English to tshivenda translation dictionary pdf

How to pronounce venda. English translation to tshivenda. English to dk translation.

Ḽavhuvhili. Fulwana 18, 2023 drink (dzi-); (vb) -bora/-vhora cf Afr boor', (mili​ tary) -fola drink (n) tshinwiwa (zwi-); alcoholic halwa (mahalwa. sing m cl vhu-). tshikambi (zwi-); soft — kholodiringi (dzi-) cf Eng 'coaldrink', nyamunaithi (dzi-) cf Eng 'lemonade', (vb) -nwa, ~ tot of beer : -zhambula drip -rotha, -phopha drive (a car, etc) -tshimbidza, -reila cf
Afr 'ry', -diraiva cf Eng, ~ animals -khada, -swoga; — into kraal, etc: -khadela; ~ offlout: -pandela driver mutshimbldzi (vha-), mureili (vha-), diraiva (sing belongs to class mu- cf l same): (vb) -su(a drone (n) (bee) notshinduna (dzi-); (deep hum​ ming sound) muiiono (mi-); (vb) -bvuma drop (n) shotha (marotha); (vb) -wa (intr), -wisa (tr), cf drip drought
gomelelo (ma ) drown -nwa/-nwela khothe; -fa tshinwi drugs (with magical power) phamba (dzi-) drum (traditional) ngoma (dzi-); (container) fagi (ma-) cf Afr 'vaatjie', i^iromu (ma-) cf Afr drom' drunk be — (of liquor) -kambwa, make ~ -kamba drunkard tshidakwa (zwi ) dry become ~ /~ away: -oma; run -xa; wipe ~ -phumula; — slowly (eg soil after
rain) -rafhuwa duck sekwa (ma ) duiker ntsa (dzi-) dumb person tshimuma (zwi-), mbevhevhe (dzi-) dung fresh cattle vhutoko (no pi) dusk lufhimavhaem dust (n) buse (ma-); (vb) wipe o ff ~: -fhufhura duty pfanelo (dzi-); (function) mushumo (mi-) dwell -dzula dweller mudzuli (vha-) dwelling (house) nndu (dzi-), ~ place: vhudzulo (pi same), haya (ma-) E
-tsira each muiiwe na munwe, tshiiiwe na tshinwe, inwe na iiiwe, etc eager -tama, -vha na mafulufulu, -vha na dzangalelo; be ~ in spite o f hardships -fungelela eagerness vhutami (abstr) eagle goni (ma-) ear ndevhe (dzi-); ~ of corn thotshe (dzi-) early (vb) be — -vhilula; (qualif) -vhilulaho (vb ref) earn -hola ear-ring tshifnna/tshigina (zwi-) earth shango
(ma-), (Biblical) lifhasi (no pi): (soil) mavu (livu in sing) earthenware pot (for cooking) khali (dzi-) earthquake (-tremor) mudzinginyo (wa shango) (mi-), mureremelo (wa shango) (mi-) earth-shock mutsekiso (wa shango) (mi ) earth-tremor mureremelo (wa shango) (mi-) earth up -shela ear-wax makunzwu (pi only) ease vhudigedi (abstr) east vhubvaduvha
(adv) Easter Mvuwo (dzi-); ~ holiday holodeni ya Mvuwo (dzi-) easy -sa konda, -leluwaho (vb rel) eat -[a; over-~ -|esa; ~ greedily: -roda eater mu)i (vha-) eclipse (n) mutshakavhili (mi-); (vb) -swifhadza. economics ekonomi (cl n-) cf Afr 'ekonomie' edible -|ea; -[eaho (vb rel) edition khandiso (dzi-), nzudzanyo (dzi-) educate -funza education pfunzo (dzi-);
(subject) divhapfunzo (cl n-) efficiency vhukoni (abstr) egg gumba (makumba) egret (cattle—) jihamakholomo (ma-) eight malo, thanu-na-ntharu eighteen fumimalo eighty fumalo eland phofu (dzi ) elbow lukudavhavha (khudavhavha) elder (n) church ~: muhulwane; (adj) cf adult elect -khetha, -nanga election khetho (dzi-) elephant ndou (dzi-) elephant
tusk lunanga Iwa ndou ((dzi-)nanga dza ndou) eleven fumithihi eliminate -bvisa elope (girllwoman) -(aha; ~ with man: -tahela elsewhere huhwe ember simbe (ma-) embrace -kuvhatedza emerge -bva emphasize -ombedzela, -khwajhisa 167 employ eyelash employ -thola employee mushumi (vha-) employer mushumelwa (vha-), mutholi (vha-) encircle -
tinga/-tanga encourage -khwajhisa, -tuluwedza encouragement thuthuwedzo (dzi-) end (n) magumo (pi only)', (vb) come to an ~ -fhela, -guma enemy swina (ma-) engaged be ~ (so as to be unable to attend to other urgent matters): -farakanea engagement cf appointment English Tshiisimane, Luisimane cf Eng 'English​ man' Englishman Liisimane (Ma )
cf Eng, Muisimane (Ma-) cf Eng enjoy -diphina enlarge -hudzedza. -engedzedza. -hudza enmity vhuswina (abstr) enough (vb) be ~ -lingana; (qualif) -linganaho (vb rel) enrage cf angry enrich -pfumisa enter -dzhena enthusiasm mafulufulu (abstr), vhusweleh (abstr) enthusiastic be —: -futelela entice -kunga, -unga entrails vhula (pi same) entrance
munango (mi-); narrow ~ at back of village enclosure tshivhana (zwi-) envelope fulobo (dzi-) cf Eng envious -tamaho (vb rel) envy -tama epidemic dwadze (malwadze) epilepsy tshilakhole (zwi-). tshiivha(na) (zwi-) equal (vb) be — to: -edana.
-lingana eradicate (uproot) -tupula eradication mutupulo (mi-) erase -thutha, -phumula err (sin, do wrong) -tshinya. -khakha error khakho (dzi-), vhukhakhi (abstr) escape -shavha; —alive from danger: -ponyoka, -ponya especially zwihuluhulu (adv) essay maanca (sing & pi same, ie in class ma-) European Mutshena (Vha-), Likhuwa/Mukhuwa (Ma-)
evaluate -anganya; ~ a piece o f written art: -sengulusa evangelist muevangeli (vha-) cf Afr 'evangelie' even (vb) make ~ -linganyisa, -edanyisa; (conj) ~ if.'I though: naho, nangwe even if (although) nangwe (conj), naho (conj) evening madekwana (adv): tomorrow — made- kwana a matshelo (adv): ~ dress: rokho/ rogo ya madekwana (dzi-); ~ paper
gurannda ya madekwana; ~ service: thabelo ya madekwana (dzi-) ever tshifhinga tsho)he, misi yo{he; for ~ and ~ lini-na-lini (adv) everlasting -sa gumiho, -sa fheliho (vb rel) every nwe na -hwe; ~body vhojhe, rnuhwe na muiiwe; ~thing: zwofhe, tshihwe na tshihwe; ~where hojhe, hothe-hojhe, huiiwe na hutiwe everywhere hothe-hothe (adv), hothe
(adv) evidence vhujanzi (no pi) evident -vha khagala evil (n) vhuvhi (abstr): qualif) -vhi (adj) cf bad ewe nngu ya tsadzi (dzi-) exaggerate -engedzedza, -nanisa, -hudzedza exalt -hulisa examination mulingo (mi-) examine -linga; — by a doctor: -thathuvha, -sedza. -lavhelesa examiner mulingi (vha-) example tsumbo (dzi-), tsumbedzo (dzi-) except nga ndani
ha eg vho da vhothe nga ndani ha malume they all came ~ for uncle exchange (n) murenganyiso (mi-), thengiselano (dzi-); telephone — vhutumajhingo (pi same): (vb) -renganyisa, -rengiselana, -rengisedzana excite -nyanyula (tr), -nyanyuwa (intr) exciting -nyanyulaho (vb rel) excitement munyanyuwo (mi-) excommunicate -khaula excuse (n) pfarelo
(dzi-); (vb) -farela exercise (n) physical —: nyonyoloso (dzi ); men​ tal ~: ndowedzo (dzi-); (vb) — physically: -onyolosa; —mentally -dowedza exhaust («) (of engine) ekezozo (dzi-) cf Eng: (vb) -netisa exhaustion khuleanungo (n-, abstr), maneto (abstr) expel -thatha, -pandela expensive -dura; be very ~ -duresa cf Afr 'duur' experience tshenzhemo (cl n-)
explain -talutshedza. -talusa explanation thaluso (dzi-), [halutshedzo (dzi-) export -vhambadzaseli expulsion u pandelwa (infinil), uthathwa (infinit) extend -hudza, -hudzedza exterminate -fhelisa extermination -phedzo (dzi-). phcliso (dzi-) extinct -sa tsha wanala extinguish (fire or flame) -dzima extract (n) tshitumbulwa (zwi-); (vb) ~ a tooth -kula;
(uproot) -tupula eye jto/hto (mato) eyelash lusie (tsie) 168 F fable lungano (ngano) face (n) in/on the tshifhajuwo (zwi-); khofhe- m eg kha vha (ambe khofheni! wash your ~/, (vb) ~ each other: -livhana fact tshihumbulwa (zwi-); (reality) ngoho factory [imaga (ma-) cf Afr 'maak', faburiki (dzi-) cf Afr 'fahriek’, fekhi(hiri (dzi-) cf Eng fade (lose colour) -
haluluwa; (disappear gra​ dually) -phinyela nga zwijuku. ~ing of sound, -sa tsha pfalesa fail -feila cf Eng; ~ to do: -bala, -balelwa, -kundwa faint -noka faith lutendo (thendo), fulufhelo/fhulufhelo (ma-) fail -wa false be — -si ngoho (neg copul) falsehood mazwifhi (pi only) fame bvumo (ma-); phungo mbuya (dzi-) family mu(a (mi-); in wider sense: lushaka
(tshakha) famine ndala (dzi-) famous -4ivheaho (vb rel), wa/tsha/la bvumo/ phungo mbuya (poss) far kule (adv) farewell (n) nyonesano (dzi ); (vb) say — -onesa farm (n) bulasi (dzi-) cf Afr 'plaas’; (vb) -lima, -fuwa farmer rabulasi (vho-) farming vhufuwi (pi same), vhulimi (pi same) fashion muambaro (mi-), fesheni (dzi-) cf Eng fast do!go ~ -Javhanya;
do!go ~er -tavhanyedza; observe a ~: -didzima fasten -vhofha fat (n) (oil) mapfura (pi only); (vb) be ~ -nona. -khwa(ha father khotsi (vho-), baba (vho-) father-in-law (husband’s father) mazwale (vho-); (wife’s father) makhulu-tshinna (vho-) fault (n) mulandu (mi-), khakho (dzi-); (vb) be at ~ -khakha; find —: -sola favour -{alula; -funa, -takalela favourite
mufunwa (vha-), muswikeli (vha-) favouritism tshijalula (zwi-) fear (n) nyofho (dzi-); (vb) -ofha fearful -ofhisaho (vb rel), -shushaho (vb rel) feasible -iteaho (vb rel), -koneaho (vb rel) feast (n) tshimima (zwi-); ceremonial — vhu(ambo (pi same): marriage festival munyanya (mi-); ~ after victory mu^alo (mi-); (vb) -ita munyanya feather muthenga (mi-)
February Luhuhi fee badela (dzi-), mbadelo (dzi-), tshelede (dzi-); ~ for treatment by medicine man: tshidzimu (no pi) feed -lisa, -kanzwa feel -pfa eg u pfa vhujungu to feel painho be painful. — all over -phuphuledza female tshikadzi (zwi-); — animal: tsadzi (dzi-); — nature: tshisadzi (no pi) femineity vhusadzi (abstr) feminity/femininity cf femineity fence
luhura (khura) ferment -vhila fertile (vb) be -nona. -vhibveta; (qualif) -vhibvelaho (vb rel), -nonaho (vb rel) fertilize (agricultural) -nyora cf Eng ’manure': (biological) -sima, -andedza fertilizer manyoro (pi only) cf Eng 'manure', mupfudze (mi-) fetch -dzhia fever mufhiso (mi-); malaria dali (ma-) few gathi (only with neg si-) eg vhathu vha si gathi few
people: (small) -)uku (adj) (vha-. mi-, ma-, zwi-, dzin-: Jhukhu, vhu-) fewness vhujuku (abstr) field tsimu (masimu); chiefs ~: dzunde (ma-); sports luvhande (mbande), mudavhi wa mitambo (mi-) fierce be ~ -halifha fifteen fumithanu fifth vhutanu (n) eg gere ya vhu)anu the fifth gear; tsha)anu (zwajanu) eg tshatanu tsha tshelede a fifth o f the money
fifthly (adv) tsha vhutanu fifty futhanu fig wild —fruit: fuyu (mahuyu); nyumo (dzi-); ~ tree: muhuyu (mi ), muumo (mi ) fight (n) (war) nndwa (dzi-); (vb) -Iwa fighter mulwi (vha-) figure (build) tshivhumbeo (zwi-); (in drawing) figara (dzi-) cf Eng, nyolo (dzi-) ; (a numeral) sifhere (dzi-) cf Afr 'syfer' file (n) faela (dzi-) cf Eng, feila (dzi-) cf Afr 'vyl', (vb) ~
documents: -faela; (smooth!reduce surface with —) -feila fill -dadza; let ~ up -ijadzisa; ~ in hole with earth -fukedza filter (n) mutudo (mi-); (vb) -lui)a, -sui)a final wa u fhedza, vha u fhedza, tsha u fhedza, etc (poss) find (obtain) -wana, -wanala fine (n) ndifhiso (dzi-), muhfho (mi-); (vb) -lifhisa finger munwe (mi-) fingerprint (n) munwe (mi-); (vb) take — -
gandisa munwe/minwe/gunwe 169 fountain finish finish -fhela (intr); -fhedza, -vuledza (tr) fire (n) mulilo (mi-); (vb) ~ a gun: -thuntsha firearm tshigidi (zwi-) cf Afr ‘skiet' firefly tshiiiainai/tshitaitai (zwi-) fireplace tshivhaso (zwi-) firewood khuni (dzi-); single piece of luhuni firm (n) feme (dzi-) cf Eng; (vb) -khwajha firmament lutombo (no pi) firmly nga u
khwatha, nga maanda first u thoma/u ranga (infiml) first-born tanzhe (ma-) firstly (adv) tsha u thoma following -tevhelaho, -daho (vb rel) fontanelle thovuma (dzi-); sunken ~ (as o f sick fish (n) khovhe (dzi-); (vb) -rea fish-hook tshihuka (zwi-) cf Eng 'hook', tshinzhovho/tshinzhovhi (zwi-) fist (n) vili (ma-), feisi (sing n-, pi ma-) cf Afr ‘vuis’; (vb) make ~: -
puta fit -tea; -edana, -lingana five -tanu (adj) (vha-, mi-, ma-, zwi-, dzin-: jhanu, vhu-) fix -lugisa flag fulaha (dzi-) cf Afr 'vlag’ flame (n) khavhu (dzi-), mudugo (mi-); (vb) -duga flare up -duga flash -penya flat (n) fuletse (dzi-) cf Eng, fulaja (dzi-) cf Eng; (qualif) (as of country): -welelaho, -linganaho (vb rel); (vb) lie -banda flatten -linganya, -bandedza; ~
oneself against -vhandalala flatter -fhuredza nga u nakisedza flavour (n) mudifho (mi-); (vb) -difhisa flea thatha (dzi-); sand— : dzedze (ma-) flee (run away, escape) -shavha flicker (flash) -taidza, -penya flight (in fear) mushavho (mi-); (by plane) u fhufha (tnfinit) float (n) (building tool) fuloutu (dzi-) cf Eng; (raft) tshiveki (zwi-); (vb) -papamala, -tengama;
—quietly!smoothly: -veka floating trophy khaphuthendeleki (dzi-) flock sambi (ma-); c/ herd flood (n) mudalo (mi ); (vb) -dala floor fuloro (dzi-), fhasi (local); storey o f build​ ing: tshitizi (zwi-) cf Eng stairs’ flour fulauru (dzi-) cf Eng; maize — vhukopfu (pi same) flow (of river) -ela, -elela flower liluvha/dzuvha (maluvha) flutter -babamela (bird); -fhefheda
(flag) fly (n) thunzi (dzi-); (vb) -fhufha; ~ over (jump on): -fhufhela foam bulo (mapulo) fodder (fresh) furu (dzi-) cf Afr 'voer'; (dry) tshifushathakha (zwi-), pfushazwifuwo (dzi-) fog khuli (dzi-) danana (ma-) vhutsilu (abstr), vhudabadaba (abstr), vhudanana (abstr) foot Iwayo (nayo) football (soccer) futhibola (no pi) cf Eng footpath (way) ndila (dzi-)
footprint vhutala (pi same), vhukando (khando); human ~: Iwayo (nayo) footstep mutsindo (mi-) forbid -thivha, -thivhela, -dzivhisa force (n) nungo (dzi-, abstr), maanda (abstr); (vb) (urge) -kombetshedza; ~ one’s way through: -vhanyuludza ford (n) dambuwo (ma-); (vb) -wela, -ambuwa fore-arm mukonwo (mi-) forecast («) mvumbo (dzi-); (vb) -bvumba
forecaster mubvumbi (vha-); weather — mubvumbi wa mutsho (vha-) fore-father makhulukuku (vho-) forefinger musumbavhaloi (mi-) forehead phanda (dzi-) foreign -sili (true rel) (concords same as basic subj cone) foreigner rr.utsinda (vha-) forest daka (mataka) foretell -bvumba foreteller mubvumbi (vha-) forge (n) shondo (dzi-); (vb) ~ iron: -fula, -bea
forget -hangwa, -livhala forgetful -vha na khangwa forgetfulness khangwa (dzi-) forgive -hangwela, -farela forgiveness khangwelo (dzi-) fork (garden and house) forogo (dzi-) cf Eng; — in branches: phande (dzi-), phara (dzi-) form (n) (shape) tshivhumbeo (zwi-); fomo (dzi-) cf Eng; (vb) -vhumba, -sika formation mbumbo (dzi-), tsiko (dzi-) formative
tshivhumbi (zwi-), jivhumbi (ma-) forsake -litshedza fortress tshidzivhaswina (zwi-) fortune mashudu (cl ma-, abstr) forty fuina, mahumi mana foundation muteo (mi-) fountain tshisima (zwi-) fold (n) lupeto (phetho); sheep —: tshitumba (zwi-); (vb) -peta folktale lungano ((dzi-)ngano) follow ~ each other -tevhela; — in single file: -tevhekana babies)
ngoma (dzi-) food zwiliwa (pi only); left-over ~ for following morning: muladza (mi-) foodstuffs maliwa (pi only) fool (blockhead) tsilu (ma-), dabadaba (ma-), foolishness 170 Tour gladness four -na (adj) (vha-, mi-, ma-, zwi-, dzm-: nna, vhu-); ~ times : luna (adv) fourteen fumiina fourth vhuna (n) eg gere ya vhuna the fourth friend (n) khonam (dzi-),
thama (dzi-); (vb) be ~s konana friendship vhukonam (abstr), vhutama (abstr) fright dzhenuwo (ma-) frighten -shushedza, -ofhisa frog dula (ma-); green water— : lutshele (vhu-) front (in ~ ) phanda (adv) frost mahada (pi only) frozen be/become — -xwatuwa fruit mutshelo (mi-); unripe ~: gaga (ma-) fry -hadzinga/-kadzinga fugitive mushavhi (vha-) full
(become ~ ) -dala full stop tshiawelo (zwi-), tshithoma (zwi-) funeral mbulungo (dzi-) funnel tshishelo (zwi ) furniture fanitsha (dzi ) cf Eng furrow (for water) mugero (mi-), ligero (ma-) furthermore nahonc (conj), futhi (conj), nga gear\ (cf quarter) tsha ina (zwa ina) fourthly (adv) tsha vhuna fowl khuhu (dzi-); ~ pen: tshitumba (zwi-) frame (n) fureme
(dzi-) cf Eng; (vb) -furema cf Eng framework muhanga (mi-) France Fura fraud vhufhura (abstr) free -vhofholola (ir), -vhofholowa (intr) freedom mbofholowo (dzi-) freeze -gega French Tshifura, Lufura Frenchman Mufura (Ma-) fresh -swa (adj) cf new Friday Lavhutanu fridge tshixwatusi (zwi-), firidzhi (dzi-) cf Eng ntha ha-, habe (conj) fury mbiti (dzi-
only, abstr) G gain (n) bindu (ma-), mbuelo (dzi-); (vb) -wana, -vhuelwa, -bindula gale dumbu (ma-) gall (bile) ndulu (dzi-), nyongwe (dzi-); ~ blad​ der: tshavhutungu (zwa-) game (play) mutambo (mi-); (animals) phukha (dzi-) gaol (jail) tironngo (dzi-) cf Afr 'tronk', dzhele (dzi-) cf Eng, khothoni (dzi-) gape (mouth or other opening) -atama garage
garadzhi/giratshi/giradzhi (dzi-) cf Eng garden ngade (dzi-) cf Eng, muse (mi-) gargle -xaxadza garment tshiambaro (zwi-), tshifuko (zwi-) gas gese (dzi-) cf Eng gas-lamp luvhone lwa gese (mbone dza . . .) gas-stove tshitofu tsha gese (zwi-) gate gethe (dzi-) cf Eng, heke (dzi-) cf Afr 'hek’ gateway khoro (dzi-) gather -vhuthana, -kuvhangana (intr), -
kuvhanganya (tr), -kunyelela; ~ with hands: -kumba; ~ firewood: -reda gathering (assembly) khuvhangano (dzi-), mutangano (mi ), tshivhidzo (zwi-), khunyeleli (dzi-) gazette gazete (dzi-) cf Eng gear gere (dzi-) cf Eng general (n) dzhenerala (vho-) cf Eng; ~ know​ ledge: ndivho nyangaredzi, ndivho zwayo; ~ rule ndayo nyangaredzi; —post office:
dzhiphio cf Eng GPO generation murafho (mi-) generosity mathakho (pi only), mafunda (pi only) genet tsimba (dzi-) gentle wa vhulenda, vha vhulenda, tsha vhu- lenda, etc (poss) gentleman nzhinga (dzi-), ngamula (dzi-) gentleness vhulenda (abstr) gently nga vhulenda geography divhashango (cl n-) German (person) Mudzheremane (Ma-); (lan​ guage)
Tshidzheremane, Ludzheremane Germany Dzheremane germinate (grow) -mela get -wana giddiness dzungu (cl li-, abstr) gift tshifhiwa (zwi-), mpho (dzi-) giraffe (hudwa (dzi-), thuda (dzi-) girdle (for confined woman) muvhofho (mi-); (for females) ludede (ndede); (for males) mugwarelo (mi-) girl musidzana (vha-); (from Sotho) iiwananyana
(vhananyana); ~ o f marriageable age khomba (dzi ) give -nea, -fha; ~ birth: -beba; ~ message -laedza; ~ name: -ira, -rina give up (for lost) -tovhowa glad be ~: -takala (intr) gladden (make glad, please, delight) -takadza (fr) gladness dakalo (ma-) 171 glass ground glass (substance) ngilasi (dzi-); cf tumbler, spec​ tacles glitter -penya, -khanya, -
vhengema, -nzhenzhe- grandchild muduhulu (vha-) grandfather makhulu (vho-) grandmother makhulu (vho-) grandparent makhulu (vho-) grape n^irivhe (dzi-) cf Afr 'druiwe' grapefruit bambahosi (ma-) cf Afr 'pampelmoes’ grasp -fara grass hatsi (class vhu- collective, mahatsi) eg ma glory vhurena (abstr) gloy cf glue glue (n) tjonzhe (cl Ji-); (vb) -
nambatedza, -mametshedza/-mometshedza/-momekedza glutton phangwa (dzi-) gluttony vhupangwa (abstr), mihovhi (cl mi-, abstr) gnaw (at bone) -kukuna go -ya; ~ away, -tuwa; (journey, walk) -enda; ~ ahead: -bvela phantia; ~ our. -bva; ~ apart: -fhambana; ~ outside: -bvela nnda; ~ down (descend): -tsa, godima; — up (ascend): -gonya; — early to: -
bubela, -fhindutshela goat mbudzi (dzi-); he—-: mbokoto (dzi-); she— : phambaia (dzi-); — kraal: tshitumba (zwi-) goat’s meat nama ya mbudzi goblet bigiri (dzi-) cf Afr 'beker’, dzhege (dzi-) cf Eng jug' God (only true ~) Mudzimu (no pi)-, god (ances​ tral spirit) mudzimu (mi-) gold (substance) musuku (no pi) golf golofo (dzi-) cf Eng good (n) ~ person:
muvhuya (vha-); —fortune: mashadu (pi only)-, (vb) (be in order) -luga; (adj) -vhuya (mu-, vha-, mi-, Ji-, ma-, tshi-, zwi-, n-/dzin-: mbuya, lu-, vhu-, ku-); (poss) wavhu^i, yavhudi, etc goodness vhudi (abstr) goods thundu (dzi-) goodwill (charity) vhuthu (no pi) goose [ixantsi (ma-), cf Afr 'gans’ goose-flesh tshitungu (no pi) gospel evangeli (dzi-) cf Afr
'evangelie’, mafhungo madifha/mavhuya (pi only) gossip (n) zwiambo (pi only), zwitshele (pi only)-, (vb) -remba, -sola gourd (calabash) (large low-bellied calabash) tshikumbu (zwi-); (small calabash used as drinking vessel) phaphana (dzi-), tshitemba (zwi-) govern -vhusa government muvhuso (mi-) go’way/go-away bird (grey lourie) mukuwe (mi-) grace
tshilidzi (cl tshi-, abstr) gradually nga vhuya/vhutuku/vhusele grain (as o f wheat, maize, etc) muso (collective, no pi)] ~ of salt, wheat, sugar, etc: thoro (dzi-) gram gramu (dzi-) cf Eng gramophone gramofoni (dzi-), giramafoni (dzi-) cf Eng granary $ulu (ma-) hatsi vhunzhi much grass; blade o f ~: lwatsi (hatsi) grasshopper cf locust grateful be -livhuha
gratefulness ndivhuho (cl dzi-, abstr) gratitude ndivhuho (cl dzi-, abstr) grave tshidza (zwi-), tshalo (zwalo), livhida (ma-), tshilata/tshialaja (zwi-) gravel giravhulo (dzi-) cf Eng graveyard mavhidani (local), zwaloni (local): — of chiefs: tshiendeulu (zwi-) gravy muthotho (mi-), muro (mi-) graze -fula grazing area mafuloni (locat) grease (n) girisi (dzi-) cf
Eng; (vb) -girisa cf Eng, -dodza girisi greatly nga maanda (adv) greatness vhuhulu/vhuhulwane (abstr) Greece Gerika greediness vhupangwa (abstr), mihovhi (cl mi-, abstr) greedy wa phangwa, wa mihovhi (poss) Greek (person) Mugerika (Vha-); (language) Tshigerika, Lugerika green (n) (unripe fruit) gaga (ma-) green (colour) -dala (adj) (mu-, mi-, Ji-,
ma-, tshi-, zwi-, n-/dzin-: dala, lu-, vhu-, ku-); -nu (adj) (mu-, mi-, li-, ma-, tshi-, zwi-, n-/dzin-: nnu, lu-, vhu-, ku-) green bean nawa thethe (dzi-), bontshisi (dzi-) cf Afr 'boontjies’ greenness (of colour) vhudala (abstr) greet (humbly by clapping hands) -losha; (rouse) -resha; -lumelisa, -vusa greetings (n) ndumeliso (dzi-); (vb) send ~ -lu​ melisa
grenadilla/granadilla — plant: muvhungo (mi-), mufurannda (mi-); ~ fruit: lifurannda (ma-), giranadila (ma-) cf Eng, livhungo (ma-) grey -sejha (adj) (mu-, mi-, Ji-, ma-, tshi-, zwi-, n-/dzin-: tsetha, lu-, vhu-, ku-) grief vhutungu (abstr) grieve -tungufhala (intr), -tungufhadza (tr), -vhaisa, -thavha mbilu grind (on stone) -kuya; (in mill) -gaya grinding stone
guyo (ma-) groan dzu)a, -gomela ground (earth) mavu (pi only): play~ mudavhi (mi-); fhasi (locat) 172 healthy group group (u) tshigwada (zwi-); (vb) -vhekanya grow (attain maturity) -hula, -aluwa; increase in guest speaker muambi muhulwane (vha-) guide (n) (book) nyendedzi (dzi-), gaidi (dzi-) cf size: -hudza (tr), -hula (intr); — up: -aluwa; ~ tall: -
lapfa grudge luvhengelambiluni (abstr) grumble -gungula guard be on ~ -linda guava gwavha (ma-) cf Eng guess -bvumba guest mueni (vha-), mupfumba (vha-) guest-house nndu ya vhaeni (dzi-) Eng; (object) tshiendedzi (zwi-); (person) muendedzi (vha-); (vb) -endedza guilt mulandu (mi-) guilty be -vhonwa/-wanwa mulandu guineafowl khanga (dzi-)
gum (~ s of teeth) marintni (pi only); ~ o f tree: nonzhe (dzi-) gun tshigidi (zwi-) cf Afr 'skiel' gunpowder musili (sing only) H habit ndowelo (dzi-), dzema (ma-), mukhwa (mi-) haft mufhini (mi-) hail tshifhango (zwi-) hair (animal long ~ mamvele (pi only); short ~: vhukuse (collective only); (human) on head; vudzi/hvhudzi (mavhudzi); single ~ of head:
luvhudzi; on body: lihaha (ma-); pubic makuse (pi only); single grey luvi (mmvi) half hafu (dzi-) cf Eng half-full (— container like pot, cup, etc) denga, gonyongo (ma-) hall holo (dzi-) cf Eng hammer (n) nundo (dzi-), hamula (dzi-) cf Afr ‘hamer’; (vb) -kanda; ~ to pieces -kandekanya hammerhead tshirukhwe (zwi-) hand tshanda (zwanda); right ~: tshanda
tsha u la, tshantja tshinna, tshanda tshihulu; left tshanda tsha monde, tshanda tshisadzi handbag bege (dzi-) cf Eng ‘bag’ handkerchief dugu (dzi-), sagaduku/saduku (dzi-) cf Afr sakdoek’ handle (of hoe, etc) mufhini (mi-) hand over -kumedza handwriting muhwalo (mi-), tshanda (zwanda) hang (~ down) -nembelela (intr), -nembeledza (ir); ~ over: -
fhahea; —out to dry: -anea hangover babalasi (cl n- only) cf Afr ‘bewerasíe' happen -bveleta happiness dakalo (ma-) happy -takala harass -dina hard (vb) be — (soil) -oma; (wood) -khwa(ha: (work) -konda, -lemela; (adv) nga maanda hardness (soil) u oma (infinn); (wood) u khwa(ha (infinti); (work) vhuleme (abstr), u konda (tnftnit) hare plains ~ (grey ~):
muvhuda (mi-); large grey ~: muvhudakhomu (mi-); red —: (hulo (dzi-); large red —: (hulogutshi (dzi-); spring-~ khadzimu(avha (dzi-); personifica​ tion of ~: Sankambe (Vho-) harm (n) tshinyadzo (dzi-); (vb) -huvhadza, -vhaisa harness (n) lihanisi (ma-) cf Eng; (vb) -pana cf Afr ‘inspan’ harrow (n) exe (dzi-) cf Afr 'eg', thwelama^inga (dzi-); (vb) -exa, -
rwela madinga harvest (n) khano (dzi-); (vb) -kana haste (n) u (avhanya (infinit); (vb) make — -(avhanya hasten tavhanya hat munadzi (mi-), nguwane (dzi-); (royal lan​ guage) murunzi (mi-) hatch -thothonya hatchet cf axe hate -vhenga hatred vengo (sing li- only), luvhengo (mbengo) have (possess) -vha na, eg u vha na kholomo to havelownlpossess cattle
hawk (n) lurwanzhivha (vhu-); (vb) -vhambadza, -rengisa hawker tshimauswu (zwi-) cf Afr ‘smous' he (she) (abs pron) ene; (basic subj cone) pos u-, neg: ha-; (perfect subj cone) pos: o-, neg: ha-/ho-; potential, participial, subjunctive, narrative subj cone: a- (pos & neg) head (hoho (dzi-) headache [hoho (dzi-) eg ndi na thoho / have a ~ headdress cf
headgear heading (hoho (dzi-) headman gota (ma-), mukoma (vha ), nduna (dzi-) headmanship vhukoma (abstr) headmaster (hoho-ya-tshikolo (dzi-), prinsipala (ma-/dzi-) cf Eng ‘principal’ headrest (pillow) tshisiamelo (zwi-) heal -fhodza health mutakalo (mi ) healthy be —: -takala 173 heap hop heap (n) (as o f earth) thulwi (dzi-); (as o f stones) hiding
(hide-out) vhudzumbamo (pi same); khokho (dzi-), tshithopho (zwi-); (vb) -thopha (stones), -kuvhanganya (soil, stones, etc) hear -pfa; (be audible) -pfala; ~ a court case: -senga heart mbilu (dzi-) hearth tshivhaso (zwi-) heartburn tshiungulela (zwi-) heat muruhurela (mi-), mufhiso (mi-) heathen muhedeni (vha-) cf Afr 'heiden' heathenism vhuhedeni
(abstr) cf Afr 'heiden' heaven jitadulu (no pi); in — above: tadulu (adv) heavens Jitadulu (no pi), denga (no pi); (blue sky) lutombo (no pi) heaviness vhuleme (abstr) heavy be — (weigh down upon): -lemela; (over​ burden) -lemedza Hebrew (person) Muhevheru (Vha-); (language) Tshihevheru, Luhevheru hedge luhura (khura) hedgehog tshitoni (zwi-) heel
tshirethe (zwi ) he-goat bokoto (ma-), mbokoto (dzi-) cf Afr 'bok' heifer tholana (dzi-) height (length) vhulapfu (abstr) heir (successor) mulaifa (vha-) hell hele (local) cf Eng help (n) pfariso (dzi-), thuso (dzi-); (vb) (assist) -farisa, -thusa helper muthusi (vha-), mufarisi (vha-) hem (n) lupendelo (phendelo); (vb) -pendela hen phambo (dzi-) her cf his; him
herd (n) ~ of cattle: sambi (matambi/masambi/ mitambi) note different plural forms: cf sambi la . herd of . majambi a masambi a herds o f ...; mitambi y a . (vb) — cattle, etc: -lisa herdboy/herdsman mulisa (vha-) here afha (adv); just — fhano (adv), hafha (adv); (this way) ngeno (adv), henefha (adv) hermit tshiendahongolo (zwi-) (figurative) hero muhali
(vha-) heron linulakhovhe (ma-) hers cf his hesitate -timatima, -kanakana hiccup/hiccough (n) thikhwa (dzi-); (children) mulisa (no pi); (vb) -farwa nga thikhwa/ mulisa hide (n) mukumba (mi-); large/thick ganda (makanda); (vb) -dzumba; ~ oneself: -dzumbama hide-and-seek mudzumbamo (mi-) hide-out vhudzumbamo (pi same) (beating) u rwa, u
navhula, u napudza, u napula (infinit) high (long) (adj) -lapfu (mu-, vha-, mi-, li-, ma-, tshi-, zwi-, n-/dzin-: ndapfu, lu-, vhu-, hu-, ku-) hill (hillock) ndunduma (dzi-), muvhundu (mi-); stony — tshikwara (zwi-) hillock cf hill him (her) (abs pron) ene; (obj cone) muhimself ene mune hindleg (of animal) tshizwa (zwi-) hip khundu (dzi-) hipbone thunzhi (dzi-)
hippopotamus mvuvhu (dzi-) hire -hira cf Afr 'huur’ his (her, hers) poss cone plus poss stem -we, eg wawe, tshawe, dzawe history histiri (dzi-) cf Eng, ^ivhazwakale (dzi-) hit (beat) -rwa, -dia; — mark with gun, etc -goba; ~ object -nenga/-nmga hither (here) ngeno (adv) hive (beehive) {hango (dzi-) hockey hokhi (dzi ) cf Eng hoe (n) dzembe (malembe);
(vb) -lima; (remove weed) -tahula hold -fara; ~ onto: -farelela; —firmly: -omba hole (in ground) mulindi (mi-); big — in ground dindi (ma-); small — as in cloth: buli (ma-); small round — in ground as o f mice: muina (mi-) holiday holodeni (dzi-) cf Eng holiness vhukhethwa (abstr) holy -khethwa (adj), cf sacred Holy Communion Tshilalelo (tshikhethwa)
Holy Spirit Muyamukhethwa (no pi) homage (n) token o f — nduvho (dzi-); (vb) do — to: -luvha home haya (ma-) eg haya hanga my home, at — hayani (adv); at our —: ha hashu; at your —: ha harm; woman's new — with husband: vhuhadzi (pi same) homecraft ^ivhazwahaya (cl n-) homeland shangohaya (ma-) honest -fhulufhedzeaho/-fulufhedzeaho (vb
rel) honesty vhufhulufhedzei (abstr) honey mutoli (mi-); — comb taha (ma-) honour (n) khuliso (dzi-), thompho (dzi-); (vb) -hulisa, -thompha hoof khwan^a (dzi-) hook (n) fish —: tshihuka (zwi-) cf Eng ‘hook', tshinzhovho/tshinzhovhi (zwi-); (vb) -haka cf Afr haak’ hooping whooping cough tshikwaikwai (zwi-) hoot -lidza bele hooter (of car) bele (dzi-) hop -
thamuwa 174 hope important humanity (benevolence) vhuthu (abstr): (human hope (n) fhulufhelo/fulufhelo (ma-); (vb) -fhu- race) vhathu (pi only) lufhela/-fulufhela humble -tukufhadza; become -(ukufhala; ~ oneself (Jdukufhadza; to be very ~: -luvhelela humour miswaswo (pi only), madai/mu)ai (pi only) hump thunda (dzi-) hundred dana (ma ) hunger
(famine) ndala (dzi-) hungry -vha na ndala, -pfa nijala hunt (n) u zwima (infinit), vhudzimba (cl vhuonly), fulo (ma-); (vb) -zwima hunter mudzimba (vha ), muzwimi (vha-) hunting spider dzwatswatswa (ma-) hurry (n) (one who hurries) (havhanyedza (dzi-); (vb) -(avhanya; ~ to and fro: -kakatika/kakanka hurt -huvhadza, -vhaisa; — one’s feelings: -sanda
husband munna (vha-) hut (house) nndu (dzi ); temporary ~ thumba (dzi-), mutumba (mi-) hyena (spotted) phele (dzi-), (brown) tshivhingwi (zwi-) hygiene tsiravhulwadze (cl n-) hymn (song) luimbo (nyimbo) hymnbook/hymnal bugu ya nyimbo hysterics havhiya (dzi-) horn lunanga (ganga); ~ o f vehicle: bele (dzi-) cf Eng 'bell' hornbHl trumpeter —:
[llidzavhana (ma-) horse here (dzi-) cf Afr 'perd' horsefly phuvhe (dzi-) hospital sibadela/tshibadela (zwi-) cf Afr hospttaai hostel hos(i)tele (dzi-) cf Eng hostility vhuswina (abstr) hot (v6) -fhisa; (qualif) -fhisaho (vb rel) hotel hodela (dzi-) cf Afr hotel' hour iri (dzi-) cf Afr ‘uur', awara (dzi-) cf Eng house nndu (dzi-) household muja (mi-) housewife
mufaramu(a (vha-) how? hani?

(interrog); — btg/much?: -ngafhani? (adj) (mu-, vha-, mi-, )i-, ma-, tshi-, zwi-, n-/dzin- nngafhani?, lu-, vhu-, ku-); ~ much (money)?: vhughai? (copulat base) eg ndi vhugai? how much ts it (costing)?, ~ many?: -ngana? (adj) (vha-, mi-, ma-, zwi-, dzinnngana?, vhu-) how often lungana (adv) hubbub cf commotion human (n) muthu (vha-), (qualif) tsha vhathu,
zwa vhathu, ya vhathu, etc (poss) human being muthu (vha-) I I (abs pron) nne; (basic subj cone) pos: ndi-, neg thi-, (perfect subj cone) pos; ndo-, neg: tho-; (narrative subj cone) nda- (pos & neg) ice muxwatu (no pi); aisi (cl n- only) cf Eng icecold (ideoph) goo! idea muhumbulo (mi-) ideophone [inyanyu (ma-) idiom (íambele (ma-), [lidioma (ma-) cf Eng
idiomatic expression maambele (pi only) idiot buphuthe (ma-), dodo (ma-), phuphula (dzi-) idol mudzimu usili (mi-), tshifanyisamudzimu (zwi-) if arali (conj), ngavhe (conj) ignore -sa londa, -hangwa, -furalela, -sa dzhiela nzhele; —in unfriendly fashion -nyala iguana (land —) mbulu (dzi-); water mbulumadi (dzi-) ill be —; -lwala ill-health vhuhoja (abstr)
illness (disease) vhulwadze (no pi) ill-treat -shengedza, -tambudza ill-treatment (n) tshengedzo (dzi-), thambudzo (dzi-); (vb) suffer ~: -shengela illuminate -vhonea, -vhonetshela image tshifanyiso (zwi-) imagery zwifanyiso (zwa muhumbulo) (pi only) imagination khumbulelo (dzi-), nganganyo (dzi-) imagine -humbulela, -fanyisa, -anganya imitate -edza, -
edzisa immediately -mbo di (aux verb) eg a tshi vhona mbava o mbo 175 irrigation improve vhu-, k u ) inspect -ingamela, -tola, -lavhelesa, -sedzesa, -piki(era cf Afr ‘inspekleer' improve -khwinisa improvement cf reform impudence lunyadzo (abstr) inborn -mamela (poss qualificat) eg vhulwadze inspection u tola (infinit), (holo (dzi-), u inga​ mela (infinit)
inspector muingameli (vha-), sipikitere (zwipiki- ha u mamela inborn disease tere) incentive tshitutuwedzi (zwi-) incisor dzembe (malembe) incite -kukumedza incline -kunama, -sendama; be ~d to: -dowela income mbuelo (dzi-); ~ tax: muthelo wa instead vhudzuloni h a . instigate -kukumedza instigation vhukukumedzi (abstr) instigator mukukumedzi
(vha-) instruct (give command) -laya, -laela; (teach) mbuelo (mi-) -funza, -gudisa increase (n) muengedzo (mi-); (vb) -anda; c tuse instruction (command) ndaela (dzi-), ndayo to ~ in quantity -andisa, -anza; becime worse: -nana eg phepho i khou nana maduvha ano the cold is becoming worse these days increment muengedzo wa muholo (mi-) indeed
ngoho India India Indian Mugula (Ma-) indicate -sumba, -sumbedza indication tsumbo (dzi-), tsumbedzo (dzi-), tshisumbi (zwi-) indicator (direction —) tshisumbabudo (zwi-) induna mukoma (vha-), nduna (dzi-), gota (ma-) infant tshixele (zwi-); very small lutshetshe (vhu-), lushie (vhu-); young — about three months old: tshidalatshanda (zwi-) inflate -
bommba cf Afr ‘pomp’, ~ a balloon -vhudzedza, -kukumusa influence (n) thuthuwedzo (dzi-), vhupfiwa (abstr), muya (mimuya); (vb) -tutuwedza, -dzhenisa muya inform -divhisa, -divhadza; ~ a superior: -suma infuriate -sinyusa inherit -|a ifa inheritance ifa (mafa), vhufa (mafa) initiate (n) mufumbi (vha-); (vb) send someone to be ~d: -fumbisa, -wedza; be
~d: -fumba, -tshina; (begin with) -thoma initiation school ngoma (dzi-) inject -{havha injection dzhekiseni (dzi-) cf Eng injure -huvhadza (tr); be ~d -huvhala (intr); ~ someone with stone: -kovhola injury fuvhalo (ma-) ink ennge (dzi-) cf Afr 'ink' in-law (of husband) makhulu (vho-); (of wife) mazwale (vho-) insect tshikhokhonono (zwi-), tshidodo (zwi-)
inside (adv) ngomu; (vb) turn ~ out, like clothes: -shanda insight u pfesesa (infinit), u vhona (infinit) insist -omelela, -khwajhisa, -kombetshedza insistance khombetshedzo (dzi-) inspan -pana cf Afr ‘span’ (dzi-); (teaching) vhugudisi (abstr), u funza (infinit); ~ for use: ndaedzo (dzi-) insult (n) tshinyadzo (zwi-), samba (ma(amba); (vb) -nyadza, -sema
intellect (intelligence) {halukanyo (cl n-, abstr) ndivho (cl n-, abstr), vhutali (abstr) intelligence cf intellect intelligence-quotient phimo ya mjivho (dzi-), phimo ya vhutali (dzi-), phimo ya (halukanyo (dzi-), IQ (dzi-) cf Eng intelligent be — -thanya, -talifha intelligible -pfalaho (vb rel) intend -toda u intercede -pfumelela interfere -thithisa intermediary
nendila (vho-) intermediation vhunendila (abstr) interpret -dologa cf Afr ‘tolk’, ~ dream, etc: -(alutshedza interpretation thalutshedzo (dzi-) interpreter dologi (dzi-) cf Afr ‘tolk’, mujalutshedzi (vha-) interrogative Jivhudzisi (ma-) interrupt ~ an action: -thithisa; ~ speech: -dzhena hanwani intestine lula (vhula); great ~: |ila (ma-) intimidate -shushedza, -
tshutshudza intoxicate -kamba; be drunkl intoxicated: -kambiwa introduce -divhadza, -swikisa; -disa, -dzhenisa introduction marangaphan^a (pi only), mathomo (pi only), mvulatswinga (dzi-), madzhenele (pi only); tswikiso, n^ivhadzano (dzi-) investigate -sengulusa, -senguludza, -sedzesa investigation tsenguluso (dzi-), tsenguludzo (dzi-) invigilator
mulavhelesi (vha-) invite (call together) -ramba iron (n) (metal) tsimbi (dzi-); (instrument) aim (dzi-) cf Eng; (vb) -aina cf Eng ironing muaino (mi-), u aina (infinit) irrigate -sheledza irrigation tsheledzo (dzi-); ~ water: maiji a tshe- 176 kinship isolate subj cone) wo-, lo-, tsho-, yo-, Iwo-, ho-, kwo-, (narrative subj cone) wa-, la-, tsha-, ya-, Iwa-, ha-, kwaitch -
thothona its (poss cone plus poss stem) -wo, -|o, -tsho, -yo, -lwo, -ho, -kwo, eg wawo, tshalo, zwatsho ledzo, madi a mugero isolate -khetha isolation khethekanyo (dzi-) it (abs pron) wone, lone, tshone, yone, Iwone, hone, kwone; (basic subj cone J jack dzhege (dzi-) cf Eng, domukiri (dzi-) cf Afr journey (n) Iwendo (nyendo); (vb) -enda, 'domkrag',
ngagadeli (dzi-) jackal phungubwe (dzi-), phunguhwe (dzi-) jacket badzhi (dzi-) cf Afr 'baadfie jail sironngo (dzi-) cf Afr 'tronk', dzhele (dzi-) cf Eng, khothoni (dzi-) jam dzhamu (dzi-) cf Eng January Phando jaw/jawbone lutaha (thaha) jealous be ~ of: -vhivha, -tshivha jealousy vivho (mavhivho) jelly dzheli (dzi-) cf Eng jersey dzhesi (dzi-) cf Eng job
mushumo (mi-) join -tanganya; ~ in carpentry for example: -tuma joint thanganyo (dzi-); ~ in carpentry thumo (dzi-); — in anatomy: tshinungo (zwi-); ~ of finger: dungo (ma-) joke (n) muswaswo (mi-), midai (pi only): (vb) crack a ~ -swaswa journal dzhenala (dzi-) cf Eng -tshimbila, undertake a -fara Iwendo, -tanga Iwendo joy dakalo (ma-) jubilation
dakalo (ma-) judge (n) muhatuli (vha-); (vb) -hatula judgement khathulo (dzi ) jug bigiri (dzi-) cf Afr 'beker’, dzhege (dzi-) cf Eng juice sama July Fulwana jump -fhufha; ~ over: -pfuka June Fulwi just -bvou (aux verb) eg ri kha di tou bvou fhedza mushumo we have only ~ finished the work justice (fairness) khathulo kwayo (khathulo kwadzo); (as state
department) vhulamukanyi (abstr) just now zwenezwino/zwezwino (adv), -tuwa (aux verb) eg ndi do tuwa ndi tshi ni rwa / will beat you ~ K Karanga (person) Mukalanga (Vha-); (lan​ guage) Tshikalanga, Lukalanga kaross davhuha (ma-) keen -tama, -vha na mafulufulu. -vha na dzangalelo, be — in spite o f hardships: -fungelela, -futelela keep -fara, -vhea.
~ domesticated animals: -fuwa keepsake (souvenir) tshihumbudzi (zwi-), tshieletshedzi (zwi-), tshiga (tsha khumbudzo) (zwi-) kernel (of tree) mbilu (dzi-) kerrie cf kierie kettle gedela (dzi-) cf Afr 'kelel' key khono (dzi-), khii/khiyi cf Eng Kgatla (person) Mukhada (Vha-); (language) Tshikhada, Lukhada kiaat tree mutondo (mi-) kick -raha kidney tswio
(dzi-) kierie (kerrie) tshibonda (zwi-); knob~ thonga (dzi-) kill (murder) -vhulaha/-vhulaya kiln (for bricks) honndo (dzi-) cf Afr oond kilogram khilogramu (dzi-) cf Eng kilolitre khilolitha (dzi-) cf Eng kilomttre khilomitha (dzi-) cf Eng kind (n) lushaka (tshakha); (qttaltf) wa vhu- lenda, vha vhulenda, tsha vhulenda, etc (poss) kind-hearted -vha na vhuthu
kind-heartedness vhuthu (abstr) kindle —a fire -vhasa, -honza kindness vhulenda (abstr), vhuhwavho (abstr) king khosi (dzi-/mahosi) kingdom muvhuso (mi ) kingfisher (bird) thungununu (dzi-) kinship vhushaka (abstr) 177 leave kinsman kinsman shaka (ma-) kiss (n) khisi (dzi-) cf Eng, u mamana (infinit): knock at -khokhonya; ideophone o f ~ing at (vb)
-mamana, -khisa cf Eng kitchen tshitanga (zwi-) klipspringer ngululu (dzi-) knead -suka knee gona (ma-) kneel -kotama, -gwadama knibble -kukuna knife lufhanga (phanga); big — banga (mapanga) knit -luka, -nita cf Eng knobkierie (knobkerrie) thonga (dzi ) knot (n) pfundo (ma-): (vb) -pfuna know -divha; make ~n to!introduce: -divhadza; door:
khokhokho be —n -divhea knowledge ndivho (abstr) koodoo (kudu) tholo (dzi-) korhaan musilisili (mi-) kraal (village) mudi (mi-); cattle ~: danga (ma-) krantz luwa (nngwa) kudu (koodoo) tholo (dzi ) Kwazulu Kwazulu kwê-voel (grey lourie) mukuwe (mi-) L labour (n) mushumo (mi-); ~ performed for nga vhuya (adv) chief: dzunde (ma-); (vb) -shuma
labourer mushumi (vha-) lack (need) -shaya, -tahela lad mutukana (vha-) ladder vhunamelo (pi same), leri (dzi-) cf AJr 'leer' ladle lufo (mpfo); beer khavho (dzi-) lady mufumakadzi (vha-) lake dzivha (ma-), isha (maisha) lamb (n) ngwana (dzi-); (vb) -dzwala lame (n) tshihole (zwi-); (vb) -holefhala (itilr). -holefhadza (tr) lamp luvhonc (mbone). lammba (ma-
) cf AJr lamp' land (n) (country) shango (ma-); cultivated — tsimu (masimu); cultivated ~ o f duel: dzunde (ma-); (vb) (as o f aeroplane) -kavha language luantbo (nvambo/ngambo).
lulimi (ndimi) lap (n) marumbi (pi only): c/shumbi; (vb) ~ up as dog -kaswa large cf big largeness vhuhulu (abstr) larva mbungu (dzi-) larynx gulokulo (ma-) lass musidzanyana (vha-) last (vb) -fhedza; (qualij) vva u fhedza. va u fhedza, tsha u fhedza, etc (pass): (adv) — night: madekwe, —year: mwahoja/nwahola; mahola last night cf night last year
mwahoja (adv).

hwahoja (adv), mahola (adv) late (n) —person mufu (vha-); — male person munnawavhane (vho-). mutahabvu (vha-); ~ female person musadziwavhane (vho-); (vb) be — (delay): -lenga later (later on, afterwards) nga murahu (adv). lath luvhalelo (mbalelo) Latin Tshilatini. Luiatini latrine (lavatory) tshibudzi (zwi-), bunga (ma-).
jevhethirii (dzi-) cf Eng 'lavatory' laugh -sea laughter maseo (pi only), tshiseo (zwi-) laundry kmdoria (dzi-) cf Eng, sanzwo (ma-) lavatory (latrine) tshibudzi (zwi-), bunga (ma-), levhetliii ii (dzi-) cf Eng law ntulavo (mi-) lawyer axennde (ma-.'dzi-) cf A fr 'agent, ramilayo (vho-) lay (eggs) -kudzela; —foundation -tea; ~ table -deka cf AJr 'dek': ~ complaints :
-vhika (mulandu) layer luvhemba (mbemba) lay-out theo (dzi-) laziness vhubva (abstr) lazy (n) — person: mubva (vha-); (vb) be —: -bvafha lead («) mutobvu (mi-); (vb) -ranga phanda, -isa. -endedza; — in game -fhira; ~ astray: -xedza leader murangaphanda (vha-). phangami (dzi-) leadership vhurangaphanda (abstr) leaf tari (ma-) leak -bvuda lean
become — -onda; — against (person): -gogodela (intr). -disendeka '(intr), ~ object against: -gogodedza (tr), -sendeka (tr) lean-to tala (ma-) learn -guda\ -difunza (ie teach oneself) learning u funzwa (infinit), u guda (infinit) lease-lend (livestock) -swiswa leather mukumba (mi-) leave (n) livi (dzi-) cf Eng, (vb) -tuwa; (go away from) -tutshela; ~ behind: -sia;
— alone: -litsha 178 lecturer lecturer cf speaker left monde (adv) left-hand tshanda tsha monde (zwanda zwa lord .), tshanda tsha tshisadzi (zwanda zw a. .), monde (mimonde) leftwards mondeni (local) leg (fool) mulenzhe (mi-); upper —: tshirumbi (zwi-) Lemba (person) Mulemba (Vha-); (language! culture) Tshilemba (no pi) lemon tshikavhavhe (zwi-)
lemon tree mukavhavhe (mi-) lend borrow -pamba, -adzima; be lent -pambwa length vhulapfu (abstr) lessen -fhungudza lesson ngudo (dzi-); (sermon) pfunzo (dzi-) let ~ go: -litsha, -vhofholola letter lunwalo (ma-), vhunfhi (ma-) cf Afr 'brief; — o f alphabet: ledere (ma-) cf Afr 'letter', — o f recommendation: lunwalo Iwa themendelo (ma-), vhunfhi ha
themendelo (ma-) lettuce tshilai (zwi-) cf Afr 'slaai’ level («) (instrument) vaterepasi (dzi-) cf Afr 'walerpas', (quahf) -edanaho (vb rel); (vb) (scrape a road) -khura; make — -linganyisa Levubu River LuvOvhu liar muzwifhi (vha-), mudziauzwifha (vha-) librarian mulaiburari (vha-) library laiburari (dzi-) cf Eng library science vhudivha|aiburari (cl vhu-),
ndivhalaiburari (cl n-) licence thendelo (dzi-), laisentsi (dzi-), cf Eng lick -nanzwa lid tshitibo (zwi-), mutibo (mi-), —of European pot : dekesela (dzi-) cf Afr 'deksel' lie (n) mazwifhi (pi only); (vb) (tell a ~lbe false) -zwifha; — down -lala, -edela; ~ on one’s back: -ganama; ~ on one's stomach: -shuvhama lieutenant lefuthenente (vho-) cf Eng life vhutshilo
(no pi) lift (onto head) -hwesa; — up/away -takula, — off (something hanging high): -fhahulula, — up one’s eyes -liladza light (n) tshedza (zwedza); (vb) ~ a fire, -vhasa, -honza; ~ a lamp: -funga; be — in weight: -leluwa lightning lupenyo (phenyo) like (love) (vb) -funa; be — cf imitate; -nga sa; (adv element of comparison) sa eg u khou lila sa nwana he is
crying ~ a child liken -fanyisa likeness tshifanyiso (zwi-) limb murado (mi-) lime galaga (sing n- only) cf Afr ‘kalk’ limp -tudza Limpopo River Vhembe line (stripe) mutalo (mi-) liner (ship) tshikepe (zwi-) cf Afr 'skip' linger -mona-mona lining (of clothes) furu (dzi-) cf Afr 'voering’ link -tuma, -tanganya lion ndau (dzi-) lip mulomo (mi-); upper —. mulomo
wa ntha, lower —: mulomo wa fhasi liquid ludi (sing only), tshiludi (zwi-); c/madi liquor tshikambi (zwi-), tshinwiwa (zwi-) listen to -thetshelesa listener muthetshelesi (vha-) listlessness gonobva (class li-) literature htheretsha (dzi-) cf Eng litre litha (dzi-) cf Eng litter -tanza, -lakatedza little cf small live -tshila, -hanya, let ~, le save: -tshidza; — long: -
lalama; —at!stay : -dzula liver tshivhindi (zwi-) livestock zwifuwo (pi only) lizard tswina (dzi-); rock-~ gwavhavha (ma- kwavhavha) load (m) muhwalo (mi-); (vb) -laisa cf Afr 'laat’, —a gun: -tajela; un— -laisulula loathsome be — -nengisa locality (place) fhethu (locat) locative libulafhethu (ma-) lock (n) loko (dzi-) cf Eng; pad— ganzhe (ma-); (vb) -hona, -
khina, -khiya cf Eng, un— -khi- nulula, -khiyulula locust general name for edible — nzie (dzi-); small —: tshipanzi (zwi-); smelling —. silivhmdi (ma-); wingless —: bapu (ma-) log tshitanda (zwi-) log-book bugu ya logo (dzi-), logobugu (dzi-) cf Eng loggerheads be at — with someone -lutana loiter —about -mona-mona loneliness vhumvumvu (abstr),
vhuludu (abstr) long (vb) be —: -lapfa; — for: -tulutshela, -tulutshelwa, —after: -tuvha long (tall) (adj) -lapfu (mu-, vha-, mi-, li-, ma-, tshi-, zwi-, n-/dzin-. ndapfu, lu-, vhu-, hu-, ku-) long ago kale (adv) look -lavhelesa, -sedza; —after livestock -lisa; — after (take care of): -lavhelesa, -thogomela, -londola; —for: -toda; — out: -sedzesa, -basoba cf Afr 'pasopl’
look like -nga sa eg tshithu tshi no nga sa itshi something that looks like this; -fana na loose be —: -rembeda loosen -vhofholola lord (Lord) mune (vhane) cf mune washu our lord, Mune washu our Lord, mune wangu 179 Lord's supper masculinity my lordlfather; (the Lord) Murena (no pi) Lord’s supper (Holy Communion) tshilalelo (zwi-) lorry lori (dzi-
/ma-) cf Eng eg lori yanga (sing), lori dzanga (pi), majori anga (pi) lose -xedza; get lose, -xela; cause to get lose. -lozwa, -xedza; ~ in a game: -kundwa, -baIelwa, -fhenyiwa; ~ leaves: -fhufhurea loss tshinyalelo (dzi-), ndozwo (dzi-) Louis Trichardt Tshitandani lourie purple crested ~ khurukhuru (dzi-); grey —: mukuwe (mi-) louse nnda (dzi-); ~ on
doglfowl dzedze (ma-) lovable -funea love (n) lufuno (sing only)', (vb) -funa machine mutshini (mi-) cf Eng mad be/become ~ -penga madam(e) mufumakadzi (vha-) madness (craziness) tshipengo (zwi-) magazine magazini (dzi-) cf Eng maggot tshivhungu (zwi-), mbungu (dzi-) magic manditi/mandithi (pi only), masilamusi (pi only)-, evil vhuloi (abslr)
magistrate madzhisitarata (vho-) cf Afr 'magi- straat’ mail poswo/boswo (class n- only) cf Afr ‘pos', marifhi (pi only) cf Afr ‘brief maize (mealies) mavhele (pi only) major madzhoro (vho-) cf Afr ‘majoor’, medzha (vho-) cf Eng; as adj c/big majority vhunzhi (abslr) make -ita; ~ noise: -ita phosho, —sin, ie sin: -ita zwivhi; — mistake: -khakha; ~ correction -
khakhulula; ~ an end to: -tumula, -khaula. -khauledza; be made end to: -khaukana malaria dali (ma-) male (of animal) tshiduna (zwi-) mamba (black) dyambila (ma-) mammal tshimama (zwi-) man munna (vha-); unmarried — khombe (dzi-); young married muvhera (vha-); little ~: kuduna (zwi-); old —: mukalaha (vha-); young —: muthannga (vha-).
liswuhana (ma-); tall slender luduna (vhu-) manage -langa; -kona manager (overseer) mulangi (vha-) mane mamvele (pi only) mango iinngo (ma-) cf Eng manhood vhunna (abslr) mankind vhathu (pi only) manner mukhwa (mi-); ~ of doing: maitele (pi only), — of speaking: maambele (pi only), low cf short; wa fhasi, ya fhasi, tsha fhasi, dza fhasi, etc
(poss) lower -tsitsa/-tsisa; -fhungudza luck mashudu (abstr); bad ~: mashudumavhi (abstr) luggage muhwalo (mi-) lukewarm -dudela lunatic mpengo (class mu- with pi cl mi-, ie mipengo) lunch (n) tshiswitulo (zwi-); (vb) -swijula lung fhafhu (ma-) lump (ball of claylporridge formed with hand) mbumbwa (dzi-); — on skin: bundu (mapundu) kuambele (no
pi); —of ruling: mavhusele (pi only), kuvhusele (no pi) manufacture -ita manure manyoro (pi only) cf Eng, mupfudze (only sing mu-) many (much) -nzhi (adj) (vha-, mi-, ma-, zwi-, n-/dzin-: nnzhi, vhu-); how —?: -ngana? (adj) (vha-, mi-, ma-, zwi-, n-/dzin-: nngana?, vhu-) map mapa (sing cl mu-, pi cl mi-) cf Eng eg mapa uyu ndi wa Afurika this ~ of Africa
march -matsha cf Eng March Thafamuhwe mare bere ya tsadzi (dzi-) margarine madzharini/madzharina (pi only) cf Eng mark (n) lufayo (pfayo), luswayo (tswayo); maraga (dzi-) cf Eng; (vb) ~ property: -faya, -swaya; ~ examination; -koreka cf Eng ‘cor​ rect’ market makete (sing ci mu- pi cl mi-) cf Eng, eg makete muthihi one market, makete minzhi
many markets marriage mbingano (dzi-); ~ festival: munyanya (mi-), mutshato (mi-); — cattle thakha (dzi-); ~ object given: musho (mi-) marrow mwongo (pi same, mu-/mi- classes), nwongo (mitiwongo) marry -tshata; (man) (pay dowry) -mala, -dzea; (woman) -malwa, -dzewa; bring one's bride home: -vhinga: be brought home (woman): -vhingwa marsh
c/v lei marula (tree) mufula (mi-); (fruit) fula (ma-) marvel (n) dembe (ma-); (vb) ~ at -kanuka, -mangala masculinity vhunna (abslr) 180 mischievous mason mason cf bricklayer mass (numbers of people) mavhuthu (pi only)', member (of body or instance) mura^o (mi-); ~ (quantity) vhunzhi (abstr), (religion) masi (dzi-) cf Eng; (weigh!) tshileme (zwi-)
master (n) mune (vha-); — of ceremonies mutshimbidzamushumo (vha-); (vb) -kona masterbuilder tshifhati (zwi-) mat sleeping —: thovho (dzi-) match (fire) lutanda lwa mulilo (thanda dza .), mulilo (no pi), (game) metshe (mimetshe) cf Eng match-box forogisi (ma-) cf Afr 'vuurhouljies' matchet likhavha (ma-) mate (friend) khonam (dzi-), thama (dzi-)
material -sila (ma-), labi (ma-) cf Afr 'lap' materialize -bveledza (tr), -bvelela (inrr) mathematics mathematiki (cl n-) cf Eng matter fhungo (ma-); (pus) vhulwa (pi same) mature (vb) -vhibva; (quahf) -hulwane (adj); -vhibvaho (vb rel), -hulaho (vb rel) may -nga- (potential format) May Shundunthule me (abs pron) cf I; (obj cone) homorganic nasal n/m/ny
meadow mudavhi (mi-) meal (food) zwiliwa (pi only); evening —: tshilalelo (zwi-); midday —: tshiswitulo (zwi-); stamped mealie —: vhukhopfu (no pi) ; mealie ~ ground in mill: mugayo (no pi) mealie-grain thoro (dzi-) mealie plant hvhele (ma-) mealies mavhele (pi only); (harvested late) madzimba; (mealie-cobs, green) tshikoli (zwi-) mean -amba meaning
thalutshedzo (dzi-) measles fumbu (cl li-), tshifumbu (cl tshi-) measure (u) tshielo (zwi-). muelo (mi-); (vb) -ela, -pima measurement muelo (mi-) meat nama (dzi-) medal medala (dzi-) cf Eng mediator mupfumedzi (vha-), mulamuli (vha-); cf Christ as —: Mupfumedzi (no pi) medicine mushonga (mi-) medicine-man nanga (dzi-); art of ~ vhuhanga (abstr)
meditate -elekanya meek wa vhulenda, vha vhulenda, tsha vhulenda, etc (poss) meekness vhulenda (abstr) meerkat lukhohe (khohe, vhukhohe) meet -tangana meeting mutangano (mi-), khuvhangano (dzi-); — at chiefs or other governing officer's place: tshivhidzo (zwi-), khunyeleli (dzi-) melody mutivho (mi-), tshum (dzi-) cf Eng ‘tune’ melt -noka
membership vhurado (abstr); — card garaja ya of council mura^o wa khoro (mi-) vhura^o (dzi-) memory (n) muhumbulo (mi-), nyelelwo (dzi-); (vb) keep in -humbula, -elelwa merciful be ~ -vha na khathutshelo mercy (n) khathutshelo (class n-); (vb) have — khathutshela merely (but) fhedzi (conj) message mafhungo (pi only), mulaedza (mi-) messenger
mudinda (vha-), murumiwa (vha-); — sent on evil errand, thuiiwa (dzi-) meter mitha (dzi-) cf Eng midday (adv) masian tshivhangalala; around masiari midday meal (n) tshiswitulo (zwi-); (vb) have one's -switula middle vhukati (adv) midnight vhusikukati (adv) migrate -pfuluwa milieu fhethuvhupo (local), milieu (dzi-) cf Eng milk (n) (of animals) mafhi (pi
only), mukhaha (no pi); fresh —: luvhisi (no pi); curdled —: makhethe (pi only); powder —: mafhi a luvhanda (pi only); (of humans) mukando (mi-); (vb) -hama milker muhami (vha-) milking-rope/-strap muvhofho (mi-) milky way mulalavhungu (mi-) mill flour tshigayo (zwi-) miller mugayi (vha-) millet finger — (of ancient Venda origin used for sacrificial
beer): mufhoho (mi-); bulrush —. luvhele (mbele); sorghum —: matulwi (pi only), maliba (pi only), makhaha (pi only); sorghum — (with ear hanging down, ie va​ riety o f makhaha): tshikota (zwi-) millilitre mililitha (dzi-) cf Eng millimetre milimitha (dzi-) cf Eng millipede dongololo (ma-) mimic -edzisa mimosa species muunga (mi-) mine (n) —(shaft)
mugodi (mi-); (poss) cf my minister mimsita (dzi-) cf minisita o tuwa (ie sing in cl mu-) the — has left; minisita dzo tuwa the —s have left; — of religion, mufunzi (vha-); wife of — of religion dzhafurou (vho-) cf Afr ‘juffrou', vhomme (honorific) minute (time) mumthi (mimumthi), —s of meet​ ing: maambiwa (pi only) miracle vhutolo (abstr), madembe (pi
only, cf sing: dembe a wonder or a marvel) mirror tshivhoni (zwi-) mischief (n) tshinyadzo (zwi-); (vb) do — -tshinyadza mischievous -tshinyadzaho (vb rel) 181 Mutale River miser miser name (dzi-) misfortune khombo (dzi-) misinterpret -shanda mislead -khakhisa, -xedza; be misled: -khakhi- swa, -xedzwa miss (a target) -humpa, -bumpa miss (title of
unmarried woman) mufumakadzana (vha-) missing -sa vhonalaho (vb rel), -xelaho (vb rel) mission thumo (dzi-), vhurumiwa (abstr) missionary mufunziruiiwa/mufunzirumwa (vha-) mission station tshitasi (zwi-) cf Afr ‘stasie' missis/missus mufumakadzi (vha-) mist khuli (dzi-) mistake khakho (dzi-) Mister (Sir) murena (Vha-) mistress mufarekano (vha-
/mi-) mix -tanganyisa, -vanga, -vanganya (tr), -vanganyisa; get —ed up: -vangana (intr) mixture muvango (mi-) moan (n) tshililo (zwi-); -dzida, -gomela; (la​ ment) -lila; (as of river) -unga/-uunga mock -hoya -holedza, -gwara, -gaela mockery u hoya(infinit), kholedzo (dzi-) modern (n) ~ times musalauno (no pi), wa musalauno, tsha musalauno, dza
musalauno, etc (poss) modest be mortar mutuli (mi ) mosquito lunyunyu (vhu-) mother mme (vhomme) mother-in-law (husband's mother) mazwale (vho-); (wife's mother) makhulu-tshisadzi (vho-) motion cf proposal motive cf incentive, cause motorbike thuthuthu (dzi-) motorcar modoro (mimodoro) cf Afr ‘motor’ motorcycle thuthuthu (dzi-) mould
(create) -vhumba; —Iform bricks: -foroma zwidina cf Afr 'vorm' mount -namela mountain thavha (dzi-) mountain-pass hwavha wa thavha (minwavha ya . ..), tshifhande (zwi-) mountain-tortoise khamba (dzi-) mourn -lila mourning tshililo (zwi-) mouse mbevha (dzi-) mouth mulomo (mi-); big ~ dzomo (malomo); in the hanwani move (shift) -sudzulusa (tr), -
sudzuluwa (intr); ~ closer: -sendela (intr), -sendedza (tr); -pfulusa (tr), -pfuluwa (intr) movement musudzuluwo (mi-); — of grass, etc: thitho (dzi-) much (adv) cf greatly; (adj) how ~? cf big. how big/ ~?: so ~ cf so big/ cf many mucus (nasal) maduda (pi only) mud soft ~ matope (pi only), thophe (in pi dzionly); mass of soft dope (sing Ji- only, muddy
slime; lurofhe (no pi) mudguard modorosikepe (mi-) cf Afr modderskerm ’ mug bigiri (dzi-) cf Afr ‘beker’ multiply -andisa mumps mawi (pi only) mungoose (mongoose) while-tailed ~ mutsherere (mi-); banded ~: tshihoho (zwi-); slen​ der ~ (rooi-muishond) : lukhohe (khohe, vhukhohe) municipality masipala (vhomasipala) cf Eng 'municipal' murder (n)
vhupondi (pi same), vhuvhulahi (pi same); (vb) -ponda, -vhulaha murderer muvhulahi (vha-), muvhulai (vha-), phondi (dzi-) muscle musipha (mi-) museum muziamu (mi-) cf Eng music muzika (mi-) cf Eng mushroom ngowa (dzi-); poisonous — ngowampengo (dzi-) must -fanela (aux vb) Mutale River Mutale 182 mutter nota bene mutter -nununa mutton
nama ya nngu my poss cone plus poss stem -nga, eg wanga tshanga, zwanga N naboom mukonde (mi-) nail (of fingers and toes) Iwala (nala); (for car​ pentry) tshibigiri (zwi-) cf Afr 'spyker' naked (n) (person) bunyu (ma-); (jtred) be bunyu/fhedzi (copul base) eg ndi bunyu/ fhedzi / am naked, ri mabunya/fhedzi we are naked nakedness vhubunyu (abstr)
name (n) dzina (ma-); (vb) -rina. -ira, -redza nap (n) vhukofhe (pi same): (tdeoph) o f taking a — zhambu' napkin [cri (ma-) cf Afr 'litter' narrate (relate) -anetshela. -hanelela. -toolola narration nganetshelo (dzi-).
mafhungo (mv selfde). nganea (dzi-) narrative mafhungo (pi only), nganea (dzi-), nganetshelo (dzi-) narrow -sekene (ad]) (mu-, mi-, h-. ma-, tshi-, zwi-, n-'dzin-: tsekene, lu-, vhu-. ku-) narrowness vhusekene (abstr) Natal Natala cf Afr Natal nation lushaka (tshakha) nationality lushaka (tshakha) native -po (poss, eg wapo, vhapo, yapo, tshapo, zwapo, etc)
nature mupo (sing mu- only): ~ o f a thing or person nzulele (dzi-) naughty -levhaho (vb rel). -silingaho (vb rel) nausea (n) tsilingwane (dzi-); (vb) cause — -siImgisa; have -silingwa navel mukombo (mi-) Ndebele (person) Mundevhele (Ma-); (culture) Tshindevhele (no pi): (language) Lundevhele (no pi), Tshindevhele (no pi) near (nearby) tsini (adv) nearly
todou (aux verb) eg o todou wa he nearly fell' neat -vhudele (poss) eg wa vhudele, tsha vhudele, dza vhudele, etc neatness vhudele (abstr) necessary -todeaho (vb rel) neck mutsinga (mi-) necklace vhulungu (no pi), nekilesi (dzi-) cf Eng: (as talisman) tshitungulo (zwi-) need (n) tshayo (dzi-), thodea (dzi-); (vb) -shaya, -tahela needle nelete (dzi-) cf Afr
’naald’ needlework (n) murungo (mi-); (as school sub​ ject) divhamurungo (cl n-, no pi): (vb) do ~ -runga neighbour mufhatisani (vha-), muhura (vha-) nephew muduhulu (vha-); nwana (vhana) nest tshitaha (zwi-) net mambule (pi only) netball netibola (dzi-) cf Eng never na kathihi nevertheless naho zwo ralo new -swa (adj) (mu-, vha-, mi-, li-, ma-, tshi-,
zwi. n-/dzin-: ntswa, lu, vhu-, ku-) newcomer muswa (vha-) newness vhuswa (abstr) news mafhungo (pi only) newspaper gurannda (dzi-) cf Afr koerant next (vb rel) -daho, -tevhelaho; (adv) ~ to: tsini; — year: nwakani, mwakani, ishaho; year after —year: mbaiiwakani, mbaishaho nibble -nenza nice -vhudi (j)oss eg wavhudi.
vhavhudi. tshavhudi, yavhudi, dzavhudi. etc) nicely zwavhudi (adv) niece muduhulu (vha-); hwana (vhana) niggardliness vhutshivha (no pi) night vhusiku (pi same): at ~ : vhusiku (adv), last —: madekwe (adv) nine tahe, thanu-na-nna nineteen fumitahe ninety futahe nipple (of mammals) thungu; (mechanical) nipulu (dzi-) cf Eng nit gai (makai) no!
(mterj) hai!; (women only) evho! ebo! node dungo (ma-) noise phosho (dzi-), lushada (no pi) no longer (neg format) -tsha eg a ri tsha fhedza we have not yet finished, ha tsha funa u la vhuswa he no longer wants to eat porridge; cf kha di as positive of negat element -tsha nominate -ta nomination muto (mi ) nonsense vhutafutafu (abstr) noon cf midday
normal -misi, -nomala cf Eng eg wa/tsha/dza misi/nomala, etc (poss) north (adv) vhukalanga, devhula (adv) Northern Sotho Tshisuthu tsha Devhula (no pi) nose ningo (dzi ) not (negat formatives) a, a si, songo, sa, a ngo. a . . . nga, si; ~ yet: athu, eg a thi athu fhedza / have not yet finished nota bene (NB) -dzhiela nzhele 183 note operation now zwino
(adv) nowadays (these days) maduvha ano (adv) now then! cf thus! number (figure) mbalo (dzi-); (quantity) tshi- note (n) (paper money) tari (ma-); (short letter) luiiwalo (ma-); written notsi (dzi-) cf Eng; ~ in music: noti (dzi-) cf Eng: (vb) -limuha; -nwala notebook bugu ya notsi (dzi-). notibugu (dzi-) cf Eng nothing neg plus tshithu, eg ha na tshithu
helshe has nothing; a hu na tshithu there is nothing notice (n) ndivhiso (dzi-), tshenzhemo (dzi-); (vb) -vhona; give ~ ; -divhisa. -divhadza, -nothisa cf Eng notify -divhadza, -divhisa noun dzina (ma-) November Lara vhalo (zwi-) numerous become ~ cf increase nurse (n) (of children) muleli (vha-), tshixele (zwi-); (of sick persons) nese (dzi-/ma-) cf Eng,
muongi (vha-); (vfr) -onga nursing home vhuongelo (pi same) nut (ground—) nduhu (dzi-). — of bolt nati (dzi-) cf Eng nyala (buck) nyala (dzi-) () oath (n) muano (mi-); (vb) take an — -ana obedience vhuthetshelesi (abstr). u thetshelesa offer (n) mpho (dzi-). tshifhiwa (zwi-). — in auction gemo (ma-); (vi>) -fha. -nea; — a (infinil) sacrifice: -nekedza obey -
thetshelesa offering tshithavhelo (zwi-) object (ti) tshithu (zwi-); grammatical —: tshiitwa office ofisi (dzi-) cf Eng; charge — tshatshaofisi (zwi-); (vb) -hana (dzi-) cf Eng objective ndivho (dzi-) officer muofisiri (vha-) cf Afr ‘offisier' obligation pfanclo (dzi-) official (n) muofisi (vha-) cf Eng office', mushuoblige -fanela; be —d -fanela meli (vha-) obscure -tsira
off-load -laisulula cf unload observation u lavhelesa (infinit), u vhona (infi- offspring mbebo (sing only, n-) nit), u sedza (infinit) often kanzhi (adv), lunzhi (adv); how ~? lungaobserve -sedza, -lavhelesa, -vhona na? (adv) observer muvhoni (vha-) oil (n) mapfura (pi only), oili (dzi-) cf Eng, ole obsolete -sa tsha shumiswa, -latwa (dzi-) cf Afr 'olie'; (vb) -oila cf
Eng obstinacy swili (dzi-), tshipimbi (zwi-), tshioil-fdter tshisefaoili (zwi-) khuna (zwi-) ointment tshidolo (zwi-) obstinate be — -vha na tshikhuna old (adj) -lala (mu-, vha-, mi-, li-, ma-, tshi-, obstruct (view) -tsira; (passage) -thivha, -thivhezwi-, n-/dzin-: ndala, lu-, vhu-. ku-); (vb) la become ~ (woman): -kegula, (man): -kalaha obtain -wana; —able -wanala
old age vhulala (no pi) occupation mushumo (mi-); — of enemy terri​ oldness vhulala (no pi) tory: ngalelo (dzi-) Olifants River Lumbelule occupy -dzula; —territory : -thuba, -dzhia omasum tshiuthwane (zwi-) occur -bvelela on kha (adv element), eg kha tshidulo on the occurrence tshiwo (zwi-), tshiitea (zwi-) chair October Tshimedzi once luthihi (adv),
katiwe (adv), kathihi (adv) of (possessive concord) wa-, vha-, ya-, la-, a-, one -thihi (adj) (mu-, Ji-, tshi-, n- nthihi, lu-, tsha-, zwa-, dza-, Iwa-, ha- (for cl vhu-, uvhu-, ku-) and local) onion nyala (dzi ) offence (n) khakhelo (dzi-), tsinyuso (dzi-); (vb) only fhedzi (adv) give —: -khakhela, -sinyusa, -dina; take — open -vula (tr) , -vulea (intr) ; remove lid of pot, -
sinyuwa, -dinwa etc: -tibula (tr); be/become removed: -tioffend -khakhela, -sinyusa, -dina, -shishimisa, buwa; — one's mouth: -atama; ~ one’s eyes: -nengisa -bonyolola/-bonyolowa; ~ one s eyes wide/ offensive (qualif) -shishimisaho (vb ret), -nengistare -ruda (mato) saho (vb rel), -shonisaho (vb rel); (vb) be — operate (medically) -ara, —a machine: -
shumisa -shishimisa, -nengisa, -shonisa operation (medical) muaro (mi-) 184 operational area operational area fhethu ha nndwa (loan) operator (of machine) mushumisi (vha-) opportunity tshifhinga (zwi-) oppose -hanedza opposite (n) lifhambanyi (ma-); (qualif) -fhambanaho (vh ret) opposition (in parliament) vhukangi (abstr); — parly lihoro likangi
(mahoro makangi) or kana (conj) orange (fruit) swaramula (ma-) cf Afr suurlemoen . swiri (ma-) cf Afr 'suiir'; (tree) muswiri (mi-) Orange Kree State Fureisitata cf Afr VryslaaT orator muambi (vha-) order (n) (instruction) ndaela (dzi-); —for sup​ plying goods: oda (dzi-) cf Eng, (sequence) thevhekano (dzi-); (vh) (instruct) -nea ndaela.

~ goods: -hoda cf Eng; be in —: zwo luga ordinary (muthu) zwawe; (muri) zwawo; (tshithu) zwatsho; (dzina) zwalo, etc origin mathomo (abstr). vhubvo (abstr) originality vhuthomi (abstr) originate -thoma. -bva orphan musiwana (vha-). tshisiwana (zwi-) ostrich mphwe (dzi-) other (some) -hwe (adj) (vha-.
mi-, ma-, zwi-, dzin-: dzinwe, vhu-) other side (opposite side) seli na lula/lila (adv). party ~ of mountain : murahu (adv) ought -fanela (aux vb) our poss cone plus poss stem -shu. eg washu, dzashu. hashu ours cf our outside nnda (adv) outspan -panulula cf Afr '(tn)span' oven honndo (dzi-) cf Afr 'oond', oveni (dzi-) cj Eng overburden -lemedza overcoat
dzhasi (ma-) cf Afr fas overcome -kunda overdo -itesa overeat -lesa overflow -fhalala (intr); cause to ~ -fhaladza (tr) overseas sell (ha Iwanzhe) eg Maisimane o bva seli (ha Iwanzhe) The Englishmen came from overseas overseer mulangi (vha-) oversleep -tshelwa overtake -fhirela overwhelm -kunda; be ~ed -kundwa owe -koioda cf Afr 'skuld' owl gwitha
(makhwitha) own -vha na owner (master) mune (vhane); (master of house) nemudi (vho-) ox phulu (dzi-) ox-hide mukumba (mi-) P pace hga (ma-)' pacify -fhembeledza, -khuthadza. -fhumudza. -rudza pack (n) buto (ma-); (vb) -vhekanya. -paka cf Afr 'pak' pack-animal lingavha (ma-) pack-ox mbelesa (dzi-) padlock ganzhe (ma-) pagan muhedem (vha-) cf
Afr hetden paganism tshihedeni (abstr) cf Afr hetden ’ page siatari (ma-) pail emere (dzi-) cf Afr 'emmer ', bakete (ma-) cf Eng 'bucket', milk ~: khamelo (dzi-) pain vhutungu (abstr) paint (n) pennde (dzi-) cf Eng, (vb) -pennda. cf Eng; -ola painter mapendane (vho-) cf Eng, mupenndi (vha-) cf Eng; muoli (vha-). pale become ~ -haluluwa palpitate -
divhitha palpitation mudivhitho (mi-) pan pani (dzi-) cf Afr 'pan' paper bammbiri (ma-) cf Afr papier'. phepha (ma-) cf Eng parable tshifanyiso (zwi-). pfanyisedzo (dzi-) paraffin pharafeni (dzi-) cf Afr 'paraffien paragraph phara (dzi-) cf Eng, ndimana (dzi-) parcel phasela (dzi-) cf Eng pardon pfarelo (dzi-) pare swotola parent mubebi (vha-). ~ -in-law from
husband's side makhulu (vho-); ~-in-law from wife's side: mazwale (vho-) parent-in-law (wife’s side) mazwale (vho-); (hus​ band's side) makhulu (vho-) park (n) paka (dzi-) cf Eng, ( vb) -paka cf Eng parliament phalamennde (dzi-) cf Afr park mem' parson mufunzi (vha-) parsonage nndu ya mufunzi (dzi-) part (n) tshipida (zwi-), (vb) -fhambana participial
mood limuditshitevheli (ma-) particle kupida (zwi-), kupali (zwi-); —in gram mar: tshivhumbi (zwi-), livhumbi (ma-) partridge khwali (dzi ) party political ~ [ihoro (ma-); (feast) phathi 1X5 pity pass (dzi-) cf Eng periodical cf journal (of mountain) tshifhande (zwi-), perish -lovha; cause to ~ -lozwa nwavha (minwavha); (in examination) u permission
Ihendelo (dzi-) phasa (infinit): (permission in writing) the- permit (n) thendelo (dzi-); (vb) -tendela ndelo (dzi-); (vb) ~ on way: -fhira; ~ object persecute -tovhola to someone -nekedza, -fhirisa; (succeed in persecution mutovholo (mi-) examination) -phasa cf Eng perseverance vhukondeleli (abstr) passage (from book) tshipida (zwi-); (corridor) persevere -
kondeelela phasedzhi (dzi-) cf Eng persist -omelela passenger munamedzwa (vha-), munameli person muthu (vha-) (vha-) personality vhumuthu (abstr) passer-by mufhiri wa gondo (vha-) personification lifanyamuthu (ma-) passive voice maambwaitwa (pi only) perspiration (sweat) biko (ma-) pass water (urine) -runda; (euph) -tambuwa, perspire -bva
biko -tambuluwa persuade -fhembeledza pasture mafuloni (pi only) pestle musi (misi) pasturage (grazing) pfulo (mafulo) petrol pitirolo (no pi), petiroli (no pi) cf Eng patch (n) tshinamo (zwi-), tshihaswa (zwi-); pharmacy cf chemist phetsho (dzi-) cf Eng: (vb) (clothing) -nama, photo(graph) (n) (picture) tshifanyiso (zwi-), -haswela; (tube) -phetsha cf Eng
tshinepe (zwi-) cf Eng 'snap': (vb) take ~ path (broad track) gondo (ma-); (broad traill -fanyisa, -foda cf Eng 'photo' track) gwala (ma-); foot— : ndila (dzi-) physics fisika (cl n-) cf Afr 'fisika' patience vhusifhelembilu (abstr) physiology divhamuvhili (cl n-), fisiolodzhi (cl patient (n) mulwadza (vha-); (vb) be ~ -sa fhela n-) cf Eng mbilu, -vha na mbilu ndapfu
pick (n) piki (dzi-) cf Eng: (vb) ~ fruit -fula, paunch (of animals) gulu (ma-) -ka; ~ up: -doba; ~ up lot of things: -dopauper mulili (vha-), musingili (vha-), mutshibedza nyali (vha-), mushai (vha-) picture tshifanyiso (zwi-) pavillion phavilioni (dzi-) cf Eng piece (soap, bread) tshipida (zwi-) paw shimba (marimba) pierce -phula, -runga, thavha pawpaw
bapawe (ma-) cf Afr 'papaja Pietersburg Bulugwane pay (n) muholo (mi-), malamba (pi only): -ba- pig nguluvhe (dzi-) dela cf Afr ‘betaai: ~ a debt -lifha; ~ tax: pig-sty tshitumba (zwi-) -thela; — dowry -mala; ~ dowry for son: pile (n) (disease of lower rectum) murutshu -dzekisa; ~ attention -dzhiela nzhele/tshe(mi-), vhuzwimbatsingatshivhununi (no pi):
nzhemo. -thogomela (heap as of earth) thulwi (dzi-): (heap as of payment ndifho (dzi-). mbadelo (dzi-) stones) tshithopho (zwi-); (vb) -thopha. pea eregisi (dzi-) cf Afr 'ertjies' -kuvhanganva, -khokha. -thupha peace mulaio (mi-) pill philisi (dzi-) cf Eng peach beregisi (ma-) cf Afr 'perske' pillar phuphu (dzi-) peanut nduhu (dzi-) pillow tshisiamelo (zwi-),
musiamelo (mi-) pearl nungu (dzi-) pilot mutshimbidzafulaimatshini (vha-) pedal tirapa (dzi-) cf Afr 'trap' pincers lumano (vhu-) Pedi language Tshibeli (no pi) pinch -tota peel (n) ganda (makanda); (vb) -swotola pineapple tshihenge (zwi-), tshienge (zwi-) peep —over: -todzimela; —through: -tolela pioneer muzhakandila (vha-), muphulandila pen (for
writing) peni (dzi-) cf Eng: (for animals) (vha-), Iizhakandila (ma-) tshitumba (zwi-) pip (as of fruit) thambo (dzi-) pencil penisela (dzi-) cf Eng pipe (for smoking) bibi (dzi-) cf Afr 'pyp': (for pension pheshem (dzi-) cf Eng: old age — mu​ water, etc) phaiphi (dzi-), bommbi(dzi-) cf holo (mi-), mundende (mi-) Afr ‘pomp’ people vhathu (pi only) pit (shaft) (cf
well) mugodi (mi-) pepper phiriphiri (dzi-) pitch (n) (on cricket field) kuvhande (zwi-); perceive with sense organs (eyes excluded): -pfa (music) khalo (dzi-), tshikalakhalo (zwi-); perch (as person) -dzula; (as bird) -kavha (vb) ~ a tent: -toka perhaps khamusi (adv) pity (n) khathutshelo (abstr), tshilidzi (abstr): period (on timetable) phiriodi (dzi-) cf Eng
(vb) -pfela vhutungu, -khathutshela pass (n) 186 place place fhethu (local) plain (treeless) bale (mavhale), luvhula (ma-); ~ pound poet murendi (vha-) poetry vhurendi (abstr) point (n) (tip o f object) thodzi (dzi-); (small dot) covered mostly with mopani trees hani (mapani); treeless grassy ~ mudavhi (mi-) tshithoma; — in argument tshiga (zwi-); cf
plaintiff muhweleli (vha-). muvhilaeli (vha-) mark'; (vb) ~ at -sumba; make a ~ -amba plait (knit) -luka tshiga plan (n) (of building) pulane (dzi-) cf Eng: nzu- poison (n) tshefu (dzi-) cf Afr 'gif, tshitamba dzanyo (dzi-), (cunning, plans) maano (pi (zwi-), mulimo (mi-); vhutungu (pi same); only): ( ib) -dzudzanya, make — -vhamba/ (vb) -shela/-shelela
tshefu/mulimo/tshitamba -luka maano poke at/into (as into fire) -fhuta plane («) musendo (mi-), (vb) (smoothen) pole thanda (dzi-); big ~ danda (matanda); thin -senda — lutanda (thanda); big — used to bar gate​ plank bulannga (ma-) cf Afr plank' way bango (mapango). lipongoro (ma-) plans maano (pi only) polecat thuri (dzi-) plant (n) tshimela (zwi-);
(r/>) — mealies, etc: police(man) pholisa (ma-) -rothedza, -goba/-gobela, ~ trees, etc: -sima: police force vhupholisa (pi same) —seeds: -tavha polish («) pholishi (dzi-) cf Eng; (vb) -pholisha plaster (n) pulasitele/bulasitele (dzi -) cf Eng politics politiki (sing cl n- only) cf Afr politick' (vb) -pulasitela/-bulasitela cf Eng. -hulunga pollen muvula (/:o pi) plate
(platter) boroto (dzi-) cf Afr hard . phule- pomelo bambahosi (ma-) cf A fr pampelmoes thi (dzi-) cf Eng.
wooden — ndilo (dzi-) ponder -elekanva platform (on station) bulatifomo (dzi-) cf Eng: pool (in river) dzivha (ma-) (stage) tshiteidzhi (dzi-) cf Eng.
tshitanda- poor (n) musiwana (vha-), tshisiwana (zwi-), vhathu (zwi-) mushayi (vha-). mushai (vha-); (vb) be ~: platter cf plate -shava play («) mutambo (mi-), jitanwa (ma-); (vb) pope mupapa (vha ) cf Eng 'papal' or Afr paap -tamba, —musical instrument -lidza (derogative) player mutambi (vha-) population vhathu (pi only) playground (clearance)
luvhande (mbande) mu​ porcupine nungu (dzi-) davhi (mi-) pork nama ya nguluvhe plead -humbela. -luvhelela. -luvheledza porridge vhuswa (maswa): thin — mukapu pleasant -takadzaho (vb rel): (ideopli) of being (mi-); sour — mutuku (mi-); ~ ladled out in ~ khithi! flat strips: mukonde (mi-) please -takadza portion (share) mukovhe (mi-); (piece)
tshipida pleasing cf pleasant (zwi-) pleasure dakalo (ma-) portrait tshifanviso (zwi-) Pleiades tshilimela (no pi) position (scat) vhudzulo (pi same); — in terms of plentiful be ~ -dala, -anda achievement; vhuimo (ma-) pliers lumano (vhu-), phuleiri (dzi-) c) Eng possess cf have plot (//) (conspiracy) tshiphiri (zwi-). tshimbevha possessions (cattle) thakha (dzi-
); thundu (dzi-) (zwi-); — of land: puloto (dzi-) cf Eng; — in possible be —: -itea. -konea, -konadzea literature mapfunele (pi only), puloto (dzi-) post in) (occupational) mushumo (mi-); (letters.
cf Eng; (vb) (conspire) -ita tshiphiri/tshimail) poswo boswo (sing only) cf Afr 'pos'. mbcvha; (scheme) -langana marifhi (pi only) cf Afr brief ; (vb) -posa cf plough (n) dzembe (malembe); (vb) (dig) -lima Air 'pos' ploughed land (piece of) ndima (dzi-) postal code khoudu va poswo (dzi-) ploughing time dzima (ma-) postmaster raposwo (vho-), posmasta (dzi-)
cf ploughman mulimi (vha-) Eng pluck ~ feathers -thuvha —fruit -tula ~ )low​ post office posofisi (dzi-), poswo (dzi-) cf Eng ers: -ka pot (clav ~) khali (dzi-); large clay beer — nkho plug (prevent from coming out) -thivha (dzi-); large clay ~ gali (makali); clay ~ for plunder -thuba water: mvuvhelo (dzi-); cooking ~ (metal): plural vhunzhi (abstr) bodo (dzi-)
cf A fr pot' plus na (connective) potato dabula (ma-) cf Afr 'aariappei pocket large ~ mukwama (mi-); ordinary ~ potter muvhumbi (vha-) tshikwama (zwi-) pound (n) bonndo (dzi-) cf Afr pond'; (vb) poem tshirendo (zwi-) -sinda; —a floor: -kupa 187 pour psalm pour (~ in) -shela; ~ out: -tevhula, -shulula poverty (want) vhushai (abstr) powder luvhanda
(mbanda); ~ soap tshisibe printing-press gandiso/khandiso (dzi-) prison dzhele (dzi-) cf Eng 'jail', tironngo (dzi-) tsha luvhanda (zwi-); ~ milk: mafhi a lu​ vhanda (pi only) power maanda (pi only) praise -renda, -khoda praise-name cf praise-poem praise-poem tshirendo (zwi-), tshikhodo (zwi-) pray -rabela; (beseech earnestly) -rabeledza prayer thabelo
(dzi-), khumbelo (dzi-); Lord's ~: Thabelo ya Murena (no pi) prayer meeting thabelo (dzi-) preach -tanziela, -funza preacher mutanzieli (vha-), mupureki (vha-) cf Afr ‘preek' precipice (cliff) luwa (nngwa) predict (eg rain) -bvumba preface maswikisi (pi only), marangaphanda (pi only) prefer -tama, -funa preferable -tameaho (vb re!) prefix thangi (dzi-)
pregnancy vhukole (abstr), vhuimana (abstr) pregnant (be ~) -vhifha muvhilini, -dihwala premolar lirangadzeu (ma-) preparation ndugiselo (dzi-) prepare -lugisa, -vhekanya, -dzudzanya prescribe (books, etc) -randela; (medicine) -vhudza mushonga prescription ndaela (dzi-) present (n) mpho (dzi-), tshifhiwa (zwi-); ~ to chief nduvho (dzi-); (vb) -fha, -
nea; (adv) hone eg ri hone we are present preserve -vhulunga press (n) khandiso (dzi-). gurannda (dzi-) cf Afr 'koerant', (vb) ~ clothes: -aina cf Eng iron', -phuresa cf Eng: -pwanyeledsa. -tsikeledza, -gada; ~ down into: -gadedzela Pretoria Tswane prevent -thivha; -thivhela, -dzivha; -dzivhisa prevention vhuthivha (abstr) previous -fhiraho (vb re!) price
mutengo (mi-) prick (thorn) -vaya; -thavha prickly pear (cactus, all kinds) mudoro (mi-) cf Afr 'turksvy’ pride vhudikukumusi (abstr).
u dihudza (infinit) priest tshifhe (vhotshifhe) prince mukololo (vha-) princess mukololo (vha-) principal prinsipala (ma-) cf Eng, thoho-ya-tshikolo (dzi-) print (n) khandiso (dzi-). mugandiso (mi-); (vb) -gandisa, -kandisa; (writing) -tiwala printer mukandisi (vha-) printing-ink ennge ya u gandisa (dzi-) prisoner tshivhotshwa (zwi-), tshibandidi (zwi-) cf Afr
‘tronk', khothoni (dzi-) cf Afr ‘bandiet' prize pfufho (dzi-) problem thaidzo (dzi-), khakhathi (dzi-) procedure kuitele (ma-) proceed -isa phanda, -bvela phanda proclaim divhisa, -vhea mulevho proclamation ndivhiso (dzi-), mulevho (mi-) produce (n) tshibveledzwa (zwi-); (vb) -bvisa; -bveledza producer mubveledzi (vha-) product tshibveledzwa (zwi-); ~ of
multiplica​ tion: nyandiselo (dzi-) profess -bula profession — of sins: u bula (infinit): (occupa tion) mushumo(gudwa) (mi-) profit (n) bindu (ma-), mbuelo (dzi-), porofito (dzi-) cf Eng\ (vb) -bindula (vb) -bvela phanda; ~ in health: -vha khwine prohibit -thivha, -thivhela, -hanisa, -dzivhisa prohibition thivhelo (dzi-) promise (n) fulufhedziso/fhulufhedziso (ma-);
(vb) -fulufhedzisa/-fhulufhedzisa pronoun [isala (ma-); absolute — [isala vhukuma (ma-); demonstr ~: (isala [isumbi (ma-); relative ~ [isala vhushaka (ma-); quantitative ~ : lisalambalo (ma-) pronounce -bula pronunciation mubulo (mi-) proof vhutanzi (pisame), tsumbo (dzi-) prop (n) mine thikho (dzi-); (vb) ~ up: -tikedza prophecy vhuporofita (abstr)
prophesy -porofita cf Afr ‘profeteer prophet muprofita (vha-) cf Eng proposal (motion) likumedzwa (ma-) propose (move) -dzinginya; ~ on a girl, ie court: -ambisa prosecutor mutshutshisi (vha-) protect -tsireledza protection tsireledzo (dzi-) proud be — (be too big for ones boots): -dihudza, -dikukumusa prove -sumbedza, -tanziela proverb murero (mi-)
provide -fha. -nea provided (conj) tenda province vundu (ma-) provision (for journey) mbuvha (dzi-); (in legal terms) thendelo (dzi-) provoke -tunga; —invalid argument: -pikisa prune -thena psalm phisalema (dzi-) cf Eng 1 88 programme mbekanyamushumo (dzi-); public ratel public (n) vhathu (c/ vha- only). — opinion punish -tarafa cf Afr 'strap, -
phamsha cf Eng punishment thamu (dzi). tshitarafu (zwi) cf Afr muhumbulo \va vhathu (mi-); (adv) in — khagala publish ~ books: -kandisa/-gandisa; (announce) -divhadza publisher mugandisi (vha ) pufT-adder vuluvulu (ma-) pull -kokodza, -hoha; —out (as thorn): -tomola, (as axe handle) -kula; ~ off (pluck feathers): -thuvha pulp bwere (ma-), bwindi
(ma-); — of cooked pumpkin: khobvu (dzi-) pulpit tshiingamo (zwi-), purekesitulu (dzi-) cf Afr preekstoei, phuluphithi (dzi-) cf Eng pump (it) (on bore hole) gwedzho (ma-); (for oil. air. etc) bommbo (dzi-) cf Afr 'pomp', (vb) -bommba cf Afr pomp’ pumpkin — plant: luranga ( (dzi-)thanga). lufhun ( (dzi-)phuri);/ruii of — plant: furi (mafhuri) 'strap,
phanishimennde (dzi-) cf Eing pupil mugudiswa (vha-); ~ of eye tshanga (dzi-) puppy mbwanana (dzi ) purchase (u) thengo (dzi-); (vb) cf buy pure vhukuma purlin luvhalelo (mbalclo) purse tshipatshi (zwi-). tshikwama (zwi-), phese (dzi-) cf Eng. tshiranda (zwi-) pursue pandamedza, -tovhola pus vhulwa (cl vhu-) push (object) -sukumedza; (a person) -
khara- medza put -vhea; ~ down -vhea fhasi, — into -longa. -longela; ~ on firelstove: -gadza, -vhea; —to bed: -ladza; ~ on lid: -tiba; ~ together -vhekanya; ~ right: -lugisa, -khakhulula puzzle (n) khanganyiso (dzi-); (vb) -kanganyisa python tharu (dzi-) quench -dzima, -dzimula question («) mbudziso (dzi ); (vb) -vhudzisa question mark tshivhudzisi (zwi )
queue (n) muduba (mi-); (rb) -dubekana, -rwa quail tshikungulu (zwi-) quake -reremela, -dzinginyea qualification ndalukano (dzi ) qualify — for post: -fusha. -tea; ~ a noun or pronoun: -talula muduba quality vhunzam (abstr) quantitative —pronoun lisalambalo (ma-) quantity (cf number) tshivhalo (zwi-). vhunzhi quickly nga u tavhanya (adv) quiet ideoph
of being — tshete!, hoo! quiver (n) mukutu (mi-); (vb) -tetemela quotation khotheshem (dzi-) cf Eng.
muredzo (pi same) quarrel (n) tsemano (dzi-); ( ib) -semana quarter (quantity) tshaina (zwaina); (in time) (mi-) quotation marks zwidevhe (pi only) quote -khoutha cf Eng.
-redza kotara (dzi-) cf Eng queen khosi (dzi-), mufumakadzi (vha-) R race (in athletics) mbambe (dzi-), (of people) lushaka (tshakha). murafho (mi-); (genetic) tsinde (ma-) radio radio (dzi-) cf Eng raft tshiveki (zwi-) rag (for cleaning) labi (ma-); cf Afr 'lap': (worn cloth) dzadza (ma-) rage mbiti (dzi- only, abstr) raid -tasela railway rajiwei (vho-) ie
personified rain (n) mvula (dzi-); soft/misty — drizzle: vhusuto (no pi): widespread — mubvumbi (mi-); heavy — cloudburst tshirulu (zwi-); (vb) -na rainbow musingavhadzimu (mi-) rain-gauge tshikalamvula (zwi-) rain-water madi a mvula raise (lift up) -imisa: ~ cattle, etc: -fuwa rake (n) harika (dzi-) cf Afr Imrk ': (vb) -harika cf Afr hark’ ram (n) (male
sheep) khaba (dzi-). (vb) -fha- nzhela; ~ in (poles in ground): -toka; — down: -gadedzela. -gadeledza rand (money) rannda (dzi-) Rand (Reef) Ranndani (local) ransom (u) tshirengululi (zwi-); (\b) (redeem) -rengulula ratel (badger) tshisele (zwi-) 1S9 ratio replace nedza regard -dzhia, -vhona n-/dzin-: mbisi, lu-, vhu-, ku-) regarding cf concerning; malugana
na . hu tshi humbulwa ray lisasaladzi (ma-), Jitalazaza (ma-) regards (n) ndumeliso (cl dzi- only); (vb) send reach -swika, -swikela read -vhala —: -lumelisa reader (book) bugu ya u vhala (dzi-); (person) regiment vhuthu (hh) (cl |i-) muvhali (vha-) region dzingu (ma-), tshitiriki (zwi-) cf Afr real vhukuma ‘streek' realise -limuwa, -limuha, -vhona, -talukanya
register (n) redzhisitara (dzi-); (vb) —an article really ngoho (adv) -redzhisitara cf Eng; — as student: -nwalisa; reap (harvest) -kana ('qualif) ~ed article: -redzhisitariwaho (vb rear (children) -alusa; -lela; (animals) -fuwa rel); —ed student: nwalisaho (vb rel) reason (n) tshiitisi (zwi-); (vb) (argue) -tata regret -disola rebuke -sema, -kaidza regular
ya/dza/tsha misi yothe (poss) receipt rasiti (dzi-) cf Eng reign (n) muvhuso (mi-); (vb) -vhusa receive -Janganedza; — salary; -hola; — guests: rejoice -takala; —over: -takalela -swielela relate -anetshela, -hanelela, -toolola recognise (identify) -divha, -talusa; (acknow​ relation(ship) vhuandani (abstr) eg vhuandani ledge) -tenda na khonani dzawe relation
with his/her recognition ndivheo (dzi ) friends; blood —-ship: vhushaka (abstr) recollect -elelwa relative shaka (ma-); — pronoun: lisala vhu​ recommend -themendela shaka (ma-) recommendation themendelo (dzi-) relax -digeda reconcile (two parties) -pfumedzan(y)a release -vhofholola, -litsha reconciliation vhupfumedzanyi (abstr) reliable (vb) -
fhulufhedzea/-fulufhedzea; (vb rel) record (n) rekhodo (dzi-) cf Eng; (vb) -rekhoda -fhulufhedzeaho/-fulufhedzeaho cf Eng relief thuso (dzi-) record-player tshitambarekhodo (zwi-) relieve -thusa; -fhungudza; — nature: -nya; — recover (from illness) -fhola; ~ one’s senses: oneself: -nya; (euphemistic) bvela nga nnda -dzivhuluwa; ~ (eg stolen) goods: -
dzhiulula lit go outside recovery u fhola (infinit), nzivhuluwo (dzi-) relish tshisevho (zwi-) rector rekhitha (dzi-) cf Eng rely -fulufhedza/-fhulufhedza, -fulufhela/-fhulurecuperate -fhola fhela; —on in case o f trouble : -pika red -tswuku (adj) (mu-, vha-, mi-, li-, ma-, tshi-, remain -sala zwi-, n-/dzin-: tswuku, lu-, vhu-, ku-) remains tsalela (masalela) redden -
tswukisa remark muhumbulo (mi-) redeem -rengulula. -phulusa, -tshidza remember -elelwa; (recollect) -humbula redemption thengululo (dzi-). phuluso (dzi-), remembrance khumbudzo (dzi-) tshidzo (dzi-), vhuphulusi (abstr) remind -eletshedza, -humbudza redness vhutswuku (abstr) reminder nyeletshedzo (dzi-) reduce -fhungudza; -shandula remove -
bvisa; (take off, eg hat) -bvula; — lid reed lutanga (thanga) (from pot): -tibula; — leaves (from branch) reedbuck davhu (ma-) -thatha; — load (from head): -rula; — pot reed flute nanga (dzi-) from fire: -fula refer -laedza renew -vusuludza referee mutambisi (vha-), mulanguli (vha-) rent (n) rennde (dzi-) cf Eng; (vb) -htra cf Afr reference ndaedzo (dzi-),
ndaulo (dzi-) 'huur' reform (n) khakhululo (dzi-); (vb) -khakhulula renumeration malamba (cl ma- only) reformation khakhululo (dzi-) repair (n) ndugiso (dzi-); (vb) -lugisa Reformed Church Kereke ya Tshandululo repeat (do again) -dovha, -dovholola; — conti​ refresh -phulusa, -netulusa, -dzivhulusa nuously: -dovholola refreshments zwidzivhulusi (pi only)
repent -disola, -dirovhedza refuge place of —: vhushavhelo (pi same) repentance vhudisoli (abstr), vhudirovhedzi refugee tshavhi (dzi-) (abstr) refuse (n) tshikha (dzi-), malatwa (pi only); (vb) repetition cf revision; ndovhololo (dzi-) -lamba, -landula, -hana; — to admit: -hareplace -vhuedzedza; -thivha vhudzulo ratio (of numbers) ndivhanele (dzi-) raw -
vhisi (adj) (mu-, mi-, li-, ma-, tshi-, zwi-, 190 replacement roast replacement mbuedzedzo'(dzi-) reply (n) phindulo (dzi-): (vb) -fhindula report (n) muvhigo (mi-), ripoto/riphotho (dzi-) cf Eng', (vb) -vhudza, -divhadza; ~ for work. -divhika; ~ a case -pota cf Eng, -hwelela repose -awela represent -imela representative muimeli (vha-) representation
vhuurielcli (abslr) reprimand -sema. -kaidza reproach -sema, kaidza reptile tshikokovhi (zwi-) republic riphabuliki (dzi-) cf Eng reputation phungo (dzi-) request (n) khumbelo (dzi-); (vb) -humbela require -toda.
-funa requirement thodea (dzi-) rescue -lamukisa. -tshidza rescuer mulamukisi (vha-). mutshidzi tsha-). khanyisavhanwe (vho-) resemble -fana reserve -vhaledza reside -dzula residence vhudzulo (ma-) resign -tsiruwa. -litsha mushumo resignation tsiruwo (dzi-) resin nonzhe (dzi-) resist -hana resistance nungo (dzi-), maanda (cl ma- only); (of body against
disease) khondelo (dzi-) respect (n) khuliso (dzi-). thompho (dzi-); (vb) -hulisa, -thonifha respond (with a call) -aravha rest (n) nyawelo (dzi-); (vb) -awela restfulness vhuawelo (abslr) resting place (place of rest) tshiawelo (dzi-), vhuawela (pi same) result (n) mvelelo (dzi-); (vb) -bvelela, -bveledza resurrect (raise from dead) -vusa lufuni/vhafuni
resurrection mvuwo (dzi-). mvuwavhafu (dzi-) retaliate -lifhedza. -lifhedzela retaliation ndifhedzo (dzi-) retire -notha cf Eng 'notice' retread -bika mathaela retreat -humela murau retribution mulifho (mi-) return -vhuya. -huma. ~ in evening (cattle); -orowa reveal (something bidden) -dzumbulula; -ambulula, -bula revenge (n) ndifhedzo (dzi-); (vb) -
lifhedza reverend mufunzi (vha-) revenue mbuelo (dzi-); — tax; muthelo wa mbuelo (mi-) reverse (n) phambano (dzi-), nvese (dzi-) cf Eng; (vb) -huma, ~ a car; -rivesa cf Eng revise -sedzulusa, -dovholola revision ndovhololo (dzi ) revolt (n) mvutshelano (dzi-); (vb) -vutshela revolution mumono (mi-); political ~; mvutshe​ lano (dzi-) revolve -mona revolver
volovolo (ma-. dzi-) cf Eng reward malamba (cl ma- only) rhinoceros (black) thema (dzi-); (white) tshu- gulu (dzi-) rhyme pfanopheledzo (dzi-) rhythm mutevhetsindo (mi-) rib luvhabvu (mbabvu) rice raisi (cl n- onlv) cf Eng, mpunga/mupunga (grain sing mu- only; plant mi- in pi) rich (n) —person; mupfumi (vha-); (vb) -pfuma; (vb reI) -pfumaho riches
(wealth) lupfumo (no pi) riddle that (dzi-) ride -namela; ~ a horse; -gada ridge —of hills; muduthwa (mi-); (mound o f soil for planting) mavhumbudu (pi onlv) ridicule cf mock -sea.
-holedza. -hova ridiculous -seisaho (vb rel). -sa pfalesi. -sa pfa liho (vb rel) riem luzwa (nnzwa) rifle (with grooved barrel) tshigidi (zwi-) cf Afr 'skier' right (n) pfanelo (dzi-); (qualif) (not wrong) -lulamaho (vb rel), -songo khakheaho (vb rel), -teaho (vb rel); -ya vhukuma/ngoho (poss) righteous -lugaho (vb rel) righteousness u luga (infmit) right hand
tshanda tsha u [a, tshanda tshinna, tshanda tshihulu righthand side tshauja ring (n) rinngi (dzi-) cf Eng, ear-—: tshinina (zwi-), tshigina (zwi-); (vb) -lila (intr). -lidza (tr) ringleader khunzi (dzi-) ringworm mapazha (cl ma- only) rinse (washing) -tukisa; (mouth) -kulukusha ripe be/become —/ripen -vhibva rise (of sun) -bva; —from sleep -vuwa; — very early
from sleep -buba. -fhinduwa; —from seat; -takuwa; (ascend) -gonya; — from dead -vuwa lufuni/vhafuni rival livhanga (ma-) river mulambo (mi-) river-bank kunzikhunzi (dzi-), philiphili (dzi-) rivulet kudambo (zwi-). kudambwana (zwi-) road bada (dzi-) cf Afr 'pad', gondo (ma-) roam -vhimbila, -buda-buda roar -vhomba, -bvuma; — as of river -unga/ -uunga
roast (on open fire) -thatha, -otsha/-gotsha; — 191 rob saltiness khathi (dzi-) royalty (glory) vhurena (abstr). vhuhosi (abstr) rub -sikitedza; ~ in: -dodza: —out (erase): -thutha, -phumula; ~ eye: -tsikinyedza; —floor: -firifa cf Afr 'vryf rubber raba (dzi-) cf Eng rubbish thukhwi (dzi- only), mathukhwi (maonly) rubbish-heap daledale (ma-) rug tshali (dzi-) cf
Afr tjalie rugby ragabii (dzi-) cf Eng ruin (n) (of village) shubi (marubi); - of old hut: dumba (matumba/madumba); (vb) -tshinyadza rule (n) muvhuso (mi-); mulayo (mi-), ndayo (dzi-); rula (dzi-) cf Eng 'ruler'; (vb) -vhusa ruler muvhusi (vha-); ruja (dzi-) cf Eng rumble -bvuma rumbling mubvumo (mi-) rumen gulu (ma-) ruminate dzeula rumour mavheevhee
(ma- only), mavharivhari (ma- only) rump khondo (dzi-) run -gidima; — dodgingly: -dodoma; ~ away: -shavha runnel kudambwana (zwi-) running cf continuous runway vhukavhelo (no pi), bada ya fulaimatshini (bada dza .
. . ) rush (n) thick — mudulu (mi-); (vb) -tavhanya/-tavhanyedza Russia Rashia Russian (person) Murashia (Ma-); (language) Tshirashia, Lurashia rust (n) vhulali (pi same); (vb) -rusa cf Afr roes' dry in pot: -kanga, -hadzinga rob -tangula robber vemu (ma-) robbery vhuvemu (abstr) robot roboto (dzi-) cf Eng rock dombo (matombo); large flat ~ lutombo
(thombo) rock-rabbit (dassie) mbila (dzi-) rogue tshigevhenga (zwi-), jihwarahwara (ma-), tshikeleme (zwi-) cf Afr 'skelm' roll (n) bele (dzi-) cf Eng ‘bale’, roio (dzi-) cf Afr 'rol'; (vb) ~ down-, -kunguluwa (inlr), -kungulusa (ir); ~ over as donkey: -bidiga; ~ over as log/donkeylstone: -phiguluwa (inlr), -phigulusa (ir). -vhumbuluwa (inn), -vhumbulusa (ir), -
mbulumbuwa: ~ over as of pain: -bidig'ama; — up: -peta; (as of sleeve) -finya; (as of mat) -adzulula Roman Muroma (Vha-) roof thanga (dzi-) rooibok phala (dzi-) rooi-muishond lukhohe (khohe/vhukhohe) room rumu (dzi-) cf Eng. kamara (dzi-) cf Afr 'kamer' rooster mukukulume (mi-) root (n) mudzi (mi-); (vb) up— -tupula rope thambo (dzi-) rot -sina
rotate -dzungulusa (ir), -dzunguluwa (inlr), -mona rotation mudzunguluwo (mi-) round (as in boxing) raundu (dzi-) cf Eng roud up -thivha, -tanga rouse -vusa,-karusa route ndila (dzi-) row muduba (mi-); (noise) phosho (dzi-). kha- s Sabbath Savhatha (dzi-) cf Eng sable antelope phalaphala (dzi-) sabotage (n) vhusabothadzhi (abstr) cf Eng, sadness
vhutungu (abstr) safe (n) sefo (dzi-) cf Eng; (qualif) -ponyaho (vb rel), -vhulungwaho (vb rel) vhutshinyadzi (abstr); (vb) -sabothedzha cf safety tsira (dzi-), vhuponyi (abstr) Eng, -tshinyadza safety-pin haka (dzi-) cf Afr haak’ sack (n) khedzi (dzi-); (vb) -pandela, -thatha sail (n) seila (dzi-) cf Eng; (vb) -alavha sacrament sakaramente (dzi-) cf Eng sailor
mualavhi (vha-) sacred -khethwa (adj) (mu-, vha-, mi-, ji-. ma-.
saint mukhethwa (vha-) tshi-, etc) salad saladi (dzi-) cf Eng sacrifice (n) tshidzimu (zwi-), tshikumedzwa salary muholo (mi-), malamba (pi only) (zwi-); (vb) -kumedzela, -nekedza; (as offer​ sale thengiso (dzi-), sele (dzi-) cf Eng. mutshiing) -ita/-nekedza tshidzimu piso (mi-) cf Eng 'cheap', mbambadzo (dzi-) sacrum tshikondo (zwi-) salesman murengisi
(vha-) sad be/become -tungufhala; make ~/grievel saliva mare (pi only) sadden; -tungufhadza salt (n) muno (no pi); (vb) -lunga saddle sale (dzi-) cf Afr ‘saal' saltiness ludungela (abstr) 192 service saltv sally be become — -dunga salutation theshano (dzi-) salute (n) saluthi (dzi-) cf Eng: (vb) -resha, do​ sha. -salutha cf Eng salvation (redemption) tshidzo
(dzi-) samp mashosho (pi only), tshidamba (zwi-) cf Afr 'stamp' sand mutavha (mi-) sandal phashane (dzi-). thovho (dzi-) sane ideoph of being — khithi' sarcasm vhusoli (abstr). muhoyo (mi-) Satan Sathane (vho-) cf Afr Satan diaboulo (vho-) satiate -fusha; be ~d -fura. -pfelela satire tsatsaladzo (dzi-) satisfy -fusha, -pfelela Saturday Mugivhela (Mi-) sauce
muthotho (mi-), muro (mi-), soso (dzi-) cf screw (u) tshikurufu (zwi-) cf Afr skroef: (vb) — in: -kurufela, -vhofa screwdriver tshikurudiraiva (zwi-) cf Eng Scriptures Manwalo (pi o/lunwalo) scrub -koropa cf Afr 'skrop' sea Iwanzhe (malwanzhc) seam murungo (mi-) search for -toda seat tshidzulo(zwi-) second vhuvhili eg gere va vhuvhili the second gear
secondly (adv) tsha vhuvhili secrecy tshidzuinbe (zwi-) secret tshiphiri (zwi-) secretary muiiwaleli (vha ) secretary-bird thame (dzi-) section khethekanvo (dzi-). sia (ma-). tshipida (zwi-) Eng security tsireledzo (dzi-) see -vhona saucer sosara (dzi-) cf Eng save —money: -vhulunga; ~ life: -tshidza. -phuseed mbeu/mbehu (dzi-) lusa, -hanvisa, -rengulula; ~
out o f dange​ seedling mbwanana (dzi-) seeing (that) hufha (conj).
vhunga (conj) rous position: -phulusa, -hanyisa saviour mutshidzi (vha-), muphulusi (vha-) seek -toda savour mudifho (mi-) seer muporofita (vha-) cf Eng 'prophet savoury tshisevho (zwi-) seize -fara; (take possession of) -dzhia; (lay hold saw (n) saha (dzi-) cf Afr 'saag'; (vb) -saha cf Afr of forcibly Isuddenly) -dzhavhula 'saag' Sekukuniland Hasikhukhuni
(local) say -n; be said -pfi (passive of -ri) select -nanga. -khetha scabies phadi (dzi-) selection munango (mi-), khetho (dzi-) scandal vhutudzi (abstr) self (himself, herself, etc) -ne (relal suff) eg ene scar livhadzi/luvhadzi (ma-) mune himself, vhone vhane themselves scarce -shaeaho (vb reI) self-respect u dithompha (infinit) scare -shushedza sell -rengisa;
(offer for sale/barterlhawk) -vhascarf tshikafu (zwi-) cf Eng mbabza scatter -balangana (intr). -balanganva (tr). -hasa semi-vowel pfalanyana (dzi-) (tr), -hasekanya (tr), -hasha (tr) send -ruma; ~ awav -rumela scene bono (ma-) senility cf old age schedule shedulu (dzi-) cf Eng: muengedzo (mi-) sensitive -tata scheme (n) tshikimu (zwi-) cf Eng: (vb) -kima cf
sentence (n) fhungo (ma-); (judgement) khaEng: -luka maano thulo (dzi-); (vb) pass ~ -hatula scholar (pupil) mugudiswa (vha-); (expert) musentinel (on high point) tsevhi (dzi-) divhi (vha-). tshikolara (zwi-) cf Eng separate -fhambanya, -fhambanyisa. -khethekaschool tshikolo (zwi-) cf Afr 'skooi nya school fees tshikolofisi (zwi-) cf Eng separation
khethekanvo (dzi-). phambanyiso science saintsi (cl n) cf Eng (dzi-) scientist musaintsi (vha-) cf Eng September Khubvumedzi scissors pair of ~ tshigero (zwi-) cf Afr 'skêr' sergeant sedzhem (vho-/ma-) cf Eng scold -sema. -kaidza sermon pureke (dzi-) cf Afr 'preek', pfunzo scoop out (like meal from mortar) -fhahula (dzi-) scorch (burn) -fhisa servant
mushumeli (vha-), mulana (vha-) scorpion phame (dzi-) serve -shuma. -shumela; — up food: -avha; ~~ in scrape -fhala; ~ out crusts from pot -kokota tennis: -seva cf Eng scratch -veta, -pala, -hwaya, -kweta service (n) tshumelo (dzi-), mushumo (mi-); scream (n) luzhambo (nzhambo), mukosi (mi-); church thabelo (dzi-); (in tennislmainte(vb) -zhamba; ~
loudly -tavha mukosi nance of car) sevisi (dzi-) cf Eng: (vb) — screen (n) tshitsiro (zwi-); (vb) from view: -tsira vehicle: -sevisa cf Eng 193 Session sickle session dzulo (raa-) set (n) sethe (dzi-) cf Eng, mutavha (mi-); (vb) sheet (bedding) lagane (ma-) cf Afr 'taken': ~ down load: -rula; ~ alight: -funga; —free: -vhofholola; ~ aside -vhetshela; ~ ques​ tions -
setha cf Eng; ~ table: (cf lay table); — a machine: -sehta cf Eng, -stela cf Afr 'stel’, ~ of sun: -kovhela set-back tshithithisi (zwi-) settle -dzula; (a case) -hatula; (an account) -lifha; (finalise) -fhedza settlement mudzudzo (mi-); (of colony) setelemennde (dzi-) cf Eng settler musetelare (vha-) cf Afr setlaar' seven sumbe, thanu-na-mbili seventeen fumisumbe
seventh tshasumbe seventy fusumbe sever -fhandekana, -fhandekanya, -fhambana, -fhambanya, -khethekanya several -fhambanaho (vb rel) severe -vhavhaho (vb rel), -haltfhaho (vb rel) severely nga maanda (adv) sew (on) -runga sex mbeu (dzi-) shade (n) murunzi (mi-); (vb) -tsira, -tibedza, -tiba shadow murunzi (mi-) shake ~ to and fro -dzinginya (tr), -
dzinginyea (intr); ~ outloff dust: -ukhutha, ~ hands -khada; ~ hquid/head -dzungudza; (quake) -dzinginya (tr): -dzinginyea (intr) shaking mudzinginyo (mi-) shaky -tepaho (vb rel) shall (will) do (aux vb) shallow -songo tsesaho (vb rel, neg) shame (n) thoni (dzi-); (vb) be a~d -shona Shangaan Mutshangana (Ma-) shape (well moulded) mbumbo (dzi-),
tshivhumbeo (zwi-) share (n) mukovhe (mi-); ~ on stock exchange shere (dzi-) cf Eng; (vb) -kovha shareholder mufare(mu)kovhe (vha-) sharp be — -fhira, -halifha sharpen -tutula (axe): -vhada (pencil) sharpness vhuhali (abstr) shatter (break) -pwasha; —to pieces -pwashekanya (tr), -pwashekana (intr) shave -vheula, -tshefa cf Eng shawl tshalana (dzi-)
dirnin of tshali she cf he she-goat phambala (dzi-) sheaf khulane (dzi-); bundle of sheaves: tshihule (zwi-) shears tshigero (zwi-) cf Afr 'skêr' shed (n) shede (dzi-) cf Eng: (vb) -zuza, -wisa; ~ blood, -shulula; —tears: -rothisa mitodzi sheep nngu (dzi-) sheet-iron baphathi (ma-) shelf raka/raga (dzi-) cf Afr 'rak' shell (n) khumba (dzi-); ~ of nutlegglpodloyster,
(metal) baphathi (ma-) etc: ganda (makanda); (vb) -thothonya, -devha, -fhula shelter (n) vhukhudo (pi same): (vb) -khuda shepherd mulisa (vha-) shield (n) tshitangu (zwi-); (vb) -pilela, -tsireledza, -khuda shift (n) (turn) diso (ma-), tshifi (dzi-) cf Eng: (vb) -sudzulusa (tr), -sudzuluwa (intr) shilling (10 cent coin) sheleni (dzi-; ma- for amount) shine (glitter) -
penya, -khanya, -vhengama ship tshikepe (zwi-) cf Afr 'skip' shirt hemmbe (dzi-) cf Afr 'hemp' shiver -tetemela, -khura shock (n) dzhenuwo (ma-); (vb) -mangadza, -tshenusa shoe tshienda (zwi-) Shona (person) Mukalanga (Vha-); (language) Tshikalanga (no pi), Lukalanga (no pi) shoot (n) (bud) lurere (no pi): (vb) (with arrow) -pfula; (with gun) -thuntsha;
~ leaves -tuma lurere shop (n) vhengele (ma-) cf Afr wtnkei, tshitolo (zwi-) cf Eng ‘store’, shopho (dzi-/ma-) cf Eng: (vb) -renga shopkeeper ramavhengele (vho-) shore vhugabelo (pi same) short -pfufhi (adj) (mu-, vha-. mi-, li-, ma-, tshi-, zwi-, n-/dzin-: pfufhi, lu-, vhu-, ku-) short cut (n) tshikhau (zwi-); (vb) take —: khauledza, -buda shorten -pfufhifhadza
shortly hu si kale (adv) short story nganeapfufhi (dzi-) shoulder shada (mahada) shoulder-blade famba (ma-) shout (call loudly) -huwelela. -zhamba shove -sukumedza shovel fosholo (dzi-) cf Eng show (n) tano (ma-); (vb) -sumba, -sumbedza shower (n) shawara (dzi-) cf Eng; — of rain. vhusuto (vhu- only): (vb) -tamba shriek (n) luzhambo (nzhambo),
mukosi (mi-); (vb) -zhamba; ~ loudly: -javha mukosi shrink -hwetekana, -huma, -hwahwamala shrub tshiri (zwi-) shuffle (cards) -tshova cf Eng 'shove': — (walk) -tsetsema shut -vala Sibasa Hatshivhasa, Sibasa sick -Iwala sickle lukwea (khwea). segere (dzi-) cf Afr 194 sickness smallpox 'sekel' sickness vhulwadze (ma-) side ~ of (alongside) thungo (dzi-
/matungo); on this — sell na luno; on that ~ seli na lula; ~ (of body) lurumbu (no pi) side dish tshisevho (zwi-) siding railway ~ kotishi (dzi-) siege mugovhelo (mi-) sieve (n) sefo (dzi-) cf Afr s i f ; (vb) -sefa cf Afr site fhethu (local) •sir sift -sefa cf Afr sif sight u vhona (infinit); poor — luvhonela (no pi); —of gun lito/ito (mato) sign (n) (mark) luswayo
(tswayo); (symbol) tshiga (zwi-); stop tshiga tsha tshitopo (zwi-); (vb) -saina cf Eng signal (n) ngafhadzo (dzi-); (vb) -ita ngafhadzo signature tsaino (dzi-) cf Eng 'sign signpost tshisumbandila (zwi-) silent be ~ -fhumula silk siliga (dzi-) cf Eng silver silivhere (dzi-) cf Eng similar (be — to) -fana simile lifanvisi (ma-) simmer -xaxara simplify -leludza simply
sokou (aux verb) eg o sokou da he simply came simultaneously mazha, kathihi sin (n) (bad deed) tshivhi (zwi-). vhutshinyi (abstr); (vb) -tshinya, -khakha, -ita zwivhi since vhunga (conf), hufha (con/); u tuwa. u bva sinew mukala (mi-) sing -imba singer muimbi (vha-) singular vhuthihi (abstr) sink (n) sanzwelo (ma-); (vb) ~ into (like water in soil): -nwelela,
— away into (as in mud) -phirimela sinner muitazwivhi (vha-) sinning vhutshinyi (abstr) sip (n) zwikadzwa (pi only); (vb) ~ with straw -tswonzwa sister — of mail person (also brother of female person): khaladzi, — on father's sidelchiefs —: makhadzi (vho-), younger — of female person murathu (vha-); elder ~ of female person mukomana (vha-); —-in-
law mmemuhulu (vho-), mmane (vho-). mazwale (vho-), muvhuye (vha-) sister-in-law (wife's elder sister) mmemuhulu (vho-); (wife's younger sister or male per​ son's elder brother's wife) mmane (vho-); (male person's younger brother's wife) ma​ zwale (vho-); (female person's brother’s wife) muvhuye (vha-) sit down -dzula; —with legs apart -tandavhala
six rathi, thanu-na-nthihi sixteen fumirathi sixth tsharathi, tshavhutanu-na-vhuthihi sixty furathi size saizi (dzi-) cf Eng, vhuhulu (abstr) skill vhutsila (abstr), vhukoni (abstr) skim -ungula skin (n) lukanda (khanda); (vb) -via, -sutula skip -pfuka; —a day: -fhidza; (jump'1-thamuwa; — with rope: -fhufha khadi skipping-rope khadi (dzi-) skirt tshikete (zwi-) cf
Eng skull dethe/dethele (ma-) sky lutombo (no pi) slander (back-bite) -remba slant -sendama, -tshingama slanting -sendamaho (vb ret), tshingamaho (vb rel) slaughter -thavha slave phuli (dzi-) slavery vhupuli (abstr) sleep (n) khofhe (dzi-); (vb) -edela. -lala; (slumber for moment) -zhambula sleeping place vhulalo (pi same) sleepy be —: -kumedza sleeve
tshanda (zwanda) slender -sckene (adj) (mu-, vha-, tshi-. zwi-. n-/dzin-: tsekene, lu-.
vhu-. ku-) slenderness vhusekene (abstr) slice (n) lupepelele (vhu-), tshilai (zwi-) cf Eng; (vb) -swadza, -tshea slight -nyana (dimin suff) slightly (a little) zwituku (adv); very ~ zwitukutuku (adv) slime lurofhe (no pi) sling gatho (ma-) slip -tseremuwa, -suvha, -redzemuwa: ~- away1 off unobtrusively: -nenga slipperiness vhuredzi (abstr) slippery redza slit
throat -shidzha slope tshivhanga (zwi-) slow -ongolowaho (vb rel) slowly (vb) do —: -ongolowa; (adv) nga u ongolowa sluggard mubva (vha-) slumber -kumedza; ideoph of — zhambu! sly -talifhaho (vb rel). -thanyesaho (vb rel) smack (n) cf clout: (vb) -pamudza small (young, little) -tuku (adj) (mu-, vha . mi-, li-, ma-, tshi-, zwi-. n-/dzin-: ihukhu, lu-.
vhu-. hu-. ku-) small become ~ -tukufbala; make -tukufhadza smallness vhutuku (abstr) I smallpox thomba (dzi-) 195 smash splinter smash -pwasha smear -dola, -dodza, -fhoma, -shata smell (n) bad ~ (stench), munukho (mi-), lwefha soon (shortly) hu si kale (adv) sore (n) tshilonda (zwi-); (qualif) -vhavhaho (vb (nyefha); good munukhelela (mi-); (vb) ~
badly: -nukha; ~ nicely, -nukhelela smelt -noka, -nwa smile -mwethuwa/-nwethuwa, -mwemwela/ -nweriwela smith mufuli (vha-), mufulatsimbi (vha-) smithy cf forge smoke (n) vhutsi (pi same), mutsi (mi-); (vb) -daha; -bvisa vhutsi/mutsi smoker mudahi (vha-) snail khumba (dzi-) snake nowa (dzi-) snare mureo (mi-), gwekwe (ma-), tshikwekwe (zwi-)
snatch away -zhuvhula sneak off -nenga sneeze -atsamula sniff (snuff) -nukhedza, -fembedza snore (n) mahono (cl ma- only); (vb) -hona snow gambogo (class n- only) cf Afr 'kapok' snuff (u) fola (ma-); (vb) cf sniff, take -daha, -fembedza snuff-box khambana (dzi-) soak (in water) -lovhea so-and-so mugede (vho-), mukene (vho-) soap tshisibe (zwi-) cf Afr
‘seep’; bath-~ tshisibe tsha u tamba; wash— tshisibe tsha u kuvha; powder tshisibe tsha luvhanda soccer cf football sock swogisi (dzi-) cf Afr 'sokkies’ sofa sofa (ma-) cf Eng soft -tete (adj) (mu-, mi-, ii-, ma-, tshi-, zwi-, n-/dzin-: thethe, lu-, vhu-) softball sofuthibola (dzi-) cf Eng softness vhutete (abstr) soil (n) mavu (pi only); (vb) (dirty) -tswukisa solder
(n) mutobvu (mi-); (vb) -swolodela cf Afr ‘soldeer' soldier liswole (ma-) cf Afr ‘soldaat' sole (of shoe) swole (dzi-) cf Eng solicitor (attorney) axennde (maaxennde) cf Afr agent’ some cf other something tshihwe tshithu (zwi-) sometimes nga tshiiiwe tshifhmga son murwa (vha-); ~ of chief: mukololo (vha-) song ngosha (dzi-), luimbo (nyimbo) son-in-law
mukwasha (vha-), muduhula (vha-).
muhwe (vha-) soot tshinyai (zwi-) soothsayer mubvumbi (vha-) sorcerer muloi (vha-) sorceress muloi (vha-) sorcery vhuloi (abstr) sorghum (millet) makhaha (pi only) sorrow vhutungu (abstr) sorry (inter/) pfarelo!; (vb) feel rei) -pfa vhuJungu Sotho (person) Musuthu (Vha-) soul muya (mimuya); muthu (vha-) sound (n) mubvumo (mi-); (vb) -Ida soup
swobo (dzi-) cf Afr ‘sop’ sour (vb) be -vhavha; (qualif) -vhavhaho (vb ret) source tshisima (zwi-); vhubvo (pi same) sour plum (tree) mutanzwa (mi-); (fruit) (hanzwa (dzi-) south tshipembe South Africa Afurika-Tshipembe sow (by hand) -zwala, -hasha spade harafu (dzi-) cf Afr ‘graaf, tshipeidi (zwi-) cf Eng span (of oxen) tshipano (zwi-) cf Afr ‘span’
spanner tshipanere (zwi-) cf Eng spare (save) -vhulunga, -vhea spare wheel tshipere (zwi-) cf Eng spark thase (dzi-) sparkle -penya, -nzhenzhema, -vhengema, -vhaima spark plug pulaka (dzi-) cf Eng 'plug' speak (talk) -amba speaker muambi (vha-), tshiambi (zwi-); — of house of Parliament: mulangadzulo (vha-) spear pfumo (mafumo) species lushaka
(tshakha) specialist mugudeleli (vha-) spectacles (glasses) ngilasi (dzi-) cf Eng ‘glass’ spectator muvhoni (vha-) speech Ishipitshi (zwi-) cf Eng; part of thinwaipfi (dzi-) speed (n) luvhilo (no pi); (vb) -tavhanyedza spell -peleta cf Eng 'spelt' spelling kupeletele (no pi) cf Eng ‘spelt’ spend ~ the day: -twa; ~ money -shumisa tshelede; -fhedza sphere khungulu
(dzi-), tshipulumbu (zwi-) spider buvhi (ma-) spill -tevhula (fr), -tevhuwa (intr) spinach tshipinitshi (zwi-) cf Eng spinal column mutshilitshili (mi-), mutodo (mi-) spine mutodo (mi-), mutshilitshili (mi-) spirit muya (mimuya); Holy — Muyamukhethwa spiritlevel cf level spit -pfa splash (water) -hasha spleen lumende (vhu-) splinter (of wood) lufhanza
(phanza) 1% strain split -tshuwa split (wood into pieces) -fhanza (khuni) spoil -tshinya; ~ chances -tshinyadza; ~ a child. •lema; become ~ed -tshinyala spoke tshipoko (zwi-) cf Eng spoon lebula (ma- dzi-) cf Afr 'lepel'. wooden ~ state (n) shango (ma-), muvhuso (mi-); (vb) -bula statement (of account) tsumbalandu (dzi-); (of police, etc) tshitatimennde
(zwi-) cf Eng lufo (mpfo) sportsfield luvhande (mbande). mudavhi wa mitambo (mi-) spouse mufarisi (vha-) sprain tshinyalo (zwi-) spray -fafadzela spread out (as mat) -ala, -adza spring (n) (of vehicleiwatch, etc) tshipinnngi (zwi-) cf Eng', (fountain) tshisima (zwi-); hot ~: tshipise (zwi-); (season) tshilimo (zwi-), tshimedzi (zwi-); (vb) -fhufha, -thamuwa
springbuck tsepe (dzi-) springhare khadzimutavha (dzi-) springtime tshimedzi (zwi-) sprinkle (water) -shasha; (salt, etc) nunedza sprout (n) lutange (no pi): (of mealies) mu tomba (mi-); (vb) -runga. -mela spruit kudambwana/kudambo (zwi-). ludambo (vhu-) spy on -vhonolola, -tola squat -tumba squeeze -hamula; -pwanyeledza stab -thavha; — with
hornslspear: -runga stable tshitale (zwi-) cf Afr 'stal' stack (n) tshithopho (zwi-); (vb) -thopha stadium tshitediamu (zwi-) cf Eng staff lubada (mbada); tshitafu (zwi-) cf Eng stage tshiteidzhi (zwi-) cf Eng.
tshitandavhathu (zwi-); liga (ma-) stagger -dedeleka; -lepalepa stain dondo (ma-) stalk (n) tanga (ma-); mukonyi (mi-); (vb) -dodela stalk-borer luvhungu (collective, pi same) stallion bere ya nduna (dzi-) stammer -kakamela stamp (n) (for letters) tshitemmbe (zwi-); re​ venue ~: tshitemmbe tsha mbuelo (zwi-); (instrument or mark) gando (dzi-), tshi​‐
temmbe (zwi-); (vb) —grain: -smda stand (n) (plot) tshitannde (zwi-) cf Eng: (pavillion) phavilioni (dzi-) cf Eng: (vb) -ima standard tshilinganyo (zwi-); school —: murole (mi-) standardise -linganyisa star naledzi/neledzi (dzi-) stare (with wide open eyes) -ruda mato start (n) mathomo (pi only): (vb) -thoma; ~ a song: -sima starting-point mathomo (pi only),
madzheno (pi only) startle -tshenusa (tr): be ~d -tshenuwa (intr). station tshititshi (zwi-) cf Afr 'stasie' stature (size) tshiimo (zwi-) stay -dzula; ~ up late -dzedza, -tsliesa steal -tswa, —upon cf stalk steam tshitimu (zwi-) cf Eng steel tshitih (zwi-) cf Eng steenbok phuluvhulu (dzi ) stem tsinda (ma-) stench Iwefha (nyefha), munukho (mi-) step (n) liga (ma-
); tshitepisi (zwi-) cf Eng ‘steps': (vb) -kanda sternum tshiakha (zwi-) stick (n) thanda (dzi-), lutanda (thanda); thamu (dzi-); (vb) ~ into (as candle) -toma; — to: -nambatela (intr), -nambatedza (tr) still kha di eg u kha di shuma he is still working: tshee (aux vb) eg u tshee o edela he is still asleep sting (n) luvholela (mbolela); (vb) -luma stinginess ludzimo
(abstr) stingy be -dzima stint (keep back from) -dzima stir -ritha stirring cf thrilling stock tshitoko (zwi-) cf Eng stock exchange mbambadzelano ya mikovhe (dzi-) stoep tshitupu (zwi-) cf Eng, guda (ma-) stomach thumbu (dzi-); —of bird: tshikhwikhwi stone tombo (ma-) stonewall mutsheto (mi-) stoop -kotama stop -ima (intr), -imisa (tr): -guma; ~ping of
rain: -tsha eg mvula yo tsha the rain has stopped stop sign luswayo lwa tshitopo (tswayo dza ), tshiga tsha tshitopo (zwi-) stop street tshitarataihwa (zwi-) store (n) vhengele (ma-) cf Afr ‘w i n k e l (vb) -vhulunga store-keeper ramavhengele (vho-) cf Afr ' winkel' store-room mbulungelo (dzi-), tshitolo (zwi-) cf Eng 'store' storey tshitizi (zwi-) cf Eng stairs
stork hovhelwa (ma-) storm dumbu (ma-) story nganea (dzi-) stove tshitofu (zwi-) cf Afr stoof straight be — -lulama; make — for -livha; ideoph of being absolutely ~ tswititi! straighten -lulamisa strain (filter) -tuda. -suda: ~ over task: -ombesa 197 strange surname strange -sili (true reI) stranger mutsinda (vha-) strangle -tshipa strap bannda (ma- dzi - )
cl A jr bund street tshitarata (zwi-) c f A jr 'straat'. mukoio (mi-) strength maandamannda (pi only), nungo (dzi-) strengthen -khwathisa stretch (as rope) -akha; (us armslwings) -thara- mudza; (os wet hide with pegs) -vhamba strict wa vhutevhelcli, tsha vhutevheleli. etc (poss) strictness vhutevhelcli (abstr) strife mufhirifhiri (mi-) strike (n) tshitereke
(zwi-) c f Eng. (vb) -tereka cj Eng: -rwa; ~ against: -gekha; ~ a thatch -pferula string (n ) ludzi (nnzi); lutambo (vhu-); (v6) -lunzhedza strip (n) tshipida (zwi-); ~ o f paper lumvelo (vhu-); ~ o f land: ludima (vhu-); (vb) ~ clothes: -bvula; (plunder) -tangula; — bark: -kwatula stripe tshiterepe (zwi-) c f A jr sheep ' : vala (ma\ hala) stroll -tshimbila-tshimbila
strong (vb) be -khwatha; (qttalij) -khwathaho (vb rel). wa/ya/tsha maanda. etc (poss) strop (for oxen) tshitoropo (zwi-) c f Eng structure tshivhumbeo (zwi-). mbumbo (dzi-); tshifhatwa (zwi-) struggle (n ) muombano (mi-); (vb) -tambula. -kakarika. -lwa. -ombana stubbornness swili (dzi-).
tshipimbi (zwi-) student mutshudeni (vha- ma-) c f Eng. tshitshudeni (zwi-). litshudeni (ma-) cf Eng, mudigudisi (vha-) study -guda. -vhala stumble cause to — -khukhula. ~ over -khukhulwa stumbling-block tshithithisi (zwi-). tshikondisi (zwi-) stump log) tshitanda (zwi-); tshiguthe (zwi-); ~ o f tooth: likonvotsheli (ma-) stupid be — -tsilufhala stupidity
vhutsilu (abstr) stutter -kakamela sty (on eyelid, also stye) tshisimana (zwi-). pig~ tshitumba (zwi-) stye c f sty style tshitaela (zwi-) c f Eng subject school - thero (dzi-); grammatical ~ : nefhungo (vho-); (one ruled over) mulanda (vha-) submerge -nupela submit -dinekedza; -disa subsidize -tikedzela subsidy mutikedzelo (mi-) subtract -tusa. -fhungudza
succeed -kona. -bvelela. -tevhela success mvelelo (dzi-) successful -konaho.
-wanaho. -bvelelaho (vb rel) successor mutevheli (vha-) such -raliho. -raloho (vb rel) suck (as infant) -mama; ~ a sweet -muna suckle -mamisa suffer (be harrassed) -tambula suffering thambulo (dzi-) sufficient -edanaho. -hnganaho (vb rel) suffix mutshila (mi-) sugar tshugela (dzi-) c f Eng. swigiri (dzi-) c f Afr 'striker' sugarcane nwovha (minwovha) suit
(n) swuthu (dzi-) c f Eng: (vb) -edana. -tea suitable -fanelaho. -teaho (vb rel) suitcase phuthumennde (dzi-) c f A fr 'portman​ teau ' sum (in arithmetic) mbalo (dzi-); (total of) tha- nganvelo (dzi-) summarise -nweledza. -samaraisa c f Eng summary phathekanyo (dzi-), manweledzo (pi only) summer tshilimo (zwi-) summon -vhidza. -ramba; (collect people) -
khu- ra summons (n) dagafala (dzi-) c f A fr dagvaar': (vb) -dagafala c f A fr 'dagvaar' sun duvha (ma-) sunbeam sasaladzi (ma-). litalazaza (ma-) Sunday Swondaha (dzi-) sunflower mulivhaduvha (mi-) sunrise u bva ha duvha (infinit); at —: duvha Ji tshi bva sunset maorapfene.
matotatombo; at ~ : duvha Ji tshi kovhela superintendent mulavhelesi (vha-) supervise -lavhelesa. -langa supervision ndavheleso (dzi-) supervisor mutoli (vha-). mulavhelesi (vha-) supper (n) tshilalelo (zwi-). hence Holy Com​ munion: Tshilalelo (tshikhethwa); (vb) -lalela supplement (n) muengedzo (mi-); (vb) -inga, -engedza, -dadzisa supplier mudisedzi
(vha-) supply (n) zwidisedza (pi only): (stock) tshitoko (zwi-) c f Eng: (vb) -nca. -disa support (n) thikho (dzi-); (vb) -tika. -tikedza supporter mutikedzi (vha-) suppurate -sita sure be ~ -vha na ngoho surely ngoho (adv) surgeon dokotela (vho-/ma-). muari (vha-) surname tshifam (zwi-) c f A fr 'van' 198 surpass tea-water surpass -fhira surprise (u)
tshimangadzo (zsvi-). (rb) -mangadza; be ~ d -mangala; be taken by - -akha- sweat (n) biko (mabiko); (vb) -bva biko sweep -swiela sweet (n) jegcre (ma-) c f A fr ‘lekker': (vb) be — mala; take by ~ -akhamadza -difha surrender {give oneself up) -dinekedza; (hand sweet potato murambo (mi-) sweet sorghum mphwe (dzi-) swell up -zwimba, kukumuwa
swerve -swaya cf'A fr 'swaai' swim -bambela, -tala swimming pool bambelo (ma-) swing (n) dembutete dembetrli (ma ), (i7>) -le over) -nekedza surround -tanga; -thathedza surrounding vhupo (pi same) survival u ponya (infinil), u tshila (infinit) survive -ponya, -tshila suspect -humbulela. fhima suspend -nembcledza, -imisa suspicion u humbulela (infinil).
u fhima (infinil) swab (n) dzudzu (ma-); mopo (mimopo) c f Eng vhudza, -dembelela switch (n ) (for beating) thamu (dzi-), (electric) switshi (dzi-) c f Eng. (vb) - on: -switsha cj Eng. -funga sword banga (mapanga) syllable dungo (ma-) syllabus silabasi (dzi-) c) Eng symbol tshiga (zwi ); c f sign sympathise -pfela vhutungu sympathy vhutungu (abslr) synod
tshinodo (zwi-) c f A fr 'sinode' synonym libulazwithihi (ma-) syntax divhafhungo (no pi) syphilis thusula (dzi-) syrup sirapu (dzi-) c f Eng system maitele (pi only), sisteme (dzi-) c f Eng 'mop : (vb) -phumula. -fhuluta swallow (tt) (bird) thambamadi/thambelamadi (dzi-); (vb) -mila. ~ powderish substance: -guma swamp lunwenwe (vhu-), matshafa (pi only).
maroroma (pi only): c f vlei swarm (o f bees) guma (ma-); (o f birds) murivha (mi-); (o f locusts) gole (makole); (o f insects) mushinzhi (mi-) Swazi (person) Muswazi (Ma-); (language) Tshiswazi. Luswazi (no p i), (language and culture) Tshiswazi (no pi) Swaziland Swazini swear (take oath) -ana, (scold) -sema table dafula/tafula (dzi-) c f A fr 'tafel' taboo
(tabu) («) tshiila (zwi-), tshiiledzwa (zwi-); tare tshileme (zwi-) tarry -lenga, -mona-mona task mushumo (mi-) taste (n) muthetshelo (mi-); (vb) -thetshela tasty -difhaho (vb rel) tatter lilakhanthana (ma-), dzanganda (ma-) tax (taxation) muthelo (mi-); revenue mu- (vi>) -ila tabulate -ita mbekanya tabulation mbekanya (dzi-) tackle (in a group) -thathedza
tadpole buluvhulu (ma-) tail mutshila (mi-) tailor theilara (dzi-) c f Eng.
murungi (vha-) take -dzhia; — out honey: -rafha; — hold o f thelo wa mbuelo (mi-) -fara, ~ o ff hat/clolhes -bvula; ~ o ff lid -tibula; ~ down something hanging: -fhahulula; ~ out o f water, eg fish : -nula; ~ to -isa tale lungano ( (dzi)ngano) talent (biblical) talente (dzi-) c f Eng: (gift) mpho (dzi-) talk (n) tshipitshi (zwi-) c f Eng 'speech', (vb) -amba tall cf
long tan (leather) -suka tap (water) bommbi (dzi-) c f A fr ‘po m p’, thepe (dzi-) c f Eng tar (n) tshigontiri (zwi-) c f A fr koolteer': (vb) -shela tshigontiri taxi thekhisi (dzi-) c f Eng tea tie (dzi-) c f Eng teach -funza, -gudisa teacher mudededzi (vha-), thitshara (ma-) cf Eng teacher training college gudedzi (ma ) teaching profession vhudededzi (abstr) teak
mutondo (mi-) team (o f oxen) tshipano (zwi-) c f A fr span'. (sports) thimu (dzi-) c f Eng teapot thiphotho (dzi-) c f Eng tear in) mujodzi (mi-/ma-); (vb) ~ away: -zhu- vhula tease -tunga teat thungu (dzi-) tea-water madi a tie 199 teem this teem -andesa, -dalesa telegram thelegiramu (dzi-) c f Eng telephone (n) lutingo (thingo). thelefoni (dzi-) c f Eng: (vb)
-rwa lutingo, -rwa thelefoni television thelevishini (dzi-) c f Eng tell -vhudza; —fortunes -bvumba temper mbilwana (dzi-) temperature themperetsha (dzi-) c f Eng tempt -linga temptation mulingo (mi-) tempter mulingi (vha-) tempting c f attractive ten fumi (mahumi) tennis thenisi (dzi-) c f Eng tent dennde (dzi-) c f A fr 'tent' tenth tshafumi (zwa-) term
school — kotara (dzi-) c f Eng 'quarter'-, (limited period) tshifhinga tsho tiwaho (zwi-); ( ~ in language) teo (dzi-), ipfi (maipfi); (in maths) theme (dzi-); (condi​ tions) milayo (pi only) terminate -fhedza, -guma termite mutshenzhe (collective), mutwa (collec​ tive); flying — (small)-, nemeneme (dzi-), (large) nthwa (dzi-); soldier dzhulu (ma-) territory disi (ma-
) terrorise -tambudza, -shengedza terrorism vhufhetashango (abstr), vhutherorisi (abstr) c f Eng terrorist tshifhetashango (zwi-), litherorisi (ma-) c f Eng test (n) mulingo (mi-); (vb) -linga testify -tanziela thank -livhuha thanks ndivhuho (cl dzi-, abstr) that (those) (demonstr) uyo (mu-, muthu uyo ~ person-, muri uyo/uyo muri ~ tree), avho (vha-, vhathu
avho — people)-, iyo (mi-; n-, miri iyo/iyo miri ~ trees, thama iyo that friend)-, ilo (li-; di-, ito ilo ~ eye: dithu 1I0 — monster); ayo (ma-, mato ayo — eyes); itsho (tshi-, tshithu itsho ~ thing): izwo (zwi-, zwithu izwo ~ things): idzo (dzi-, thama idzo ~ friends): ulwo (lu-, luvhone ulwo ~ lamp): uvho (vhu-, vhuswa uvho ~ porridge): uho (u-; vhu-, u sea uho ~
kind o f laughter: vhuswa uho ~ porridge, c f uvho); ukwo (ku-, kuthu ukwo — little thing): ~ very: hoyo (mu-, hoyo muthu — very person: hoyo muri ~ very /ree);havho (vha-, havho vhathu ~ very people): heyo (mi-; n-, heyo miri — very trees, heyo thama ~ very friend): helo (li-; di-, helo lito — very eye, hejo dithu ~ very monster): hayo (ma-, hayo mato
~ very eyes): hetsho (tshi-, hetsho tshithu ~ very thing): hezwo (zwi-, hezwo zwithu ~ very things): hedzo (dzi-, hedzo thama — very friends): holwo (lu-, holwo luvhone — very lamp): hovho (vhu-, hovho vhuswa ~ very porridge): hoho (vhu-; u-, hoho vhuswa ~ very porridge c f hovho . . , ; u sea hoho ~ very laughter): hokwo (ku-, kuthu hokwo ~ very
little thing): (conj) zwauri, uri thatch -fulela theft vhuvhava (abstr), vhufobvu (abstr) their poss cone plus poss stem -vho, -yo, -o. -zwo, -dzo, -ho, eg yavho, wayo, zwadzo theirs cf their them (abs pron) c f they; (obj cone) vha-, i-. a-, zwi-, dzi-, vhuthen ndi hone; enclitic element -ha there afho (demonstr): hangei (demonstr) thereafter nga murahu (adv)
therefore ngauralo (conj) thereof (of it) (possessive) possessive cone plus poss stem, eg wawo, walo, watsho, tshawo, tshalo, tshatsho thermometer themometa (dzi-) c f Eng these c f this they (abs pron) vhone, yone, one, zwone, dzone, hone; (basic subj cone) vha-, i-, a-, (neg ha-), zwi-, dzi-, vhu-; (perfect subj cone) vho-, yo-, o-, (neg ha-/ho-), zwo-, dzo-,
ho-, (narrative subj cone) vha-, ya, a-, zwa-, dza-, hathick -denya (adj) (mu-, mi-, li-, ma-, tshi-, zwi-, n-/dzin- ndenya, lu-, vhu-, ku-) thickness vhudenya (abstr) thief mbava (dzi-), fobvu (ma-), hokoko (ma-), mutswi (vha-) thieving vhuvhava (abstr), vhufobvu (abstr) thigh shumbi (marumbi), tshirumbi (zwi-) thigh joint khuli (dzi-) thin (adj) -sekene (mu-, mi-,
li-, ma-, tshi-, zwi-, n-/dzin-: tsekene, lu-, vhu-, ku-); (vb) be​ come — -onda, -sekena; get ~ner -zwa thing (object) tshithu (zwi-) think -humbula thinness vhusekene (abstr) third (one ~ ) tshararu (zwararu); (in order o f rank) vhuraru (n); ( ~ person in gramm) muambiwa (vha-); ~ party: musizwawe (vha-), tsireledzo ya wa vhuraru (dzi-) thirdly (adv) tsha
vhuraru thirst (n) dora (ma-); (vb) be —y; -pfa dora, -vha na dora; quench -dzimula dora thirsty be -vha na dora, -pfa dora thirteen fumiraru thirty furaru this (these) ~ here uyu (mu-, muthu uyu — person here: muri uyu/uyu muri ~ tree here): avha (vha-, vhathu avha ~ people here): iyi (mi-; n-, min iyi/iyi miri — trees here: thama iyi this friend here): i|i
(li-; di-. 200 thither ito ill i(i ito — eye here, dithu ill this monster here)-, aya (ma-, mato aya/aya mato ~ eyes here), itshi (tshi-, tshithu itshi ~ thing here)-, izwi (zwi-, zwithu izwi ~ things here)-, ldzi (dzi-, thama ldzi ~ friends here), ulu (lu-. luvhone ulu ~ lamp here)-, uv.hu (vhu-, vhuswa uvhu ~ porridge here), uhu (u-; vhu-, u sea uhu — laughter here,
ie this kind o f laughter, vhuswa uhu — porridge here, c f uvhu); uku (ku-, kuthu uku ~ little thing here), — here nearby, uno (mu-, muthu uno — person here nearby , muri uno/uno mun ~ tree here nearby), vhano (vha-. vhathu vhano ~ people here nearby), ino (mi-; n-, min ino/ino miri ~ trees here nearby, thama mo ~ friend here nearby)', lino (|i-; di-,
liivha [ino ~ dove here nearby, dithu lino — monster here nearby), ano (ma-, maivha ano ~ doves here nearby, maduvha ano — days {not specific days) c f maduvha aya ~ specific days as mentioned), tshino (tshi-, tshino tshi​ thu — thing here nearby)-, zwino (zwi-, zwi​ thu zwino ~ things here nearby), dzino (dzi-, mbudzi dzino ~ goats here nearby)-,
luno (lu-, luvhone luno ~ lamp here nearby)', vhuno (vhu-, vhuswa vhuno ~ porridge here nearby), huno (u-, u sea huno ~ kind o f laughter, c f uhu which, like huno, is used very seldom because the noun described is an infinitive and not a real noun), kuno (ku-, kuthu kuno ~ little thing here nearby)', — very: hoyu (mu-, muthu hoyu/hoyu muthu ~ very
person, hoyu muri — very tree)-, havha (vha-, havha vhathu ~ very people), heyi (mi-; n-, heyi miri ~ very trees; heyi thama this very friend); heli (|i-; di-, he|i ito/ito heli ~ very eye; heji dithu ~ very monster); haya (ma-, mato haya/haya ma(o ~ very eyes); hetshi (tshi-, tshithu hetshi — very thing); hezwi (zwi-, zwithu hezwi ~ very things); hedzi (dzi-,
thama hedzi ~ very friends) ; holu (lu-, luvhone holu ~ very lamp); hovhu (vhu-, vhuswa hovhu ~ very porridge) ; hohu (u-. u sea hohu — very laughter); hoku (ku-, kuthu hoku — very thing) thither (there) ngeo (adv) eg iyam ngeo' go thither; henengeo (adv) thong (nem) luzwa (nnzwa) thorn mupfa (mi-) thoroughfare ndila (dzi-), gondo (ma-), bada (dzi-)
c f A fr 'pad' those c f that thought muhumbulo (mi-) thousand (tshi)gidi (zwi-) thrash -fhula; -rwa thrashing floor (threshing floor) luvhata (mbata/mbate) title thread harane (dzi-) c f A fr 'garing'; ~ on bolt muru (mimuru) c f A fr 'm oer'. madaisi (/;/ only) c f Eng 'dies' threaten -shushedza three -raru (ad/) (Mu-; fo r Trinity only, vha-, mi-, ma-, zwi-, dzm-
: tharu. vhu-) thresh (thrash) -fhula threshing floor luvhata (mbate/mbata) threshold tshiukhuvha (zwi ) thrice luraru (adv), kararu (adv) thrilling (touching) -rithaho (vb rel), -kwamaho (vb rel) thrive (prosper) -bvelela.
-bvela phanda. -aluwa; (grow) -hula, -aluwa throat mukulo (mi-) throb (n) mudivhitho (mi-); (vb) -divhitha throne khulunoni (dzi-) throw -posa; — away; -lata thumb gunwe (ma-) thunder (n) mubvumo (m i); (vb) -bvuma; (as o f river) -unga/-uunga thunderbolt mubvumo (mi-) thundercloud mvumi (dzi ) thundershower tshirulu tsha mibvumbi (zwi-)
thunderstorm mvula ya mibvumo (dzi-) Thursday Lavhuna thus (like this) ngaurali (adv); (like that) ngauralo (adv); thus! izwo! (interj) tick (n) (bush-tick) tshievhe (zwi-); (mark) luswayo (tswayo); (vb) -swaya tick-bite fever mugalane (mi-) ticket thikhithi (dzi-) c f Eng tickle -sengenedza.'-senengedza tidiness vhudele (abstr) tidy (vb) -nakisa; (qualif) -
nakaho (vb rel), wa/tsha/zwa vhudele. etc (poss) tie (n) neck — thai (dzi-); ~ in competition mavhambe (pi only); (vb) -vhofha. -tan'ganya; — tightly: -phina, -fhina, -shamula, -nzhwanzhwamedza; — up, eg goats; -hunga tiger c f leopard tighten (fasten) -vhofha tile thaila (dzi-) c f Eng; roof — tshileithi (zwi-) c f Eng ’slate’ till (n) fo r money thili (dzi-); (vb)
-lima; (conj) cf until tillage ndimo (dzi-) tilt -kunama (intr); -kunamisa (tr) timber thanda (dzi-), mabulannga (pi only) c f A fr 'plank' time tshifhinga (zwi-) tin thini (dzi-) cf Eng; big — gokoko (ma ) tip thodzi (dzi-) tire -netisa; become — d -neta tiredness maneto (abstr) tithe tshafumi title thoho (dzi-), dzina (ma-) 201 toast trophy toast (n) thosithi (dzi-) c f
Eng: (o f bread) sathe (ma-); (vb) -thositha c f Eng: ~ bread -thatha tobacco (snuff) fola (ma-) today namusi (adv), naasi (adv), naasi (adv) toe tsbikunwanê (zwi-); big ~ : gunwe (ma-) together (quanta) vhothe, yothe, othe, zwojhe. etc toil -shumesa toilet thoilethe (dzi-) c f Eng token tshiga (zwi-) tolerate -kondelela tomato (plant) mutamatisi (mi-); (fruit)
tamatisi (ma-) c f A fr 'tamaties' tomb livhida (ma-) tomb stone tombo (ma-) tomorrow matshelo (adv) ton thani (dzi-) c f Eng tone khalo (dzi-), thoni (dzi-) c f Eng: low ~ khalafhasi (dzi-); high ~ : khalantha (dzi-) tongs lumano (vhu-) tongue lulimi (ndimi) tonsils lhanga (dzi-) tool tshishumiswa (zwi-) tooth ino/linO (mano); (molar) dzeu (ma-); (pre​ molar)
(irangadzeu (ma-); (canine) dungammbwa (ma-); (incisor) dzembe (malembe) tooth-brush bulatsho ya mano (dzi-) top (n) (toy) thendele (dzi-); (adv) ntha (local) topic thoho (dzi-) torment -shengedza, -pfisa vhutungu tortoise tshibode (zwi-); mountain khamba (dzi-); personification in animal stories: Sankambe (no pi) torture -shengedza, -pfisa vhutungu
total (n) thanganyelo (dzi-); (vb) -tanganyisa totem (group name) mutupo (mi-) touch (n) game o f ~ bune (ma-); (vb) -kwama; play game o f —: -swatha touching (/th rillin g towel thaula (dzi-) c f Eng tower thawa (dzi-) c f Eng town (city) dorobo (dzi-) c f A fr 'dorp' toy tshitambiswa (zwi-) track (n) (footprint) vhutala (p i same): (in sports) thirekhe c f
Eng: (vb) (follow a spoor) -londa tractor teretere (dzi-) c f A fr 'trekker' trade (n) mbatnbadzo (dzi-), vhushavhi (pi same): (occupation) mushumo(gudwa) (mi-); (vb) -vhambadza, -rengisa trader mushavhi (vha-), murengisi (vha-) tradition sialala; maitele (pi only) traffic vhuendi (cl vhu-); ~ inspector: sipitikopo (zwipitikopo) c f Eng ‘speed cop': — officer
tshipitikopo (zwi-) tragedy likhathulambilu (ma-) 202 trailer goloi (dzi-) train (n) tshidimela (zwi-) c f Eng steam': (vb) -gudisa trainer mugudisi (vha-) training vhugudisi (abstr) trait tshivhumbamvumbo (zwi-) traitor tshifheti (zwi-) trample -kanda transcribe -nwalulula, -kopa c f Eng 'copy' transcription munwalululo (mi ) transfer (n) tsudzuluso (dzi-);
(vb) -sudzulusa transfiguration (o f Christ) phenyiso (dzi-) transfiture -penyisa Transkei Transkei c f Eng translate -pindulela, -talutshedzela translation phindulelo (dzi-), thalutshedzo (dzi-) translator mupinduleli (vha-), mutalutshedzeli (vha-) transmit -rathisa, -fhirisa transmitter tshirathisi (zwi-) transparent -vhonadzaho (vb ret) transplant -Simula
transport (n) vhuendedzi (pisam e): (vb) -hwala, -endedza Transvaal Transifala c f A fr ‘ Transvaal trap in) mureo (mi-). ~ fo r small animats tshifu (zwi-); (vb) -rea; spring ~ : tshilibana (zwi-) travel -tshimbila traveller mutshimbili (vha-) tray tshifaredzi (zwi-), thirei (dzi-) c f Eng tread -kanda treason vhuvhanga (abstr) treasure lupfumo (no pi) treasurer
mufaragwama (vha-) treasury gwama (class li- only) treat -fara, ~ with care -tonda, -thusa. -farisa. ~ with medicine: -alafha, -lafha tree muri (mi-) trek (n) mupfuluwo (mi-), mururo (mi-); (vb) (drawlpull o f ox) -kokodza; (mov elmigrate) -pfuluwa, -goda, -rura tremble -reremela; ~ o f coldlfear: tetemela, -khura trembling mureremelo (mi ) tremor c f
shaking tresspass (o f law) -khakha, -pfuka; (make un​ lawful intrusion) -pfuka tresspasser mupfuki (vha-), mukhaki (vha-) trail tsengo (dzi-) tribe tshitshavha (zwi-) trick maano (pi only), vhukwila (abstr) Trinity Mndzimumuraru (no pi), Vhuraruthihi (no pi) trip (n) Iwendo (nyendo); (vb) -pia troop (o f soldiers) gomane (dzi-) c f A fr 'komm ando': (o f
animals) sambi (ma-/matambi) trophy khaphu (dzi-) c f Eng 'cup' trouble up tumour bundu (mapundu) tune tshuni (dzi-) c f Eng. mutivho (mi-); c f melody turkey galakani (ma-) c f A fr kalkoen' turn (n) diso (ma-); khone (dzi-) c f Eng ’corner’ : trouble (») tshidini (zwi-); khakhathi (dzi); (vb) dina. -tambudza; he ~d -dinalea. -vhilaela trouser (pair o f ~ s)
vhurukhu (ma-) c f Afr 'broek' trowel thorofolo (dzi-) c f A fr troffei truck thiraka (dzi ) cf Eng true (quaUf) wa/tsha/zwa/dza ngoho, etc (pots): (copul) it is ~ ndi ngoho truly (adv) ngoho. ngangoho; (interj) cf yes! trumpet porompita (dzi-) c f A fr trompet’ trunk (o f elephant) musingo (mi-); (o f tree) tsinde (ma-) trust (n) fulufhelo.fhulufhelo (ma-);
vhufareli (abstr); (vb) -fulufhela/-fhulufhela'-fulufhedza/fhulufhedza trustworthy be ~ -fhulufhedzea/fulufhedzea truth ngoho (dzi-) try (attempt) -edzisa; (tempt) -linga; — a case: -sengisa tsetse (fly) mmbo (dzi-) tsotsi tsotsi tswotswi (ma-) tube tshupu (dzi-) c f Eng. lithumbu (ma-) tuber khufhi (dzi-) tuberculosis (T B ) thnbii (no pi), lufhiha (no pi).
luhotola (khothola) Tuesday Lavhuvhili tuft tshihunde (zwi-) tumbler (drinking glass) ngilasi (dzi-) c f Eng glass' (vb) take a -khona cf Eng ‘corner’ : — back -huma, — round!over: -rembuluwa (intr), -rembulusa (tr); ~ one’s back upon: -furalela; ~ inside out: -shanda tusk c f elephant tusk twelve fumimbili twenty fumbili twice luvhili (adv). kavhili (adv)
twig lutavhi (vhu-) twilight (evening ~ ) lufhimavhaeni (adv o f time) twin lifhata (ma-) twine (siring) ludzi (nnzi), lutambo (vhu-) twist -somba, -songa twiK-h (o f eye) -fula two -vhili (ad]) (vha-. mi-, ma-, zwi-, dzinmbili, vhu-) type (/») lushaka (tshakha); (vb) -thaipha c f Eng typewriter khonwali (dzi-). thaiphiraitha (dzi-) c f Eng typewriting khonwalo (cl
n-) typist muthaiphi (vha-) c f Eng tunnel thanele (dzi-) cf Eng tyre thaela (ma-) c f Eng u udder damu (ma-) ugliness mbipo/mbifho (abstr.
cl n-) ugly (adj) cf bad, (vb) be ~ -vhifha ulcer nw'atela (minwatela); big — tshizwimbo undermine -nyadza underneath nga fhasi ha understand -pfa; be ~able -pfala undo -itulula, ~ seam o f needlework, etc: -tha- (zwi-).
tshitshimbili (zwi-); small ~ : tshimota (zwi-) ululate -fhululedza ululation mufhululu (mi-) umbilical cord mukovhori (mi-) unbutton -gunubula uncle (mother's brother) malume (vho-); (father’s elder brother) khotsimuhulu (vho-); (father's younger brother) khotsimunene (vho-) unclothe -bvula unconscious be ~ -dzidzivhala unconsciousness
mudzidzivhalo (abstr), nzinzivhalo (abstr) uncover -fukula, -khurumula under fhasi ha underestimate -nyadza undergrowth tshitaka (zwi-) underline -talela undress -bvula unfortunately mashudu mavhi unite -tanganya unity vhuthihi (abstr), mbofhano (dzi-) university yunivesithi (dzi-) c f Eng unload -laisulula c f A fr 'laai’ unlock -khinulula c f Eng ’key’
unripe (fruit) gaga (ma-) unroll (mat) -adza; c f unwind unscrew -kurufulula cf A fr 'skroef, -vhofholola untidiness vhuada (abstr) untie -vhofholola until u swikela untruth mazwifhi (pi only) unwell be ~ -Iwala, -sa diphina unwind -pombolowa unyoke -panulula c f A fr '(tn)span' up ntha (local) thamula 203 upper waist upper arm tshishasha (zwi-) upper
leg Ishirumbi (zwi-) uproar pfiriri (dzi-), khakhathi (dzi-) uproot (extract) -tupula urge (n) u fhisea (infinity, (vb) -kulumedza, -kukumedza, -tutuwedza; ~ dog -sasamedza urinate -runda: ( euphemistic) -tambuwa, -ta- use (n) (of something) mashumisele (pi only)- (work) mushumo (mi-); (vb) -shumisa; ger — d to: -dowela useful be ~ -vha na mushumo
useless be — -sa vha na mushumo usually kanzhi (adv) utensil tshishumiswa (zwi-) utter bula uvula tshidikadika (zwi-) mbuluwa urine murundo (mi-) us (abs pron) c f we; (obj cone) ri- Vaal River Ligwa vacancy vhuimo (abslr), tholelo (dzi-) vacant -si na tshithu vaccinate -haya vagabond mutendeleki (vha-) vagrant mutendeleki (vha-) valley govha (ma-)
value ndeme (dzi-); money mutengo (mi-) valve valavu (dzi-) c f Eng van veni (dzi-) c f E n g, lorana (dzi-) c f Eng very nga maanda (adv) vessel (earthenware) mudzio (mi-) vest vese (dzi-) c f Eng, lugauswu (vhu-) c f A fr 'kous’ veterinary mulafhazwifuwo (vha-) veterinary science vhudivhavhulafhazwifuwo (abstr) vicious be ya/tsha vhuhali victory gundo
(ma-) village (african) mudi (mi-) vim maanda (abstr): (cleaning agent) vimu (dzi-) 'lorry' vanish -ngalangala, -nyamalala, -dimela vapour mutsidi (mi-), ludimuya (no pi) vegetables muroho (mi-) vehicle tshiendisi (zwi-) vein lutsinga (tsinga) Venda (person) Muvenda (Vha-); (country) Venda; (language) Luvenda, Tshivenda; (culture) Tshivenda; (dialectical
variations), (central) Tshiphani, (north-east) Tshimbedzi, (west) Tshiilafuri, (south-east) Tshironga venison nama ya phukha verandah (private verandah) guda (ma-), vurannda (dzi-) c f Eng: (chiefs sleeping hut) lukumbi (khumbi) verb jiiti (ma-) verbal relative Iiitiliitaluli (ma-) verb stem tsinde la Jiiti (ma-) verdict khathulo (dzi-) verse vese (dzi-) c f Eng,
ferese (dzi-) c f A fr ‘vers’, ndimana (dzi-) vertebral column mutodo (mi-), mutshilitshili (mi-) c f Eng vine mudirivhe (mi-) c f A fr 'drutwe’ vinegar viniga (dzi-) c f Eng violate -tshinya, -khakha, -pfuka visible be — -vhonala, -vhonea vision bono (ma-) visit (call upon) -dala; bring a — to -dalela; — patients: -tola visitor mudali (vha-), (guest) mueni (vha-)
vitality maanda (pi only) vlei matyafa/matafa (pi only) vocalization tsikaipfi (cl n-) voice (word) ipfi/jipfi (maipfi) voiced -ipfi (poss): ~ consonant: themba ya ipfi (dzi-) . voiceless -tshayaipfi (poss): ~ consonant the​ mba (ya) tshayaipfi (dzi-) vomit -tanza vote (n) khetho (dzi-), voto (dzi-) c f Eng, (vb) -khetha, -vota c f Eng vow (n) muano (mi-); (vb) -ana
vowel pfala (dzi-), pfalandothe (dzi-) vulture lianga (ma-) w wade through ambuwa, -wela wag ~ tail: -dzungudza wage muholo (mi-) waggon goloi (dzi-) waist khundu (no sing) eg khundu dzanga my waist 204 whether waistcoat waistcoat tshinorobadzhi (zwi-) c f A fr ’onder- baadjie’ waiter hweja (vho-) c f Eng wait upon -imela, -lindela wake up -
karuwa (birr); ~ somebody (waken): -karusa (tr) walk (n) mutshimbili (mi-); (vb) -tshimbila, -enda; — stumbling -lepa-lepa; — fast with long strides -zanyuka, ~ briskly: -hwenya walking stick lubada (vhu-), tshijiki (zwi-) cf Eng ’stick’ wall (as of hut) luvhondo (mbondo) wallet tshipatshi (zwi-) wander -vhimbila, -buda-buda, -tendeleka, -pa fula want (n)
vhushai (abslr); (vb) -funa, -Joda war nndwa (dzi-) ward off -pila warm belbecome ~ -dudela; ~ up -dudedza; ~ oneself at fire!in sun : -ora warmth vhududo (abstr) warn -kaidza, -sevha, -eletshedza warning khaidzo (dzi-), tsevho (dzi-). ngeletshedzo (dzi-) wart phopho (dzi-) wart-hog phangwa (dzi-) wash (one-self) -Jamba; ~ clothes: -kuvha; ~ someone
else: -Janzwa; — away (like river) -kumba wash-soap tshisibe tsha u kuvha wasp jibu (ma-) waste (n) malajwa (pi only)', (vb) -tambisa, -lata, -tshinya watch (n) watshi (dzi-) c f Eng\ (vb) -linda, -sedzesa watchman mulindi (vha-) water (n) ma^i (pi only, cl ma-); bath — madi a u Jamba; irrigation — madi a tsheledzo/mugero; drinking — madi a u nwa; rain
madi a mvula; tea ~ : madi a tie; (vb) -sheledza waterberry (plant) muju (mi-); (fruit) njhu (dzi-) watercourse mulonga (mi-) waterfall guvhukuvhu (ma-) waterfowl species o f khuhumulambo (dzi-) watermelon bvani (ma-) wattle -vhalela wave (n) gabelo (ma-); (vb) -imisa tshanda wax phula (dzi-); ear-~ makunzwu (pi only) way ncjila (dzi-); ~ o f doing:
kuitele (ma-); ~ o f living: matshilele (pi only) waylay -lalela we (abs pron) rine; (basic subj cone) ri-; (perfect subj cone) to-, (narrative subj cone) raweakness vhuhoja (abslr) wealth lupfumo (abstr) wealthy become ~ : -pfuma wean (ablactate) -lumula weapon tshihali (zwi ) wear (n) c f weir; (vb) -ambara; ~ out -Jahala (inlr), -jahadza (tr) weariness
maneto (abstr) weary -neta (intr): -netisa (tr) weather mutsho (no pi), matshele (no sing)', — forecaster mubvumbi wa mutsho (vha-) weather forecast mvumbo ya mutsho (dzi-) weave -runga, -wiva c f Eng web lubuvhi (vhu-) wed -tshata wedding mbingano (dzi-); ~ feast mutshato (mi-) Wednesday Lavhuraru weed (n) tshene (dzi-); (vb) -Jahula week
vhege (dzi-) c f A fr week' weekend wikiende (dzi ) c f Eng weekly vhege inwe na iiiwe/vhege na vhege weep -Ilia weeping tshililo (zwi-) weevil tshifheji (zwi-) weigh -kala cf A fr ’skaai weigh down -lemela weight tshileme (zwi-) weir/wear tshipata (zwi-) welcome -tanganedza weld -weleda c f Eng welding vhuweledi (abstr) c f Eng welfare
vhulondavhathu (abstr) well (n) (spring) tshisima (zwi-); (shaft sunk fo r water) bidzi (ma-); (vb) be ~ : -takala; (adv) zwavhudi west vhukovhela wet (adj) (green) -nu (adj) (mu-, vha-, mi-, Ji-, ma-, tshi-, zwi-, n-/dzin-: nnu, lu-, vhu-, ku-,); (vb) -nukadza wether thutha (dzi-) wetness vhunu (abstr) what? (interr) mini?; inlonlat ~ ? : kha mini?, khani?; by ~ ? :
ngani? (nga mini?); (adj) — colour?: -nzani? c f Ve section fo r examples what’s name mukene (sing only), nakudze (vho-), namudze (vho-) wheat goroi (dzi-) c f A fr ’koring’ wheel vhili (ma-) c f Eng, mulinga (mi-), lilinga (ma-) wheelbarrow bara (dzi-) cf Eng ’barrow’, girivhana (dzi-) c f A fr ’kruiwa’ wheeze -swiswija when (if) (conj) musi, misi, zwila;
(aux vb) -ri eg o ri u vha vhona a shavha when he saw them, he ran away when?
(interr) lini?
where? (interr) ngafhi? whereas vhunga (conj) whet -tujula whether (or) kana (conj) 205 whetstone wrong whetstone tshitutulo (zwi-) whey mutore (mi-) which? -fhio? (rel) while (n) tshifhinganyana (zwi-); (conj) musi whip (n) tshimebi/tshimibi (zwi-); ~ o f parlia​ wise -talifhaho (vb rel) wish -tama, -funa witch muloi (vha-) witchcraft vhuloi (abstr) witch-
doctor nanga (dzi ) witchweed vhuri (pi same) with (by means of) nga; together na wither -puta without nga nnda ha, -si na witness (n) (in court) thanzi (dzi-); (vb) -tanzie- ment: mutshaeli (vha-); (vb) -tshaela, -rwa whirlwind tshidumbumukwe (zwi-) whisk (for stirring porridge) lufheto (phetho); (to flap away flies) tshovha (ma-/dzi-) whisper -hevhedza
whistle (n) ndwevha (dzi-); tshitiriri (zwi-); (by mouth) muludzi (mi-); khombole (dzi-); (vb) -lidza ndwevha/tshitiriri/muludzi whistling (labial) muludzi (mi-); (labio-dental) khombole (dzi-) White Mutshena (Vha-) white -tshena (adj) (mu-, vha-, mi-, li-, ma-, tshi-, zwi-, n-/dzin-: tshena, lu-, vhu-, ku-) white ant (in antheap) dzhulu (ma-) whiteness vhutshena
(abstr) whitewash (n) galaga (dzi-) c f A fr ‘kalk’; (vb) -galaga c f A fr 'kalk' who? nnyi?
(vhonnyi?) whole (quantit) -the (eg tshothe, yothe) wholesale holosela (dzi-) c f Eng whooping/hooping cough tshikwaikwai (zwi-) why? ngani?/nga mini? wide be ~ . -atama widen -atamisa widow tshilikadzi (dzi-), mutolo (vha-) widower mutolowadzi (vha-) width vhuphara (pi same) wife musadzi (vha-); — o f chief: mufumakadzi (vha-) wildebeest
khongoni (dzi ) wilderness soga (ma-), thovholo (dzi-) will (n) lutamo (sing only), lufuno (sing only) will (shall) -do (future tense format) win (n) gundo (ma-); (vb) (obtain in compe​ tition) -wina c f Eng; (overcome) -kunda, -fhenya wind muya (mimuya) wind around (wire) -govhela, -tanda; (bandage) -pomba window fasi(ere (ma-) c f A fr 'venster’ wind-up
(as a watch) -wainda c f Eng wine waini (dzi-) c f Eng, veim (dzi-) c f A fr 'wyn' wing lufhafha (phapha) wink -sinya; ~ at -sinyedza winnow -fhefhera, -tungula, -sela, -pea wonnowing basket luselo (tselo) winter vhuriha (ma-) wipe off -fhuluja, -phumula wire lurale (thale), dara(a (dzi-) c f A fr 'draad'; ~ mesh: sefodarata (dzi-) c f A fr ‘sifdraad' wisdom
vhutali (abstr) la; -vhona wizard muloi (vha-) wolf phele (dzi-) woman musadzi (vha-); newly married ~ with one child mubvana (vha-); old ~ : mukegulu (vha-); ugly old gegulu (ma-) womb mudi (mi-), mbumbelo (dzi-) wonder (n) dembe (sing ji- only); (vb) -kanuka woo -ambisa wood fire~ khuni (dzi-); piece o f fire— luhuni (khuni); (bush) daka (mataka);
(timber) thanda (dzi-) wood-borer tshifheti (zwi ) woodpecker khokhonya (dzi-) woodwork vhuvhadi (pi same) wool (for knitting) wulu (sing n- only) c f Eng; fleece o f sheep: vhukuse (pi same) word ipfi (maipfi) work (n) mushumo (mi-); ~ fo r chief: dzunde (ma-); (vb) -shuma worker mushumi (vha-) workshop tshapo (dzi-) c f Eng ’shop' world shango
(ma-), Iifhasi (ma-) worm (larva) mbungu (dzi-), tshivhungu (zwi-); round intestinal nowana (dzi-) worry (n) tshidini (zwi-); (vb) -thupha, -dina, (be worried) -thuphea, -dinalea worship (n) murerelo (mi-); (vb) -rerela, -gwadamela, -luvha, -rabela wound (n) tshilonda (zwi-); fresh ~ mbonzhe (dzi-), ntho (dzi-); (vb) -huvhadza wrap -fiutela wrestle -ita tsimbe,
-tshipana wrestling tsimbe (dzi-) wriggle -shanavhida wring -somba; ~ clothes: -hamula wrist tshinungo (zwi-) write -nwala writer munwali (vha-) writing tshanda (zwanda), munwalo (mi-); (writ​ ten document) linwalo (ma-) writhe -shanavhida wrong (n) vhukhakhi (abstr); (vb) be ~ khakhea; do ~ : -khakha , ~ a person: -khakhela; (qualif) -si ngoho (neg
copul), -khakheaho (vb rel) 206 X (person) Muthoza Tshithoza, Luthoza Xhosa (Ma-); (language) I X-ray ekisirei (dzi-) c f Eng | xylophone mbila (dzi-); mbilamutondo (dzi-) Y yard (measure) dzharaja (dzi-) c f A fr ‘ja a rl'; (enclosed ground) matalani (locat), dzhara|a (dzi-) c f A fr 'jaarl' yarn mutswule (mi-) yawn (n) galamulo (ma-); (vb) -alamula year
nwaha (mi-); this nanwaha (adv); next ~ mwakani/hwakani (adv); last mahola/nwahola (adv), ~ before Iasi: mbamahoja/mbanwahoja (adv); ~ after next mbamwakani/mbanwakani (adv) yearly nwaha munwe na munwe/nwaha na nwaha yearn -tuvha. ~ fo r -tulutshelwa yearning tshituvho (zwi-) yeast mbilisa/mbiliso (dzi-) yell (n) luzhambo (nzhambo),
mukosi (mi-); (vb) -zhamba; ~ loudly, -tavha mukosi yellow tada (poss), tshirulwane (poss) eg wa/tsha/zwa/dza tada/tshirulwane yes! ii! (mterj), lina! (interj), ina! (inter;), ee' (interj) yesterday mulovha (adv); day before mbamulovha (adv) yet (nevertheless) naho zwo ralo yield bveledza, -anwa yoke (n) dzhogo (dzi-) c f A fr 'juk’, ~ pin tshikei (zwi-) c f A
fr 'sket’, (vb) -pana c f A fr '(in) span' yolk tshitswuku tsha gumba (zwi-) yonder (ie there far away in distance or remote in time as referred to before) uja (mu-, muthu ula ~ person there far away or one referred to previously; muri u(a ~ tree); vha(a (vha-, vhathu vhala — people); i[a (mi-, n-, miri i(a ~ trees; (hama ila ~ friend); ]i)a (li-; di-, (ijo ]ila ~
eye; dithu lila ~ monster); aja (ma-, ma(o aja — eyes); tshila (tshi-, tshithu tshija ~ thing); zwila (zwi-, zwithu zwila — things), dzda (dzi-, (hama dzila ~ friends); lu[a (lu-, luvhone lula ~ lamp); vhu(a (vhu-, vhuja vhuswa ~ porridge); hula (u-, u sea hula — kind o f laughter), kula (ku-, kuthu kula — little thing) you (abs pron) iwe (sing), inwi (sing & pi);
(basic subj cone): u- (sing), ni- (sing & pi); (perfect subj cone) wo- (5mg), no- (sing & pi); (narrative subj cone) wa- (sing), na- (sing & pi); (obj cone) u- (sing), ni- (sing A pi) young -swa (adj) (persons only, mu-, vha-); -(uku (adj) (mu-, vha-, mi-, li-, ma-, tshi-, zwi-, n-/dzin-: thukhu, lu-, vhu-, ku-) your poss cone plus stem -u (sing) or -nu (sing or pi), eg yau,
tshau, yanu, zwanu yours c f your youth/youthfulness vhujuku (abstr), vhuswa (abstr); a ~ (male or female), muswa (vha-); the ~ vhaswa (pi only) z zeal vhufuteleli (abstr), mafulufulu (pi only) zealot mukaluli (vha-), musweleli (vha-); (sect) Ziloto c f Eng zebra mbidi (dzi-) zero zero c f Eng zigsag masombesombe, vhukhonekhone Zionism Vhuzioni
(abstr) c f Eng Zionist Muziom (Vha-/Ma-) c f Eng zip-fastener zipi (dzi-) c f Eng zombi dukwane/tukwane (ma(ukwane) zone zouni (dzi-) c f Eng zoo zuu (dzi-) c f Eng Zulu (person) Muzulu (Ma-); (language) Tshi- zulu, Luzulu Zululand Hazulu 207 & ISBN 978-1-86888-295-3 Tshivenda-English Author: Nicolaas Jacobus Van Warmelo Publisher:
Hippocrene Books ISBN: Category: English language Page: 604 View: 162 DOWNLOAD NOW » bilingual and explanatory dictionary Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category: English language Page: 172 View: 356 DOWNLOAD NOW » Tshivenda + English Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category: English language Page: 64 View: 745 DOWNLOAD NOW » Venda-
English Author: N. J. Van Warmelo Publisher: Hippocrene Books ISBN: Category: Page: View: 976 DOWNLOAD NOW » Author: Gotthardt Westphal Publisher: ISBN: Category: English language Page: 7 View: 905 DOWNLOAD NOW » Author: Nicolaas Jacobus Van Warmelo Publisher: ISBN: Category: Venda language Page: 345 View: 904 DOWNLOAD
NOW » Tshivenda English Bilingual Dictionary Author: Pharos Publisher: ISBN: Category: Page: 192 View: 115 DOWNLOAD NOW » Tshivenda-English dictionary Author: Publisher: ISBN: Category: Page: View: 916 DOWNLOAD NOW » Author: Caroline Jeannerat Publisher: BASLER AFRIKA BIBLIOGRAPHIEN ISBN: Category: Social Science Page:
219 View: 609 DOWNLOAD NOW » Research into the history of Christian missions in the context of colonialism has focused primarily on missions as institutions and on the ways in which people were integrated into the economic, political and ideological spheres of imperial powers. Reduced to an experience occurring within a person, faith was
deemed unapproachable by scientific methods. This has, in effect, constituted a silence regarding the everyday experience of religiosity among those drawn to Christianity. The Ethnography of Faith is a detailed study of the ways in which people engage with and experience the religious in order to recognise and understand this suppressed voice of
religiosity. In her analysis of the Lutheran church in the Soutpansberg of early 20th century South Africa, Caroline Jeannerat listens closely to how people describe their own faith and that of others in the archive: in accounts of work done, in texts written for mission publications, in songs composed for church services, in letters and newspaper
articles, and in oral memories. A careful reading of this archive—for breaks, for misunderstandings and oppositions, for sentiments of agreement, praise, compatibility and claims of shared experiences—identifies negotiations of meaning which give indications of conceptualisations of faith that stand in distinction to those of the missionaries and their
expectations. English, Tshivenda. Grades 8 to 12 Author: Irene Fricke Publisher: ISBN: Category: Science Page: 115 View: 514 DOWNLOAD NOW »