INTEGRATION COURSE FOR ARCHITECTURE 1

AR 390 | DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

BUILDING UTILITIES INSTALLED AS TO PREVENT DANGERS

FROM EXPLOSION THROUGH
PLUMBING IS THE SYSTEM OF PIPES, VALVES, OVERHEATING.
FIXTURES, AND OTHER APPARATUS OF A WATER
5. EVERY BUILDING ABUTTING ON A STREET,
SUPPLY OR SEWAGE SYSTEM.
ALLEY OR EASEMENT WITH A PUBLIC
SEWER SHALL CONNECT ITS PLUMBING
HISTORY OF PLUMBING IN THE PHILIPPINES
FIXTURES TO THE SEWER SYSTEM.
• IN 1902, THE PLUMBING TRADE WAS DULY 6. EACH FAMILY DWELLING UNIT SHALL
RECOGNIZED BY THE GOVERNMENT IN THE HAVE AT LEAST ONE WATER CLOSET, ONE
CITY OF MANILA. MASTER PLUMBER JOHN F. KITCHEN TYPE SINK, A LAVATORY AND A
HAAS BECAME THE FIRST CHIEF DIVISION BATHTUB OR SHOWER TO MEET THE BASIC
OF PLUMBING CONSTRUCTION AND REQUIREMENTS OF SANITATION AND
INSPECTION. A PLUMBING CODE BASED ON PERSONAL HYGIENE.
THE PLUMBING CODE OF THE UNITED
STATES WAS INCORPORATED INTO 7. PLUMBING FIXTURES SHALL BE MADE
THEBUILDING CODE FOR THE CITY OF OF SMOOTH NON-ABSORBENT MATERIAL,
FREE FROM CONCEALED FOULING
MANILA.
SURFACES AND SHALL BE LOCATED IN
• IN 1935, THE NATIONAL MASTER PLUMBERS VENTILATED ENCLOSURES.
ASSOSICATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
(NAMPAP) WAS FORMALLY ORGANIZED. 8. THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM SHALL BE
• MANILA CITY ORDINANCE 2411, THE DESIGNED, CONSTRUCTED AND
PLUMBING CODE FOR THE CITY OF MANILA MAINTAINED TO SAFEGUARD AGAINST
WAS ENACTED AND PLACED UNDER THE FOULING, DEPOSIT OF SOLIDS, CLOGGING
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SERVICES, AND WITH ADEQUATE CLEAN-OUTS SO
MANILA. ARRANGED THAT THE PIPES MAY BE
READILY CLEANED.
• IN 1954, THE THIRD CONGRESS APPROCED
HOUSE BILL NO. 962 WHICH IN JUNE 18, 9. ALL PIPING SHALL BE OF DURABLE
1955, BECAME R.A. 1378 “PLUMBING LAW OF APPROVED MATERIALS, FREE FROM
THE PHILIPPINES” UPON RATIFICATION OF DEFECTIVE WORKMANSHIP, DESIGNED
PRESIDENT RAMON MAGSAYSAY. AND CONSTRUCTED BY REGISTERED
• ON JANUARY 28, 1959, THE NATIONAL MASTER PLUMBERS TO ENSURE
PLUMBING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES SATISFACTORY SERVICE.
PREPARED BY NAMPAP WAS
PROMULGATED AND APPROVED BY 10. EACH FIXTURE DIRECTLY CONNECTED TO
THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM SHALL
MALACANANG.
BE EQUIPPED WITH A WATER-SEALED
• BEOFRE MARTIAL LAW IN 1972, REPLUBLIC TRAP.
ACT NO. 6541 OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE
“BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES” WAS 11. THE DRAINAGE PIPES PIPING
PASSED WITH THE “NATIONAL PLUMBING SYSTEM SHALL BE DESIGNED TO PROVIDE
CODE OF 1959” AS REFERRAL CODE IN FULL ADEQUATE CIRCULATION OF AIR FREE
TEXT. FROM SIPHONAGE, ASPIRATION OR
• THE PROFESSIONAL REGULATION FORCING OF TRAP SEALS UNDER
COMMISSION (PRC) ADOPTED THE REVISED ORDINARY USE.
PLUMBING CODE OF 1999 WHICH 12. VENT TERMINALS SHALL EXTEND TO THE
PRESIDENT JOSEPH ESTRADA APPROVED OUTER AIR AND INSTALLED TO PREVENT
DECEMER 21, 1999 PURSUANT TO SECTION CLOGGING AND THE RETURN OF FOUL
4 OF R.A. 1378 KNOWN AS THE PLUMBING AIR TO THE BUILDING.
LAW.
13. PLUMBING SYSTEMS SHALL BE SUBJECTED
PRINCIPLES OF PLUMBING TO SUCH TESTS TO EFFECTIVELY
DISCLOSE ALL LEAKS AND DEFECTS IN THE
1. ALL PREMISES INTENDED FOR HUMAN USE WORKMANSHIP.
OR HABITATION SHALL BE PROVIDED BY A
SUPPLY OF PURE AND WHOLESOME 14. SUBSTANCE WHICH WILL CLOG THE PIPES,
WATER, NEITHER CONNECTED TO UNSAFE PRODUCE EXPLOSIVE MIXTURES,
WATER SUPPLY NOR SUBJECT TO DESTROY THE PIPES OR THEIR JOINTS OR
INTERFERE UNDULY WITH THE SEWAGE-
BACKFLOW OR BACK-SIPHONAGE.
DISPOSAL PROCESS SHALL NOT BE
2. PLUMBING FIXTURES, DEVICES AND ALLOWED TO ENTER THE BUILDING
APPURTENANCES SHALL BE SUPPLIED DRAINAGE SYSTEM.
WITH WATER IN SUFFICIENT VOLUME AND
15. PROPER PROTECTION SHALL BE PROVIDED
PRESSURE ADEQUATE TO FUNCTION
TO PREVENT CONTAMINATION OF FOOD,
SATISFACTORILY AND WITHOUT UNDUE
WATER, STERILE GOODS AND SIMILAR
NOISE.
MATERIALS BY BACK FLOW OF SEWAGE.
3. PLUMBING SHALL BE DESIGNED AND WHEN NECESSARY, THE FIXTURE, DEVICE
ADJUSTED TO USE THE MINIMUM QUANTITY OR APPLIANCE SHALL BE CONNECTED
OF WATER CONSISTENT WITH PROPER INDIRECTLY WITH THE BUILDING DRAINAGE
PERFORMANCE AND CLEANING. SYSTEM.

4. DEVICES FOR HEATING AND STORING 16. NO WATER CLOSET SHALL BE LOCATED IN
WATER SHALL BE SO DESIGNED AND A ROOM OR COMPARTMENT WHICH IS
NOT PROPERLY LIGHTED AND VENTILATED.
SERNAT, JOHN DAVID R.
mjdsernat@tip.edu.ph
ARCHITECTURE
 17. IF THERE IS NO SEWER SYSTEM IN THE BIDET: A PLUMBING FIXTURES USED FOR WASHING
AREA, SUITABLE PROVISION SHALL BE THE MIDDLE PRIVATE PART OF THE BODY,
MADE FOR THE DISPOSAL OF BUILDING ESPECIALLY THE GENITALS. ALSO CALLED A "SITZ"
SEWAGE BY SOME ACCEPTED METHOD OF BATH.
SEWAGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL,
SUCH AS A SEPTIC TANK. BRANCH: ANY PART OF THE PIPING SYSTEM OTHER
THAN A MAIN, RISER OR STACK.
18. WHERE A PLUMBING DRAINAGE
SYSTEM MAY BE SUBJECT TO BACKFLOW BRANCH INTERVAL: A LENGTH OF SOIL OR WASTE
OF SEWAGE, SUITABLE PROVISION SHALL STACK CORRESPONDING IN GENERAL TO A STORY
BE MADE TO PREVENT ITS OVERFLOW IN HEIGHT, BUT IN NO CASE LESS THAN 2.43 METERS
THE BUILDING. WITHIN WHICH THE HORIZONTAL BRANCHES FROM
ONE FLOOR OR STORY OF A BUILDING ARE
19. PLUMBING SYSTEMS SHALL CONNECTED TO THE STACK.
BE MAINTAINED IN SERVICEABLE
CONDITION BY REGISTERED MASTER BUILDING DRAIN: THAT PART OF THE LOWEST
PLUMBERS. HORIZONTAL PIPING OF A DRAINAGE SYSTEM WHICH
RECEIVES THE DISCHARGE FROM SOIL, WASTE AND
20. ALL PLUMBING FIXTURES SHALL OTHER DRAINAGE PIPES INSIDE THE WALLS OF THE
BE INSTALLED PROPERLY SPACED, TO BUILDING AND CONVEYS IT TO THE BUILDING SEWER
BE ACCESSIBLE FOR THEIR INTENDED USE. BEGINNING 0.6 METER OUTSIDE THE BUILDING WALL.

21. PLUMBING SHALL BE INSTALLED WITH DUE BUILDING SEWER: THAT PART OF THE HORIZONTAL
REGARD TO THE PRESERVATION OF THE PIPING OF A DRAINAGE SYSTEM WHICH STARTS
STRENGTH OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS FROM THE END OF THE BUILDING DRAIN AND WHICH
AND THE PREVENTION OF DAMAGE TO RECEIVES THE DISCHARGE OF THE BUILDING DRAIN
WALLS AND OTHER SURFACES THROUGH AND CONVEYS IT TO A PUBLIC SEWER, PRIVATE
FIXTURE USAGE. SEWER, INDIVIDUAL SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM OR
OTHER POINT OF DISPOSAL.
22. SEWAGE OR OTHER WASTE FROM
PLUMBING SYSTEM WHICH MAY BE CATCH BASIN: A RECEPTACLE IN WHICH LIQUIDS
DELETERIOUS TO SURFACE OR SUB- ARE RETAINED FOR SUFFICIENT PERIOD OF TIME TO
SURFACE WATERS SHALL NOT BE ALLOW SETTLEABLE MATERIAL TO DEPOSIT.
DISCHARGED INTO THE GROUND OR INTO
ANY WATERWAY, UNLESS FIRST CESSPOOL: A NON-WATERTIGHT LINED
RENDERED INNOCUOUS THROUGH EXCAVATION IN THE GROUND WHICH RECEIVES THE
SUBJECTION TO SOME ACCEPTABLE FORM DISCHARGE OF A SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM OR
OF TREATMENT. PART THEREOF, DESIGNED TO RETAIN THE ORGANIC
MATTER AND SOLIDS DISCHARGING THEREFROM,
BUT PERMITTING THE LIQUID TO SEEP THROUGH
THE BOTTOM AND SIDES OF THE CESSPOOL.
TERMINOLOGIES IN PLUMBING
CHECK VALVE: A VALVE THAT AUTOMATICALLY
AIRBREAK: A PHYSICAL SEPARATION, WHICH MAY CLOSES TO PREVENT THE FLOW OF LIQUID OR GAS
BE A LOW INLET INTO THE INDIRECT WASTE IN A REVERSE DIRECTION.
RECEPTOR FROM THE FIXTURE, APPLIANCE OR
DEVICE INDIRECTLY CONNECTED. CIRCUIT VENT: A GROUP VENT PIPE WHICH STARTS
IN FRONT OF THE EXTREME FIXTURE CONNECTION
AIRGAP, DRAINAGE: THE UNOBSTRUCTED VERTICAL ON A HORIZONTAL BRANCH AND CONNECTS TO THE
DISTANCE THROUGH THE FREE ATMOSPHERE VENT STACK.
BETWEEN THE LOWEST OPENING FROM ANY PIPE,
PLUMBING FIXTURE, APPLIANCE OR APPURTENANCE DOWNSPOUT: THE VERTICAL PORTION OF A
CONVEYING WASTE TO THE FLOOD LEVEL RIM OF RAINWATER CONDUCTOR.
THE RECEPTOR.
DRAIN: A PIPE, WHICH CARRIES GROUND AND
AIRGAP, WATER DISTRIBUTION: AN UNOBSTRUCTED SURFACE WATERS, STORM WATER OR
VERTICAL DISTANCE THROUGH THE FREE WASTEWATER INTO A BUILDING DRAINAGE SYSTEM.
ATMOSPHERE BETWEEN THE LOWEST OPENING
FROM ANY PIPE OR FAUCET CONVEYING POTABLE DRAINAGE SYSTEM: INCLUDES ALL THE PIPINGS
WATER TO THE FLOOD-LEVEL RIM OF ANY TANK, VAT WITHIN PUBLIC OR PRIVATE PREMISES WHICH
OR FIXTURE. CONVEY SEWAGE OR OTHER LIQUID WASTES TO A
LEGAL POINT OF DISPOSAL BUT DOES NOT INCLUDE
BACKFLOW: THE FLOW OF WATER OR OTHER THE MAINS OF A PUBLIC SEWER SYSTEM OR A
LIQUIDS, MIXTURES OR SUBSTANCES INTO THE PUBLIC SEWAGE TREATMENT OR DISPOSAL PLANT.
DISTRIBUTING PIPES OF A POTABLE SUPPLY OF
WATER FROM ANY SOURCE OTHER THAN FROM ITS DRY VENT: A VENT THAT DOES NOT CARRY LIQUID
INTENDED SOURCE. OR WATER-BORNE WASTES.

BACK-SIPHONAGE: THE FLOWING BACK OF USED, FAUCET: A VALVE LOCATED AT THE END OF A
CONTAMINATED OR POLLUTED WATER FROM A WATER PIPE THROUGH OF WHICH WATER CAN BE
PLUMBING FIXTURE OR VESSEL INTO A WATER DRAWN FROM OR HELD WITHIN THE PIPE.
SUPPLY PIPE DUE TO A NEGATIVE PRESSURE IN
SUCH PIPE. FIXTURE: A RECEPTACLE OTHER THAN A TRAP
ATTACHED TO A PLUMBING SYSTEM IN WHICH
BATTERY OF FIXTURES: ANY OF TWO OR MORE WATER OR WASTES MAY BE COLLECTED OR
SIMILAR ADJACENT FIXTURES WHICH DISCHARGE RETAINED FOR ULTIMATE DISCHARGE INTO THE
INTO A COMMON HORIZONTAL SOIL OR WASTE PLUMBING SYSTEM.
BRANCH.
FIXTURE UNIT: IS AN ARBITRARY QUANTITY IN
BIBB: SYNONYMOUS WITH FAUCET, COCK, TAP, TERMS OF WHICH THE LOAD PRODUCING EFFECTS
PLUG, ETC. THE WORD "FAUCET" IS PREFERRED. OR WATER REQUIREMENTS ON THE PLUMBING
SYSTEM OF DIFFERENT KINDS OF PLUMBING
SERNAT, JOHN DAVID R.
mjdsernat@tip.edu.ph
ARCHITECTURE
FIXTURES ARE EXPRESSED IN SOME ARBITRARILY DISCHARGE FROM ONE OR MORE FIXTURE DRAINS
CHOSEN SCALE. ONE FIXTURE UNIT IS EQUIVALENT AND CONDUCTS IT TO THE SOIL OR WASTE STACK
TO A RATE OF FLOW AT 28.3 LITERS PER MINUTE (1 OR TO THE BUILDING DRAIN.
CU. FT./MINUTE).
HORIZONTAL PIPE: IS ANY PIPE OR FITTING
FLOOD LEVEL: THE LEVEL IN A FIXTURE AT WHICH INSTALLED IN A HORIZONTAL POSITION OR WHICH
WATER BEGINS TO OVERFLOW OVER THE TOP OR FORMS AN ANGLE OF NOT MORE THAN FORTY-FIVE
RIM OF THE FIXTURE. (45) DEGREES WITH THE HORIZONTAL PLANE.

FLOOD LEVEL RIM: IS THE TOP EDGE OF A HOUSE DRAIN: IS THAT PART OF THE LOWEST
RECEPTACLE FROM WHERE WATER OVERFLOWS. HORIZONTAL PIPING OF A PLUMBING SYSTEM WHICH
RECEIVES THE DISCHARGES FROM SOIL, WASTE
FLUSH TANK: A TANK LOCATED ABOVE OR INTEGRAL AND OTHER DRAINAGE PIPES INSIDE OF A BUILDING
WITH WATER CLOSET, URINAL OR SIMILAR FIXTURES AND CONVEYS IT TO THE HOUSE SEWER OUTSIDE
FOR FLUSHING OR REMOVING EXCREMENT IN THE OF THE BUILDING.
FIXTURE.
HOUSE SEWER: IS THAT PART OF A PLUMBING
FLUSH VALVE: IS A DEVICE LOCATED AT THE SYSTEM EXTENDING FROM THE HOUSE DRAIN AT A
BOTTOM OF THE TANK FOR THE PURPOSE OF POINT 0.60 METERS FROM THE OUTSIDE FACE OF
FLUSHING WASTER CLOSET AND SIMILAR FIXTURES. THE FOUNDATION WALL OF A BUILDING TO THE
JUNCTION WITH THE STREET SEWER OR TO ANY
FLUSHOMETER TANK: IS INTEGRATED WITHIN AN POINT OF DISCHARGE, AND CONVEYING THE
AIR ACCUMULATOR VESSEL WHICH IS DESIGNED TO DRAINAGE OF ONE BUILDING SITE.
DISCHARGE A PREDETERMINED QUANTITY OF
WATER INTO FIXTURES FOR FLUSHING PURPOSES. HOUSE STORM SEWER: IS THE PIPELINE FROM THE
BUILDING TO THE PUBLIC OR STREET STORM
FLUSHOMETER VALVE: IS A DEVICE, WHICH DRAINAGE SYSTEM.
DISCHARGES A PREDETERMINED QUANTITY OF
WATER INTO FIXTURES FOR FLUSHING PURPOSES INDIRECT WASTE PIPE: IS A PIPE THAT DOES NOT
AND IS ACTUATED BY DIRECT WATER PRESSURE. CONNECT DIRECTLY WITH THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
BUT CONVEYS LIQUID WASTES BY DISCHARGING
GATE VALVE: A VALVE IN WHICH THE FLOW OF INTO A PLUMBING FIXTURE, INTERCEPTOR OR
WATER IS CUT OFF BY MEANS OF A CIRCULAR DISC RECEPTACLE DIRECTLY CONNECTED TO THE
FITTED AGAINST MACHINE-SMOOTHED FACES, AT DRAINAGE SYSTEM.
RIGHT ANGLES TO THE DIRECTION OF FLOW. THE
DISK IS RAISED OR LOWERED BY MEANS OF A INDIVIDUAL VENT: IS A PIPE INSTALLED TO VENT A
THREADED STERN CONNECTED TO THE HANDLE OF FIXTURE TRAP AND WHICH COLLECTS WITH THE
THE VALVE. THE OPENING IN THE VALVE IS USUALLY VENT SYSTEM ABOVE THE FIXTURE SERVED OR
AS LARGE AS THE FULL BORE OF THE PIPE. TERMINATES IN THE OPEN AIR.
GLOBE VALVE: A VALVE IN WHICH THE FLOW OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE: ANY AND ALI LIQUID OR WATER-
FLUID IS CUT OFF BY MEANS OF A CIRCULAR DISC BORNE WASTE FROM INDUSTRIAL OR COMMERCIAL
THAT FITS OVER AND AGAINST THE HORIZONTAL PROCESSES, EXCEPT DOMESTIC SEWAGE.
VALVE SEAT. THE MOVEMENT OF THE PLANE OF
DISC IS PARALLEL TO THE NORMAL DIRECTION OF LATRINE: A WATER CLOSET CONSISTING OF A
FLOW OF WATER THROUGH THE ORIFICE RESULTING CONTINUOUS TROUGH CONTAINING WATER. THE
TO A TORTUOUS PASSAGE WHICH OFFERS A HIGH TROUGH EXTENDS UNDER TWO OR MORE ADJACENT
PRESSURE LOSS. SEATS. PROHIBITED BY HEALTH AUTHORITIES FOR
PERMANENT INSTALLATIONS.
GOOSENECK: A RETURN BEND OF SMALL-SIZED
PIPE, ONE END OF WHICH IS ABOUT 30 CM. LONG AND LAVATORY: A FIXTURE DESIGNED FOR THE
THE OTHER END IS ABOUT 7. 5 CM. LONG. IT IS WASHING OF THE HANDS OR FACE. SOMETIMES
COMMONLY USED AS A FAUCET FOR A PANTRY SINK. CALLED A WASH BASIN.
ALSO, THE TERM MEANS THE FLEXIBLE TUBING
CONNECTION BETWEEN A SERVICE PIPE AND A LEACHING CESSPOOL: A CESSPOOL THAT IS NOT
WATER MAIN. WATERTIGHT.

GRADE: IS THE SLOPE OR FALL OF A LINE OF PIPE LEADER: A PIPE CONNECTED FROM BUILDING
WITH REFERENCE TO A HORIZONTAL PLANE. IN GUTTER TO THE DOWNSPOUT OR CONDUCTOR.
DRAINAGE, IT IS USUALLY EXPRESSED AS THE FALL
IN CENTIMETERS PER METER OR PERCENTAGE LOOP OR CIRCUIT VENT: A VERTICAL VENT
SLOPE OF PIPE. CONNECTION ON A HORIZONTAL SOIL OR WASTE
PIPE BRANCH AT A POINT DOWNSTREAM OF THE
GREASE INTERCEPTOR: AN INTERCEPTOR OF AT LAST FIXTURE CONNECTION AND TURNING TO A
LEAST 3 CUBIC METERS CAPACITY TO SERVE ONE HORIZONTAL LINE ABOVE THE HIGHEST OVERFLOW
OR MORE FIXTURES AND WHICH IS REMOTELY LEVEL OF THE HIGHEST FIXTURE CONNECTED
LOCATED. THEREAT; THE TERMINUS CONNECTED TO THE
STACK VENT IN THE CASE OF LOOP VENTING OR TO
GREASE TRAP: A DEVICE DESIGNED TO RETAIN THE VENT STACK NEARBY IN THE CASE OF CIRCUIT
GREASE FROM ONE TO A MAXIMUM OF TOUR VENTING.
FIXTURES.
MASTER PLUMBER: A PERSON TECHNICALLY AND
GROUND WATER: THE WATER THAT STANDS IN OR LEGALLY QUALIFIED AND LICENSED TO PRACTICE
PASSES THROUGH THE GROUND. THE PROFESSION OF MASTER PLUMBING WITHOUT
LIMITATIONS IN ACCORDANCE WITH REPUBLIC ACT
GROUP VENT: A BRANCH VENT THAT PERFORMS ITS 13 78. HAVING PASSED THE EXAMINATION
FUNCTIONS FOR TWO (2) OR MORE TRAPS. CONDUCTED BY THE PROFESSIONAL REGULATION
COMMISSION, HAS RECEIVED A CERTIFICATE OF
HORIZONTAL BRANCH: IS A DRAIN PIPE EXTENDING REGISTRATION FROM THE BOARD OF MASTER
LATERALLY FROM A SOIL OR WASTE STACK OR PLUMBING AND POSSESSES THE CURRENT LICENSE
BUILDING DRAIN WITH OR WITHOUT VERTICAL TO PRACTICE.
SECTIONS OR BRANCHES, WHICH RECEIVES THE
SERNAT, JOHN DAVID R.
mjdsernat@tip.edu.ph
ARCHITECTURE
PLUMBING: THE ART AND TECHNIQUE OF UNDER THE PROCEDURES SET FORTH ELSEWHERE
INSTALLING PIPES, FIXTURES AND OTHER IN THIS CODE.
APPARATUSES IN BUILDINGS FOR BRINGING IN THE
SUPPLY, LIQUIDS, SUBSTANCES AND/OR PRIVATE SEWER: A BUILDING SEWER, WHICH
INGREDIENTS AND REMOVING THEM AND SUCH RECEIVES THE DISCHARGE FROM MORE THAN ONE
WATER, LIQUID AND OTHER CARRIED WASTES BUILDING DRAIN AND CONVEYS IT TO A PUBLIC
HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH, SANITATION, LIFE) SEWER, PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM, OR
PROPERTY ALSO THE PIPES AND FIXTURES AFTER OTHER POINTS OF DISPOSAL.
INSTALLATION I.E., THE PLUMBING SYSTEM.
PRIVY: AN OUTHOUSE OR STRUCTURE USED FOR
PLUMBING APPLIANCE: ANY ONE OF A SPECIAL THE DEPOSITION OF EXCREMENT.
CLASS OF DEVICE OR EQUIPMENT INTENDED TO
PERFORM A SPECIAL PLUMBING FUNCTION. ITS PRIVY VAULT: A PIT BENEATH A PRIVY WHERE
OPERATION AND/OR CONTROL MAY BE DEPENDENT EXCREMENT COLLECTS.
UPON ONE OR MORE ENERGY COMPONENTS, SUCH
AS MOTORS, CONTROLS, HEATING ELEMENTS AND PUBLIC SEWER: A COMMON SEWER DIRECTLY
PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE-SENSING ELEMENTS. CONTROLLED BY PUBLIC AUTHORITY TO WHICH ALL
SUCH DEVICE OR EQUIPMENT MAY OPERATE ABUTTERS HAVE EQUAL RIGHTS OF CONNECTIONS.
AUTOMATICALLY THROUGH ONE OR MORE OF THE
FOLLOWING ACTIONS: A TIME CYCLE, A PVC (POLYVINYL CHLORIDE): POTABLE WATER
TEMPERATURE RANGE, A PRESSURE RANGE, A PIPINGS ARE COLOR-CODED BLUE. DRAINPIPES ARE
MEASURED VOLUME OR WEIGHT~ OR THE DEVICE MANUFACTURED WITH TOXIC COMPONENTS AND
OR EQUIPMENT MAY BE MANUALLY ADJUSTED OR ARE COLOR-CODED GRAY, ORANGE, OR BROWN.
CONTROLLED BY THE USER OR OPERATOR.
RECEPTOR: AN APPROVED PLUMBING FIXTURE OR
PLUMBING APPURTENANCE: A MANUFACTURED DEVICE OF SUCH MATERIALS, SHAPE AND CAPACITY
DEVICE OR A PREFABRICATED ASSEMBLY OR AN ON- TO ADEQUATELY RECEIVE THE DISCHARGE FROM
THE-JOB ASSEMBLY OF COMPONENT PARTS, AND INDIRECT WASTE PIPES, CONSTRUCTED AND
SERVES AS ADJUNCT TO THE BASIC PIPING SYSTEM LOCATED TO BE READILY CLEANED.
AND PLUMBING FIXTURES. AN APPURTENANCE
RELIEF VENT: A VERTICAL VENT LINE, THE PRIMARY
DEMANDS NO ADDITIONAL WATER SUPPLY NOR
FUNCTION OF WHICH IS TO PROVIDE ADDITIONAL
DOES IT ADD ANY DISCHARGE LOAD TO A FIXTURE
CIRCULATION OF AIR BETWEEN THE DRAINAGE AND
OR THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM. IT PERFORMS SOME
VENT SYSTEMS OR TO ACT AS AN AUXILIARY VENT
USEFUL FUNCTIONS IN THE OPERATION,
ON A SPECIALLY DESIGNED SYSTEM SUCH AS A
MAINTENANCE, SERVICING, ECONOMY OR SAFETY
''YOKE VENT" CONNECTION BETWEEN THE SOIL AND
OF THE PLUMBING SYSTEM.
VENT STACKS.
PLUMBING FIXTURES: ARE APPROVED-TYPE
RIM: AN UNOBSTRUCTED TOP OPEN EDGE OF A
INSTALLED RECEPTACLES. DEVICES OR
FIXTURE.
APPLIANCES SUPPLIED WITH WATER OR RECEIVE
LIQUID OR LIQUID-BORNE WASTES AND DISCHARGE RISER: A WATER SUPPLY PIPE, WHICH EXTENDS
SUCH WASTES INTO THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM TO VERTICALLY TO ONE FULL STORY OR MORE TO
WHICH THEY MAY BE DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY CONVEY WATER INTO PIPE BRANCHES OR
CONNECTED. INDUSTRIAL OR COMMERCIAL TANKS, PLUMBING FIXTURES.
VATS AND SIMILAR PROCESSING EQUIPMENT ARE
NOT PLUMBING FIXTURES, BUT MAY BE CONNECTED ROUGHING-INS: THE INSTALLATION OF ALL PIPINGS
TO OR DISCHARGED INTO APPROVED TRAPS OR AND FITTING PARTS OF THE PLUMBING SYSTEM,
PLUMBING FIXTURES AS PROVIDED FOR IN THIS WHICH CAN BE COMPLETED PRIOR TO THE
CODE. INSTALLATION OF FIXTURES AND ACCESSORIES.
THESE INCLUDE SANITARY AND STORM DRAINAGE,
PLUMBING SYSTEM: INCLUDES ALL POTABLE TAP, HOT AND CHILLED WATER SUPPLIES, GAS
WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION PIPES, ALL PIPINGS, VENT PIPINGS AND THE NECESSARY
PLUMBING FIXTURES AND TRAPS, ALL SANITARY FIXTURE SUPPORTS.
AND STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS, VENT PIPES,
ROOF DRAINS, LEADERS AND DOWNSPOUTS, AND SANITARY SEWAGE: THE WASTEWATER
ALL BUILDING DRAINS AND SEWERS, INCLUDING CONTAINING HUMAN EXCREMENTS AND LIQUID
THEIR RESPECTIVE JOINTS AND CONNECTIONS, HOUSEHOLD WASTE. ALSO CALLED DOMESTIC
DEVICES, RECEPTACLES, AND APPURTENANCES SEWAGE.
WITHIN THE PROPERTY, WATER LINES IN THE
PREMISES, POTABLE TAP HOT AND CHILLED WATER SANITARY SEWER: A SEWER INTENDED TO RECEIVE
PIPINGS, POTABLE WATER TREATING OR USING SANITARY SEWAGE WITH OR WITHOUT PRE-
EQUIPMENT, FUEL GAS PIPING, WATER HEATERS TREATED INDUSTRIAL WASTES AND WITHOUT THE
AND VENTS FOR SAME. ADMIXTURE OF RAIN OR GROUND WATER.

PLUMBING UNIT: A MINIMUM STANDARD QUANTITY SEAL: THE VERTICAL DISTANCE BETWEEN THE DIP
OF PLUMBING FIXTURES THAT DISCHARGE WASTES AND THE CROWN WEIR OF A TRAP . ALSO, THE
INTO A PLUMBING INSTALLATION INCLUDING: ONE (1) WATER IN THE TRAP BETWEEN THE DIP AND THE
WATER METER, ONE (1) WATER CLOSET, ONE (1) CROWN WEIR.
LAVATORY, ONE (1) SHOWER HEAD AND DRAIN OR A
BATHTUB OR SHOWER STALL, ONE (1) KITCHEN SINK, SECONDARY BRANCH: ANY BRANCH IN A BUILDING
ONE (1) IAUNDRY TRAY AND THREE (3) FLOOR DRAIN OTHER THAN THE PRIMARY BRANCH.
DRAINS, AND FOUR (4) FAUCETS/HOSE BIBB.
SEEPAGE PIT: A LOOSELY LINED EXCAVATION IN THE
PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM: A SEPTIC GROUND. WHICH RECEIVES THE DISCHARGE OF A
TANK WITH THE EFFLUENT DISCHARGING INTO A SEPTIC TANK AND DESIGNED TO PERMIT THE
SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL FIELD, INTO ONE OR MORE EFFLUENT FROM THE SEPTIC TANK TO SEEP
SEEPAGE PITS OR INTO A COMBINATION OF THROUGH PIT BOTTOM AND SIDES.
SUBSURFACE DISPOSAL FIELD AND SEEPAGE PIT OR
SEPTIC TANK: A WATER-TIGHT RECEPTACLE WHICH
OF SUCH OTHER FACILITIES AS MAY BE PERMITTED
RECEIVES THE DISCHARGE OF A SANITARY
PLUMBING SYSTEM OR PART THEREOF, DESIGNED
SERNAT, JOHN DAVID R.
mjdsernat@tip.edu.ph
ARCHITECTURE
AND CONSTRUCTED TO RETAIN SOLIDS, DIGEST WATER AND CONVEY IT TO A SUMP FOR DISPOSAL
ORGANIC MATTER THROUGH A PERIOD OF BY GRAVITY FLOW OR BY LIFT PUMP.
DETENTION AND TO ALLOW THE LIQUIDS TO
DISCHARGE INTO THE SOIL OUTSIDE OF THE TANK STACK VENT: THE EXTENSION OF A SOIL OR WASTE
THROUGH A SYSTEM OF OPEN-JOINTED SUB- STACK ABOVE THE HIGHEST HORIZONTAL DRAIN
SURFACE PIPINGS OR A SEEPAGE PIT MEETING THE CONNECTED TO THE STACK. THE UPPERMOST END
REQUIREMENTS OF THIS CODE. ABOVE THE ROOF IS CALLED STACK VENT THROUGH
ROOF (SVTR).
SERVICE PIPE: THE PIPE FROM THE STREET WATER
MAIN OR OTHER SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY TO THE SUMP: AN APPROVED TANK OR PIT WHICH RECEIVES
BUILDING SERVED. SEWAGE OR WASTEWATER AND IS LOCATED BELOW
THE NORMAL GRADE OF THE GRAVITY SYSTEM AND
SEWAGE: ANY WASTEWATER CONTAINING ANIMAL MUST BE EMPTIED BY MECHANICAL MEANS.
OR VEGETABLE MATTER IN SUSPENSION OR
SOLUTION AND MAY INCLUDE LIQUIDS CONTAINING SUPPORTS: SUPPORTS, HANGERS, ANCHORS,
CHEMICALS IN SOLUTION. BRACKETS, CRADLES ARE DEVICES FOR HOLDING
AND SECURING PIPES AND FIXTURES TO WALLS,
SEWER: A PIPE OR CONDUIT FOR CARRYING CEILING, FLOORS OR STRUCTURAL MEMBERS.
SEWAGE AND WASTEWATER.
SURFACE WATER: THAT PORTION OF RAINFALL OR
SEWERAGE OR SEWERAGE WORKS: A OTHER PRECIPITATION WHICH RUNS OFF OVER THE
COMPREHENSIVE TERM, INCLUDING ALL SURFACE OF THE GROUND.
CONSTRUCTIONS FOR COLLECTION,
TRANSPORTATION. PUMPING. TREATMENT AND TRAP: A FITTING OR DEVICE DESIGNED AND
FINAL DISPOSITION OF SEWAGE. CONSTRUCTED TO PROVIDE, WHEN PROPERLY
VENTED, A LIQUID SEAL WHICH PREVENTS THE
SIAMESE CONNECTION: A HOSE FITTING WITH BACKFLOW OF FOUL AIR OR METHANE GAS WITHOUT
CLAPPER VALVES FOR COMBINING THE FLOW FROM MATERIALLY AFFECTING THE FLOW OF SEWAGE OR
TWO OR MORE LINES OF HOSE INTO A SINGLE WASTEWATER THROUGH IT.
STREAM. THE INLET FITTING OF A FIRE STANDPIPE
LOCATED ABOVE GROUND LEVEL. TRAP ARM: THAT PORTION OF A FIXTURE DRAIN
BETWEEN A TRAP AND THE VENT.
SIPHONAGE: A SUCTION CREATED BY THE FLOW OF
LIQUIDS IN PIPES. A PRESSURE LESS THAN TRAP SEAL: THE MAXIMUM VERTICAL DEPTH OF
ATMOSPHERIC. LIQUID THAT A TRAP WILL RETAIL MEASURED
BETWEEN THE CROWN WEIR AND THE TOP OF THE
SOIL STACK PIPE: A VERTICAL SOIL PIPE DIP OF THE TRAP.
CONVEYING FECAL MATTER AND WASTEWATER.
UNIT VENT: AN ARRANGEMENT OF VENTING SO
SOIL PIPE: ANY PIPE, WHICH CONVEYS THE INSTALLED THAT ONE VENT PIPE WILL SERVE TWO
DISCHARGE OF WATER CLOSET, URINAL OR (2) TRAPS.
FIXTURES HAVING SIMILAR FUNCTIONS, WITH OR
WITHOUT THE DISCHARGES FROM OTHER FIXTURES VACUUM: AN AIR PRESSURE LESS THAN
TO THE BUILDING DRAIN OR BUILDING SEWER. ATMOSPHERIC. ALSO, IMPLIES SIPHONAGE IN PIPING
SYSTEM.
SPECIAL WASTES: WASTES WHICH REQUIRE SOME
SPECIAL METHODS OF HANDLING SUCH AS THE VENT PIPE: A PIPE OR OPENING USED FOR
INDIRECT WASTE PIPING AND RECEPTORS; ENSURING THE CIRCULATION OF AIR IN A PLUMBING
CORROSION RESISTANT PIPING SAND, OIL OR SYSTEM AND FOR RELIEVING THE NEGATIVE
GREASE INTERCEPTORS, CONDENSERS OR OTHER PRESSURE EXERTED ON TRAP SEALS.
PRE-TREATMENT FACILITIES.
VENT STACK: THE VERTICAL VENT PIPE INSTALLED
STACK: THE VERTICAL MAIN OF A SYSTEM OF SOIL, PRIMARILY FOR PROVIDING CIRCULATION OF AIR TO
WASTE OR VENT PIPINGS EXTENDING THROUGH AND FROM ANY PART OF THE SOIL, WASTE OF THE
ONE OR MORE STORIES AND EXTENDED THRU THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM.
ROOF.
VENT SYSTEM: PIPES INSTALLED TO PROVIDE FLOW
STANDPIPE: A VERTICAL PIPE, OR A RESERVOIR, OF AIR TO OR FROM A DRAINAGE SYSTEM OR TO
INTO WHICH WATER IS PUMPED TO GIVE IT AT A PROVIDE A CIRCULATION OF AIR WITHIN SUCH
HEAD, CLASSIFIED AS: SYSTEM TO PROTECT TRAPS SEALS FROM
SIPHONAGE AND BACK PRESSURE.
1. WET STANDPIPE - WATER PRESSURE IS
MAINTAINED AT ALL TIMES; VERTICAL PIPE: ANY PIPE FITTING INSTALLED IN A
VERTICAL POSITION OR WHICH FORMS AN ANGLE OF
2. AUTOMATIC STANDPIPE SYSTEM - NOT MORE THAN FORTY-FIVE (45) DEGREES WITH
OPERATES AUTOMATICALLY BY OPENING A THE VERTICAL LINE.
HOSE VALVE;
WASTE PIPE: PIPE, WHICH CONVEYS ONLY
3. MANUALLY-OPERATED STANDPIPE WASTEWATER OR LIQUID WASTE, FREE OF FECAL
SYSTEM - REMOTE CONTROL DEVICE AT MATTER.
EACH HOSE STATION; AND
WATER TREATMENT: A DEVICE WHICH CONDITIONS
4. DRY STANDPIPE - HAVING NO PERMANENT OR TREATS WATER SUPPLY TO IMPROVE WATER
WATER INSIDE THE PIPE. QUALITY, REMOVE SUSPENDED SOLIDS BY
FILTRATION.
STORM WATER: THAT PORTION OF THE RAINFALL OR
OTHER PRECIPITATION WHICH RUNS OFF OVER THE WATER DISTRIBUTING PIPE: A PIPE WHICH CONVEYS
EARTH SURFACE AFTER A STORM. POTABLE WATER FROM THE BUILDING SUPPLY PIPE
TO THE PLUMBING FIXTURES AND OTHER WATER
SUBSOIL DRAIN: AN UNDERGROUND DRAINPIPE OUTLETS.
THAT RECEIVES ONLY SUBSURFACE OR SEEPAGE

SERNAT, JOHN DAVID R.

mjdsernat@tip.edu.ph
ARCHITECTURE
WATER MAIN: OR STREET MAIN IS THE WATER- TEFLON TAPE IS A MATERIAL USED TO THREADED
SUPPLY PIPE FOR PUBLIC OR COMMUNITY USE. PIPLE CONNECTIONS TO PREVENT LEAKAGE.

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM: OF A BUILDING OR 60 PSI IS THE STANDARD WATER PRESSURE FROM
PREMISES CONSISTS OF THE WATER SERVICE PIPE, NAWASA, MAYNILAD, AND MANILA WATER.
WATER SUPPLY LINE, WATER DISTRIBUTING PIPE
AND THE NECESSARY BRANCH PIPES, FITTINGS, MAIN VENT IS THE PRINCIPAL ARTERY OF THE
VALVES AND ALL APPURTENANCES REQUIRED FOR VENTING SYSTEM TO WHICH BENT BRANCHES MAY
THE SUPPLY OF POTABLE WATER. BE CONNECTED.

WET VENT: THAT PORTION OF A VENT PIPE STACK VENT IS THE ENTENSION OF A SOIL OR
THROUGH WHERE WASTEWATER ALSO FLOWS WASTE STACK ABOVE THE HIGHEST HORIZONTAL
THROUGH. DRAIN CONNECTED TO THE STACK HORIZONTAL
DRAIN, THE UPPERMOST END ABOVE THE ROOF.
WYE: A HOSE CONNECTION WITH TWO-GATED
OUTLETS PERMITTING TWO CONNECTIONS OF THE ROUGH IN IS THE INSTALLATION OF ALL PARTS OF
SAME OR SMALLER COUPLING DIAMETER TO BE THE PLUMBING SYSTEM WHICH CAN BE COMPLETED
TAKEN FROM A SINGLE SUPPLY LINE. ALSO, A PIPE PRIOR TO THE INSTALLATION OF FIXTURES.
FITTING OF THREE BRANCHES THAT FORM THE
LETTER "WYE". BLANK FLANGE IS THE FLANGE THAT IS NOT
DRILLED.
YOKE VENT: A PIPE CONNECTING UPWARD FROM A
SOIL OR WASTE STACK BELOW THE FLOOR AND CIRCUIT BREAKER IS A DEVICE DESIGNED TO OPEN
BELOW HORIZONTAL CONNECTION TO AN ADJACENT AND CLOSE A CIRCUIT BY NON-AUTOMATIC MEANS
VENT STACK AT A POINT ABOVE THE FLOOR AND AND TO OPEN THE CIRCUIT AUTOMATICALLY ON
HIGHER THAN HIGHEST SPILL LEVEL OF FIXTURES PREDETERMINED OVERCURRENT WITHOUT
FOR PREVENTING PRESSURE CHANGES IN THE DAMAGE TO ITSELF WHEN PROPERLY APPLIED
STACKS. WITHIN ITS RATING.

MAJOR COMPONENTS OF PLUMBING SYSTEM GREEN IS THE PRESCRIBED COLOR CODE FOR
EQUIPMENT GROUNDING CONDUCTORS AS PER
1. POTABLE WATER SYSTEM: THE POTABLE PHILIPPINE ELECTRICAL CODE.
WATER SYSTEM BRINGS WATER INTO A
STRUCTURE; THIS WATER COMES FROM MOISTURE RESISTANT THERMOPLASTIC (TW TYPE
THE COMMUNITY WATER MAIN. THERE IS A OF WIRE) THE MOST COMMON ELECTRICAL WIRE
VALVE ON THE WATER MAIN ITSELF FOR USED AND IS APPROPRIATE FOR DRY AND WET
EACH STRUCTURE THAT CAN BE USED TO LOCATION.
SHUT OFF ITS WATER SUPPLY. FROM
THERE, A SINGLE PIPE BRINGS WATER INTO JUNCTION BOX IS A BOX WITH A BLANK COVER
THE STRUCTURE, AND IT IS THEN WHICH SERVES THE PURPOSE OF JOINING ONE
DISTRIBUTED TO INDIVIDUAL FIXTURES DIFFERENT RUNS OF RACEWAYS OR CABLE AND
THROUGH A NETWORK OF PIPES. A METER PROVIDED WITH SUFFICIENT SPACE FOR
KEEPS TRACK OF HOW MUCH TOTAL CONNECTION AND BRANCHING OF THE ENCLOSE
WATER ENTERS THE STRUCTURE. CONDUCTORS.

2. SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM: THE CIRCUIT BREAKER IS THE PART OF THE CUT OUT
SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM REMOVES THAT IS DESIGN TO OPEN OR BREAK AN ELECTRICAL
WASTEWATER FROM A BUILDING. IT CURRENT UNDER AN EXCESSIVE LOAD.
CONSISTS OF PIPES THAT TAKE OUT
DISTRIBUTION LINE IS THE MAIN FEED LINE OF AN
HUMAN WASTE AND FECAL MATTER AS
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT TO WHICH BRANCH CIRCUITS
WELL AS WASTEWATER FROM COOKING,
ARE CONNECTED.
LAUNDRY, ETC. THE SANITARY DRAINAGE
SYSTEM IS CONNECTED TO A SERIES OF COPPER IS THE MOST PRACTICAL CONDUCTOR OF
VENT PIPES THAT GO THROUGH THE ROOF ELECTRICITY.
VERTICALLY; THIS ALLOWS FOR THE
VENTING OF GASES AND FOR THE ENTIRE GOLD IS THE BEST CONDUCTOR OF ELECTRICITY.
SYSTEM TO OPERATE AT ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE. THE SANITARY DRAINAGE TRANSFORMER IS THE DEVICE USED TO CONVERT
SYSTEM ULTIMATELY TAKES WASTEWATER VOLTAGE FROM HIGHER TO LOWER OR VICE VERSA.
TO THE COMMUNITY SEWER SYSTEM.
2.50M IS THE MINIMUM ALLOWANCE CLEARANCE
3. STORMWATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM: THE FROM THE HIGHEST POINT OF THE ROOF TO THE
PURPOSE OF THE STORMWATER SERVICECONDUCTOR ACCORDING TO THE
DRAINAGE SYSTEM IS TO CARRY NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES.
RAINWATER AWAY FROM A STRUCTURE. IN
OLDER STRUCTURES, RAINWATER SIMPLY VIBRATION ISOLATORS IS A RESILIENT BASE FOR
DRAINS INTO THE SANITARY DRAINAGE MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT, INSTALLED TO REDUCE
SYSTEM, BUT IN BUILDINGS THAT ARE THE TRANSMISSION OF VIBRATION AND NOISE TO
MORE MODERN A SEPARATE SYSTEM OF THE SUPPORTING STRUCTURE.
DRAINS CARRIES WATER INTO THE
COMMUNITY STORM SEWERS. GUTTERS COMPOSITES IS MANUFACTURED FROM
ARE A PART OF THE STORMWATER COMBINATIONS OF MATERIALS FROM OPEN AND
DRAINAGE SYSTEM VISIBLE FROM OUTSIDE CLOSED CALLED FOAMS TO QUILTED FIBREGLASS
THE STRUCTURE; OTHER COMPONENTS, AND BARRIER.
SUCH AS DRAINS AND PIPES, ARE BELOW
THE GROUND. BANNER IS SUSPENDED FROM CEILING, BAR JOIST,
OR PRE-ENGINEERED SUSPENSION SYSTEMS;
DESIGNED TO HANG IN A HORIZONTAL OR
CATENARY FASHION.
NIPPLE IS USED TO CONNECT THE TWO ENDS OF
TWO PIPES, NEITHER OF WHICH CAN BE TURNED.
SERNAT, JOHN DAVID R.
mjdsernat@tip.edu.ph
ARCHITECTURE
BAFFLES IS USED TO REDUCE SOUND PRESSURE SERIES CONNECTION IS THE ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
LEVELS AND LOWER REVERBARATION TIMES IN THAT CARRY THE SAME EQUAL CURRENT AND THE
LARGE SPACES SUCH AS GYMNASIUMS AND TOTAL RESISTANCE, R, IS THE SUM OF THE
THEATRES; SUSPENDED FROM OPEN TRUSS AND RESISTANCE THROUGHOUT THE CIRCUIT.
PRE-ENGINEERED SUSPENSIONS SYSTEMS;
DESIGNED TO HANG IN A VERTICAL FASHION POTABILITY IS ONE OF THE FIRST STEPS IN THE
ALLOWING FREE FLOW OF AIR. SELECTION OF A SUITABLE WATER SUPPLY SOURCE.

BROADBAND ABSORBERS IS SCULPTURED SOUND EFFLUENT IS THE LIQUID SEWAGE THAT HAS BEEN
ABSORBING MODULAR UNITS FOR WALLS AS TREATED IN A SEPTIC TANK OR SEWAGE
CORNER TRAPS, BASS TRAPS, AND CEILING TREATMENT PLANT.
APPLICATIONS.
DENTAL IS THE FLUORIDE AS AN ADDITIVE IN THE
ARCHITECTURAL LIGHTING DESIGN IS THE FIELD IN WATER SUPPLY.
ARCHITECTURE CONCERNS ITSLEF PRIMARILY WITH
THE ILLUMINATION OF ARCHITECTURE, INCLUDING WATER DEMAND SHALL BE BASED ON THE TOTAL OF
ACADEMIC/INSTITUTIONAL, CORPORATE, SIZE OF THE WATER PIPING.
HOSPITALITY, MONUMENTAL STRUCTURES,
RETAIL/ENTERTAINMENT, AND SITE/FAÇADE NO WATER CLOSET OR BISET SHALL BE SET CLOSER
LIGHTING PROJECTS. THAN 0.375M FROM ITS CENTER TO ANY SIDE OF THE
WALL OR OBSTRUCTION OR CLOSER THAN 0.75M
PHOTOMETRY IS THE SCIENCE THAT DEALS WITH CENTER TO CENTER TO ANY SIMILAR FICTURE.
THE MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT.
80% OF ALL PIPLES SHALL BE BASED ON 80% TO
CANDLE POWER REFERS TO THE UNIT OF INTENSITY REDUCE PRESSURE.
OF LIGHT OF ONE STANDARD CANDLE WHOSE LIGHT
IS CONCENTRATED AT A POINT NAD THE LIGHT WATER TANK MAY BE USED EITHER FOR THE
SOURCE IS ASSUMED TO BE PLACED AT THE CENTER COLLECTION OF WATER WITHOUT CONSIDERATION
OF A HOLLOW SPHERE OF ONE FOOT RADIUS. OF PRESSURE, OR FOR STORING WATER UNDER AIR
PRESSURE OR UNDER A STATIC HEAD FOR FUTURE
CANDLE POWER IS THE ILLUMINATION AT ANY POINT DISTRIBUTION BY PNEUMATIC OR GRAVITY MEANS.
ON THE SPHERE IS ONE FOOT CANDLE THE UNIT FOR MATERIALS ARE PVC, G.I., REINFORCED CONCRETE,
THE POWER OR INTENSITY OF LIGHT. STAINLESS STEEL OR PLAIN STEEL.

DIFFUSION IS THE LIGHT RAYS LEAVING THE WELLS ARE HOLES IN THE EARTH FROM WHICH A
SOURCE STRIKE A ROUGH, OPAQUE SURFACE FLUID MAY BE WITHDRAWN USING MANUAL OR
WHICH SPREADS THE LIGHT IN VARIOUS MECHANICAL MEANS SUCH AS DRAW BUCKET,
DIRECTIONS. PUMP, ETC.

POLARIZATION IS THE LIGHT RAY STRIKING A GREASE CAN NEVER BE DISPOSED IN THE KITCHEN
POLARIZED GLASS CAUSES THE ILLUMINATION OF SINK.
THE HORIZONTAL LIGHT RAYS AND ALLOWS THE
VERTICAL RAYS TO PENETRATE THE GALSS YOUR TOILET SHOULD NEVER BE RUNNING ALL THE
RESULTING IN SOFT LIGHTING. TIMES.

ACCENT LIGHTING USED PRIMARILY TO DRAW THERE SHOULD ONLY BE ONE P-TRAPS IN A DOUBLE
ATTENTION TO PARTICULAR POINT OF INTEREST. KITCHEN SINK.

SPECIFIC LIGHTING PROVIDE ILLUMINATION TO WAX RING FITS BETWEEN A CLOSET FLANGE AND A
SPECIAL OBJECT LIKE SCULPTURE. TOILET BOWL.

INDIRECT LIGHTING IS A TYPE OF LIGHTING WHERE SILICONE IS A TYPE OD ADHESIVE USED TO CAULK
90-100% OF LIGHT OUTPUT IS DIRECTED TO CEILING AROUND WET SURFACES.
OR UPOER WALLS.
SIPHON-VORTEX WATER ENTERS THROUGH
120CM IS THE STANDARD HEIGHT OF LIGHTING DIAGONAL PUNVHING AROUND THE RIM OF THE
SWITCH MEASURED FROM THE FINISHED FLOOR BOWL, CREATING A VORTEX THAT DRAWS THE
LINE. WATER DOWN INTO THE REAR TRAP WITH A
SWIRLING ACTION THAT SCOURS THE WAKKS OF
CURRENT IS THE AMOUNT OF ELECTRICAL CHARGE THE BOWL. WATER STRIKES TWO PARALLEL RIDGES
PASSING THROUGH A CIRCUIT. AND FOLDS OVER FORMING JETS, PRODUCING
SIPHONIC ACTION. LARGE WATER SURFACE
ERVICE DROP IS THE CABLE THAT CONNECT FROM PROVIDES A VERY EFFICIENT AND CLEAN PROCESS,
THE COMMERCIAL POWER SUPPLY TO THE POWER AND THE FLUSHING IS EXTREMELY QUIET. THIS
SUBSCRIBER. MODEL IS MOETLY OF ONE-PIECE CONSTRUCTION
WITH A LOW PROFILE. EXPENSIVE.
SERVICE DROP IS THE CABLE THAT CONNECTS THE
DISTRIBUTION LINE TO THE SERVICE ENTRANCE. WASH DOWN WATER ENTERS THROUGH AN OPEN
RIM, AS THOUGH A BUCKET OF WATER WERE
5.5MM2 IS THE MINIMUM WIRE SIZE FOR AN AIR- DUMPED INTO THE BOWL, FILLING THE FRON
CONDITIONING UNIT. TRAPWAY AND CREATING SIPHON ACTION. THIS
MODEL PROVIDES QUICK REMOVAL OF WATER
MOTOR IS THE MAIN COMPONENT OF A ROTATING WUTH MINIMUM WATER RISE. SMALL WATER
MECHANICAL DEVICE. SURFACE MAKES THE MODEL MORE VULNERABLE
TO SOILING AND CLOGGING. THIS IS THE LEAST
VOLTAGE IS THE UNIT OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY AS A EFFICIENT AND MOST NOISY TYPE BUT LOWEST IN
PRODUCT OF CURRENT PASSING THROUGH A COST.
RESISTOR.
PRESSURE/TANKLESS STRONG FLUSHING ACTION
BUSHING & LOCK NUT IS THE PAIR OF FIITING CREATED BY A JET OF WATER DIRECTED INTO THE
TERMINATING AN EMT TO A UTILITY BOX. RIM AND JET. THE FORCE OF THE JET DRAWS THE
BOWL CONTENTS INTO THE REAR TRAP. IT DOESN'T
SERNAT, JOHN DAVID R.
mjdsernat@tip.edu.ph
ARCHITECTURE
USE SIPHONIC ACTION BUT RELIES ON THE DRIVING A CONCERT HALL TO REFLECT SOUND FOR
FORCE OF JET ACTION. AT FLUSH VALVE 25 PSI IS IMPROVING THE ACOUSTIC QUALITY OF MUSIC.
NEEDED WITH 1.5-IN. INLET SPUD. LARGE WATER
SURFACE AND LARGE TRAPWAY SIZE MAKE THIS NOISE REDUCTION THE PERCEIVED DIFFERENCE IN
MODEL EFFICIENT AND SUITABLE FOR COMMERCIAL SOUND PRESSURE LEVELS BETWEEN TWO
USE. FLUSHING IS VERY NOISY. EXPENSIVE. ENCLOSED SPACES DUE TO THE SOUND-ISOLATING
QUALITIES OF THE SEPARATING BARRIER AS WELL
REVERSE-TRAP WATER ENTERS THROUGH RIM AS THE ABSORPTION PRESENT IN THE RECEIVING
PUNCHINGS AND THROUGH A JET THAT FILLS THE ROOM.
REAR TRAPWAY COMPLETELY, CREATING A SIPHON
ACTION AND RESULTING IN QUICK WITHDRAWAL OF SOUND ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT FRACTION OF
WATER FROM THE BOWL. A WATER JET IS LOCATED ENERGY OF THE INCIDENT SOUND ABSORBED BY
AT THE INLET OF THE TRAPWAY. MOST OF THE BOWL THE SURFACE; THE TIME FRACTION OF INCIDENT
SURFACE IS COVERED WITH WATER. THIS MODEL IS ENERGY NOT REFLECTED.
EFFICIENT BUT MODERATELY NOISY. ITS COST IS
REASONABLY LOW. SABINS UNIT FOR SOUND ABSORPTION

1 YEAR PLUMBING PERMIT SHALL BE INVALID IF FLANKING TRANSMISSION SOUND WHICH

WORKS NOT COMMENCED AFTER A PERIOD OF PENETRATES THROUGH SURFACE BY MEANS OF
TRAVELLING ALONG PARTS OF THE BUILDING OTHER
PRESSURE/TANK A STEEL TANK IS LOCATED INSIDE THAN THE COMMON WALL OR FLOOR
THE CHINA TANK. USES PRESSURE FROM THE
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM. A 1.5 IN. WATER SUPPLY WAVELENGTH THE DISTANCE A SOUND WAVE
LINE PROVIDES 25 PSI PRESSURE, COMPRESSING TRAVELS DURING EACH COMPLETE CYCLE OF
TRAPPED AIR IN THE TANK. WHEN FLUSHED THE VIBRATION MEASURED IN METERS OR FEET
COMPRESSED AIR FORCES THE WATER OUT. THE
LOUDNESS A SUBJECTIVE ATTRIBUTE OF AN
BOWL IS DESIGNED TO ACCEPT THE TORRENT OF
AUDITORY SENSATION IN TERMS OF WHICH SOUND
WATER. THE CREST OF THE SURGING WATER
MAY BE ORDERED ON A SCALE OF SOFT TO LOUD.
EMPTIES THE BOWL THROUGH THE ENLARGED
TRAP. LARGE WATER SURFACE MAKES THIS MODEL REVERBERATION THE PROLONGATION OF SOUND
EFFICIENT. DESIGN FEATURES MAKE IT SUITABLE AS A RESULT OF SUCCESSIVE REFLECTIONS IN AN
FOR RESIDENTIAL USE. FLUSHING IS VERY NOISY. ENCLOSED SPACE AFTER THE SOURCE OF SOUND IS
LOW WATER USAGE (1.5 GPF) HELPS CONSERVE TURNED OFF.
WATER. EXPENSIVE.
AS A RESULT, RELEVANT TO SOUND REFLECTION, A
COMMON VENT A VENT CONNECTING AT THE CONVEX SURFACE RESULTS TO SOUND
JUNCTION OF TWO FIXTURE DRAINS AND SERVING DISPERSION.
AS A VENT FOR BOTH FIXTURES A SINGLE VENT THAT
VENTILIATES MULTIPLE TRAPS, IN THE CASE OF AS A RESULT, RELEVANT TO SOUND REFLECTION, A
BACK TO BACK FIXTURE CONCAVE SURFACE RESULTS TO SOUND
CONCENTRATION
LEACH TO CAUSE WATER OR OTHER LIQUID TO
PERCOLATE THROUGH SOMETHING, SO AS TO SOUND REFRACTION CHANGE OF SOUND WAVE
DISSOLVE OUT SOLUBLE CONSTITUENTS. DIRECTION AS IT MOVES FROM ONE MEDIUM TO
ANOTHER OF DIFFERENT DENSITY
15 - THE MINIMUM DISTANCE (IN METERS) OF WELL
FROM A SEPTIC TANK SOUND DIFFUSION THE ACOUSTICAL PHENOMENON
WHICH CAUSES SOUND WAVES TO BE BENT OR
ELECTRICAL PIPING SYSTEM WHICH IS NOT ONE OF SCATTERED AROUND SUCH OBSTACLES AS
THE COMPONENTS OF PLUMBING? CORNERS, COLUMNS, WALLS, BEAMS, ETC.
IN LED LIGHT, LED MEANS LIGHT EMITTING DIODE SOUND DISPERSION OCCURS WHEN SOUND WAVES
ARE DISPERSED EQUALLY IN A ROOM
ANDELA THE UNIT OF LUMINOUS INTENSITY
DIRECT TRANSMISSION SOUND COMING THROUGH
TRANSMISSION LIGHT RAYS STRIKE A PLAIN THE COMMON WALL OR FLOOR
(SURFACE) TRANSPARENT GLASS WHICH ALLOWS
THE RAYS TO PROCEED FARTHER AIRBORNE SOUND A SOUND WAVE WHICH MOVES
THROUGH MATERIALS OR STRUCTURES
DIFFUSION LIGHT RAYS LEAVING THE SOURCE
STRIKE A ROUGH, OPAQUE SURFACE WHICH POROUS ABSORBERS SOUND ABSORBERS MADE
SPREADS THE LIGHT IN VARIOUS DIRECTIONS. USUALLY MADE OF FOAMED OPEN CELL PLASTICS,
MINERAL FIBRE, AND FLUFFY FABRICS. A WIDE
GENERAL LIGHTING A TYPE OF LIGHTING THAT VARIETY OF MATERIALS CAN BE APPLIED TO WALLS
DEALS WITH LIGHTING RELATIVELY LARGE AREA AND CEILINGS
COVERED.
COMPOSITES MANUFACTURED FROM
DOWNLIGHT RECESSED LIGHTING THAT IS BUILT IN COMBINATIONS OF MATERIALS FROM OPEN AND
DURING CONSTRUCTION. CLOSED CELLED FOAMS TO QUILTED FIBREGLASS
AND BARRIER
PENDANT LIGHT IS A HANGING FIXTURE FROM THE
CEILING
ADDRESSABLE FIRE ALARM PANEL FIRE ALARM
SCONCE LIGHT IS THE WALL MOUNTED LIGHTING SYSTEM THAT COMPRISES ONE OR MORE CIRCUITS
FIXTURE. WITH DETECTORS CONNECTED IN PARALLEL, AND
EACH DETECTOR HAS A UNIQUE IDENTIFICATION ON
COVE LIGHT IS A SHIELDED BY A LEDGE OR THE CIRCUIT.
HORIZONTAL RECESS THAT DISTRIBUTE LIGHT OVER
THE CEILING AND UPPER WALL. HIGH FIRE RISK AREAS AREAS WHICH, DUE TO THEIR
FUNCTION, ARE MORE USUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE TO AN
ACOUSTICAL CLOUD ONE OF A NUMBER OF OUTBREAK OF FIRE, OR TO A RAPID SPREAD OF FIRE
ACOUSTIC PANELS INSTALLED NEAR THE CEILING OF OR SMOKE.
SERNAT, JOHN DAVID R.
mjdsernat@tip.edu.ph
ARCHITECTURE
FIRE ALARM SYSTEM ANY VISUAL OR AUDIBLE WHAT DESIGN PROVISION SHOULD BE CRITICALLY
SIGNAL TO WARN THE OCCUPANTS OF THE CONSIDERED IN THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
PRESENCE OR DANGER OF FIRE. OF A SEPTIC TANK?

FIRE ALARM INDICATOR PANEL A FIRE PROTECTION • MANHOLE

INTEGRATED SYSTEM THAT COMPRISES THE
CONTROL AND INDICATOR PANEL. • AIRSPACE

FLASHOVER RAPID CHANGE FROM A LOCAL FIRE TO • INLET AND OUTLET

ONE INVOLVING ALL COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS IN A
ROOM. 19MM RECOMMENDED MINIMUM SIZE OF A WATER
SERVICE PIPE OF A DOMESTIC (HOUSE) STRUCTURE.
LIFE RISK AREAS AREAS IN WHICH ALL OCCUPANTS
ARE AMBULANT AND ABLE TO MOVE UNAIDED AWAY SETTING OF FIXTURES ROUGHING-IN DOESN’T
FROM A FIRE INCLUDE THIS. IN ONLY INCLUDES INSTALLATION OF
VALES AND PIPES AND PROVISION OF HANGERS AND
CORROSIVE LIQUID ANY LIQUID WHICH CAUSES FIRE SUPPOERTS.
WHEN IN CONTACT WITH ORGANIC MATTER OR WITH
PLUMBING THE ART AND SCIENCE OF INSTALLING IN
OTHER CHEMICALS.
BUILDINGS PIPES, FITTINGS, FIXTURES, AND OTHER
APPURTENANCES FOR BRINGING IN WATER SUPPLY
SPRINKLER SYSTEM AN INTEGRATED NETWORK
AND REMOVING WASTES OR WATERBORNE WASTES.
HYDRAULICALLY DESIGNED SYSTEM WHICH
AUTOMATICALLY DISCHARGES WATER WHEN POLYBUTYLENE IS NOT A RIGID PLASTIC PIPE. ONLY
ACTIVATED BY HEAT OR COMBUSTION PRODUCTS POLYVINYL CHLORIDE, STYRENE RUBBER, AND
FROM A FIRE. CHLORINATED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE.
46-60 PSI IT PROVIDES AMPLE AMOUNT OF WATER A STACK IS APPROPRIATELY APPLICABLE TO A
TO RESIDENCES OR ANY OTHER ESTABLISHMENTS, VERTICAL LINE OF VENT, WASTE, AND SOIL.
WATER OF SUFFICIENT PRESSURE MUST BE
PROVIDED BY WATER UTILITY COMPANY. THIS PSI IS RISER IS A TERM NOT APTLY USED IN SANITARY
THE RECOMMENDED PRESSURE RANGE THAT DRAINAGE SYSTEM.
SHOULD UTILITY COMPANY PROVIDE IN ORDER TO
MEET SUCH REQUIREMENT. GREY WATER IS A WASTE WATER THAT IS
DISCHARGED OR REMOVED FROM FIXTURES SUCH
HERTZ IS THE STANDARD UNIT FOR FREQUENCY AS LAVATORY, MOP SINK, KITCHEN SINK, FLOOR
EXPRESSED IN CYCLES PER UNIT TIME. DRAIN, ETC.
DIVERTER IS A STANDARD FEATURE PROVDED BY AT STREET SIDE UNDERNEATH IS THE LOGICALLY
MANUFACTURERS IN A FAUCET IS THE LEAST PIPE SIZE.
INSTALLATION OF A SIEVE-LIKE MATERIAL AT THE
ORIFICE OR OUTLET OF A FAUCET. SEDIMENTATION IS THE PROCESS OF REMOVING
SOME SUSPENDED MATTER FROM WATER BY
LAVATORY A POP-UP WASTE IS A DEVICE OR SIMPLY ALLOWING TIME AND INACTIVITY TO SETTLE
MECHANISM THAT CAN BE OPERATED IN ORDER TO HEAVIER SUSPENDED MATERIAL.
PREVENT WATER FROM BEING DRAINED WHEN
USING THE FIXTURE. THIS IS THE TYPE OF PLUMBING FIXTURE DRAINS IS LOGICALLY HAVE THE LEAST
FIXTURE THAT CAN POP-UP WASTE. PIPE SIZE.
TANK TYPE WATER CLOSET THIS IS NOT A RIGID STEEL CONDUIT IN RACEWAY WIRING SYSTEM,
SPECIFIED FEATURE OF A WATER CLOSET USED OR THIS MEANS THE RSC.
INSTALLED IN PUBLIC TOILET.
LOAD THE PART OF AN ELECTRIC CIRCUIT OTHER
WHY SHOULD AN AIR GAP BE PROVIDED IN A THAN THE SOURCE WHICH INCLUDES APPLIANCES
LAVATORY SINK? SUCH AS TELEVISION SET, WASHING MACHINE,
ELECTRIC RANGE, ETC.
• TO PREVENT BACKFLOW
RESISTANCE IS THE PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF
• TO ELIMINATE CROSS-CONNECTION CONDUCTORS THAT OPPOSES CURRENT AND
DISSIPATES REAL POWER IN THE FORM OF HEAT; IT
• TO AVOID CONTAMINATING WATER SUPPLY IS MEASURED IN OHMS.
10MM IS THE REQUIRED NOMINAL PIPE SIZE CONTRACTOR IS THE CONTACT DEVICE DESIGNED
LAVATORY OR SINK. FOR THE CONNECTION OF A SINGLE ATTACHMENT
PLUG IN AN OUTLET.
FIXTURE UNIT PLUMBING FIXTURES ARE RATED
ACCORDING TO THE AMOUNT OF WASTE WATER IT OUTLET BOX IS A SQUARE, CIRCULAR,
CAN DISCHARGE PER UNIT TIME. RECTANGULAR OR OCTANGONAL METALLIC OR
NON-METALLIC BOX OR ENCLOSURE USED IN
REFRIGERATOR WASTE IS THE INDIRECT WASTE PROTECTIGN WIRES AND CABLES AND WHERE
PIPE SYSTEM THAT IS GENERALLY APPLIED IN THIS SPLICES ARE MADE FOR BRANCHES.
TYPE OF FIXTURE.
TIME-CONTROLLED SWITCH IS A SIMPLE TYPE OF
1 ½ S-TRAP DENOTES THE GOOSENECK. SWITCH HAVING HINGED COPPER BLADES AND A
HANDLE, CONTACT BETWEEN CIRCUITS CAN BE
BACKPRESSURE VENT PIPES SHOULD BE INSTALLED
MADE BY SWINGING HANDLE UPWARDS AND
IN PLUMBING SYSTEM IN ORDER TO PREVENT THIS.
INSERTING INYO CONTACT CLIPS. THIS TYPE OF
CESSPOOL IS A TYPE OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL SWITCH IS USED AS DISCONNECTING MEANS.
SYSTEM THAT IS CONSIDERED AS THE MOST
PROTONS ARE POSITIVELY CHARGED PARTICLES OF
INSANITARY.
AN ATOM.

SERNAT, JOHN DAVID R.

mjdsernat@tip.edu.ph
ARCHITECTURE
ION IS THE TERM WHICH REFERS TO AN ATOM OR GENERATOR IS A MECHANICAL DEVICE USED IN
MOLECULE WHICH IS NOT ELECTRICALLY COVERTING MECHANICAL INTO ELECTRICAL
BALANCED. ENERGY.

ASKAREL IS AN INSULATING LIQUID USUALLY USED THREE-WAY SWITCH IS A TYPE OF SWITCH USED IN
IN TRANSFORMER AS INSULATION AND COOLANT, IT CONJUNCTION WITH ANOTHER SWITCH OF THE
IS A SYNTHETIC UNSULATING LIQUID WHICH WHEN SAME TYPE, USED TO CONTROL LIGHTS IN 2
DECOMPOSED BY ELECTRIC ARE WILL EVOLVE NON- DIFFERENT LOCATIONS.
FLAMMABLE GASEOUS MIXTURE.
AMPERE IS THE UNIT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT WHERE
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM IS A CONTONUOUS PATH OF AN ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE OF 1 VOLT ACTS
AN ELECTRIC CURRENT COMPOSED OF ACROSS A RESISTANCE OF 1 OHM IN A CURRENT
CONDUCTORS, CONDUCTING PATH AND LOAD. FLOW.

FUSE IS A SIMPLE TYPE OF OVER-CURRENT GENERATOR IS A MECHANICAL SOURCE OF

PROTECTIVE DEVICE CONSISTING OF A FUSIBLE ELECTRICITY.
LINK OR WIRE OF LOW MELTING TEMPERATURE SO
THAT WHEN SUBJECTED TO EXCESS CURRENT THE POWER IS THE RATE AT WHICH ENERGY IS USED AT
ENERGY LOSS IN THE LINK GENERATES HEAT AND A PARTICULAR RATE OVER A GIVEN SPAN OF TIME.
MELT IT RESULTING IN ITS SELF-DESTRUCTION.
COULOMB ELECTRICAL POWER IS TO WATTS OR
DEMAND FACTOR IS THE RATIO OF THE MAXIMUM COLTS-AMPERE AS MECHANICAL POWER.
DEMAND OF A SYSTEM OR PART OF A SYSTEM TI THR
TOTAL CONNECTED LOAD OF A SYSTEM IR OART IF A MOTOR IS A DEVICE USED TO CONVERT ELECTRICAL
SYSTEM UNDER CONSIDERARTION; EXPRESSED IN POWER INTO MECHANICAL POWER.
PERCENTAGE.
GUIDE RAILS IS THE STEEL TRACK WHICH
100 WATTS IS THE MAXIMUM WATTAGE FOR EACH CONTROLS THE TRAVEL OF THE ELEVATOR. IT IS
LUGHTING OUTLET FOR CALCULATION PURPOSES. USED TO CONVERT ELECTRICAL POWER INTO
MECHANICAL POWER.
ALTERNATOR A WORS THAT IS SYNONYMOUS WITH
ALTERNATING CURRENT GENERATOR. LANDING IS THE PORTION OF A BUILDING WHICH IS
ADJACENT TO THE SHAFT USED FOR RECEIVING AND
RACEWAY THESE ARE CHANNELS INCLUDING DISCHARGING PASSENGERS.
WIRING ACCESSORIES DESIGNED FOR HOLDING
WIRES, CABLES, OR BUSBARS. 40% IS THE PERCENTAGE OF LIVE LOAD THAT THE
COUNTERWEIGHT IS DESIGNED TO CARRY PLUS THE
CONDUCTORS ARE MATERIALS OR SUBSTANCES WEIGHT OF THE ELEVATOR CAR.
THAT HAVE FREE ELECTRONS OR OTHER CHARGE
CARRIERS WHICH PERMIT CHARGE FLOW WHEN AN BUFFER IS THE PISTON OR SPRING DEVICE WHICH
EMF (ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE) IS APPLIED ACROSS ABOSRBS THE IMPACT OF THE DESCENDING CSR IN
SUCH MATERIAL SUBSTANCE. THE ELEVATOR PIT.

PULL BOX IS A BOX WITH A BLANK COVER THAT IS ELISHA OTIS PATENTED THE SAFETY DOORS FOR
INSTALLED IN ONE OR MORE RUNS OF RACEWAYS ELEVATORS.
TO FACILITATE PULLING-IN OF CONDUCTORS.
DRIVING MACHINE IS THE COMPONENT OF AN
RECTIFIERS IS A DEVICE SHOULD BE USED IN ESCALATOR PROVIDES ITS MOTIVE POWER.
CONVERTING ALTERNATING CURRENT INTO DIRECT
CURRENT. AN EXAMPLE OF THIS IS THAT OF AN 6 IS THE MAXIMUM HEIGHT LIMIT (STOREY) FOR
ELEVATOR WHERE THE POWER INPUT IS IN ACT AND BUILDINGS USING THE HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS.
THE REQUIRED CURRENT TO RUN THE MOTORS IS IN
FREIGHT ELEVATORS IS THE GENERAL TERM USED
DC.
FOR THE ELEVATOR USED TO MOVE FURNITURE,
TRANSFER SWITCH IS A TYPE OF SWITCH USED FOR BUILDING MAINTENANCE MATERIAL, GOODS, ETC. IN
TRANSFERRING ONE OR MORE LOAD CONDUCTOR COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS.
CONNECTIONS FROM ONE POWER SOURCE TO
GUIDE RAILS IS THE AUTOMATIC DEVICE WHICH
ANOTHER.
STOPS THE CAR WITHIN THE OVER TRAVEL
PANELBOARD IS ALSO KNOWN AS ELECTRICA PANEL INDEPENDENT OF THE OPERATING DEVICE.
OR LOAD CENTER.
TRUSS IS THE PART OF THE ESCALATOR WHICH
TRANSFORMER A STATIC ALTERNATING CURRENT SUPPORTS THE WHOLE EQUIPMENT AND PROVDIES
(AC) DEVICE USED TO CHANGE VOLTAGE FROM SPACE FOR ITS COMPONENTS.
HIGHER TO LOWER OR VICE VERSA. IT IS
LOOSE FILL INSULATIONS IS CONSIST OF LOOSE
ELECTROMAGNETICALLY CONNECTED THROUGH
FIBERS OR GRANULES AND IS MADE FROM
WINDINGS NAMELY THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
CELLULOSE, FIBERGLASS, ROCKWOOL, COTTON, OR
WINDINGS.
OTHER MATERIALS. THESE MATERIALS COME IN
14.0M IS THE MINIMUM SIZE OF SERVICE ENTRANCE BAGS AND ARE USUALLY BLOWN INTO CAVITIES
CONDUCTOR AS PRESCRIBED IN THE CODE. USING SPECIAL EQUIPMENT.

AMPACITY IS THE ABILITY OF WIRE OR CABLE TO POROUS EXPNADED POLYPROPYLENE (PEPP)

CARRY CURRENT WITHOUT OVERHEATING, IT IS GENERALLY USED TO MANUFACTURE ACOUSTICAL
RATED IN AMPERES. BAFFLES.

SWITCHBOARD IS A FREESTANDING ASSEMBLY OF ALUMINUM IS A MEDIUM THAT SOUND TRAVEL

SWITCHES, FUSES AND CIRCUIT BREAKERS WHICH FASTEST.
PROVIDES SWITCHING AND FEEDER PROTECTION
OFFICE ACTIVITIES SOUND SOURCES THAT CAUSES
TO A NUMBER OF CIRCUITS TO A MAIN SOURCE.
HIGHEST SOUND PRESSURE AND SOUND PRESSURE
LEVEL.

SERNAT, JOHN DAVID R.

mjdsernat@tip.edu.ph
ARCHITECTURE
SOUND ABSORBING MATERIALS THAT CAN BE USED COST ANG KINUKUHA, PERO
IN ANY OF THE FF MANNERS: DAPAT TINGNAN ANG SCAOPE OF
SERVICES NG ISANG FIRM KASI
• ECHO CONTROL BAKA KAHIT MURA, PERO MERON
PALA SILANG HINDI ININCLUDE NA
• REVERBERATION CONTROL
WORKS.
• NOISE REDUCTION 7. CONSTRUCTION

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY NUMBERS 1-4: ARCHITECT

AUMBER 6: AOR, AICC, CA

3 ROLES OF AN ARCHITECT:
• ANG AOR AY REQUIRED NG WEEKLY SITE
1. ARCHITECT OF RECORD: DESIGN
VISIT.
ARCHITECT
2. ARCHITECT IN-CHARGE OF • AFTER NG CONSTRUCTION, MAG-AAPPLY
CONSTRUCTION: LIABLE FOR THE OVERALL NA SI CLIENT NG OCCUPANCY PERMIT.
CONSTRUCTION. TAGA-OVERSEE NG
THE BIDDING DOCUMENTS SHALL INCLUDE:
CONSTRUCTION. KAPAG ‘DI IKAW ANG
DESIGNER, ‘WAG KANG MAKIALAM. ANG 1. APPROVED BUDGET FOR THE CONTRACT
PWEDE MO LANG PIRMAHAN AY MGA AS- 2. INSTRUCTION TO BIDDERS
BUILT PLANS. AS-BUILT PLANS ARE 3. TERMS OF REFERENCE
DIFFERENT FROM CONSTRUCTION 4. ELIGIBLE REQUIREMENTS
DRAWINGS. ANG AS-BUILT PLANS AY MGA 5. PLANS AND TECHNICALS SPECIFICATIONS
DRAWINGS KAPAG TAPOS NA ANG 6. FORM OF BID, PRICE FORM, AND LIST OF
IPINAGAWANG PROJECT. REQUIRED GOODS OR BILL OF QUANTITIES
GUMAWA NG AS-BUILT PLANS SI 7. DELIVERY TIME OR COMPLETION
CONTRACTOR. SCHEDULE
a. CLIENT – KUKUHA NG ARCHITECT 8. FORM AND AMOUNT OF BID SECURITY
b. ARCHITECT – KUKUHA NG 9. FORM AND AMOUNT OF PERFORMANCE
CONTRACTOR SECUIRTY AND WARRANTY
c. CONTRACTOR – KUKUHA NG 10. FORM OF CONTRACT AND GENERAL AND
ARCHITECT IN-CHARGE OF SPECIAL CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT
CONSTRUCTION
TOOLS
NOTE: HINDI PA PWEDENG TIRAHAN NI CLIENT ANG
FINISHED PROJECT HANGGA’T WALA PA SIYANG 1. HAND TOOL – USED BY HANDS
OCCUPANCY PERMIT. THIS IS FOR LEGALITY. 2. POWER TOOLS – USED BY HANDS AND
CHINECHECK ITO NG BUILDING OFFICIAL IF SAFE BA POWERED BY ENERGY
ANG STRUCTURE. 3. EQUIPMENT – USED FOR SURVEYING
4. HEAVY EQUIPMENTS – USED IN HEAVY
3. CONSULTANT ARCHITECT: PWEDENG CONSTRUCTION. ‘DI NA KAYA NG
KUMUHA SI ARCHITECT NG CONSULTANT MANPOWER.
ARCHITECT. KUNG SINONG DESIGNER NG
PROJECT, SIYA LANG ANG PWEDE MAGSIGN ELEMENTS OF SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN:
AND SEAL NG PROJECT. PERO IF
CONSULTANT ARCHITECT KA LANG, HINDI 1. PROPERTY LINE
PWEDE. 2. ROOF PLAN
3. ISA/USA
PROJECT LIFE CYCLE 4. RROW
5. ORIENTATION
1. PREDESIGN PHASE/ PROJECT DEFINITION 6. LANDSCAPES/ ENTOURAGE
PHASE 7. BUILDING LINE
a. CONCEPTUAL/CONCEPT BOARD 8. DIMENSIONS
2. SCHEMATIC DESIGN PHASE 9. LAWN
a. SPACE PROGRAMMING 10. GRID CALLOUTS
b. TEST SCHEMES 11. DRIVEWAY
3. DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
a. INITIAL FLOORPLANS AND WHY DO WE NEED GRID CALLOUTS? FOR STAKING-
ELEVATIONS OUT PURPOSES.
4. CONTRACT DOCUMENTS
a. BLUEPRINTS RATIO OF STAKING OUT: 3:4:5
b. 7 SETS (5 FOR BUILDING OFFICIAL,
1 FOR CLIENT, 1 FOR CONCRETE MIX:
CONTRACTOR)
• CLASS AA: CONCRETE UNDER WATER,
c. ARCHITECTS ANG TAGACOLLECT
RETAINING WALLS
5. 1. BUILDING PERMIT
• CLASS A: FOOTINGS, COLUMNS, BEAMS, RC
a. CLIENT ANG NAG-AASIKASO NG
SLABS
BP. TAYO LANG ANG MAGBIBIGAY
NG REQUIREMENTS PARA SILA • CLASS B: SLAB ON FILL, NON-BERAING
ANG MAG-ASIKASO. WALLS
6. 5.2 BIDDING • CLASS C: CONCRETE PLANT BOXES, ETC.
a. WAY PARA MAKAKUHA NG
RIGHTFUL CONTRACTOR.
b. NORMALLY, ANG MORTAR: CEMENT BETWEEN HOLLOWBLOCKS
PINAKAMABABANG OFFER OR
SERNAT, JOHN DAVID R.
mjdsernat@tip.edu.ph
ARCHITECTURE
PLASTER: PALITADA • WOOD AND STEEL: OIL-BASED
• CONCRETE: WATER-BASED
MORTAR AND PLASTER
HOW TO PURCHASE PAINT?
C S
CLASS A 1 2 • 1 PALE = 1 TIN
CLASS B 1 3
CLASS C 1 4 PHILIPPINE STANDARD
CLASS D 1 5
• 1 PALE = 4 GALONS
• 1 GALON = 4 LITERS
PURPOSE NG CONCRETE MIX NG MORTAR AND
PLASTER. BAKIT IBA SA GENERAL CONCRETE MIX? PAINT IN CAN:

• WALANG AGGREGATE ANF PLASTER • 1 LUER = 2 PINTS

• NAKADEPENDE SA KUNG GAANO ITO
KAKAPAL GAANO KARAMI ANG NAPIPINTURAHAN NG 1 GALON
PAINT?
COMMON SIZE NG HOLLOBLOCKS:
• 25 SQM SURFACE AREA OF WALL
• 4-6 INCHES
• LENGTH AND HEIGHT: 8X16 INCHES SLUMP TEST: IS THE METHOD USED TO ENSURE THE
FRESHLY MIXED CONCRETE HAS ACHIEVED THE
STANDARD SIZE OF BRICKS: DESIRED CONSISTENCY. A STANDARD CONE IS 12
INCHES HIGH (0.30) AND 8 INCHES (0.20) IN DIAMETER
• THK: 2 ¼ AT THE BOTTOM AND 4 INCHES (0.10) ON TOP WHICH
• W: 3 ¾ IS OPEN IN BITH ENDS.
• L: 8
GLAZED WEATHERPROOF TILES: ARE DURABLE
PAANO GUMAWA NG POSTE? TILES WITH A SEMI-VITREOUS BODY AND ARE
SUITABLE FOR USE ON ALL WALLS BOTH INTERIOR
• INSTALLATION OF REBARS SA FOOTINGS AND EXTERIOR AND ON ALL FLOORS EXCEPT THOSE
• FORMS SUBJECT TO HEAVY WEAR. ALL DULL OR MATTE
• BUHOS NG CONCRETE MIX FINISH IS REOMMENDED WHEN THESE TILES ARE
USED ON FLOORS.
PAANO GUMAWA NG CHB WALL?
CORRUGATED INSULATIONS: IS USUALLY MADE
• LAYER FROM PAPER FOAMED INTO SHAPED THATT
• MORTAR PRODUCE ENCLOSED AIR POCKETS. ONE TYPE IS
• PLASTER PRODUCED BY SHAPING HEAVY PAPER INTO A
• FINISHES SERIES OF SMALL REGULAR SEMICIRCULAR
o SKIM COAT: USED FOR INTERIORS. CORRUGATIONS AND COVERING A BOTH SIDES WITH
BAWAL GAMITIN SA EXTERIOR A SHEET OF FLAT PAPER TO GIVE STRENGTH AND
KASI BAKA LUMOBO. PRODUCE A POCKETS.
o WATERPROOFING: USED FOR
BASEMENT AND CR ONLY. QUARRY TILES: SUITABLE TILES AROUND THE POOL
o VERNACULAR TERM IS WHICH HAS A HIGH SLIP RESISTANCE, IMPERVIOUS
PAGLALASON. LALASUNIN ANG TO DIRT AND STAIN, AND RESISTANT TO
PADER BY USING NEUTRALIZER. ABRASSIONS.
WHY? PARA MA-OXIDIZE ANG
TURF PAVEMENTS: ARE PAVEMENTS MADE OF UNIT
PADER. PARA ‘DI MASIPSIP NG
PAVERS WITH SPACING IN BETWEEN TO
CONCRETE ANG PINTURA.
ACCOMMODATE GRASS OR GROUND COVERS OVER
• PRIMER
A TOP SOIL MIX.
• PINTURA
COARSE AGGREGATE: IS AN AGGREGATE LARGER
TYPE OF PAINT FOR WOOD: THAN ¼” IN SIZE XONSISTS OF CRUSHED STONES,
GRAVEL OR OTHER INSERT MATERIALS OF SIMILAR
• VARNISH
CHARACTERISTICS.
• ENAMEL
• AUTOMOTIVE EXPOSED AGGREGATE FINISH: THE COLOR OF THIS
FINISH IS OBTAINED FROM THE EXPOSED
TYPE OF PAINT FOR CONCRETE:
AGGREGATE AND NOT THROUGH THE ADDITION OF
COLORING MATERIALS TO THE MISTURE. SUCH
• ACRYLIC LATEX
COLORED OR OTHER SPECIAL AGGREGATE USED
• RUBBERIZED EPOXY PAINT (FOR
FOR THE FINISH SHALL BE EXPOSED BY SCRUBBING.
HOSPITAL’S FLOOR, BASKETBALL COURT,
ETC.) ENAMEL PAINT: PRINCIPAL PAINT FOR EXTERIOR
• TEXTURED WOOD SURFACES. IT CONTAINS WHITE LEAD AS THE
WHITE PAINT PIGMENT, TOGETHER WITH COLOR
TYPE OF PAINT FOR STEEL:
PIGMENTS AND EXTENDERS IN A VEHICLE
CONSISTING OF DRYING OIL (USUALLY LINSEED
• VARNISH
OILS), DRYERS AND THE SOLVENT OR THINNER
• ENAMEL
(TURPENTINE).
• EPOXY ENAMEL
PORTLAND CEMENT – BASE PAINT: IS A WATER-
DIFFERENCE OF WOOD AND STEEL PAINT FROM
BASED PAINT (WHERE THE SOLVENT IS WATER) USED
CONCRETE PAINT:
SERNAT, JOHN DAVID R.
mjdsernat@tip.edu.ph
ARCHITECTURE
FOR PAINTING CONCRETE AND MASONRY CLASS PROPORTION CEMENT IN SAND GRAVEL
BAG
SURFACES. 40KG 50KG
AA 1:1.5:3 12.0 9.5 0.50 1.0
LOW-EMISSIVITY GLASS: IS PRODUCED BY A 1:2:4 9.0 7.0 0.50 1.0
B 1:2.5:5 7.5 6.0 0.50 1.0
DEPOSITING A LOW EMISSION COATING WITHER ON C 1:3:6 6.0 5.0 0.50 1.0
THE GLASS ITSELF OR OVER THE TRANSPARENT
PLASTIC FILM SUSPENDED IN THE SEALED AIR PLYWOOD: MOST COMMON WOOD COMPOSITE
SPACE OF THE INSULATING GLASS. THIS GLASS WHICH IS MADE OF SEVERAL PLIES GLUED
SELECTIVELY REFLECT THE LONGER WAVELENGTHS TOGETHER.
OF THE RADIANT HEAT WHILE TRANSMITTING
VISIBLE LIGHT. ANNEALED GLASS: A TYPE OF GLASS
MANUFACTURED BY POURING MOLTEN GLASS INTO
CLAY: BRICKS ARE BLOCK MADE OF KILM-FIRED A SURFACE OF MOLTEN TIN AND ALLOWING IT TO
MATERIALS LIKE CLAY OR SHALE. IT IS A MATERIAL COOL SLOWLY.
THAT CAN BE USED FOR WALLS, FLOORING, AND
ROOFING. 1 : 2.5 : 5 FOR CLASS B

RIGID PAVEMENTS: PAVEMENTS MADEOF STAKE: WOODEN STICKS USED AS POSTS

REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS OR PAVING UNITS SHARPENED AT ONE END AND DRIVEN INTO THE
MORTARED OVER A CONCRETE SLAB. IT GROUND TO SERVE AS BOUNDARIES FOR BUILDING
DISTRIBUTES THE LOADS INTERNALLY, LAYOUT.
TRANSFERRING THEM TO THE SUB-GADE OVER A
LARGE AND BROAD AREA. BALLOON FRAME: WOODEN BUILDING FRAME
HAVING STUDS FROM SILL PLATE TO ROOF PLATE.
GUNITE: THIS IS THE MICTURE OF SAND AND CEMENT
DEPOSITED UNDER HIGH PNEUMATIC PRESSURE LINTEL: BEAM SUPPORTING THE WEIGHT ABOVE A
WITH A MACHINE MANUFACTURED UNDER THE DOOR OR WINDOW OPENING.
TRADE NAME CEMENT GUN, TO WHICH THE
REQUIRED SUPPLY OF WATER IS ADDED JUST WATERPROOFING: A MEMBRANE OR COATING
BEFORE THE DRY CONSTITUENTS AMERGE FROM APPLIED TO RENDER A SURFACE IMPERVIOUS TO
NOZZLE. IT IS IDEAL FOR SWIMMING POOL WATER.
CONSTRUCTION.
FOUNDATION BED: THE NATURAL MATERIAL ON
MEMBRANE WATERPROOFING: IN THIS METHOD, ALL WHICH THE CONSTRUCTION RESTS.
CONCRETE SHOULD BE AS SMOOTH AS POSSIBLE
SPANDREL: A PANEL-LIKE AREA IN A MULTI-STOREY
AND SHOULD BE CLEANED AND DRY. THE CONCRETE
FRAME BUILDING BETWEEN WINDOW SILL AND
SHOULD BE ALLOWED TO SET THOROIGHLY AND ALL
WINDOW HEAD.
UNEVEN SURFACES SHOULD BE LEVELED UP WITH A
COAT OF CEMENT MORTAR. CONSTRUCTION: THE PROCESS OF BUILDING, FROM
SITE PREPARATION THROUGH ERECTION, ASSEMBLY,
SENEPA: VERNACULAR TERM FOR FASCIA BOARD.
AND FINISHING OPERATIONS.
WIND PERCENTAGE ACCORDING TO WINDOW TYPE:
MID-RISE: DESCRIBING A BUILDING HAVING A
• JALOUISE: 100% MODERATELY LARGE NUMBER OF STORIES, USUALLY
5 TO 10, AND EQUIPPED WITH ELEVATORS.
• SLIDING: 50%
• DOUBLE-HUNG: 50% RAISED FLOORING SYSTEM: A SYSTEM OF REMOVAL
• FIXED: 0 AND INTERCHANGEABLE FLOOR PANELS
SUPPORTED ON ADJUSTABLE PEDESTALS FOR
MINIMUM CEILING HEIGHTS FOR HABITABLE ROOMS
ACCESS BELOW.
ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION: 2.40 METERS FROM FLOOR
DOWEL: A DEFORMED BAR, EMBEDDED IN A
TO CEILING
CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION AT A JOINT AND
• FIRST STOREY: 2.70 METERS DESIGNED TO HOLD ABUTTING EDGES TOGETHER,
NOT DESIGNED FOR DIRECT LOAD TRANSFER
• SECOND STOREY: 2.40 METERS
• SUCCEEDING FLOORS: NOT LESS THAN CONTINUOUS BEAM: SUPPORTED BY A ROW OF
2.10 METERS COLUMNS.
NATURAL VENTILATION: 2.70 METERS FROM FLOOR PILE FOUNDATION: A TYPE OF FOUNDATION WHERE
TO CEILING. FROM FIRST FLOOR AND ABOVE. THE LOAD OF BUILDING IS DISTRIBUTED DEEP INTO
THE SOIL.
MEZZANINE FLOORS: CLEAR CEILING HEIGHT NA 1.80
METERS (ABOVE AND BELOW IT) BORED PILE: CLASSIFICATION OF CAST IN PLACE
CONCRETE ACCORDING TO ITS METHOD OF
PAANO I-ESTIMATE ABD QUANTITY NG CEMENT,
INSTALLATION.
SAND, AT GRAVEL?
FOUNDATION: TRANSITIONAL STRUCTURE OF A
1. DAPAT ALAM MO ANG STANDARD
BUILDING TO SAFELY TRANSFER THE LOAD TO THE
MULTIPLIERS FOR CONCRETE
COMPARATIVELY WEAKER GROUND.
PROPORTIONING ACCORDING SA TYPE NG
MIXTURE O TINATAWAG NA CONCRETE RETAINING WALL: WALL, EITHER FREESTANDING OR
PROPORTIONING MIXTURE. LATERALLY BRACED, THAT BEARS AGAINST AN
a. ANO ANG MICTURE CLASS? ITO AY EARTH OR OTHER FILL SURFACE AND RESISTS
MICTURE PORPORTIONING NG LATERAL AND OTHER FORCES FROM THE MATERIAL
CONCRETE BASE SA KUNG SAAN IN CONTACT WITH THE SIDE OF THE WALL, THEREBY
ITO GAGAMITIN.
SERNAT, JOHN DAVID R.
mjdsernat@tip.edu.ph
ARCHITECTURE
PREVENTING THE MASS FROM SLIDING TO A LOWER RETARDERS: IS USE TO DELAY OR TO EXTEND THE
ELEVATION. SETTING TIME OF THE CEMENT PASTE IN CONCRETE.

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS: IT CONTAINS AN IMPELLER CAST IRON: COMP. STRENGTH 6.3-7.1 TONNES /SQ
MOUNTED ON A ROTATING SHAFT. CM

NATURAL SURFACE WATER: A MIXTURE OF SURFACE ULTIMATE TENSILE IS STRENGTH 1.26 TO 1.57
RUN-OFF AND GROUND WATER. IT INCLUDES RIVERS, TONNES/SQ CM.
LAKES, PONDS AND RESERVOIRS.
WROUGHT IRON: COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH IS 2.0
SOUND ISOLATION: THE USE OF BUILDING TONNES/SQ CM AND ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH
MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION ASSEMBLIES 3.15 TONNES/SQ CM
DESIGNED TO REDUCE THE TRANSMISSION OF
AIRBORNE AND STRUCTURE-BORNE SOUND FROM STEEL: COMPREHENSIVE STRENGTH 4.75 – 25.2
ONE ROOM TO ANOTHER OR FROM THE EXTERIOR TONNES/ SQ CM
TO THE INTERIOR OF A BUILDING.
5.51 TO 11.02 T/SQM THE ULTIMATE TENSILE
SOUND: A VIBRATION THAT PROPAGATES AS A STRENGTH OF STEEL.
TYPICALLY AUDIBLE MECHANICAL WAVE OF
PRESSURE AND DISPLACEMENT, IN AN ELASTIC TENDON: WHAT IS A STEEL ELEMENT SUCH AS WIRE,
MEDIUM SUCH AS AIR, WATER, MOST BUILDING CABLE, BAR, ROD OR STRAND, OR A BUNDLE OF
MATERIALS, AND THE EARTH. SUCH ELEMENTS, USED TO IMPART PRESTRESS TO
CONCRETE?
OPUS CAEMENTICIUM: THE WORD “CEMENT”
TRACES FROM THE ROMANS WHO USED THE TERM VIGAN TILES: A FLOOR FINISH COMMERCIALLY SIZE
1” X 12” X 12” UTILIZING CLAY AND FIRED IN
ACCELERATORS: THIS WILL ALLOW EARLIER TRADITIONAL MANNER MAKING INTERESTING AND
REMOVAL OF FORMS AND IN SOME CASES REDUCE ATTRACTIVE RUSTIC CLAY SHADE PATTERNS.
THE WHOLE CURING PERIOD. BECAUSE OF THE RUSTIC EFFECT THE FLOOR IS
FINISHED ROUGH AND SIMPLY ADHERE BY CEMENT
CAST-IRON: HAS MORE THAN 1.5-4.5% PRESENT AS WITH SOME IRREGULARITIES
FREE GRAPHITE
GRADING: WHAT IS THE ACT OF EXCAVATING OR
STONE MASONRY: BUILDING STONES OBTAINED BY FILLING OF EARTH OR ANY SOUND MATERIAL OR
QUARRYING FROM THE ROCKY STRATA OF EARTH COMBINATION THEREOF, IN PREPARATION FOR A
AND REDUCING IT TO THE REQUIRED SHAPES AND FINISHING SURFACE SUCH AS PAVING?
SIZES FOR CONSTRUCTION.
COURSE AGGREGATES SHALL BE NO LARGER THAN
GRANITE: CONSISTS MAINLY OF QUARTZ, FELDSPAR, ¾ THE MINIMUM CLEAR SPACING BETWEEN
MICA, AND OTHER COLORED MINERALS; COLORS INDIVIDUAL REINFORCING BARS OR WIRES,
INCLUDE BLACK, GRAY, RED, PINK, BROWN, BUFF, BUNDLES OF BARS, OR PRESTRESSING TENDONS
AND GREEN. OR DUCTS: AGGREGATES SHOULD CONFORM TO
PNS OR ASTM STANDARDS AND MUST BE WELL
SANDSTONE: A TYPE OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK GRADED, EASY WORKABILITY AND METHOD OF
COMPOSED OF SAND-SIZED GRAINS MADE OF CONSOLIDATED ARE SUCH THAT THE CONCRETE
SILICA, IRON OXIDE AND CLAY - COLORS INCLUDE CAN BE POURED WITHOUT HONEYCOMB OR VOIDS.
GRAY, BROWN, LIGHT BROWN, BUFF, RUSSET, RED, WHAT IS THE NOMINAL MAXIMUM SIZE OF A COURSE
COPPER, AND PURPLE. AGGREGATE WHEN WORKING SPACES BETWEEN
REINFORCEMENTS FOR PROPER BONDING>
THE COMMON QUALITY CONTROL OF CONCRETE IS
BASED ON 7 AND 28 DAYS PERIODS. REBOKADA: VERNACULAR TERM FOR ROUGH
PLASTERING
STEEL: USED AS REINFORCEMENT IN R.B. & R.C.C.
FIGURED WIRED GLASS: A TYPE OF SHUTTER PROOF
WROUGHT IRONS: CAN WITHSTAND SHOCKS OPAQUE GLASS USED TO CONSTRUCT A DOOR WITH
WITHOUT PERMANENT INJURY SO USED IN CHAINS, GLASS TO ALLOW NATURAL LIGHT ONLY
CRANE HOOKS AND RAILWAY COUPLINGS
PEELING: A PAINT DEFECT WHICH INDICATES
CEMENT: IS A SUBSTANCE THAT SETS AND IMPERFECT ADHESION OF PAINT TO THE SURFACE,
HARDENED INDEPENDENTLY. WITH THE FILM GETTING STRIPPED OFF IN A
RELATIVELY LARGE PIECES DUE TO APPLICATION ON
CEMENT: PRODUCES LESSER STRENGTH OF
DAMP OR GREASY SURFACE
CONCRETE
TO RETARD THE INITIAL SET, TO PREVENT THE
MILD STEEL: CORRODES QUICKLY, EASILY FORGED,
EVAPORATION OF WATER FROM THE NEWLY PLACED
WELDED & RIVETED
CONCRETE, TO DECREASE THE WEIGHT OF
DAMPPROOFERS: MATERIALS USED TO REDUCE OR CONCRETE PER CUBIC FOOT: CONCRETE ADDITIVES
TO STOP THE PASSING OF WATER THROUGH THE MAY BE USED FOR THE FOLLOWING REASONS.
CONCRETE IS CALLED______.
CONCRETE ADDITIVES: IT MAKES THE CONCRETE
WATER CEMENT RATIO: THE BASIS IN DESIGNING OF MORE RESISTANT TO DETERIORATION DUE TO THE
CONCRETE MIXTURE REPEATED FREEZING AND THAWING CYCLE.

MEDIUM CARBON STEEL: USED FOR MAKING THOSE CAST IRON: IT HAS MORE THAN 1.5-4.5 % PRESENT
PARTS THAT ARE HARD , TOUGH AND DURABLE AND AS FREE GRAPHITE.
CAPABLE OF WITHSTANDING SHOCKS AND
EXAMPLES OF PORTLAND CEMENT BLENDS:
VIBRATIONS
SERNAT, JOHN DAVID R.
mjdsernat@tip.edu.ph
ARCHITECTURE
 • PORTLAND BLAST FURNACE CEMENT CONCRETE IS STILL PLASTIC TO CREATE THE LOOK
• MASONRY CEMENTS AND FINISH OF STONE, SLATE OR BRICK.
• COLORED CEMENTS
WATERPROOFING: A MEMBRANE OR COATING
DAMPPROOFERS: MATERIALS USED TO REDUCE OR APPLIED TO RENDER A SURFACE IMPERVIOUS TO
STOP THE PASSING OF WATER THROUGH THE WATER.
CONCRETE.
POROUS, RELATIVELY WEAK, COLOR RANGE,
FLOAT GLASS: A TYPE OF GLASS MANUFACTURED SURFACE TEXTURES: PROPERTIES OF LIMESTONE
BY POURING MOLTEN GLASS INTO A SURFACE OF AND SANDSTONE
MOLTEN TIN AND ALLOWING IT TO COOL SLOWLY.
FLEMISH BOND: BRICK BOND HAVING ALTERNATING
GRADING: THE ACT OF EXCAVATING OR FILLING OF HEADERS AND STRETCHERS IN EACH COURSE.
EARTH OR ANY SOUND MATERIAL OR COMBINATION
THEREOF, IN PREPARATION FOR A FINISHING DB BUT NOT LESS THAN 30 MM: THE MINIMUM
SURFACE SUCH AS PAVING. CONCRETE COVER FOR PRIMARY REINFORCEMENT
OF BEAMS AND COLUMNS NOT EXPOSED TO EARTH
FOUNDATION BOLT: A ROUND STEEL BOLT OR WEATHER FOR PRECAST MANUFACTURED
EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE OR MASONRY USED TO UNDER PLANT CONTROL CONDITIONS.
HOLD DOWN MACHINERY, STEEL COLUMNS OR
BEAMS, CASTING, SHOES, BEAM PLATES, AND KEEP THE CEMENT PLASTER AS THIN AS POSSIBLE:
ENGINE HEADS. TO PREVENT CEMENT PLASTER FROM IMPROPER
ADHESION, THE SUBSTRATE MUST BE ROUGHENED
STONE MASONRY WHILE OBSERVING THIS.

BUILDING STONES OBTAINED BY QUARRYING FROM BALLOON FRAME: WOODEN BUILDING FRAME
THE ROCKY STRATA OF EARTH AND REDUCING IT TO HAVING STUDS FROM SILL PLATE TO ROOF PLATE.
THE REQUIRED SHAPES AND SIZES FOR
CONSTRUCTION. EXAMPLES OF NON-PORTLAND HYDRAULIC
CEMENT:
POZZOLANIC ADMIXTURE: IT IMPROVES
CONCRETE'S WORKABILITY AND RESISTANCE TO • SLAG-LIME CEMENTS
CHEMICAL ATTACK. • POZZOLAN-LIME CEMENTS
• SUPERSULFATED CEMENTS
LEFT HAND: A TYPE OF "HANDS OF DOOR" WHERE
THE HINGE IS AT THE LEFT AND THE DOOR LEAF ACCELERATORS: THIS WILL ALLOW EARLIER
SWINGS INSIDE THE ROOM TO THE LEFT. REMOVAL OF FORMS AND IN SOME CASES REDUCE
THE WHOLE CURING PERIOD
PORTLAND CEMENT: CEMENT MADE OF GREY OR
WHITE. STANDARD SIZES, SHAPES, AND FORMS: WHEN
UTILIZING "KNOCK-DOWN" MODULAR SYSTEM OF
SANDSTONE: A TYPE OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK CABINETS AND FURNITURE, AN END USER IS
COMPOSED OF SAND-SIZED GRAINS MADE OF CONSTRAINED OF USING THIS.
SILICA, IRON OXIDE, AND CLAY. COLORS INCLUDE
GRAY, BROWN, BUFF, RUSSET, RED, COPPER, AND SURFACE IN CONTACT WITH THE BOLT HEAD AND
PURPLE. NUT SHALL HAVE A SLOPE OF NOT MORE THAN 1:10
WITH RESPECT TO A PLANE NORMAL TO THE BOLT
SCRATCH COAT: A PRE-TREATMENT OF POURED AXIS: GOOD HIGH-STRENGTH BOLTED CONNECTION
CONCRETE SUCH AS WALLS, BEAMS, AND COLUMNS FOR STEEL SHOULD HAVE THE FOLLOWING
WHERE A THIN LAYER OF LEAN CEMENT GROUT PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC FOR GOOD
MIXED WITH FLEXIBLE BASE ADDITIVES IS WORKMANSHIP. THIS IS CONSIDERED AS NOT IDEAL.
SPLATTERED BY TAMPICO BRUSH OR MASONRY
SPOON TO THE SURFACE TO GIVE A "TOOTH" FOR 25% OF SCAFFOLDINGS CAN BE REMOVED AT SLAB
EXCELLENT PLASTER ADHESION. AREA AFTER 14 DAYS AND 100% OF SCAFFOLDS
AFTER 21 DAYS AFTER POURING: THIS CRITERION
PIVOTED: A TYPE OF WINDOW WHERE THE CONFORMS TO GOOD CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE
VENTILATING SASH ROTATES 90 DEGREES TO 180 FOR THE EARLIEST TIME TO REMOVE SCAFFOLDING
DEGREES ABOUT THE HEADER AND SILL OR ABOUT FOR CONCRETE FLOORING OTHER THAN EARLY-
THE SIDE JAMB. STRENGTH CONCRETE IF NO ANTICIPATED LOAD IS
EXPECTED OVER THE POURED FLOOR.
CONCRETE SHALL BE CARRIED ON AT SUCH A RATE
THAT CONCRETE IS AT ALL TIMES PLASTIC AND PONDING: THIS IS DONE AT LEAST WITHIN 7-DAY
FLOWS READILTY INTO SPACE BETWEEN PERIOD OR MORE, 24 HOURS AFTER THE CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT: A CONCRETE HANDLING HAS POURED
CRITERION THAT IMPAIRS THE QUALITY OF
CONCRETE. GIRDER: A LARGE BEAM SUPPORTING A SMALLER
BEAM.
SCARF: A TYPE OF WOOD END JOINT WHERE BOTH
WOOD ARE CUT AT EQUAL ANGLES DIAGONALLY. STABILIZE: TO ALLOW CONCRETE TO DRY BY
KEEPING IT MOIST TO ATTAIN MAXIMUM STRENGTH.
STUCCO FLOOR FINISH: A CONCRETE FLOORING
AND FINISH WHICH TRANSFORMS ORDINARY PLAIN BATTER PILES: THESE ARE PILES AT AN INCLINATION
CONCRETE INTO AN ELEGANT AND DECORATIVE TO RESIST FORCES THAT ARE NOT CRITICAL.
TEXTURED SURFACE. THIS IS DONE BY ADDING
DUST-ON-COLOR PIGMENTS TO THE CONCRETE TO MASONRY NEUTRALIZER: A WATER-MIXED PRODUCT
GIVE A FAST COLOR AND IMPRINTED WITH A MIXED TO A RATIO OF 1:20 TO STABILIZE LIME
PATENTED PATTERN AND TEXTURE WHILE THE ACTIVITY IN NEW MASONRY SURFACE. WITHOUT

SERNAT, JOHN DAVID R.

mjdsernat@tip.edu.ph
ARCHITECTURE
PREPARING THE SURFACE WITH THIS MIXTURE WILL RETAINING WALL: A WALL THAT HOLDS BACK ON
CAUSE THE SUBSEQUENT PAINTING TO BE EARTH EMBANKMENT.
DEFECTIVE.
RETAINING WALL: A WALL, EITHER FREESTANDING
POST-TENSIONING: IT IS A METHOD OF PRE- OR LATERALLY BRACED, THAT BEARS AGAINST AN
STRESSING IN WHICH TENDONS ARE TENSIONED EARTH OR OTHER FILL SURFACE AND RESISTS
AFTER CONCRETE HAS HARDENED. LATERAL AND OTHER FORCES FROM THE MATERIAL
IN CONTACT WITH THE SIDE OF THE WALL, THEREBY
24 HOURS: FILLING IS DONE THE SAME WAY AS THE PREVENTING THE MASS FROM SLIDING TO A LOWER
SLUMP TEST BUT TAKEN OUT OF THE MOLD IN HOW ELEVATION.
LONG?
MASONRY IS A COMMON BUILDING MAYERIAL WHICH
DOWEL: A DEFORMED BAR, EMBEDDED IN IS A BUILT-UP CONSTRUCTION OR COMBINATION OF
CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION AT A JOINT AND BUILDING MATERIALS AS CLAY, CONCRETE, OR
DESIGNED TO HOLD ABUTTING EDGES TOGETHER, STONE SET IN MORTAR, OR PLAIN CONCRETE.
NOT DESIGNED FOR DIRECT LOAD TRANSFER.
THE FOLLOWING TERMS ARE COMMONLY USED IN
GROUP OF PARALLEL REINFORCING BARS MASONRY WORK:
BUNDLED IN CONTACT TO ACT AS A UNIT SHALL BE
LIMITED TO THREE IN ANY ONE BUNDLE: IN THE • BED: THE HORIZONTAL SURFACES ON
CRITERIA FOR BUNDLE BARS, THIS DOES NOT APPLY. WHICH THE STONES OR BRICKS OF WALLS
LIE IN THE COURSES.
PILE FOUNDATION: A TYPE OF FOUNDATION WHERE • COURSE: IS A CONTINUOUS LAYER OF
THE LOAD OF BUILDING IS DISTRIBUTED DEEP INTO BRICKS, STONES, OR OTHER MASONRY
THE SOIL. UNIT THICK.
• BOND: CONNECTION BETWEEN BRICKS,
SOFT STOREY: IT IS ONE IN WHICH THE LATERAL
STONES, OR OTHER MASONRY UNITS
STIFFNESS IS LESS THAN 70% OF THE STIFFNESS OF
FORMED BY LAPPING THEM ONE UPON
THE STOREY ABOVE.
ANOTHER CARRYING UP THE WORK, SO AS
CRIPPLING: THE SHARP BENDING OR BUCKLING TO FORM AN INSEPRABLE MASS OF
WHEN A COLUMN IS LOADED HEAVILY. BUILDING, BY PREVENTING THE VERTICAL
JOINTS FALLING OVER EACH OTHER. (ALSO
COARSE AGGREGATES SHALL BE NO LARGER THAN CALLED BREAKING JOINTS)
3/4 OF THE MINIMUM CLEAR SPACING BETWEEN • STRETCHER: A BRICK OR BLOCK MASONRY
INDIVIDUAL REINFORCING BARS OR WIRES, LAID LENGTHWISE OF A WALL.
BUNDLES OF BARS, OR PRESTRESSING TENDONS • HEADER: BRICK OR BLOCK MASONRY
OR DUCTS: THIS IS THE NOMINAL MAXIMUM SIZE OF EXTENDING OVER THE THICKNESS OF THE
A COARSE AGGREGATE WHEN WORKING SPACES WALL.
BETWEEN REINFORCEMENTS FOR PROPER • HEADING COURSE: A COURSE IN WHICH
BONDING. THE BRICKS OR OTHER MASONRY UNITS
ARE ALL HEADERS.
GAS FORMING AGENTS: THIS CAUSES A SLIGHT • SOLDIER: A UNIT LAID ON ITS END WITH ITS
EXPANSION IN PLASTIC CONCRETE OR MORTAR AND FACE PERPENDICULAR TO THE FACE OF
THUS REDUCES AND ELIMINATES VOIDS CAUSED BY THE WALL.
SETTLEMENTS.
• QUOINS: THE CORNER STONES AT THE
STRUCTURE: IT IS AN ASSEMBLAGE OF FRAMING ANGLES OF BUILDINGS, USUALLY
RUSTICATED SO AS TO PROJECT FROM THE
MEMBERS DESIGNED TO SUPPORT GRAVITY LOADS
AND RESIST LATERAL FORCES. NORMAL SURFACE OF THE WALL.
• BOND STONES: STONES RUNNING
DEAD LOAD: THIS CONSIST OF THE WEIGHT OF ALL THROUGH THE THICKNESS OF THE WALL AT
MATERIALS AND OTHER FIXED PERMANENT LOADS. RIGHT ANGLES TO ITS FACE, IN ORDER TO
BIND IT TOGETHER.
GRADE BEAM: A CONCRETE BEAM PLACED • BLOCKING OR BLOCKING COURSE: A
DIRECTLY ON THE GROUND TO PROVIDE COURSE OF STONES PLACED ON TOP OF
FOUNDATION FOR THE SUPERSTRUCTURE. CORNICE CROWNING THE WALLS.

DIAPHRAGM: A HORIZONTAL OR NEARLY MASONRY WALLS: WALLS THAT CONSIST OF

HORIZONTAL SYSTEM ACTING TO TRANSMIT MODULAR BUILDING BLOCKS OR UNITS BONDED
LATERAL FORCES TO THE VERTICAL RESISTING WITH MORTAR TO FORM WALLS THAT ARE FIRE-
ELEMENTS INCLUDING THE HORIZONTAL BRACING RESISTANT, DURABLE, AND STRUCTURALLY
SYSTEM. EFFICIENT IN COMPRESSIVE ACTION.

MEDIUM CARBON STEEL: THIS IS USED FOR MAKING MASONRY WALLS ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO
THOSE PARTS THAT ARE HARD, TOUGH, AND THE FOLLOWING:
DURABLE, CAPABLE OF WITHSTANDING SHOCKS AND
VIBRATIONS. • UNREINFORCED MASONRY WALLS: (ALSO
KNOWN AS PLAIN MASONRY WALLS) –
RETAINING WALL: A WALL DESIGNED TO RESIST THE INCORPORATE HORIZONTAL JOIN
LATERAL DISPLACEMENT OF SOIL OR OTHER REINFORCEMENT AND METAL WALL TIES TO
MATERIALS. BOND THE WYTHES OF A SOLID OR CAVITY
WALLS.
WATER-CEMENT RATIO: THE BASIS IN DESIGNING • REINFORCED MASONRY WALLS: ARE
CONCRETE MIXTURE. WALLS THAT UTILIZE STELL REINFORCING
BARS EMBEDDED IN GROUT FILLED JOINTS

SERNAT, JOHN DAVID R.

mjdsernat@tip.edu.ph
ARCHITECTURE
 AND CAVIITIES TO AID THE MASONRY IN THREE CATEGORIES OF LUMBER:
RESISTING STRESSES.
1. YARD LUMBER
TYPES OF METALS: 2. SHOP LUMBER

• FERROUS: METAL IN WHICH IRON IS THE FINISHES OF WOOD:

PRINCIPAL ELEMENT.
o STEEL 1. S1S
o PIG IRON 2. S2S
o WROUGHT IRON 3. S4S
o ALLOY STEELS 4. ROUGH
o NICKEL STEELS
SEASONING OF LUMBER:
o STAINLESS STEELS
o COPPER 1. AIR-DRYING
o MANGANESE STEEL 2. KILN-DRYING
o WEATHERING STEEL
• NONFERROUS: CONTAINING NO, OR VERY TYPES OF PAINT FINISHES:
LITTLE IRON.
o ALUMINUM 1. GLOSSY
o ALUMINUM FOIL 2. SEMI-GLOSS
o COPPER 3. SATIN
o LEAD 4. EGGSHELL
o TIN
HOW TO USE THE RIGHT PAINT FINISH?
TYPE OF STEEL:
1. FLAT
• WROUGHT CARBON STEELS a. NATURE: MATTE SURFACE WITH
o STRUCTURAL STEEL NO SHINE
o REINFORCING BARS b. USES: INTERIOR WALLS &
o SHEET AND STRIP CEILINGS, SMALL IMPERFECTIONS
o CORRUGATED STEEL c. DURABILITY: OFTEN NOT
o STEEL MESH AND WIRE CLOTH WASAHBLE
o STEEL WINDOWS AND DOORS 2. FLAT ENAMEL
o HARDWARE a. NATURE: DURABLE, MATTE FINISH
b. USES: POWDER ROOMS, GUEST
METHODS OF JOINING METALS BEDROOMS
c. DURABILITY: HOLDS UP TO
1. OLDERING: IS A METHOD TO JOIN METALS, OCCASIONAL CLEANING
TO MAKE ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS, TO 3. EGGSHELL
SEAL JOINTS HERMETICALLY WITH a. NATURE: VERY LOW SHEEN WITH
ANOTHER LOWER MELTING METAL OR A HINT OF GLOSS
ALLOY CALLED THE SOLDER. b. USES: GOOD FOR MOST WALLS
2. SWEAT METHOD: THE HEATING OF THE c. DURABILITY: GOOD WASHABILITY
METALS TO BE JOINED CAUSES THE 4. SATIN
SOLDER TO RUN INTO THE JOINT. USED FOR a. NATURE: SMOOTH, VELVETY LOOK
JOINING COPPER TUBING AND FITTINGS. b. USES: WINDOWS, DOORS, TRIM,
3. BRAZING: IS A TYPE OF SOLDERING IN CEILING, AND WALLS
WHICH THE OPERATING TEMPERATURES c. DURABILITY: HOLDS UP TO
ARE HIGHER (BUT LOWER THAN IN CLEANING AND LIGHT SCRUBBING
WLEDING) AND IN WHICH STRONGER AND 5. SEMIGLOSS
HIGHER-MELTING ALLOYS ARE USED TO a. NATURE: NICE SUBTLE SHINE
FILL THE JOINTS, WHICH CONSEQUENTLY b. USES: SOORS, TRIM, AND
ARE STRONGER THAN ORDIANRY CABINETS
SOLDERED JOINTS. c. DURABILITY: EASILY CLEANED
4. WELDING: IS A PROCESS BY WHICH TWO 6. GLOSS
METALS ARE SO JOINED THAT THERE IS AN a. NATURE: REFLECTIVE QUALITY
ACTUAL UNION OF THE INTERATOMIC THAT MIMICS ENAMEL OR PLASTIC
BONDS. b. USES: CABINETS, TRIMS. AND
FURNITURES
WOODS ARE TRADITIONAL BUILDING MATERIALS, IT
c. DURABILITY: EASILY CLEANED
IS EASILY WORKED, HAS DURABILITY AND BEAUTY. IT
HAS GREAT ABILITY TO ABSORB SHOCKS FROM MINIMUM SIZES NG ROOMS AT LEAST DIMENSIONS
SUDDEN LOAD. WOOD HAS FREEDOM FROM RUST
AND CORROSION, IS COMPARATIVELY LIGHT IN 1. SIZE NG ROOM FOR HUMAN HABITATION
WEIGHT, AND IS ADAPTABLE TO COUNTLESS VARIETY a. AREA: 6.00 SQM
OF PURPOSES. b. LEAST DIMENSION: 2.00 METERS
2. AREA FOR WORKABLE KITCHEN
CLASSIFICATION OF TREES: a. AREA: 3.00 SQM
b. LEAST DIMENSION: 1.50 METERS
1. HARDWOODS: DECIDUOUS TREES THAT
3. SIZE AND AREA FOR TOILET AND BATH OR
HAVE BROAD LEAVES WHICH ARE
COMFORT ROOM
NORMALLY SHED IN THE WINTER TIME.
a. AREA: 1.20 SQM
2. SOFTWOODS: CONIFERS TREES THAT HAVE
b. LEAST DIMENSION: 900mm
NEEDLES RATHER THAN LEAVES AND THAT
BEAR THEIR SEEDS IN CONES.

SERNAT, JOHN DAVID R.

mjdsernat@tip.edu.ph
ARCHITECTURE