Committee illness. These offer specialized services to patients.
(APMC) : It is a marketing board established They cater to specific health problems only. The
by a State Government in India. These markets Tata Memorial Hospital situated at Parel, Mumbai
are established at different places within the is a specialist cancer treatment and research centre
state. Farmers are required to sell their produce with enduring values and a mission of providing
via auction at the mandi in their region. Traders the best cancer care to all who seek treatment.
require a license to operate within a mandi. Such hospitals are not seen in villages.
Wholesalers and retailers (e.g.) Shopping Mall (14) Metro Station: This station is an underground
owners and food processing companies cannot electric railway station for a rapid transit system
buy produce directly from a farmer. They have which as a whole is called a Metro or Subway.
special markets for perishables. Farmers and It provides a means for passengers to buy
private persons can set up their own market. The tickets, access trains, shopping at its platforms

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in
revenue of the APMC is to be used for improving and evacuate in case of an emergency. There are
market infrastructure. Mumbai has an APMC at metros in very big cities. e.g.- Mumbai, Kolkata,

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Vashi (Navi Mumbai), which is well-known. Delhi. These are not found in villages.

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(9) Primary School : A primary school ( elementary (15) Bus Station: This is a place in a town where

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school) is a school in which children receive buses arrive and depart. They start and end

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primary or elementary education from the age their routes here. They are places incorporating

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of about 5 to 13 years. This schooling comes ng waiting areas, stands for buses, and ticket offices
after Pre-school (Pre–Nursery, Nursery, Prep or from which the buses depart for their allotted
Lower and Upper K.G.) and before Secondary destinations. Villages have buses stops but major
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school. They provide education from Class bus stations are found in towns and cities. All the
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1 to 8. Classes 1 to 5 are considered Lower big cities have bus stations or bus depots.
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Primary and classes 6 to 8 Upper Primary. This (16) University : A high-level educational institution
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education is compulsory and free in India. These where students study for achieving degrees and
are found both in rural and urban areas. where academic research is done. People study
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(10) Senior School : Classes 9 and 10 come in this at an undergraduate level (B.A.; B.Com., B. Sc.,
category. 10th board exam is referred to as SSC etc.) or Post graduate level (M.A., M.Com., M.Sc.,
.C

(Secondary School Certificate) . Not all villages etc.). A university awards academic degrees in
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have these schools. Children go to nearby towns various disciplines (subjecs) which a person
or cities to attend such schools. prefers to study. It provides facilities for learning
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(11) College: College can be Junior College (classes and research.

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11 and 12) or it can be Degree College or Senior

Try this. (Textbook Page No. 47)
College. A college is an educational institution
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offering degrees, diplomas or may offer vocational In the figure 7.2 (a) and (b), you can see images of
or technical education. After taking the 10th grade two settlements in Brazil. One is from the Amazon
exams, students have to apply to Junior colleges river basin in Brazil while the other belongs to the
or other such colleges for higher education. These coastal area. Observe the settlement patterns carefully
are found in a large number in cities and fewer in and name the types of settlement patterns. Write a
smaller towns. Villagers travel to nearby cities or comment on their density and types.
towns to avail this educational facility. Ans.
(12) Shop : A shop is a place or a person (retailer) that (1) Fig. 7.2 (a)
/ who presents a selection of goods and offers to Type settlement pattern : Dispersed settlements on
trade or sell them to customers for money or for both sides of the river.
other goods. All kinds of shops, selling various Density of Population : Sperse.
things, are found in villages as well as in cities. (2) Fig. 7.2 (b)
Shopping is an activity in which a customer can Type settlement pattern : Nucleated settlements
look at a variety of goods or services available and are seen.
then buy. Now, we also have online shopping. Density of Population : High.
94 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

Can you Tell (Textbook Page No. 48) (c) In which decade was the growth the urbanisation
lowest?
Read the graph in fig 7.5 below and answer the Ans. 1961-1971 was the decade with the lowest growth
following questions: in urbanisation.
(d) What inference can you draw regarding India’s
urbanisation after reading the graph?
Ans.
(i) Urbanisation has occured slowly in India in the
last 50 years from 1961 to 2011.
(ii) Urbanisation took place rapidly in 1971 to 1981.
i.e. at 51%.
(iii) Urbanisation took place slowly in 1961 to 1971.
i.e. at 0.2%.

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(iv) Urbanisation in 2011 in India is 31.2%.

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(v) The low rate of urbanisation shows that India
(a) What was the percentage of urbanisation in 1961?

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is lagging behind as compared to developed
Ans. The percentage of urbanisation in 1961 was 18 %
countries.

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(b) In which decade was urbanisation the highest?

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Ans. 1971 – 1981 was the decade with the highest

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percentage of urbanisation.

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Human Settlement 95

Try this. (Textbook Page No. 48)

Look at the table. It shows the growth of share of urban population in total population of Brazil. Draw a line graph
from this table. Examine the graph carefully and answer the following questions
Brazil Percentage of urban population (1960 to 2010)

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

47.1 56.8 66 74.6 81.5 84.6
Ans.
Y axis Simple line Graph Scale :
90 1 cm = 5 % on Y axis
Brazil's Urban Population
85

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80

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75

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70

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65 ng
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60
Percentage of urban population (1960 to 2010)

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55
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50
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45
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40
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35
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30
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25

20

15

10

05
1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

X axis

Years
96 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

(a) What is the interval of data? (ii) Urbanisation very clearly, has occured rapidly in
Ans. The interval of the data is 10 years. Brazil at 9.7%
(b) In which period did urbanisation occur rapidly? (iii) Urbanisation occured rapidly in the decade 1960
Ans. Urbanisation occured rapidly in the period 1960- to 1970. When percentage of urbanisation rose
1970. from 46.1% to 56.8%.
(iv) Though urbanisation contributed even offer 1970,
(c) Write five sentences analyzing the graph.
but its rate of growth has shown a falling trend.
Ans.
(v) Urbanisation occured very slowly 3.1% and
(i) The graph gives as an analysis of urbanisation in
percentage of urnbanisation increase from 81.5%
Brazil from 1960 to 2010. i.e. 50 years.
to 84.6% in the decade 2000 to 2010.

Give it a try (Textbook Page No. 48)

Prepare a choropleth map showing urban population using the data given in the table below.

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in
Sr. Urban population States /UTs falling in the category
No. percentage category

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1 0 - 20 Himachal Pradesh, Bihar, Assam, Odisha

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2 21 - 40 Meghalaya, Uttar Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand,

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Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tripura, Jammu & Kashmir, Nagaland, Manipur, Uttarakhand,
West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, A & N Islands, Punjab, Karnataka

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3 41 - 60
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Gujarat, Maharashtra, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Mizoram
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4 61 - 80 Goa, Puducherry, Daman & Diu, Lakshadweep
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5 81 - 100 Chandigarh , NCT of Delhi

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Ans.
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Human Settlement 97

Make friend with maps (Textbook Page No. 49/50) 7.1.b.

(i) Location : Dispersed settlements are found in
Study the choropleth map of Brazil showing the
tribal parts covering central part of India, eastern
Statewise urban population of Brazil and answer the
and southern Rajasthan, Himalayan slopes and
following questions
land with dissected and uneven topography.
(a) Which State (region) in Brazil is the most (ii) Pattern : Seasonal dispersed settlements / linear
urbanised? settlements.
Ans. The states of Sao Paulo, Goias, Espirito Santo, Rio (iii) Types : Permanent / Temporary / Rural/ Seasonal
De Janeiro and the region of Manus of Brazil have (iv) Density : High population density.
more urban population.
(b) Which State (region) is the least urbanised? 7.2. Brazilian settlement pattern
Ans. The states of Para, Maranhao and Piaui of Brazil 7.2.a.
are least urbanised. (i) Location : The Southern and South Eastern parts
of Brazil – Areas where there is good water

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Colours of Both (Textbook Page No. 49)

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supply, a large range of natural resources, rich
soil, large supply of natural minerals, steady

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(a) Compare the line graph shown in figure 7.5
and the one drawn by you for Brazil. Write five energy supply, a good transport system, etc.

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lines on the changes that have occurred in (ii) Pattern : Nucleated settlement

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urbanisation in both the countries, with time. (iii) Types : Permanent

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Ans. (iv) Density : High population density.

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(i) We can observe that urbanisation in India is going ng 7.2. b.
on and continuously increasing, but the rate at (i) Location : Brazilian Highlands, Central part,
which it is increasing is very low. Amazon Baisn region : regions with dense
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(ii) On the other hand, urbanisation in Brazil is forests, unfavourable climate, poor transport
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constantly on the rise, but the rate is going on limits, limitations on the use and exploitation of
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decreasing. Even in 1960, the percentage of urban natural resources, etc.

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population was as high as 47.1% which we have (ii) Pattern : Sparse settlements / Linear settlements.
(iii) Type : permanent / Temporary / Seasonal / Rural.
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not reached, even till date.

(iii) According to the latest development details, (iv) Density: low population density
India is at 31.2% (2011) whereas Brazil is at
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Give it try (Textbook Page No. 49)

84.6% (2010). Brazil has more than double the
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percentage of urban population than India. Observe the two satellite images given below.
(iv) Both Brazil and India are developing countries, Describe the settlements with respect to physiography.
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but Brazil shows very high urbanisation as Considering the physiography, where could these
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compared to India. settllements be located? Find out their settlement

pattern and limitations with respect to their future
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(b) Make a short note on the comparison between

growth.
the settlement patterns in India and Brazil (fig
Ans.
7.1 and 7.2, Textbook page no. 46 and 47) on the
(i) Location : Both satellite images show human
basis of the following points:
settlements in a mountainous region. One
(i) Location (ii) Pattern (iii) Types (iv) Density
settlement is along the slope of the mountain
Ans. Fig. 7.1 – India – Settlement patterns
while the other is on top of a mountain.
7.1 a.
(ii) Pattern : Both are dispersed type of settlements.
(i) Location : Nucleated settlements are found
(iii) Future growth : Further growth for human
throughout the plateau region of Narmada Valley,
settlements seens difficult, while considering the
paddy lands in Bihar, U.P, Vindhyan Plateau and
first image. This is mainly because of the forested
several other cultivated parts of India.
land along the mountain slope.
(ii) Pattern : Nucleated settlements = compete =
The second image showcases steps going
clustered = agglomerated
downwards. There is a danger of landside in
(iii) Types : Permanent
these regions and hence here too, the scope of
(iv) Density : High population density.
future growth for human settlements is very less.
98 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

Use your brain power ! (Textbook Page No. 50) Colours of Both (Textbook Page No. 50)
Which factors have affected urbanisation in Brazil? Write a paragraph on the settlement pattern, urban and
Ans. In Brazil, rapid corbanisation happened is South rural settlement and urbanisation in India and Brazil.
and South East Coastal regions. Ans. Refer Textbook Pg. 49, Colours of Both answers
The North and South Atlantic sea coast these (i) and (ii)
regions immensely.
Availability of water, fertile soil, natural minerals
such as iron ore, good transport system, steedy
electric supply have positively impacted
urbanisation in these parts.
On the other hand northern Brazil is covered
with thick dense equatorial rain forests that are
inaccessible with poor transport links and unfit

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climate. So sparse settlements are found here.

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North Eastern Brazilian highlands is a rain

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shadow region with scarce settlements.

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To the north of this region is the 'Drought

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Quadrilateral' with sparse settlements.

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Human Settlement 99

ASSIGNMENT - 7
Time : 1 Hr. Marks : 20

Q.1. Fill in the blanks choosing the most appropriate alternative : (2)
(1) ...................... settlements are found in tribal parts covering central part of India, eastern and southern
Rajasthan, Himalayan slopes and land with dissected and uneven topography.
(a) Nucleated (b) Linear (c) Dispersed (d) Circular
(2) The transport links are poor in the ...................... part of Brazil
(a) Eastern (b) Western (c) Northern (d) Central

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Q.2. Match the columns: (2)

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(2) Column `A' Column `B'

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(1) Most urbanised state (a) Bihar and Jammu & Kashmir

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(2) Low level of urbanisation (b) Tamil Nadu and Kerala

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(3) More urbanization (c) Delhi ng
(4) More than 80% urban (d) Puducherry
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(e) Goa
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Q.3. (A) Name the following : (2)

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(1) The most urbanised state in India with 62% urban population.
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(2) The port on the confluence of the R. Negro and the R. Amazon where urbanisation has occurred.

Q.3. (B) Answer in one or two sentences:

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(1) Which factors have affected urbanization in Brazil? (Use you brain power! Textbook Page No. 50)
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(3) What is Manaus?

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Q.4. Study the choropleth map of Brazil showing the Statewise urban population of Brazil and answer
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the following questions. (2)

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(1) Which State (region) in Brazil is the most urbanised?

(2) Which state (region) in the least urbanised ?

Q.5. Give geographical reasons: (4)

(1) Settlements are sparse in north-eastern Brazil.
(2) Sao Paulo area has nucleated settlements.

Q.6. Answer in Detail: (6)

*(1) Write a comparative note on urbanisation in Brazil and India.
*(2) Differentiate between the human settlements in the Ganga river basin and the Amazon river basin.

vvv
8 Economy and Occupations

Points to Remember:
• The economy of a country depends on the economic activities carried out in the country.
• You have learnt that there are 3 types of economic activities in an economy.
• India has a higher national income than Brazil.

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• Brazil is one of the world giants of mining. agriculture, and manufacturing; and it has a

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strong and rapidly growing service sector.
• India is dependent on agriculture, though service sector is also increasing in India.

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• Like the Indian economy, the Brazilian economy is also a mixed economy

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and a developing economy.
• Per capita incomes of India, Brazil are very less as compared to the developed countries

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ng like the USA.
• The United States is a developed country with a well educated population
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• India and Brazil are developing countries with a well educated population.
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• The US has the strength of many patents, modern technology and mechanical strength.
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• India and Brazil are progressing in the field of technological advancement,

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education and industry.

• The national per capita income of these countries is low.
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• India's per capita income seems to be even lower India's size is very large and it has a
than Brazil's as higher population.
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• In Brazil, agriculture is the main occupation of the people

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living in the highlands and coastal areas.

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• This is due to favourable climate and topography.

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• Rice and maize are the main cereal crops.

• Production of maize is largely concentrated in the central part.
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• Commercial crops like coffee, cocoa, rubber, soyabean and

sugarcane are cultivated on a large scale.
• Brazil is the largest exporter of coffee and soyabean in the world.
• The major states growing coffee are Minas Gerais and Sao Paulo.
• Besides these crops, production of fruits like bananas, pineapples, oranges and other
cirtus fruits is also done.
• Cattle, sheep and goats are also reared in the Savannah grasslands in the south due to
meat and dairy products are produced on a large scale.
• The eastern part of Brazil is rich in various types iron ore, manganese, nickel, copper, of
minerals like bauxite, tungsten, diamonds, etc.
• Inaccessibility, lack of knowledge of potential reserves which have led to limitations in
of resources, dense forests, etc. are factors mining in the interior parts of the country.

(100)
Economy and Occupations 101

• Nevertheless, because of increasing demand mining has developed well in the

in the country, highland region.
• Brazil has a sea coast of around 7,400 km
• Brazil has excellent fishing grounds off the South Atlantic coast.
• The meeting of the warm Brazil current and the cold Falkland current
off the coast of south-east Brazil makes it a good fishing ground.
• Traditionally, fishing has been carried on by small primitive techniques and equipment.
groups of individual fishermen using
• Now, large vessels are used.
• Fishes mainly caught are Swordfish, shrimp, lobsters, sardines are mainly caught.
• The fish resources of the Amazon River are not exploited much and fishing takes

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place only on a small scale.

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• India's agriculture contributes more towards GDP and also engages a larger

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chunk of population.

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• Around 60% of land in India is under cultivation due to many favourable conditions.

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• Indian agriculture has been a long standing activity and is mainly subsistence type.

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• India produces rice, wheat, maize, sorghum and millets as major food crops;
plantations of tea, coffee, rubber and cash crops like sugarcane,

T cotton, jute, etc. are also produced.

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• India is also a major producer of a variety of fruits and vegetables.
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• In the economy of India Fishing plays an important role
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• India is one of the largest producers of fish, both marine and inland.
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• Fish forms an important part of the diet of many Kerala, West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra
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people living in the coastal areas of Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Goa and Maharashtra.
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• India has about 7500 kms of coastline.

• Marine fishing accounts for about 40% of the total annual production of fish
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• Fishing is confined to the coastal waters in the west from Kachchh, Malabar coast to
Coromandal coast in the east.
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• Major fishes are Sardines, Mackerel, Bombay Duck, and Prawns.

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• On the eastern coast, the important fish are Horse Mackerels, Clupeids and Silver Bellies.
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• Freshwater fishing is carried on in rivers, canals, irrigation channels, tanks,

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ponds, lakes, etc.

• Major freshwater varieties are Silver bellies carp (chopda)
• About 60% of the country's total fish production comes from inland fisheries.
• The Chhota Nagpur Plateau in India is a big storehouse of different minerals.
• The main occupation of the people there is minning
• Coal is mined at Korba in Chhattisgarh and in eastern Maharashtra.
• Mineral oil wells are found (i) Digboi in Assam
(ii) Mumbai High in the Arabian Sea near Maharashtra
(iii) Kalol and Koyali in Gujarat.
• Reserves of mineral oil and natural gas have been river Godavari.
discovered of the mouth of the
• Stones like marble are found in Rajasthan and Cuddapah in Andhra Pradesh.
• In Brazil, technologically-based industries the most dynamic in recent years, but
have been have not outpaced traditional industries.
102 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

• Most of the large industries are concentrated in the south and south-eastern parts of Brazil.
• The North-east is traditionally the poorest part of Brazil, but is beginning to
attract new investment.
• The distribution of industries in India is highly uneven.
• Jharkhand, Odisha, adjoining Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh, most of the reserves of
parts of Rajasthan, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu account for metallic minerals.
• Particularly the north-eastern part of the peninsula, heavy metallurgical industries with
has a very high concentration of almost all the steel centres situated here.
• Availability of large quantities of coal and refractory the Damodar-Valley Corporation
materials, along with cheap power from and a number of thermal power projects,
has added to the advantages.

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• Rajasthan has copper, lead and zinc;

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• Karnataka has steel, manganese and aluminium; and

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• Tamil Nadu has aluminium metal industries.

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• Agro-based industries including cotton, jute and heavily concentrated in the raw

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sugar are material-producing areas.

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• The forest-based industries including paper, ply wood, increasingly finding concentration

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matches, resins and lac are ng in the forest areas of various states.
• The coastal belt of Kerala has a heavy concentration of coir, copra (coconut) and fish
canning industries.
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• Koyali, Digboi, Noonmati and Bongaigaon refineries close to the petroleum

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are situated producing areas

• Mathura and Barauni refineries in the interior are, away from the coast and oil-
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producing areas.
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• The distribution of cement industry is also by the availability of raw materials.

highly conditioned
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• Gujarat, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu produce the bulk of salt in the country.
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• Brazil mainly exports iron ore, coffee, cocoa, cotton, sugar, tobacco, oranges and bananas
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• While it imports machinery, chemical products, fertilisers, wheat, heavy

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vehicles, mineral oil and lubricants.

• Major trading partners are Germany, the USA, Canada, Italy, Argentina,
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Saudi Arabia and India.

• Trade makes up about 25% of the GDP.
• India mainly exports tea, mangoes, coffee, spices, leather and
leather goods, iron ore, cotton and silk textiles
• While it mainly imports petroleum, machines, pearls and precious stones, gold
and silver, paper, medicines, etc.
• India's major trading partners are the UK, the USA, Germany, Japan, China, Russia, etc.
• Indian companies set up industrial centres all over Brazil and invested a lot at capital.
• The Indian companies have invested in such sectors as IT, pharmaceuticals, energy,
agri-business, mining, engineering and auto sectors.
• Brazil's footprint in India is smaller but important.
• The Brazilian companies have invested in automobiles, IT, mining, energy, biofuels, and
footwear sectors in India.
Economy and Occupations 103

(13) Inaccessibility, lack of knowledge of potential

MASTER KEY QUESTION SET – 8
reserves, dense forests are factors which have led
Q.1. Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate to limitation in ...................... in the interior parts
alternative: of the country.
*(1) India's per capita income is less than Brazil due to (a) agriculture (b) mining
...................... . (c) agro- forestry (d) fishing
(a) low national income (b) massive population (14) Due to the increasing demand in the country,
(c) big family size mining has developed well in the ......................
(d) low foodgrain production region.
*(2) The economy of Brazil is mainly dependent on (a) coastal (b) highland
the ...................... activities there. (c) mountainous (d) equatorial forest
(a) primary (b) secondary (15) Brazil has a sea coast of around 7,400 km and
(c) tertiary (d) quaternary excellent fishing grounds off the ......................

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*(3) The economies of India and Brazil are of the coast.

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...................... type. (a) South Atlantic (b) North Atlantic

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(a) undeveloped (b) developed (c) South Pacific (d) North Pacific

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(c) developing (d) highly developed (16) The meeting of the warm Brazil current and the

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(4) India has a /an ...................... national income as cold Falkland current off the coast of South-east

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compared to Brazil. Brazil make it a good ...................... .
(a) higher (b) lower (c) equal (d) very low (a) fishing ground (b) offshore oil rig

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(c) ocean transport route
(5) In Brazil, ...................... is the main occupation of
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(d) fishermen’s settlement
the people living in the highlands and coastal
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areas. (17) Traditionally, in Brazil, fishing has been carried
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(a) agriculture (b) mining on by small groups of individual fishermen using

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(c) animal rearing (d) sericulture ...................... techniques and equipment.

(a) scientific (b) modern
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(6) The main cereal crops grown in Brazil are

(c) primitive (d) latest
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...................... and maize.

(a) wheat (b) barley (c) oat (d) rice (18) The fish resources of the ...................... River are
not exploited much and fishing only takes place
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(7) Production of maize is largely concentrated in the

on a small scale.
...................... part of Brazil.
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(a) Parana (b) Sao Francisco

(a) western (b) northern (c) southern (d) central
(c) Paraguay (d) Amazon
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(8) Brazil is the largest exporter of coffee and

(19) Around 60% of land in India is under ......................
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...................... in the world.

(a) cultivation (b) industries
(a) rubber (b) cocoa (c) soyabean (d) maize
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(c) forestry (d) mining

(9) The major states growing coffee are ......................
(20) Indian agriculture is mainly ...................... types.
and Sao Paulo.
(a) commercial (b) mechanized
(a) Rio de Janeiro (b) Minas Gerais
(c) subsistence (d) extensive
(c) Para (d) Parana
(21) In the coastal areas of India, ...................... forms
(10) Coffee farns are called ...................... in Brazil
an important part of the diet of many people.
(a) para (b) fazendas
(a) wheat (b) fish (c) lobsters (d) millets
(c) Cerrado (d) Savannah
(22) Horse mackerels, clupeids and silver bellies are
(11) Cattle, sheep and goats are reared in the
important varieties of ...................... .
...................... of the South of Brazil.
(a) crops (b) fish (c) millets (d) cereals
(a) Amazon basin (b) Parana River basin
(c) Savannah grasslands (d) Coastal areas (23) Among the freshwater varieties of fish,
...................... is a major one.
(12) The eastern part of Brazil is rich in various types
(a) Sardines (b) Mackerel
of ...................... .
(c) Bombay Duck
(a) crops (b) animals (c) minerals (d) forests
(d) Silver Bellies Carp (Chopda)
104 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

(24) In India, the ...................... plateau is a big store Ans. (1) massive population (2) tertiary (3) Developing
house of minerals. (4) a higher (5) agriculture (6) rice (7) central
(a) Malwa (b) Bundelkhand (8) soyabean (9) Minas Gerais (10) fazendas
(c) Baghelkhand (d) Chhota Nagpur (11) Savannah grasslands (12) minerals (13) mining
(25) Coal is mined in ...................... in Chhattisgarh (14) highland (15) South Atlantic (16) ishing
and in eastern Maharashtra. ground (17) primitive (18) Amazon (19) cultivation
(a) Korba (b) Cuddapah (c) Digboi (d) Kalol (20) subsistence (21) fish (22) fish (23) Silver Bellies
Carp (Chopda) (24) Chhota Nagpur (25) Korba
(26) Mineral oil wells are found in ...................... in
(26) Digboi (27) Godavari (28) Andhra Pradesh
Assam.
(29) north east (30) metallurgical (31) Kerala (32)
(a) Korba (b) Koyali (c) Digboi (d) Kalol
Barauni (33) iron ore (34) Saudi Arabia (35) Germany
(27) Reserves of mineral oil and natural gas have been
discovered at the mouth of the river ......................
Q.2. (A) Match the columns:
(a) Krishna (b) Kaveri

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(c) Godavari (d) Mahanadi (1) Column `A' Column `B'

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(28) Stones like marble are found in Rajasthan and (1) Rice and maize (a) Commercial crops of

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Cuddapah in ...................... . Brazil

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(a) Andhra Pradesh (b) Arunachal Pradesh (2) Tea and mangoes (b) cereal crops of Brazil

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(c) Himachal Pradesh (d) Uttar Pradesh

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(3) Cotton and jute (c) India’s imports
(29) Traditionally, the poorest part of Brazil is the
(4) Coffee, cocoa, (d) India’s exports

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...................... . ng rubber , soyabean
(a) north-east (b) south
(c) north-west (d) central (e) India’s cash crops
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(30) The north-eastern part of the Indian Peninsula Ans. (1 - b), (2 - d), (3 - e ), (4 - a)
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has a very high concentration of ......................

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industries. (2) Column `A' Column `B'

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(a) chemical (b) metallurgical (1) Kachchh (a) Kerala

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(c) canning (d) fruit processing (2) Coromandal coast (b) North east India
(31) The coastal belt of ...................... has a heavy (3) Malabar coast (c) Near Maharashtra
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concentration of coir, copra and fish canning (4) Mumbai High (d) South East India
industries.
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(e) Western coast

(a) Kerala (b) Goa
(c) Karnataka (d) Maharashtra Ans. (1 - e), (2 - d), (3 - a ), (4 - c)
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(32) Many refineries are situated close to the (3) Column `A' Column `B'
petroleum producing areas whereas Mathura
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(1) Cheap power (a) Karnataka

and ...................... refineries are in the interior,
away from the oil producing areas. (2) Copper, lead, zinc (b) Tamil Nadu
(a) Digboi (b) Bongaigaon (3) Steel, manganese, (c) Kerala
(c) Barauni (d) Koyali aluminium
(33) Among the minerals, Brazil mainly exports (4) Aluminium metal (d) Damodar Valley
...................... . industries
(a) coal (b) gold (5) Coir, copra and fish (e) Rajasthan
(c) iron ore (d) manganese canning
(34) The main trading partner of Brazil amang the (6) Salt (f) Assam
Gulf countries is ...................... .
(7) Oil refineries (g) Gujarat
(a) Bahrain (b) Saudi Arabia
(c) Kuwait (d) Iran (h) Meghalaya
(35) India’s major trading partners from the continent (i) Barauni
of Europe are the UK and ...................... . Ans. (1 - d), (2 - e), (3 - a ), (4 - b), (5 – c), (6 – g), (7 – i)
(a) Italy (b) France (c) Germany (d) Greece
Economy and Occupations 105

(4) Connect the chain after matching the details. (11) The cold current off the south-eastern coast of
Column `A' Column `B' Column `C' Brazil.
Ans. Falkland current
(1) Coal (a) Digboi (i) Andhra
(12) The main catches of the fishermen.
Pradesh Ans. Swordfish, shrimp, lobsters, sardines
(2) Mineral oil (b) Coastal (ii) Chhattisgarh (13) Major food crops produced in India.
well belt Ans. Rice, wheat, maize, sorghum and millets
(3) Stones (c) Korba (iii) Kaveri (14) Crops grown in plantations in India.
Ans. Tea, coffee, rubber
(4) Mineral oil (d) River (iv) Assam (15) Major cash crops grown in India.
and Natural mouth Ans. Sugarcane, cotton, jute,
gas (16) Main type of Indian agriculture.
(5) Coir and (e) Cuddapah (v) Godavari Ans. Subsistence

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copra (17) Major fish varieties found in the western coastal
region of India.

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(f) Estuary (vi) Kerala
Ans. Sardines, Mackerel, Bombay Duck and Prawns

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Ans. (1 – c - ii), (2 – a - iv), (3 – e - i ), (4 – d - v), (5 – b – vi) (18) The important varieties of fish on the eastern

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coast of India.

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Q.2. (B) Name the following Ans. Horse mackerels, clupeids, silver bellied carp

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(1) Factors making it possible for growing a variety (19) The major freshwater fish variety.
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of crops in Brazil. Ans. Silver bellies carp (chopda)
Ans. Favourable climate and topography.
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(20) Places where coal is mined in India.
(2) The main cereal crops of Brazil. Ans. Korba in Chhattisgarh and in Eastern Maharashtra
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Ans. Rice and Maize (21) Places where mineral oil wells are found in India.
(3) The production of this cereal crop is largely Ans. (i) Digboi in Assam (ii) Mumbai High in the
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concentrated in the central part of Brazil. Arabian Sea near Maharashtra (iii) Kalol and
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Ans. Maize Koyali in Gujarat.

(4) The major commercial crops of Brazil. (22) The name of the river at whose mouth, reserves
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Ans. Coffee, cocoa, rubber, soyabean and sugarcane, of mineral oil and natural gas have been
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(5) The largest exporter of coffee and soyabean in discovered.

the world. Ans. River Godavari.
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Ans. Brazil (23) The state where stones like marble are found.
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(6) The major coffee growing states of Brazil. Ans. Rajasthan

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Ans. Minas Gerais and Sao Paulo (24) The place / state where stones like Cuddapah
(7) Fruits grown in Brazil. are found.
Ans. Bananas, Pineapples, Oranges and other citrus Ans. Cuddappah in Andhra Pradesh state
fruits, (25) The states in which fish forms an important part
(8) The region in Brazil where cattle, sheep and of the diet of many people living in the coastal
goats are reared. areas.
Ans. Savannah grasslands in the south (Note - that Karnataka and Gujarat are not
included in this list)
(9) Two factors that have led to limitations in
Ans. Kerala, West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh,
mining in the interior parts of the country.
Tamil Nadu, Goa and Maharashtra
Ans. (i) Inaccessibility due to dense forests. (ii) Lack of
knowledge of potential reserves of resources. (26) States of India where metallic minerals are found.
Ans. Jharkhand, Odisha, adjoining Chhattisgarh and
(10) The warm current in the eastern coast of Brazil.
Madhya Pradesh, parts of Rajasthan, Karnataka
Ans. Brazil current
and Tamil Nadu,
106 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

(27) The Agro-based industries in India which (2) The varieties of aquatic animals found in Brazil
are heavily concentrated in the raw material- and India.
producing areas. Ans.
Ans. Cotton, jute and sugar Brazil India
(28) The forest- based industries in India. (i) Swordfishes, (i) Sardines, Mackerels,
Ans. Paper, plywood, matches, resins and lac Shrimps, Lobsters, Bombay Ducks,
(29) Industries found in the coastal belt of Kerala in Sardines. Prawns, Bilver
India.
Balies, Crab
Ans. Coir, copra and fish canning
(30) Refineries in India situated close to the
petroleum-producing areas. (3) The import - export items of Brazil and India,
Ans. Koyali, Digboi, Noonmati and Bongaigaon including their major trading partners.

(31) Refineries in India located away from the coast Brazil India

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and oil-producing areas. (i) Brazil mainly (i) India mainly

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Ans. Mathura and Barauni exports iron-ore, exports tea, coffee,

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(32) Major salt-producing states in India. coffee, cocoa, cotton, mangoes, spices,

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Ans. Gujarat, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu sugar, tobacco, leather and leather

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(33) Brazil’s export items. oranges and goods, iron ore,

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Ans. Iron ore, coffee, cocoa, cotton, sugar, tobacco, bananas. cotton and silk

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oranges and bananas ng textiles.
(34) Brazil’s import items. (ii) It imports (ii) It mainly imports
Ans. Machinery, chemical products, fertilizers, wheat, machinery, chemical petroleum,
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heavy vehicles, mineral oil and lubricants products, fertilizers, machines, pearls,
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(35) Major trading partners of Brazil. wheat, heavy precious stones,

Ans. Germany, the USA, Canada, Italy, Argentina, vehicles, mineral oil gold and silver,
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Saudi Arabia and lubricants. paper, medicines,

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(36) India’s export items. etc.

Ans. Tea, coffee, mangoes, spices, leather & leather (iii) Major trading (iii) Major trading
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goods, iron ore, cotton & silk textiles partners are partners are the
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(37) India’s import items. Germany, the USA, USA, the UK,
Ans. Petroleum, machines, pearls and precious stones, Canada, Italy, Germany, Japan,
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gold and silver, paper, medicines, etc. Argentina, India China, Russia, etc.
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(38) India’s major trading partners. and Saudi Arabia

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Ans. The USA, The UK, Germany, Japan, China,

Russia. etc.
(4) USA (as a developed economy) and India and
Q.3. Distinguish between: Brazil (as developing economies)
(1) The Indian companies’ investment in Brazil The USA Brazil and India
and Brazil’s investment in India. (i) The USA is a (i) India and Brazil
Indian investment in Brazilian investment in developed country. are developing
Brazil India countries.
(i) IT, Pharmaceuticals, (i) Automobiles, IT, (ii) The population of (ii) These countries
energy, agri- mining, energy, this country is well- are progressing
business, mining, biofuels, footwear educated. The USA in the fields of
has the strengths of technological
engineering and sectors in India
many patents, modern advancements,
auto sectors
technology and education and
mechanical strength. industry.
Economy and Occupations 107

(iii) The USA is far ahead (iii) The National

of Brazil and India Income and Per
in terms of National Capital Income of
Income and Per India and Brazil is
Capita Income. low. India seems to
have an even lower
per capita income, as
compered to Brazil
due to its very large.
large population.

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Q.4. (A) Mark the following on the outline map:

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(1) On the given blank map of Brazil, show the following:

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(1) The major states growing coffee (in Brazil)
(2) The cold and warm ocean current near the Brazilian coast.

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108 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

(2) Indicate the following on a map of India,

(1) The plateau region rich is minerals.
(2) The places where coal is mined in India.
(3) Places where mineral oil wells are found.
(4) The states where stones like marble are found.
(5) States producing bulk of the salt in the country.
(6) The State that has aluminum metal industries.
Ans.

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u be
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Economy and Occupations 109

(3) Indicate the following on a map of India,

(1) Oil refinery situated close to the petroleum-producing areas in the Eastern Part of India.
(2) Oil refinery situated close to the petroleum- producing areas in the Western part of India.
(3) The mouth of the river where reserves of mineral oil and natural gas have been discovered.
(4) The State whose coastal belt has a concentration of coir, copra and fish canning industries.
(5) Major Salt Producing state.

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u be
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110 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

*Q.4. (B) Study the following graph and analyse in (v) Brazil's population is lesser than India, and it
short. occupies a larger land area than India.
(Refer figure to Textbook Page No. 60) So, the per capita land availability is more in
Brazil as compared to India.
Ans.
*(2) There is mixed economy in Brazil and India.
(i) The given graph shows the contribution of Ans.
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary sectors to India and (i) A mixed economy has co-existence of both, public
Brazi's National Income. and private sector and a balance is maintained
Also the Percentage of Population of both the between social welfare and profit maximisation.
countries engaged in these sectors is shown. (ii) India and Brazil got freedom from years of British
(ii) Both India and Brazil have the Tertiary Sector as a and Portuguese colonialism.
major contributor to their National Incomes. But, (iii) Both are developing countries with very low
in comparison, India has a lesser contribution Gross National Income and Per Capita Income.
of approx 57% as compared to that of Brazil's

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(iv) To uplift scores of the weaker sections of the
Tertiary Sector of approx 67%.

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society, various government programmes are
(iii) The contribution of the Secondary Sector towards

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implemented and at the same time the spirit of
India’s National Income is approx 26% which is entrepreneurship is encouraged.

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slightly lesser than that of Brazil’s approx. 27.5%. Hence, both Brazil and India are mixed economies.

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Thus they have almost the same percentage of

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(3) Unlike Brazil, India’s agriculture contributes
contribution by the Secondary Sector towards the
more towards the GDP.
National Income.

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Ans.
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(iv) India’s Primary Sector contributes a much higher
(i) Around 60% of land in India is under cultivation.
percentage towards its National Income of about
(ii) India also engages a larger chunk of population
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17% as compared to that of Brazil’s Primary
in agriculture.
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Sector contribution of 5.5%.

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(iii) In India, agriculture has been a long standing

(v) Only about 24% of India’s population is engaged
activity.
in Tertiary Sector whereas approx. 71% Brazil’s
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(iv) Its enormous expanse of level plains, rich soils,

population is engaged in its Tertiary Sector.
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high percentage of cultivable land, wide climatic

(vi) The percentage of people engaged in India's
variety, long growing season, etc. provide a
Secondary Sector is 24%. The percentage of people
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strong base for agriculture.

engaged in the Brazil's Secondary Sector is approx.
So, Unlike Brazil, India’s agriculture contributes
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19%.
more towards the GDP.
(vii) 49% of India’s population is engaged in the
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activities related to the Primary Sector whereas (4) Fishing plays an important role in the economy
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Brazil’s population engaged in the Primary of India.

Sector activities is only approx. 10%. Ans.
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All the above factors indicate that Brazil’s economy is a (i) India has about 7500 kms. of coastline.
more developed one than India’s economy. (ii) Marine fishing accounts for about 40% of the
total annual fish production and the remaining
Q.5. Give Geographical Reasons : 60% is by freshwater fishing / inland fisheries
carried on in rivers, canals, irrigation channels,
*(1) Per capita land availability is more in Brazil as
tanks, ponds, lakes, etc.
compared to India.
(iii) India is one of the largest producers of fish, both
Ans.
marine and inland.
(i) India occupies 2.4% land area of the world and
(iv) Fish forms an important part of the diet of many
supports 17.5% of the world's total population.
people living in all the coastal states except Gujarat.
(ii) Brazil occupies 5.6% of land area of the world and
(v) Fisheries help in augmenting food supply,
supports 2.75% of the world's total population.
generating employment, raising nutritional level
(iii) Average density of population in India is about
and earning foreign exchange.
382 persons per sq. km. (2011 census).
Thus, fishing plays a significant role in the
(iv) While average density of population in Brazil is
economy of the country.
around 23 persons per sq. km. (2010 census).
Economy and Occupations 111

(5) The distribution of industries in India is highly (ii) Inaccessibility, poor transport links, unfavourable
uneven. climate, heavy rainfall are the main barriers.
Ans. The distribution of industries is India in highly (iii) Moreover, lack of knowledge of potential reserves
uneven due to the following reasons : of resources, etc. is the other factor which has led
(i) Uneven distribution of the necessary raw to limitations in mining in the western part of
materials and power resources. Brazil.
(ii) There is concentration of enterprises, financial (iv) Due to all these reasons, mining is not developed
resources and other necessary conditions in large in the western part of Brazil.
towns. *(3) What are the similarities and differences in the
(6) The North Eastern part of the Indian Peninsula fishing activities in Brazil and India.
has a very heavy concentration of heavy Ans.
metallurgical industries. Similarities in the fishing activities in Brazil and India
Ans. The North Eastern part of the Indian Peninsula (i) Long Coastline : Both Brazil and India have a

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has a very heavy concentration of heavy long coastline of about 7400 kms and 7500 kms

in
metallurgical industries because of the following respectively which is favourable for fishing activities.

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reasons : (ii) Important for the Economy : Fishing is important
(i) The north-eastern part of the Indian Peninsula for the economies in both the countries as it helps

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particularly Chattisgarh, Odisha, Jharkhand, in a augmenting food supply, raising nutritional

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West Bengal is rich in minerals. levels, generating employment and earning

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(ii) Large quantities of Coal Deposits are available foreign exchange.

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hare. (iii) Marine Fishing : In both the countries, marine
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(iii) Refractory materials, Cheap Power from the fishing has well developed.
Damodar Valley Corporation and a number of Differences in the fishing activities in Brazil and India
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thermal power projects has further added to the (i) Types of Fishing : Marine fishing and inland
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advantages. fishing are the two types of fishing

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(iv) Availibity of Cheap Labour. Brazil undertakes marine fishing on a large scale
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(7) The USA is a developed country. Inland fishing is not developed, even though
Ans. The United States is a developed country because: large numbers of rivers are there in Brazil.
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(i) The population of this country is less and well In India, marine fishing contributes to 40% of its
educated. total annual fish production and inland fishing
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(ii) This country has the strength of many patents, contributes 60% of its total annual fish production.
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modern technology and mechanical strength. (ii) Major Fishes :

(iii) This country is far ahead of Brazil and India in In Brazil, swordfish, shrimps, lobsters and
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terms of national per capita income. sardines are mainly caught.

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(8) Brazil is a good fishing ground. The major fishes in India's western coast are
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Ans. Brazil is a good fishing ground because : sardines, mackerel, Bombay Duck and prawns.
(i) Brazil has a sea coast of around 7400 kms. On the eastern coast horse mackerels, clupeids
It has excellent fishing grounds off the South and silver bellies are mainly caught.
Atlantic coast.
(ii) The meeting of the warm Brazil current and the Q.7. Write Short notes on:
cold Falkland current off the coast of South-East (1) Mining in India
Brazil makes it a good fishing ground. Ans. The Chhota Nagpur plateau in India is a big
(iii) There is a continental shelf off the South Atlantic storehouse of different minerals. Mining is the
coast. main occupation of the people there.
(i) Coal
Q.6. Answer in Detail
(a) Coal is mined in Korba in Chattisgarh and in
*(1) Why has mining not developed in the western Eastern Maharashtra.
part of Brazil? (ii) Mineral Oil
Ans. (a) Mineral oil wells are found in Digboi in
(i) The western part of Brazil is mainly covered by the Assam, Mumbai High in the Arabian Sea near
Amazon Basin which is unfit for human settlement. Maharashtra, Kalol and Koyali in Gujarat.
112 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

(b) Reserves of mineral oil and natural gas have been (a) Which country’s national income was the
discovered at the mouth of the river Godavari. highest in 2016 and how much was it?
(iii) Stones Ans. The U.S.A. had the highest national income in
(a) Stones like marble are found in Rajasthan and 2016. It was approx. U.S. $ 18000 billion / U.S. $
Cuddapah in Andhra Pradesh. 18 trillion.
(2) Industries in Brazil (b) Comparing India and Brazil, which country had
Ans. a higher national income in 1980?
(i) Major industries include iron and steel production, Ans. Brazil had a higher national income in 1980, as
automobile assembly, petroleum processing, compared to India.
chemical production, and cement making (c) Comparing India and Brazil, which country had
(ii) Technologically based industries have been a higher national income in 2016?
the most dynamic in recent years, but have not Ans. India had a higher national income in 2016, as
outpaced traditional industries. compared to Brazil.

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(iii) Similarly, food-processing like sugar industries, (d) Tell the difference between the GNP of Brazil

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cotton textiles, silk and woollen industries have and India in 2016.

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developed well. Ans. The difference between the GNP of Brazil and

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(iv) Most large industries are concentrated in the India in 2016 was approx. U.S. $ 300 billion.
south and south-east.

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(e) Calculate the difference between the national

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(3) Agro-based and forest-based industries in India. incomes of developed and developing countries
Ans. in 2016.
(i) Agro-based industries : The agro-based industries
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Ans. The difference between the national incomes of
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including cotton, jute and sugar are heavily developed and developing countries in 2016 was
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concentrated in the raw material-producing areas. around U.S. $ 16000 billion / U.S. $ 16 trillion.
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(ii) Forest-based industries : The forest based

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industries including paper, ply wood, matches,

resins and lac are increasingly finding TRY THIS (Textbook Page No. 52)
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concentration in the forest areas of various states. A table regarding the ownership of various sectors in
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(iii) Industries in Kerala : The coastal belt of Kerala both the countries is given. Like Brazil, fill the details
has a heavy concentration of coir, corpra and fish regarding India and complete the table.
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canning industries. Ans.

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India Sector Brazil

Private and Banking Private and
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GIVE IT A TRY (Textbook Page No. 52)

Public both Public both
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Read the following graph and answer the questions :

Public Railways Private and
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Public both
Private and Airways Private and
Public both Public both
Private and Electricity Largely Public
Public both production

Largely public Iron and Steel Largely Public

Industry
Private and Health Private and
Public both Public both
(Source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_
Private and Education Largely public,
by_GDP_(nominal) -
Public both little private
As per the United Nations (2016))
Private and Telecomm- Private and
Public both unications Public both
Economy and Occupations 113

LET’S RECALL. (Textbook Page No. 52) ACTIVITY (Textbook Page No. 53)
Classify the following activities by ticking ( √ ) in the *(2) Look at the pie-charts carefully and answer the
respective column : following questions:
Ans. (Refer figure to Textbook Page No. 53, Fig 8.2)
Activities Primary Secondary Tertiary (a) Which country has a higher percentage of
(1) Television √ population engaged in primary activities?
Broadcasting Ans. India - (48.8%) has a higher percentage of
population engaged in primary activities.
(2) Bee-keeping √
(b) In which country is the contribution of tertiary
(3) Coir and √
sector greater in the GDP?
Rope making Ans. Brazil - (67%) has greater contribution of tertiary
(4) Jaggery - √ sector in the GDP.

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making (c) In which country is the share of secondary

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(5) Producing √ activities more in the GDP?

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blades of the Ans. Brazil - (27.5%) has more share of secondary

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plough activities in the GDP.

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(d) Can we say that Brazil is an agrarian economy

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(6) Construction √
like India? Give reasons.
(7) Extracting √

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Ans.
Iron Ore
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(i) Brazil is not an agrarian economy like India.
(8) Automobile √ (ii) Its tertiary sector contributes 67% in GDP and
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Production 71% of its population is engaged in the tertiary
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sector.
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(9) Rice √
Production (e) What is the contribution of secondary activities
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in Brazil's GDP? (Let's recall : Textbook page 56)

(10) Teaching √
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Ans. Secondary sector contributes 27.5% to Brazil's

(11) Driving √ GDP.
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buses
(12) Providing √
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lodging and
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boarding
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facilities
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114 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

ACTIVITY (Textbook Page No. 53)

Use the following table and make a polyline graph with the help of computer.
Per Capita Income from 1960 to 2016 (in US $)
Country 1960 1980 2000 2016
Name/Year
Brazil 240 2010 3060 8840
India 90 280 450 1680
USA 3250 14230 37470 56280
Ans.

Y axis POLYLINE GRAPH

65000 PCI of India, Brazil and USA

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Scale :

in
60000 1 cm = US $ 5000 on Y axis

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BRAZIL

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55000 INDIA
USA

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Per Capita Income (in US $)

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50000

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45000 ng
40000
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35000
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30000
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25000
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20000
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15000
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10000
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5000

1960 1980 2000 2016

X axis
Years

THINK ABOUT IT (Textbook Page No. 53) MAKE FRIENDS WITH MAPS!
Which type of occupations gives a boost to the (Textbook Page No. 58)
development of a country's economy? (Refer to Textbook Page No. 54, Fig 8.3)
Ans. Tertiary occupations give a boost to the Look at the map given in Fig. 8.3. The major primary
development of a country’s economy. occupations in Brazil are shown here. Discuss the
following points and write your observations.
(a) In which part of Brazil is coffee mainly produced?
Ans. Coffee is mainly produced in the South and
Economy and Occupations 115

(b) Which food crops are mainly produced in Brazil? (b) In which part of Brazil has mining activity not
Ans. Rice, soyabean and corn are the food crops mainly developed? What could be the reasons?
produced in Brazil. Ans.
(c) Can you relate the production of these crops (i) Mining has not developed in the Amazon River
with the climate there? Basin Area.
Ans. Yes. (ii) It is a region having thick and dense equtorial
(d) Where are the rubber plantations concentrated? rain forest.
Ans. The rubber plantations are concentrated in the (iii) Mining is not possible in such regions due to
North Western part in the Amazon River Basin their inaccessibility and unfavourable conditions.
area. (c) Considering the availability of resources, where
(e) Complete the table. has the development of industries occurred?
Ans. Ans. Considering the availability of resources
Types of Crops Areas of Prodution development has occurred mainly in the coastal

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crops regions of North-East and South-East of Brazil.

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Food crops Corn / Maize Central part

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Rice North Eastern & ACTIVITY (Textbook Page No. 55)

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South Eastern.
(Refer map to Textbook Page No. 54, Fig 8.3)

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Cash crops Coffee Coastal regions.

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Observe the map of Fishing and answer the following
Sugarcane, Eastern Coastal questions :

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Cocoa, regions
(a) Can you give two reasons for concentration of
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Rubber, South East and fishing near the south-eastern coast of Brazil?
Soyabean South Central
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Ans.
Coastal Regions
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(i) Fishing is done on a large scale near the South

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Fruits and Bananas and Eastern Coastal Eastern coast of Brazil as it is the region where
Vegetables Oranges Region. the warm Brazil current and the cold Falkland
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Note : Areas of the production - Each one has a different current meet making the conditions favourable
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area. Difficult to point out one area for all the for it to develop as a good fishing ground.
varieties of cash crops, food crops and rice. (ii) This area has a vast continental shelf.
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(b) Inland fishing is not developed in Brazil though

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there are large number of rivers. Can you think

ACTIVITY (Textbook Page No. 54)
of a reason?
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(Refer map to Textbook Page No. 54, Fig 8.3) Ans.

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Observe the map of Mining and answer the following (i) The Amazon River Basin is very vast with a dense
growth of equatorial forests, making it largely
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questions :
inaccessible.
(a) Prepare a table of mining products and regions
(ii) The methods of inland fishing followed are quite
of production in Brazil.
traditional and primitive.
Ans.
These are some of the reasons why inland fishing is not
Mining products Regions of production in Brazil developed in Brazil, though there are large number of rivers.

Manganese North-Eastern parts of Brazil LET’S RECALL. (Textbook Page No. 55)
Name the warm and cold ocean currents near the
Bauxite Closer to the coastline in the
Brazilian coasts.
North, North East, and South
Ans. Warm ocean currents : Brazil current
East.
Cold ocean current : Falkland current
Iron-Ore Central and South-Eastern part.
Coal South Brazil.
116 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

ACTIVITY (Textbook Page No. 57) Minerals and Oil and Natural Crude oil and
Observe the logos given and answer the questions. metal - based Gas Corporation natural gas
industries Limited (ONGC)
(Refer figure to Textbook Page No. 57, Fig 8.4)
Rashtriya Ispat Steel
(a) Identify the industries with which they are Nigam Ltd.
associated. (RINL)
Ans. Chittaranjan Iron & steel and
(i) Oil and Natural Gas Corpoation – Oil and Locomotive various metals
natural gas exploration and production . Works (CLW)
(ii) Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Ltd. (RINL) – Steel
Rashtriya Coal, limestone
production. etc.
Chemical and
(iii) Aarey – Dairy and dairy products.
Fertilizers Ltd.
(iv) Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW) – Electric
(RCF)

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locomotive manufacturing.

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(v) Maharashtra Agro Industries Development (c) From which part of India do they get these raw
materials? Discuss and write.

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Corporation (Limited) MAIDC – Production
of pesticides, fertilizers, animal feed, agro- Ans.

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engineering (introducing new kinds of farm (i) Iron ore, coal, limestone etc. : Chota Nagpur

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implements, Sale and repair of tractors, harvesters plateau area of Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh,

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etc.) and processing food (like jams, jellies and Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Karnataka,

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sauces) ng Goa, Maharashtra etc.
(vi) Khadi and Village Industries Commission (ii) Natural Gas : Krishna-Godavari Basin,
(KVIC) - Establishment and development of Mumbai-High, in Arabian Sea.
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khadi and village Industries in rural areas. (iii) Mineral Oil : Mumbai High in Arabian sea,
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(vii) Central Silk Board (CSB) - Silk production. Digboi in Assam, Ankleshwar in Gujarat.
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(viii) Rashtriya Chemical and Fertilizers Ltd. (RCF) – (iv) Milk : Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Maharashtra,
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Chemical and fertilizer production Punjab, Gujarat etc.

(v) Cotton : Gujarat, Maharashtra, Telangana,
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(b) Which raw material is used for these industries.

Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh.
Classify them accordingly.
(vi) Silk : Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,
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Ans.
West Bengal, Jammu and Kashmir.
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Classification Industries Raw materials

Agro - based Maharashtra Seeds, raw
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LET’S RECALL. (Textbook Page No. 58)

industries Agro-industries materials
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Development required for Read the following table and answer the following
Corporation Ltd. the production questions.
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of pesticides,
fertilisers Export, Import and Balance of Trade (Value in US $)
Khadi and Cotton, silk and India Brazil
Village Industries wool
Year Exports Imports Exports Imports
Commission
2009-10 178751.4 288372.9 152994.7 127647.3
Animal Aarey Milk
product 2010-11 251136 369770 197356.4 180458.8
- based Central Silk Silk
Board (CSB) 2011-12 304623.53 489181.3 256038.7 226243.4
industries
2012-13 214099.8 361271.9 242579.8 223749.1

(a) What is balance of trade?

Ans. Balance of trade is the difference between the
value of a nation's exports and imports for a
certain period.
Economy and Occupations 117

(b) Tell the types of Balance of Trades. COLOURS OF BOTH (Textbook Page No. 59)
Ans. There are three types of Balances of Trade. They
Study the graph and answer the questions
are as follows :
(Refer graph to Textbook Page No. 59, Fig 8.6)
(i) Unfavourable Balance of Trade : The value of
imports is more than the value of exports. (a) In which year the value of exports to Brazil
(ii) Favourable Balance of Trade : The value of exceeded the imports from Brazil?
exports is more than the value of imports. Ans. In the years 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, and 2015,
(iii) Balanced Trade : The value of exports and imports. the value of exports to Brazil exceeded the value
of imports from Brazil.
(c) In which country do the exports exceed the
imports in all the years? (b) In which year the trade with Brazil was most
Ans. In Brazil exports exceed the imports in all the years. favourable of all?
Ans. In the year 2013, the trade with Brazil was the
(d) Brazil's balance of trade belongs to which type?
most favourable of all.
Ans. Brazil's a Favourable Balance of Trade or Surplus

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Trade. (c) Comment upon the Balance of Trade in the year

in
2013.
(e) India's balance of trade belongs to which type?

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Ans.
Ans. India's has an Unfavourable Balance of Trade or
(i) In the year 2013, the value of exports to Brazil

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Trade Deficit.
was approx U.S. $ 6300 million which was much

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higher than the value of imports from Brazil,

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USE YOUR BRAIN POWER ! (Textbook Page No. 58)
which was U.S. $ 3200 million.
If Rajasthan does not have a coastal area, then how

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(ii) So, in 2013, there was a favourable balance of
does it produce salt?
ng trade.
Ans.
(d) From which year the value of exports to Brazil
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(i) Rajasthan does not have a coastline, but it still
have exceeded the value of imports from Brazil?
produces salt because of the Sambhar Lake,
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Ans. The value of exports to Brazil have exceeded

which is India's largest inland salt lake.
the value of imports from Brazil from 2010-2015
(ii) Salt is produced on a large scale here due to large
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except for the year 2012.

extent of its plains and ample of sunlight.
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(e) Write a note on the trade between Brazil and

COLOURS OF BOTH (Textbook Page No. 58) India.
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Ans.
(a) What does BRICS stand for?
(i) The graph shows India-Brazil Trade from 2008 to
be

Ans. BRICS stands for Brazil, Russia, India, China and

2015.
South Africa.
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(ii) In 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014 and 2015 India has
(b) When was it established?
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a 'Favourable Balance of Trade' with Brazil. The

Ans. BRIC was established in June 2006. South Africa value of exports to Brazil has been more than the
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was inducted in 2010. Then it became BRICS. value of imports from Brazil.
(c) What are the objectives of this bloc? (iii) In 2009 and 2012, India has had an 'Unfavourable
Ans. The main objectives of BRICS are : Balance of Trade' with Brazil. The value of
(i) to cooperate between the member nations for imports from Brazil has been more than the value
development, provide financial assistance, of exports to Brazil.
support various projects, infrastructure, etc. (iv) The difference in the value of imports and exports
(ii) to provide support to countries other than members. has been very less in the years 2009, 2010, 2012
(d) The countries of which continent are not a and 2015.
member of this bloc? (v) In 2015, we can see that India's trade with
Ans. The countries of North America, Australia, Europe Brazil has reduced to a great extent, though it is
and Antarctica are not a member of this bloc. favourable to India.
(vi) Most of the years, India's value of exports to
(e) In which continents do the member countries
Brazil exceeds the value of imports from Brazil.
lie?
Ans. The member countries lie in the continents of
South America, Africa and Asia.
118 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

GIVE IT A TRY. (Textbook Page No. 55) (iii) In the third image, shifting agriculture is seen.
It is also called 'Slash and Burn' agriculture. In
The following images are related to agricultural
this method, the land under forests is cleared
activities. Identify and write whether they are
by cutting and burning. On this patch of land,
practiced in Brazil or India.
subsistence type of agriculture is practised for
Ans.
the next few years. Once this patch of land loses
(i) In the first image, coffee plantation is seen. It is
fertility; another patch of land is brought under
found mainly in Brazil. In India, coffee plantation
shifting cultivation. It is mainly practiced in
are seen in the South Indian states of Karnataka,
Brazil and in some parts of India.
Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
(iv) In the fourth image, paddy cultivation is seen
(ii) The second image is of the Tea plantation. It is
and it is mainly practiced in India where there is
mainly found in India, in Assam, West Bengal,
having rainfall.
Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

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TRY THIS (Textbook Page No. 56)

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Show the distribution of crops like wheat, jowar, rice, cotton, sugarcane, tea and apple in the outline map of India

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using symbols Name the map.

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Ans.

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Economy and Occupations 119

FIND OUT (Textbook Page No. 56) LET’S RECALL. (Textbook Page No. 56)
Obtain information regarding pisciculture in India With the help of the pie chart given in fig. 8.2, tell
with the help of internet and reference books and what is the contribution of secondary activities in
write a note. Brazil’s GDP ?
Ans. Ans. The secondary activities contribute 27.5% in
(i) Breeding, rearing and transplantation by artificial Brazil's GDP.
means of fish is called Pisciculture. It is also called
fish farming.
(ii) Fishes are raised in tanks or enclosures for
commercial reasons.
(iii) The rate of commercial fish farming in India is
increasing rapidly due to the increasing demand
for fish and fish products.

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(iv) Indian climate is suitable for practising

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pisciculture. Wide variety of fish species are

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raised in the fish farms e.g. Salmon, Carp, Catfish.
(v) Due to availability of abundant labour and water

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sources like lakes, ponds, rivers, etc, pisciculture

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has become easier. So, employment opportunities

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are created due to pisciculture.

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(vi) Banks offer loans for help. But maximum ng
production and reduced feeding costs are ensured
when integrated fish farming is practised.
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120 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

ASSIGNMENT - 8
Time : 1 Hr. Marks : 20

Q.1. Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate alternative: (2)
(1) The economies of India and Brazil are of the ...................... type.
(a) Undeveloped (b) Developed (c) Developing (d) Highly developed
(2) Many refineries are situated close to the petroleum producing areas whereas Mathura and ......................
refineries are in the interior, away from the oil producing areas.
(a) Digboi (b) Bongaigaon (c) Barauni (d) Koyali

Q.2. Match the columns: (2)

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(1) Connect the chain after matching the details.

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Column `A' Column `B' Column `C'

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(1) Coal (1) Digboi (i) Andhra Pradesh

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(2) Mineral oil well (2) Coastal belt (ii) Chhattisgarh

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(3) Stones (3) Korba (iii) Kaveri

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(4) Mineral oil and Natural gas (4) River mouth ng (iv) Assam
(5) Coir and copra (5) Cuddapah (v) Godavari
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(6) Estuary (vi) Kerala
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Q.3. Distinguish between: (2)

(1) The varieties of aquatic animals caught in marine fishing in Brazil and India
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Brazil India
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Swordfish, Shrimp, Lobsters, Sardines. Sardines, Mackerel, Bombay Duck and Prawns.
.C

Q.4. Name the following: (2)

(1) The name of the river at whose mouth, reserves of mineral oil and natural gas have been discovered.
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(2) Major food crops produced in India.

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Q.5. Mark the following on the outline map: (2)

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(1) On the given blank map of Brazil, show the following:

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(a) The major states growing coffee (in Brazil)

(b) The cold – warm ocean current near the Brazilian coast.

Q.6. Give Geographical reasons: (4)

(1) Per capita land availability is more in Brazil as compared to India.
(2) The distribution of industries in India is highly uneven.

Q.7. Answer in Brief: (6)

(1) Why has mining not developed in the western part of Brazil?
(2) Write a note on Mining in India.

vvv
9 Tourism, Transport and
Communication

Points to Remember:
• Clean, white sand beaches, attractive seacoast, beautiful islands, Major tourist attractions
orchards, the deep dense forests of the Amazon, various birds and animals.

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• The new capital city of Brasilia, Rio-de-Janeiro

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• An important economic activity in several regions of Brazil. Tourism

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• Looking at the sensitivity of the natural resources in Brazil, it is Ecotourism

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developing at a faster rate in Brazil.

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• In 2015, the number of international tourists visiting India was more than that of Brazil.

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• Yet, the share of India's tourism sector in the GDP is lesser than that of Brazil.

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• The proportion of Indian population engaged in higher than than Brazil
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tourism is
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• The population of India is more than Brazil and so is its GDP.
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• So, India's contribution of tourism to GDP appears lesser than that of Brazil and its
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population engagement in tourism seems

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to be more than that of Brazil.

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• The number of international tourists in India is constantly growing.

• But this increase appears to be more after 2010 and has remained consistent.
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• Foreign tourists visit India for heritage, adventure, culture, health and
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business tourism.
 In India
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• The most common method of transportation is roadways.

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• Roadways account for more than half of the transportation system

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in the country.
• The density of road network is concentrated in the North Indian plains of the country.
 In Brazil
• The forested lands of Amazon River basin and the limited the development of
swampy lands have roadways.
• Waterways: Developed on a commercial basis in the Amazon River.
• Boats ply from Equitos in Peru to the mouth of the river.
• The longest waterways in the world can be navigated through these waterways.
(around 3700 kms)
• Another river important for waterways is the south-flowing Parana river.
• Coastal shipping is also carried out in the coastal areas.

( 121 )
122 Master Key Geography (Std. X )

• Railways Not developed very well in Brazil.

• The use of trains for long distance transportation is restricted to a few urban tourist routes
of passengers
• The contribution of airways is less in the transportation system of the country.
• As compared to Brazil, India has a denser network of transport.
• About 85% of passenger and 70% of freight traffic roads every year in India.
are carried by
• Railways in India
Important for the growth of the vast Indian
economy, where distances are large. Railways are less

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denser in some parts, whereas they are dense in other parts.

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• Waterways in India Cheap means of transport contributing about

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1% to the country's transportation. (including inland waterways).

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• Approximately 95% of India's foreign trade moves through ocean routes.

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• Airways in India are more developed and the use of internal airways is also increasing.

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• The longitudinal extent of Brazil is vast.

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• Brazil's Westernmost point ng Nascente do Rio Moa (07032'33'' S, 70059' W.
• Brazil's Easternmost point Ponta do Seixas, Paraiba (07009' 28"S, 34047' W.
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• Due to the vast longitudinal extent of Brazil, 168 minutes.
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the difference between the two extreme points is around

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• Brazil has four time zones.

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• It is behind the GMT by 2, 3, 4 or 5 hours.

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The official Brazilian time BRT is 3 hours behind GMT (GMT-03).

• Telecommunication services in Brazil are well developed, modern and efficient.
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They are drastically less developed in the north and north-west.

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• Today, more than 45% of the Brazilian population has access to the internet.
The nature of Brazilian territory, especially the land
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mass size and large pockets of unpopulated and densely

vegetated areas create Significant impediments in Brazil is created due to
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the expansion in the coverage of telecommunication services.

• Brazil is developing technology to send domestically-made satellites into space
with its own rockets.
• India too has a large longitudinal extent.
• In India, the difference between the two extreme most points is 2 hours or 120 minutes.
• India has only one standard time zone.
• The 82.5 E longitude is the
0
Indian Standard Time (IST).
• IST passes through Allahabad.
• IST is ahead of the Greenwich Muridian Time (GMT) (GMT+0530) by 5 hours 30 minutes
• India is one of the largest users of electronic media, smartphones and internet.
• With the internet facilities and satellites India has come a long way in this field.
Tourism, Transport and Communication 123

(c) east-flowing (d) west-flowing

MASTER KEY QUESTION SET – 9
(13) The contribution of ...................... is less in the
Q.1. Fill in the blanks choosing the most appropriate transportation system of Brazil.
alternatives: (a) railways (b) roadways
(1) The new capital city of Brazil is ...................... . (c) waterways (d) airways
(a) Rio de Janeiro (b) Sao Paulo,
(14) Railway network is dense in the ...................... of
(c) Manaus (d) Brasilia
India.
(2) A city that attracts a lot of tourists is ...................... (a) hilly states (b) north-eastern states
(a) Rio de Janeiro (b) Brasilia (c) central parts of India (d) North Indian Plains
(c) Manaus (d) Ponta de Seixas
(15) Approximately, 95% of foreign trade moves
(3) A city that attracts a lot of tourists is ...................... through ...................... routes.
(a) Sao Paulo (b) Nascente do Rio Moa (a) road (b) rail
(c) Ponta de Seixas (d) Rio Branco (c) air (d) ocean

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(4) The proportion of the Indian population engaged (16) The westernmost extreme point on mainland

in
in tourism is proportionately ...................... Brazil. Brazil is ...................... .

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(a) lower than (b) higher than (a) Rio Grande (b) Rio de Janeiro

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(c) equal to (d) extremely lesser than (c) Nascente do Rio Moa (d) Ponta do Seixas

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(5) The number of international tourists in India is (17) The easternmost extreme point on mainland Brazil

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constantly ...................... . is ...................... .
(a) decreasing (b) remaining the same

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(a) Rio Grande (b) Sao Paulo
(d) growing consistently (d) gradually decreasing
ng (c) Ponta do Seixas (d) Nascente do Rio Moa
(6) The football stadium at ...................... is quite well (18) Brazil has ...................... time zones.
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known. (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
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(a) Rio de Janeiro (b) Manaus

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(19) (BRT) Brazil time is ...................... hours behind

(c) Sao Paulo (d) Boa Vista
GMT.
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(7) The most common method of transportation in (a) Three (b) Four (c) Five (d) Six
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Brazil is ...................... .
(20) Today, more than 45% of the Brazilian population
(a) railways (b) waterways
has access to the ...................... .
(c) roadways (d) airways
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(a) mobile services (b) television broadcasting

(8) The density of road network in Brazil is concentrated (c) radio broadcasting (d) internet
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in the ...................... part of the country.

(21) The telecommunication infrastructure is fairly
(a) southern (b) northern
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modern, particularly in ...................... Brazil.

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(c) western (d) eastern

(a) north (b) north-west
(9) The forested lands of the Amazon River basin (c) north-east (d) central-south
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and the ...................... lands have limited the

(22) ...................... services in Brazil are well-developed
development of roadways in this part of Brazil.
and efficient.
(a) drought-prone (b) fertile
(a) Air (b) Railway
(c) swampy (d) semi-arid
(c) Telecommunication (d) Helicopter
(10) Waterways have been developed on a commercial
(23) With regard to telecommunication infrastructure,
basis in the ...................... river.
the north and ...................... are drastically less
(a) Amazon (b) Uruguay
developed.
(c) Purus (d) Aragua
(a) south (b) south-west
(11) Boats ply from ...................... in Peru to the mouth (c) north-west (d) central-south
of the river Amazon.
(24) Over recent years, ...................... have led to the rapid
(a) Lima (b) Cusco
expansion of telecommunication services in Brazil.
(c) Equitos (d) Nazca
(a) landline phones (b) radio broadcasting
(12) Apart from R. Amazon, another important river (c) television broadcasting (d) mobile telephones
for waterways is the ...................... Parana river
(25) India has ...................... standard time zone/s.
(a) south-flowing (b) north-flowing
(a) one (b) two (c) three (d) four
124 Master Key Geography (Std. X )

(26) The difference between the two extreme most Q.3. (A) Answer the following in 1 or 2 sentences:
points in India is about ...................... . (1) State the factors that attract foreign tourists
(a) 120 minutes (b) 210 minutes towards India?
(c) 168 minutes (d) 186 minutes Ans.
(27) The difference between the two extreme most (i) Foreign tourists visit India to see and understand
points of Brazil is ...................... . its rich heritage and culture, for adventure, to avail
(a) 186 minutes (b) 168 minutes the health services and for business purposes.
(c) 120 minutes (d) 200 minutes (ii) Ecotourism is also being given a boost in India
(28) The 82°30’E longitude is the Indian Standard Time due to these tourists.
longitude which passes though ...................... . (2) What is the kind of service provided by
(a) Allahabad (b) Ahmedabad roadways in India?
(c) Hyderabad (d) Muzzaffrabad Ans.
(29) India is one of the largest users of ...................... and (i) India has a denser network of roads compared to

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internet. Brazil.

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(a) landlines phones (b) television (ii) About 85% of passenger traffic and 70% of freight

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(c) radio (d) smartphones traffic are carried by roads every year.

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(30) About 85% of passenger and 70% of freight traffic (3) How important are the inland waterways in

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are carried by ...................... every year in India. India’s transportation?

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(a) roadways (b) railways Ans. Although inland waterways are a cheap means
(c) waterways (d) airways of transportation comprising rivers, canals,

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backwaters, creeks etc., they contribute about
Ans. (1) Brasilia (2) Rio de Janeiro (3) Sao Paulo
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only 1% to India's transportation.
(4) higher than (5) growing consistently (6) Manaus
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(4) In what way are the ocean routes useful for India?
(7) roadways (8) eastern (9) swampy (10) Amazon
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Ans.
(11) Equitos (12) south-flowing (13) airways (14) North
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(i) Approximately 95% of India’s foreign trade

Indian Plains (15) ocean (16) Nascente do Rio Moa
moves through ocean routes.
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(17) Ponta do Seixas (18) 4 (19) 3 (20) internet (21) central

(ii) Apart from international trade, these are also
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south (22) Telecommunication (23) north-west (24) mobile

used for the purpose of transportation between
telephones (25) one (26) 120 minutes (27) 168 minutes
the islands and the rest of the country.
(28) Allahabad (29) smartphones (30) roadways
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(5) What kind of advanced space technology is

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Q.2. Match the columns: Brazil developing?

Ans. Brazil is developing technology to send
(1) Column `A' Column `B'
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domestically-made satellites into space with its

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(1) Trans-Amazonian (a) Tourist Place Highway own rockets.

(2) Road Transport (b) Railway Station in India
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(6) Write in short about the telecommunication

(3) Rio de Janeiro (c) Golden Quadrilateral infrastructure in different parts of Brazil.
(4) Manmad (d) Major Highways Ans. The telecommunication infrastructure is fairly
(e) 40° W Meridian modern, particularly in central-south Brazil,
but the north and north-west are drastically less
Ans. (1 – d), (2 – c), (3 – a), (4 –b)
developed.
(2) Column `A' Column `B' (7) Why have roadways not developed in the north
(1) The new capital city (a) Rio de Janeiro and north-western part?
(2) The city attracting a lot of (b) Manaus Ans. The forested lands of the Amazon River basin and
tourists the swampy lands have limited the development of
(3) Football stadium (c) Peru roadways in the north and north-western region.
(4) Beach (d) Brasilia
(5) Equitos (e) Sao Paulo
(f) Boa Vista
Ans. (1 – d), (2 – e), (3 – b), (4 –a), (5-c)
Tourism, Transport and Communication 125

Q.3. (B) Differentiate between: (ii) The nature of Brazilian (ii) India is one of the
*(1) Water transport in the Amazon and the Ganga territory, especially largest users of
river. land mass size and smartphones and
Ans. the large pockets of internet.
Water transport in the Water Transport in the unpopulated and
Amazon River Ganga River densely vegetated
(i) River Amazon (i) River Ganga is areas create significant
is navigable navigable only impediments to the
throughout its in its middle and expansion in coverage
course due to its lower course of telecommunication
gentle slope. which is gentler services.
as compared to its
(iii) Brazil is developing (iii) With development
upper course.
technology to send of our own

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(ii) Boats ply from (ii) Boats ply from domestically-made satellites, India has

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Equitos in Peru to its Allahabad to satellites into space come a long way in

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mouth i.e. approx. Haldia. i.e. approx. with its own rockets. this field.
3700 km 1620 km

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(iii) River Amazon is (iii) River Ganga is *(3) IST and BRT

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used for navigation used for inland Ans.
between Brazil transportation. IST BRT

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and neighbouring ng
countries. (i) IST is the Indian (i) BRT is the Brasilia
Standard Time or Time / Brazil Time.
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India Time. (Standard Time)
*(2) Communication in Brazil and India
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Ans. (ii) India has only one (ii) Brazil has four
Development of Development of standard time zone. time zones.
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Communication in Brazil Communication in

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India (iii) The official IST is (iii) The official BRT is

(i) Telecommunication (i) With the explosion 82.5° E longitude GMT - 03 which
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services in Brazil are of electronic media, which passes passes through

well developed and telecom industry
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through Mirzapur Brazilia, the

efficient. This industry has become one of near Allahabad, Uttar national capital
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includes landlines as the fast growing Pradesh. city.

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well as mobile services, sectors. (iv) IST is 5hrs 30mins (iv) BRT is 2,3,4, or
television broadcasting
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ahead of Greenwich 5 hours behind

radio broadcasting Meridian Time as Greenwich
and computer / India is in the eastern Meridian Time
internet access. Today, hemisphere as Brazil is in
more than 45% of the the western
Brazilian population hemisphere.
has access to the
internet.
126 Master Key Geography (Std. X )

(4) The use of railways in Brazil and India. (6) The Easternmost and Westernmost extreme
Ans. points (i.e) the longitudinal extent of India
Brazil India and Brazil and the resulting time differences
(i) Railways have not (i) Compared to between them.
Ans.
developed very well Brazil, India has
Brazil India
in Brazil. a denser network
of railways in (i) Westernmost point: (i) Westernmost point:
the North Indian Nascente do Rio Ghuar Mota -
Plains and lesser Moa. (70059’W) (68 07'E.)
0

dense network in (ii) Easternmost point : (ii) Easternmost point:

hilly states in the Ponta da Seixas (34° Kibithu Village –
north and north 47’ W.) (97°271E.)

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east and desert (iii) Difference in (iii) Difference in

in
areas. longitudes : 36° 12 .
1
longitudes – 29°171.

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(ii) The use of trains (ii) Freight and
(iv) Time difference (iv) Time difference

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for long distance passenger
is 144 minutes on is 116 minutes
transportation is transport have

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mainland i.e app on mainland i.e.

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restricted to a few been facilitated 2 hours 24 minutes. Approximately
urban tourist routes due to the 168 minutes including 2 hours

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though it is cheaper. development of the ng islands i.e app. 2
railways, which are hours 48 minutes.
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considered very
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important for the (7) The densitry of Roadways and railways in

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growth of Indian Brazil and India.

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economy. Ans.
Brazil India
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(iii) Dense network (iii) Dense network

of railways have of railways have (i) Roadways account (i) As compared to
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developed in south developed in the for more than half Brazil, India has a
and south-east Brazil North- Indian of the transportation denser network of
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as compared to other plains as compared system in the transport. About

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parts of Brazil. to other parts of country. 85% of passenger

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India. and 70% of freight

traffic are carried by
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(5) The use of airways in Brazil and India. road every year.
Ans. (ii) Density of network (ii) Density of network
Brazil India is concentrated in is concentrated in the
(i) The contribution (i) As compared to the eastern part of North Indian plains
of airways is less in Brazil, airways the country. in the northern part
the transportation in India are more of India.
system of the country. developed. (iii) Railways have not (iii) Railway network
(ii) 81% of Brazilian (ii) The use of internal developed much in is relatively less
airways business is airways is also the forested lands in the hilly states,
from domestic flights. increasing. of the Amazon northeastern states,
River basin and the central parts of
swampy lands in India and Rajasthan
the north and north (desert region)
western parts.
Tourism, Transport and Communication 127

Q.3. (C) State whether right or wrong with reasons: *(4) Brazil’s time is ahead of India’s time.
*(1) The future of tourism is bright in India due to Ans. The statement is Wrong
its natural diversity. Reason :
Ans. The statement is Right (i) India lies in the eastern hemisphere while Brazil
Reason : lies in the western hemisphere.
(i) India has mountains, forests, plateaus, deserts, (ii) India has only one standard time zone the 82.5°E
rivers, deltaic plains, islands etc. E.g., the longitude is the Indian Standard Time (IST). It is
Himalayas, Black waters of Kerala, Sundarbans, 5hrs 30 mins ahead of Greenwich Meridian Time
Lakshadweep, Islands, Beaches of Goa, Thar (GMT).
Desert of Rajasthan etc. (iii) As compared to India, Brazil has a longer
(ii) Our rich historical and cultural heritage attracts a longitudinal extent. It has four time zones. There
lot of tourists. are the GMT by 2,3,4 or 5 hours.
(iii) Foreign tourists also visit India for adventure, (iv) The main time zone of Brazil is GMT-03 which is
considered to be the official Brazilian time. It is 3

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health and business.

in
(iv) Lately ecotourism has been given a big boost in hours behind GMT.
Thus, Brazil’s time is ahead of India’s time.

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India.
*(5) The development of tourism in India has begun

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*(2) Tourism is an invisible trade.
recently.

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Ans. The statement is Right
Ans. The statement is Right

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Reason :
(i) Trade means buying and selling of goods or Reason :

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services, often in exchange for money. (i)
ng India is rich in natural beauty that includes
(ii) While trading in goods is a visible trade, trading mountains, forests, plateaus, plains, islands,
in services is an invisible trade. coastal areas etc.
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(iii) Tourism belongs to the service industry as (ii) India also has a rich heritage and a huge variety
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of cultural and historical attractions.

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various services are provided to the tourists.

(iv) For e.g., hotels, lodges, transport, food, (iii) In recent years new forms of tourism have
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entertainment etc. been developed in India like Eco tourism, Agro

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(v) Tourism generates employment and income for tourism, Medical tourism, Film tourism.
the local people. It brings in foreign currency. (iv) Infrastructural facilities like transport,
communication, accommodation etc have been
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All this boosts the economy of the country.

developed in tourist destinations.
*(3) The indicator of development in a country is the
be

(v) Also Branding and Marketing initiatives to

development of transport in that country.
promote Indian tourism has been indicated.
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Ans. The statement is Right

All the above reasons attracts tourists in India and so
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Reason :
the development of tourism has taken place.
(i) Development is improving the welfare of a
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society through social economic and political

conditions.
(ii) Infrastructure social and economic development
through provision of better income, education,
transport, telecommunication etc.
(iii) So when high density transport infrastructure
is present in a region, it is associated with high
levels of development.
(iv) But inefficient transportation systems lead to
lower quality of life.
Thus, the indicator of development in a country is the
development of transport in that country.
128 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

Q.4. (A) Mark the following on outline map of Brazil / Name the following.
(1) The new capital city of Brazil.
(2) Cities that attract a lot of tourists.
(3) A south-flowing river important for waterways.
(4) The easternmost extreme point of mainland Brazil.
(5) The westernmost extreme point part of mainland Brazil.
Ans.

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Tourism, Transport and Communication 129

Q.4. (B) Answer the following questions on the Q.5 Give geographical reasons:
basis of the map given. *(1) Eco-tourism is being developed more in Brazil.
(1) Observe the map carefully and answer the Ans.
following questions / Name the following : (i) Ecotourism is responsible travel to natural areas
(Refer to Textbook Page No. 64, Fig 9.10) that conserves the environment.
(1) Name the terminal points of the North-South (ii) Brazil has the largest number of vegetation species
Highway. in the world including Amazon, the largest
Ans. North – Srinagar, South – Kanyakumari / Kochi rainforest of the world and a great diversity of
wild life.
(2) Name the terminal points of East-West Highway.
(iii) It has clean white sand beaches, attractive
Ans. East – Silchar ; West – Porbandar.
seacoasts, beautiful islands and orchards.
(3) Name the three major ports on the western coast. Looking at the sensitivity of the natural resources
Ans. (a) Porbandar (b) Mumbai and (c) Cochin are the in Brazil, Eco tourism is being developed here.
three major ports on the western coast.

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*(2) The waterways are not developed in Brazil.

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(4) Name the three major ports on the eastern coast. Ans.

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Ans. (a) Chennai (b) Vishakhapatnam and (c) Haldia (i) Waterways have been developed on a commercial
(Kolkata) are the three major ports on the eastern

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basis in the second largest river of the world the
coast.

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Amazon River.

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(5) Which part of India is totally devoid of any (ii) Boats ply from Equitor in Peru to the mouth of
kind of road transport route ? the River Amazon. River Amazon has the longest

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Ans. The northernmost part of India in the state of ng navigational stretch of around 3700 km.
Jammu and Kashmir does not have any national (iii) The south-flowing Parana River is also an
highway or other roadways. important waterway.
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(iv) There are about 15 seaports along the coast and

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(2) Observe the given map carefully and answer the port of Manaus has been developed on the
the following questions : confluence of the Negro and the Amazon.
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(Refer to Textbook Page No. 65, Fig 9.11) (v) Coastal shipping is also carried out in the coastal
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(1) What does the map indicate ? areas.

Ans. The map indicates the important railway routes Thus, the waterways are not developed in Brazil.
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and airports of India. *(3) A dense network of railways has developed in

the North Indian plains.
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(2) Which part of India has many airports compared

to the others? Ans.
u

Ans. The Southern part of India (i.e.) Peninsular India (i) Railway is a cheap and speedy mode of transport
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has many airports compared to the other parts of as compared to other modes of transport.
India. (ii) The North Indian Plains have a vast leveled land
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which is ideal for railways.

(3) Which part of India has a dense network of rail
(iii) This region has high population density, is rich in
routes ?
agriculture and industries.
Ans. The Northern part of India the North Indian
(iv) This makes it suitable for transportation of people
plains region has a dense network of rail routes.
and freight.
(4) Name the northernmost important railway
So a dense network of railways has developed in
station.
the north Indian plains.
Ans. Baramulla is the northernmost important railway
*(4) Development of transport is important for the
station.
country’s progress.
(5) Name the easternmost important railway station.
Ans.
Ans. Tinsukia is the easternmost important railway
(i) Transport is the movement of humans, animals
station.
and goods from one location to another.
(6) Name the two westernmost important railway (ii) Transport is enables social, economic and cultural
stations. development of the country.
Ans. Okha and Naliya are the two westernmost (iii) Road transport facilities door-to-door service.
important railway stations.`
130 Master Key Geography (Std. X )

(iv) Rail transport is suitable for long distance and North Indian Plains, where the majority of the
bulky goods. population resides.
(v) Water transport plays an important role in (v) Thus, the railways are very important for the
international trade and suitable for bulky goods. Indian economy’s growth.
(vi) Air transport provides the fastest means of
transportation. Q.6. Write short notes on:
*(5) We rely on the sea routes for international trade. *(1) Modern means of communication.
Ans. Ans.
(i) Waterways is the cheapest mode of transportation (i) With the explosion of electronic media, the
for bulky and perishable goods over long distances. telecom industry has become one of the fast
(ii) Waterways are natural mode of transportation growing sectors.
and do not require any special infrastructure and (ii) In this era of information and communication
maintenance. technology, digitally enhanced communication

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(iii) India is surrounded by Bay of Bengal, Arabian devices like mobile phones, smart phones,

in
Sea and India Ocean, therefore we have a long internet and satellites are being used.

nl
coastline. (iii) Modern means of communication have made it
So we rely on the sea route for international trade. possible to transmit printed messages, pictures,

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(6) India’s contribution of tourism to its GDP video calling, video-conferencing and even live

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performances to all corners of the world with speed.

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appears lesser than Brazil and population
engagement seems higher. *(2) Air transport in India.

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Ans. Ans.
ng
(i) The number of international tourists visiting (i) Air transport is more developed in India as
India in 2015 was more than that of Brazil. compared to Brazil.
ni

(ii) Even though this is true, the share of tourism (ii) The use of internal airways is also increasing.
r
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sector in the GDP is less than that of Brazil. (iii) Important airports from where domestic and
(iii) Apart from this, the proportion of Indian foreign travel can be conducted in India are
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population engaged in tourism is higher than Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Bengaluru etc.
om

that of Brazil. *(3) Correlation between physiography and internal

(iv) This is primarily dependent on the size of the waterways.
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population of those countries and the size of the Ans.

GDP. (i) Waterways are the cheapest means of transportation.
be

(v) According to the data available, the population of (ii) For inland waterways it requires rivers and canals
India is more than Brazil and so is its GDP.
u

with gentle slope and sufficient depth.

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(vi) As the GDP of India is higher than Brazil's GDP (iii) So the lower course of River Ganga is used for
and so also its population, the contribution of inland waterways.
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tourism to GDP appears lesser than Brazil's and (iv) River Amazon is navigable throughout its course
population engagement seems higher. due to its gentle slope.
(7) Railways are important for the growth of the (v) Whereas rivers such as the Godavari, Krishna
Indian economy. are not good for internal waterways because the
Ans. waters in them are shallow and they flow through
(i) Railways are very important for a vast country steep slopes.
like India where the distance between places is *(4) Importance of Standard Time.
large. Ans.
(ii) Freight and passenger transport have been (i) Standard Time means a uniform time for places
facilitated due to the development of the railways. approximately the same longitude, established in
(iii) The more the facilities available for passenger a country or a region by law or custom.
transport and freight transport, the more growth (ii) It is the official local time of a region or country
in the economy. determined by distance from the Greenwich to
(iv) Railway network is relatively less dense in the the line of longitude passing through the area.
hilly, states, north eastern states, the central parts (iii) Having a standard time or a uniform time for a
of India and in Rajasthan while it is dense in the place helps in making proper schedules of travel
Tourism, Transport and Communication 131

modes like the airways, railways, etc. and helps in (Source : Internet)
scheduling meetings that are to happen in other far \ Time at GMT = 7.30 a.m. + 4 hours 30 min.
off places of the same country or another country. = 12.00 a.m.
(iv) This would greatly help in avoiding confusion 1st January Monday 12.00 p.m.
regarding day, date and time. If it would not be
there, there would be time differences resulting in
utter chaos and confusion not only internationally
but even within the country, regarding various
schedules related to legal, social and commercial
purposes. Therefore, the local time, date and day at New
(v) Earlier, people set their clocks or pocket watches Delhi will be 7.30 p.m., 31st December, Sunday
on observing the sun and time differences were and at Vladivostok will be 12.00 a.m., 1st January,
barely noticeable due to long travel times. Monday.

e
(vi) But, the expansion of transport and communication,

in
as well as globalisation in trade created the need for a Q.8. Answer is short:

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more unified time-keeping system and following it. *(1) Which factors attract more tourists in Brazil?
(vii) Hence, Standard ime based on a central meridian Ans. The factors which attract more tourists in Brazil are

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must always be divisible by 7½. This allows time (i) Clean, white sand beaches

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to be reckoned by a unit of half an hour and not (ii) Attractive seacoasts

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smaller differences. (iii) Beautiful islands

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(iv)
ng Beautiful orchards
Q.7. A plane leaves Brasilia at 11 a.m. on 31st (v) Deep dense forests of Amazon
December. The plane crosses 0° Meridian and (vi) Various birds and Animals
ni
reaches Vladivostok via New Delhi. Tell the (vii) Cities like the new capital city of Brasilia, Rio-de-
r

local time, date and day at New Delhi and Janeiro and Sao Paulo.
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Vladivostok when the plane leaves Brasilia. (viii) Eco tourism

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Ans. *(2) What are the difficulties in the development of

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the railway system in Brazil’s internal areas?

Ans.
.C

(i) The densely forested lands of Amazon River

Basin and the Swampy lands have limited the
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development of Railways in Brazil.

Time difference between Brasilia and GMT = 3 hours (ii) Large pockets of Brazil are unpopulated
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\ Time at GMT = 11 a.m. + 3 hours

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(iii) Roadways are the most common mode of

= 2.00 p.m. transportation in Eastern part of Brazil and
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waterways have developed on a commercial

basis in the Amazon River.
(iv) The trains are used for long distance transportation
of passengers only a few cities and by tourists.
These are the difficulties in the development of
Time difference between the railway system in Brazil's internal areas.
GMT and New Delhi = 5 hours 30 min.
*(3) Which means of communication has expedited
\ Time at New Delhi = 2 a.m. + 5 hours 30 min.
the field of communications?
= 7 hours 30 min.
Ans.
(i) Thus the expansion of more digitally enhanced
communication devices like mobile phones,
internet and satellites has expedited the field of
communication.
(ii) More than 45% of Brazil’s population has internet
access where India is one of the largest uses of
Time difference between
smart phones.
New Delhi and Vladivostok = 4 hours 30 min.
132 Master Key Geography (Std. X )

(iii) Mobile phones, telephones, television radio, (viii) Brazil is developing technology to send
computers and internet are the various means of domestically-made satellites into space with its
communication in today’s modern world. own rockets.
(3) Write a detailed note on Railways and
Q.9. Answer in detail: Waterways of India. (Break in points)
(1) Write a note on the Roadways and Waterways in Ans. Railways:
Brazil. (i) Freight and passenger transport has been
Ans. Roadways: facilitated due to the development of railways.
(i) The most common mode/means of Railways are important for the growth of the
transportation is roadways. Indian economy.
(ii) Roadways account for more than half of the (ii) Railway network is relatively less dense in the
transportation system in the country. hilly states, north-eastern states, central parts of
(iii) But the density of road network is concentrated India and Rajasthan (desert area) while it is dense

e
in the eastern part of the country. in the North Indian Plains.

in
(iv) The forested lands of the Amazon River basin and (iii) Railways are very important for a vast country

nl
the swampy lands have limited the development where distances are large.
of roadways in this part. Waterways:

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Waterways: (iv) Waterways are a cheap means of transport.

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(v) Waterways have been developed on a commercial Waterways are contributing about 1% to the

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basis in the Amazon River. country’s transportation. It comprises rivers,

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(vi) Boats ply from Equitos in Peru to the mouth of ng canals, backwaters, creeks, etc.
the river. (v) Approximately 95% of India’s foreign trade moves
(vii) The longest waterways in the world can be through ocean routes. Apart from international
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navigated through these waterways (around trade, these are also used for the purpose of
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3700 kms). transportation between the islands and the rest

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(viii) Another river important for waterways is the of the country.

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south-flowing Parana river.

(ix) Coastal shipping is also carried out in the coastal
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areas. Try this. (Textbook Page No. 61)

Look at the graph and answer the following questions :
.C

(2) The Development of Communication in Brazil.

Ans. (Refer to Textbook Page No. 61, Fig 9.1)
be

(i) Telecommunication services in Brazil are well (a) Which country attracted more international
developed and efficient. tourists in the year 1995?
u

(ii) This industry includes landlines as well as

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Ans. In 1995 both India and Brazil attracted almost the

mobile services, television broadcasting, radio same number of foreign tourists i.e. approximately
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broadcasting, and computer/internet access. 20 lakh people.

(iii) Today, more than 45% of the Brazilian population (b) In which country did more international tourists
has access to the internet. arrive in the year 2000?
(iv) The telecommunication infrastructure is fairly Ans. More international tourists arrived in Brazil in the
modern, particularly in central-south Brazil. year 2000 (i.e.) approximately 50 lakhs compared
(v) However, the north and north-west are drastically to India at 25 lakhs.
less developed.
(c) In which year can an increase be seen in the
(vi) Over recent years, mobile phones have led to the
number of international tourists in India?
rapid expansion of telecommunication services
Ans. From the year 2000 there is an increase in the
in Brazil.
number of international tourists in India.
(vii) The nature of Brazilian territory, especially land
After 2010 the number of international tourists to
mass size and the large pockets of unpopulated
India, grew by leaps and bounds.
and densely vegetated areas create significant
impediments to the expansion in coverage of
telecommunication services.
Tourism, Transport and Communication 133

(d) What was the number of international tourists in Think about it. (Textbook Page No. 62)
the year 2015 in both the countries? What was the
difference between them? What are the factors responsible for development of
Ans. The number of international tourists in India these tourism sites in Brazil?
in 2015 was approx 130 lakhs. The number of Ans. The factors responsible for the development of
international tourists in Brazil in 2015 was 60 tourism sites in Brazil at Rio De Janeiro are its
lakhs. The difference between India and Brazil in beaches with clean white sand and attractive sea
the numbers of international tourists in 2015 was coast and its scenic beauty, the landscape and
70 lakh people. (130 lakhs - 60 lakhs) architecture at the Football Stadium at Manaus,
The mesmerising coastline, the fishing and
(e) What could be the reason of increase in tourists
boating facilities at the sea coast in Brazil.
in India after the year 2010?
Ans. The 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi Make friends with maps! (Textbook Page No. 63)
significantly contributed in boosting tourism in
(a) Which means of transport are seen on the map?

e
India. The World Travel and Tourism Council,

in
India had said that there is direct contribution of Ans. All the means of transport like roads, (including
major roads), railways, airways (airports), and

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Travel and Tourism to GDP (3.3% of total GDP in
2016) and also contribution to employment (jobs) waterways (ports) are seen on the map.

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(5.8% of total employment directly and 9.3% of (b) Which means of transport has a denser network?

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total employment indirectly). Ans. The roadways have a denser network.

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According to the Ministry of Tourism of India, the (c) Which highway can be seen prominently?

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number of (FTAs) Foreign Tourist Arrivals in India ng Which places does it join?
increased to 5.78 million during 2010 as compared Ans. The Trans Amazonian Highway can be seen
to 5.17 million in 2009 indicating a growth rate prominently. . It connects Cruzeiro do sul, Porto
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of 11.8%. In 2016, it had increased to 8.8 million, Velho, Manaus and Brasilia.
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2017 July saw a 7.4% increase in FTAs. The E-visa

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(d) What could be the reason for the development

system has eased visa application procedures.
of railways in the South-East?
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Our transport network is improving as well as our

Ans.
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country has so much to offer to people with different

(i) South-East Brazil is the richest and the most
demands and desires such as religious tourism,
populated region of the country.
health tourism, business tourism, etc. The quality
.C

(ii) Coffee, various kinds of fruits, minerals like

of travel and stay has also improved. These are a
bauxite, coal, iron ore are found here.
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few reasons why tourists in India have increased.

(iii) Freight transport via railways helps in the
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movement of these goods from farms and mines

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Can you tell ? (Textbook Page No. 61) to the sea ports.
(iv) Famous tourist places like Sao Paulo, Rio de
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Look at the graph and answer the following questions :

Janeiro lie in this part.
(Refer to Textbook Page No. 61, Fig 9.2)
(v) All this makes South-East Brazil suitable for trade
(a) What type of graph is shown here? and business.
Ans. The type of graph shown here is a Joint Bar Graph. Hence development of railways has taken place in the
(b) What does the graph show? South-East region of Brazil.
Ans. The graph shows (i) The percentage of population (e) In which part of Brazil do you see a lesser
engaged in tourism and (ii) the contribution of development of transport network? What could
tourism in GDP both in Brazil and India. be the reason?
(c) Which country’s tourism has a larger share in the Ans. The Amazon Basin region which is nearly the size
contribution towards GDP? of continental US makes up 40% of all of South
Ans. Brazil’s tourism has a larger share in the America. Most of it lies in Brazil. This region is
contribution towards GDP. very much undeveloped and unreached. It lacks
(d) Which country has a larger population engaged a paved highway or railway network due to its
in tourism sector but contributes lesser in GDP? inaccessibility. Majority of its transportation can
Ans. India has a larger population engaged in tourism be done via boats only on the immense river
sector but contributes lesser in GDP. system. There are seaplanes, too. Small canoes
134 Master Key Geography (Std. X )

and speed boats are used. There are live-in (iii) Also mountainous areas, forest areas, areas covered
boats for support teams (medical, water filter, with swamps, areas having problems of landslides
construction, disaster relief, etc.) and earthquakes have sparse network of transport.

Think about it. (Textbook Page No. 63) Give it a try. (Textbook Page No. 65)

Considering the development of transport in a place, Arun called his mother from Digboi at 7 am. At what
which factors do you think are responsible for the local time will his mother pick up his call at Jaisalmer?
development of transport in Brazil? Also, think which Ans. Digboi's longitude 95° 63’ E [7.00 am]
means of transport could be used in Brazil given its Jaisalmer's longitude − 70° 90’ E
topography and drainage? 24° 73’
Ans. Considering the development of transport in a place, Difference in the number of longitudes =
the factors that are responsible for the development Approximately 25°.
of transport in Brazil are: the physiography, Time difference = 25° × 4 minutes = 100 minutes.

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accessibility, population, climatic conditions, (i.e.) 1 hour and 40 minutes

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availability of power / fuel, funds etc. Right now, Digboi is ahead of Jaisalmer, being in the Eastern

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Brazil ranks 107th out of 144 countries in the level of part of India. So, if it is 7.00am at Digboi, it will be
infrastructure development. Roads and ports need

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5.20 am at Jaisalmer.
to be upgraded. Railroads are few and competitive.

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They can he increased. Given its topography and Try this. (Textbook Page No. 65)

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drainage, it can make roads and railway lines on (Refer to Textbook Page No. 66, Fig 9.12)

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bridges so as to preserve and protect its forest areas
Calculate the difference in time between the two
and its waterways in the Amazon Basin.
ng
points in minutes.
ni
Activity (Textbook Page No. 64) Westernmost point: Nascente do Rio Moa
(07° 32’33’’S, 70° 59’W) Easternmost point : Ponta do
r

(Refer to Textbook Page No. 64, Fig 9.10)

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Seixas, Paraiba (07° 09’ 28’’S, 34° 47’W)

(a) Which means of transport are visible on the Ans. 70° 59’W (Western most point)
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map? − 34° 47’W (Eastern most point)

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Ans. The means of transport that are visible in fig.9.10

36° 12’ difference
are national highways and waterways while in
1 degree = 4 min.
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fig.9.11 the means of transport that are visible are

36 degrees = 36 × 4 = 144 min.
railways and airways.
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∴ 144 minutes is the difference in time between the

(b) In which part of India is the density of railways
Easternmost and the Westernmost part of Brazil.
u

more?
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Ans. The density of railways is more in the Northern Activity (Textbook Page No. 66)
Plains region.
(Refer to Textbook Page No. 66, Fig 9.12)
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(c) Name five important ports and airports of India.

Read the map and answer the following questions:
Ans. Ports :
(a) How many divisions can you see in the map?
Mumbai ,Vishakhapatanam, Haldia, Chennai,
Ans. We can see 4 divisions in the map.
Kandla
(b) What do these divisions signify?
Airports :
Ans. These divisions signify the time zones in Brazil.
Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Chennai, Kolkata
(c) What does the term 'behind the GMT' mean?
(d) Which parts of India have a sparse network of Ans. The Greenwich Meridian Time is a time set with
transport? What could be the reason? reference to 0º longitude that passes through
Ans. Greenwich. Th countries lying to the west of 0º
(i) The North and the North-East parts of India like longitude are 'behind the GMT'.
Jammu & Kashmir, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, (d) Which part of Brazil is ahead of others? By how
Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim many minutes?
and Tripura have a sparse network of transport. Ans. The Eastern part of Brazil is ahead of the other
(ii) Regions with low population and lack of economic parts by (144 minutes and 48 seconds.) i.e. approx.
opportunities have sparse network of transport. 145 minutes.
Tourism, Transport and Communication 135

(e) What does the red line in the map show? Use your brain power ! (Textbook Page No. 67)
Ans. The red line in the map shows the GMT-03
Saurabh and Ashwini work for a MNC. Two of their
time zone which is considered to be the official
regional head offices are located in Brazil in Rio De
Brazilian time (BRT). It is 3 hours behind GMT.
Janeiro and Manaus, respectively. Both of them have
Activity (Textbook Page No. 66) to contact either of the head offices constantly.
As they have to adjust timings according to their head
(Refer to Textbook Page No. 67, Fig 9.13)
offices, find out their corresponding timings in India,
Study the map given in figure 9.13 and answer the
if they work according to office timings in Brazil i.e
following questions:
10 a.m. to 5 pm.
(a) Calculate the difference between the two
Ans. Let us assume Saurabh is coordinating with
longitudinal extremes of mainland India. Is it
Rio De Janeiro's head office and Ashwini is
more than Brazil?
coordinating with the head office of Manaus.
Ans. The difference between the two longitudinal
Brazil has four time Zones. It is behind the GMT

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extremes of east and west mainland India is
by 2, 3, 4 or 5 hours.

in
about 30º.
Since, Rio De Janeiro is in the 2nd time zone

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The difference between the two longitudinal
which is in 3 hours behind GMT (GMT - 03) and
extremes of east and west mainland Brazil is

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Manaus is the 3rd time zone which is 4 hours
about 36º.

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behind GMT (GMT - 04).
The difference between the two longitudinal

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The time difference between GMT and IST is of
extremes of mainland India is lesser than that of
5 hours 30 mins. They have to make following

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Brazil.
adjustments :
ng
(b) Which longitude in India is called the Indian Saurabh
Standard Time (IST)?
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Rio De Janeiro GMT IST
Ans. The 82° 30’ E longitude is called Indian Standard
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10 a.m. 1 p.m. 6.30 p.m.

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Time (IST).
5 a.m. 8 p.m. 1.30 a.m.
(c) What is the difference between IST and the
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GMT?
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Ans. The IST time is 5 hours and 30 minutes ahead of Ashwini

the GMT. Manaus GMT IST
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(d) How many local times are there in India? 10 a.m. 2 p.m. 7.30 p.m.
5 a.m. 9 p.m. 2.30 a.m.
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Ans. There is only one local time in Inda.

Ans. : Corresponding timings in India
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Saurabh : 6.30 p.m. to 1.30 a.m.

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Think about it. (Textbook Page No. 67) Ashwini : 7.30 p.m. to 2.30 a.m.
It is 12 noon at Delhi. What would be the local time
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in Brasilia?
Give it a try. (Textbook Page No. 68)
Ans. If it is 12 noon at Delhi, the local time in Brasilia
would be 3.30 a.m. This is because Brasilia On what basis will you decide how many standard
is 3 hours behind GMT and Delhi is 5 hours times should be there in a country?
30 minutes ahead of GMT. Therefore Ans. The number of standard times or times zones
in a country should be decided based on the
longitudinal extent of a country. The world is
longitudinally divided into time zones, with
each hour difference roughly 15° apart. So, the
country with a very vast longitudinal extent
\ Time difference between Brasilia and Delhi is should ideally have different standard times in
of 8 hours 30 mins (3 hours + 5 hours 30 mins) order to avoid confusion.
Time at Delhi = 12 noon
\ Time at Brasilia = 12 noon – 8 hours 30 mins
= 3.30 a.m.
136 Master Key Geography (Std. X )

ASSIGNMENT - 9
Time : 1 Hr. Marks : 20

Q.1. Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate alternative: (2)
(1) Apart from R. Amazon, another important river for waterways is the ...................... Parana river
(a) south-flowing (b) north-flowing (c) east-flowing (d) west-flowing
(2) The 82°30’E longitude is the Indian Standard Time longitude which passes though ...................... .
(a) Allahabad (b) Ahmedabad (c) Hyderabad (d) Muzzaffrabad

Q.2. Match the columns: (2)

(1) Column `A' Column `B'

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(1) Trans-Amazonian (a) Tourist Place Highway

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(2) Road Transport (b) Railway Station in India

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(3) Rio de Janeiro (c) Golden Quadrilateral

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(4) Manmad (d) Major Highways

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(e) 40° W Meridian

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Q.3. Answer the following in 1 or 2 sentences:
ng (2)
(1) What kind of advanced space technology is Brazil developing?
ni
(2) What is the kind of service provided by roadways in India?
r
ea

Q.4. Differentiate between: (2)

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(1) IST and BRT

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Q.5. Mark the following on outline map of Brazil / Name the following. (2)
(1) A south-flowing river important for waterways.
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(2) The new capital city of Brazil.

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(3) The westernmost extreme point part of mainland Brazil.

(4) Cities that attract a lot of tourists.
u
uT

Q.6. Give geographical reasons: (4)

(1) Development of transport is important for the country’s progress.
Yo

(2) The waterways are not developed in Brazil.

Q.7. Write short notes on: (6)

(1) Modern means of communication.
(2) What are the difficulties in the development of the railway system in Brazil’s internal areas?

vvv
Model Question Paper 137

Model Question Paper – 1

Time : 2 Hrs. Geography Marks : 40

Note : (i) All questions are compulsory. (4) In Brazil and India there are same seasons at the
(ii) Draw neat diagram wherever necessary. same time.
(iii) Map supplement and graph paper (5) Evergreen forests in India are called the lungs
attach to the main answer-book. of the world.
(iv) Bold figures to the right indicate full Q.4. Show the following in outline map of
marks alloted for the question. Brazil (Index is must) (Any four) (4)

Q.1. Select the correct option. (4) (1) Equator (2) Capital City

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(3) One Beach (4) Highland in North

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(1) Both India and Brazil have .................... type of
(5) A region of very low rain (6) Home of Anacondas

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government.

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(a) Military (b) Communist Q.5. Observe the given map of India and
answer the following questions (Any Four) (4)

e
(c) Republic (d) Presindential

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(2) Amazon river basin is covered by ....................

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N

(a) Delta (b) Swamp ng Baramulla

INDIA
IMPORTANT RAILWAYS ROUTES
(c) Dense forest (d) Thorny shrubs Jammutawi AND AIRPORTS
ni
(3) Rainfall in India is received from .................... Ludhiana
Shimla 0 200 400 600
Dehradun
r

type of winds.
Chandigarh Kilometres
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Murkongslake
Delhi

(a) South west monsoon (b) North east

Saharanpur Tinsukia
Phulera Agra New
Jalpaiguri
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Guwahati
Jaisalmer Lucknow

(c) Northerly (d) Westerly Barmer Kota Jhansi Mughal Sarai

Katihar
Dimapur
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Allahabad
Agartala
(4) In Brazil .................... types of forests are not
Naliya Asansol
AhmadabadRatlam Katni
Okha Howrah Udaypur

found. Rajkot Khandwa

Itarsi Kharagpur
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Surat Nagpur Jharsuguda

Bhusaval
Manmad Raipur
(a) Evergreen (b) Deciduous Chandrapur Khurda Road
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Mumbai
Pune

(c) Thorny shrubs (d) Himalayan Warangal

Vishakhapatnam
Miraj Secunderabad
u

ARABIAN SEA
Q.2. Match the following. (4) Guntur
BAY OF BENGAL
uT

Vasco - da - Gama
Guntakal

Column I Column II Hassan Renigunta

Bengaluru
Chennai
Yo

Mangalore
(a) Equatorial forests (i) Savanna Mysore
Jolarpettai
Index
(INDIA

Railways
(b) Thorny shrubs (ii) Pampas Shoranur Tiruchchirappalli
(IND

Important Stations
IA)

Madurai Rameshwar Airports

(c) Tropical Grasslands (iii) Amazon basin Thiruvananthapuram Kanyakumari

(d) Swampy Lands (iv) Escarpment

Fig. 9.11
(v) Catinga
(vi) Pantanal (1) What is shown in the map?
(2) In which part of India is the density of railways
Q.3. Are the statements right or wrong? Rewrite
more?
correcting wrong ones. (Any Four) (4)
(3) Write names of two ports each on eastern and
(1) Marajo island in Brazil is sea island.
western coast.
(2) Himalaya is old fold mountain. (4) Write names of the southernmost and
(3) Aravali mountain divides Ganga - Sindhu river northernmost railway stations.
basins
138 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

(5) Which states of India have the lowest density of Q.7. Read the following diagram and answer
railways? the questions.
(6) Write names of two important railway stations
on Mumbai - Delhi route on Western Railway.
Q.6. Give geographical reasons. (Any three) (6)
(1) Sediments are not deposited in the mouth
ofAmazon river.
(2) Himalayan rivers are perennial rivers.
(3) Cyclones are not formed in coastal regions of
Brazil.
(4) Evergreen Rain Forests of Brazil are rightly

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called ‘lungs of the world’.

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(5) Density of population is very high in the coastal

nl
area of Brazil.

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Q.7. Use the table given below to draw compound

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bargraph and answer the following questions.
(Any two) (6) (1) What is shown in the diagram?

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(2)
ng When was the contribution in GDP of India less
Year Import Export than Brazil.
1909 - 10 152,994 127,647 (3) In which year contribution in GDP of Brazil
ni
1910 - 11 197,356 180,458 and India was the same?
r
ea

1911 - 12 256,038 226,243 (4) During with period the contribution in GDP of
India was greater than Brazil?
1912 - 13 242,579 223,149
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(5) State the year from which India’s contribution

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(1) What is class interval in years? in GDP started declining.

(2) What changes were taken in Brazil’s imports (6) State the year in which India’s contribution in
.C

and exports from 1909 to 1913. GDP was highests.

Q.8. Answer the following questions
be

(3) Brazil’s balance of trade belongs to which type?

(Any two) (8)
(4) In which year the difference between exports
u

(1) What are the important food crops and

and imports of Brazil’s trade was least?
uT

commercial crops in Brazil?

OR (2) Which factors attract more tourists in Brazil?
Yo

(3) Give a brief account of urbanisation in India.

(4) Give a detail information of Himalayas.

vvv
Model Question Paper 139

Model Question Paper – 2

Time : 2 Hrs. Geography Marks : 40

Note : (i) All questions are compulsory. (2) What is the type of economy in Brazil and India?
(ii) Draw neat diagram whenever necessary. (3) Which is the major coffee producing state of
(iii) Map supplement and graph paper Brazil?
attach to the main answer-book. (4) What is the type of agriculture practice in India?
(iv) Bold figures to the right indicate full
(5) In India where are oil refinaries away from the
marks alloted for the question.
coast?
Q.1. Select the correct option. (4) Q.4. Show the following in the map of India.

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in
(1) In Brazil _______ is the home of Anacondas. (Index is must) (Any four) (4)

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(a) Savanna (b) Catinga (1) 23 1/20 North parallel of latitude

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(c) Panetanal (d) Pampas (2) One island in the mouth of Ganga.

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(2) In India one-horned Rhinoceroses are found in (3) Water divided between Tapi and Narmada.

ub
_______ area.
(4) One densely populated state in South India.

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(a) Assam (b) Peninsular plateau
(5) Evergreen forest region in India.
(c) Kashmir (d) Coastal area
ng
(3) Most urbanised state in India is _______. (6) North - South National highway.
ni

Q.5. Observe the map given and answer the

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(a) Maharashtra (b) Uttar Pradesh

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following questions (Any Four) (4)

(c) Goa (d) Gujrat
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(4) India’s capita income is less than Brazil because

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of _______.
(a) Less national income
.C

(b) Very large size of population

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(c) Large size families

(d) Less food grains production
u
uT

Q.2. Identify the odd man out (4)

(1) (a) Evergreen forest (b) Himalayan forest
Yo

(c) Convectional rain (d) Decidious forest

(2) (a) Density of population
(b) Sex Ratio
(c) Urban-rural population
(d) Human settlement
(3) (a) Television Broadcasting (b) Teaching
(c) Providing lodging and boarding facilities
(d) Rice production
(4) (a) Temperature (b) Rainfall (c) Range of
(1) What is shown in the map?
temperature (d) Orographic rain
(2) Between which two highlands is the Amazon
Q.3. Answer in one sentence. (Any Four) (4)
river basin located?
(1) As per 2011 census, what was the density of
population of India?
140 Master Key Geography (Std. X)

(3) What is the name of the highest mountain peak OR

in Brazil? What is its hight? Q.7. Read the following diagram and answer
(4) What is the name of famous beach in Brazil? the questions.
Where is it?
(5) Swampy land in Brazil is located in which river
basin?
(vi) What is the range of altitude of Amazon river
basin?
Q.6. Give geographical reasons. (Any three)
(6)
(1) There are limitations on the development of
mining activities in the eastern parts of Brazil.

e
in
(2) Fishing activity has well developed on

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southeastern coast of Brazil. (1) What is shown in the diagram?

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(3) Brazil attracts large number of international (2) What is the type of graph?

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tourists. (3) Which country has more people engaged in

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(4) In economic development of India, the tertiary activities?

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contribution of railways is very important. ng (4) What is the percentage of people in Brazil
(5) Telecom industry has become one of the fast engaged in tertiary activities?
growing sectors in India. (5) What is the percentage of people engaged in
ni

Q. 7 Use the table given below to draw line tertiary activities in India?
r
ea

graph and answer the following questions. (6) What is the percentage of people engaged in
(Any two) (6) secondary activities in India?
/L

Brazil Percentage of Urban Population (7) Which is the most dominant sector of economic
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(1960 - 2010) activities in India?

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1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Q.8. Answer the following questions (Any
47.1 56.8 66 74.6 81.5 84.6 two) (8)
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(1) What is interval of data? (1) Give a detail account of highlands in Brazil.
u

(2) Briefly describe the Amazon river basin.

uT

(2) In which period urbanitation occur rapidly?

(3) In which period urbanisation was slow? (3) Explain different settlement pattern in India.
Yo

(4) What is percentage increased of urbanisation (4) Give an account of development of railways in
during 1960-2010? India.

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