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Analysis of Characteristics of Sewage Water Treatment Plant
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INTERNATIONAL BLACK SEA MODERN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH CONGRESS
ANALYSIS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF SEWAGE WATER TREATMENT PLANT
Japthi Sravani
Civil Engineering Department, G. Pulla Reddy Engineering College, Kurnool, AP, India
Ramireddy Sushmitha
Civil Engineering Department, G. Pulla Reddy Engineering College, Kurnool, AP, India
B. Rohini
Civil Engineering Department, G. Pulla Reddy Engineering College, Kurnool, AP, India
ABSTRACT
The basic needs of human survival, i.e. water, food shelter are no more easily accessed
resources. The ever-increasing demand of human being cannot be meet successfully through
present conventional resources. The indiscriminate population explosion raises the demand of
food and water for the continue life on the earth. Due to domestic waste, sewage and
industrialization, our environment (rivers, ponds and other natural resources) is polluting.The
situations has only be handled by not throwing sewage directly to natural resources and reuse the
treated water that ultimately reduces the overall demand of fresh water. However, India treats
only 20 percentage of its sewage and rest fall directly into rivers causing severe problems. The
main aim of project is to use the treated water in such a way which does not harm human and
environment . The work area is Sewage Treatment Plant (STP), Nandyal which is setup in
recently. The STP collects the water from RGMCET college and hostel with gravity flow, no
pumping is used for sewage upliftment for sending it to plant, which is a great achievement for
its engineers. The idea of STP is very promising step that each city should plant. It gives us the
liberty to reuse the sewage water.
Keywords: Sewage water, Sewage Treatment Plant, Moving Bed Bio-Film Reactors, Activated
Sludge Process.
INTRODUCTION
Water that has been used for various human activities and has become dirty is called waste
water. Waste water contains many suspended impurities. These impurities are called
contaminants and the waste water containing the contaminants is called the sewage. In broad
terms, water is said to be polluted when it contains enough impurities to make it unfit for a
particular use, such as drinking, swimming, or finishing.
Although water quality is affected by natural conditions, usually implies human activity as the
source of contamination. After the water has been used, it enters the wastewater stream, and it
flows to the wastewater treatment plant.
We need to remove the wastewater pollutants to protect the environment and protect public
health. Waterborne diseases are also eliminated through proper waste water treatment.
Additionally, there are many pollutants that could exhibit toxic effects on aquatic life and the
public.
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Fig1: Waste water
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Murthy polasa et.al (2014) reviewed about design of sewage treatment plant for gated
community. In this project three types of treatment unit operations are conducted. Like physical,
chemical and biological processes. By increasing the detention time of sewage in each treatment
unit increases the efficiency of removal unwanted impurities. S. Ramya et al., (2015) reviewed
on design of sewage treatment plant and characteristics of sewage. The growing environmental
pollution need for decontaminating water results in the study of characterization of waste water
especially domestic sewage. The waste water leads to developing and new treatment techniques
to control nitrogen and other priority pollutants.
E. Puspalatha et.al (2016) reviewed on design approach for sewage treatment plant. A case study
of srikakulam greater municipality. The present study involves the analysis of parameters like
BOD, raw sewage, effluent. The construction of sewage treatment plant will prevent the direct
disposal of sewage in nagavali river and the use of treated water will reduce the surface water
and contaminated ground water. Pramod sambhaji patil et.al.(2016) studied on design of sewage
treatment plant for dhule city . Some treatment units are designed like screens, grit chamber,
storage tank, settling tank,aeration tank and skimming tank. The effluent can also be used for
artificial recharge of 9 ground water, flushing, foam control, fire protection, lawn sprinkling.
Chakar bhushan et al. (2017) reviewed about design of sewage treatment plant for lohegaon
village, Pune. This project studied that social and environmental pollution issue due to sewage is
disposed in some part of village and directly sewage drain in open land. It is used for recharging
sub surface water level at lohegaon and used for irrigation purpose. M. Aswathy et al., (2017)
studied on analysis and design of sewage treatment plant of apartment in Chennai. This project is
studied that domestic and commercial waste and removes the material with possess harm from
generated public. To produce an environmental sewage fluid waste stream and solid waste
suitable from disposal of use.
Andreia D. Santos et al., (2020) studied on Moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR)for dairy waste
water treatment.This project is considered parameters like Advanced biological waste water
treatment , MBBR for the better removal of impurities and to reuse water for agricultural
purpose. Li Chen et al., (2021) reviewed about the occurance and control water born viruses in
drinking water treatment.He was done Conventional and emerging disinfection process, UV
technologies, cavitation, chlorination on water to reduce the occurance , concentration, detection
of virus controlled by QMRA.
Guan Wang et al., (2022) worked on the Polishing micro pollutants in municipal waste water
using biogenic manganese oxides in a MBBR. This project involves in the analysis of parameters
like Micro pollutants, Biogenic compounds, pH. Here the pH was found significant impact on
the effective removal or polishing of waste water. M.A.Martin et al., (2022) reviewed about on
Activated Sludge Process Versus Rotating Biological contractors in WWTPs. This project is
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revealed the comparisons between ASP and RBCs. Among two, Asp is the effective method for
the waste water treatment.
3. DETAILS OF STUDY AREA
3.1 OBJECTIVES
The Objectives of this project are:
1. To reduce the objectionable colour, odour, turbidity and hardness.
2. To test the quality of treated water by using ASP and MBBR techniques.
3. To increase the reuse of treated water for agricultural purpose.
3.2 NEED OF THE STUDY
The following are needs of the present study:
1. To treat the waste water and to reuse for agriculture and Gardening purpose.
2. To reduce the water scarcity.
3. To be Economical.
4. To reduce the pollution created by discharging untreated water.
3.3 ABOUT STUDY AREA
Sewage Treatment Plant established in RGMCET, Nandyal in 2022.It collect sewage water from
College and Hostel through pipe connection. The Capacity of Waste produced in college around
5Lakh per day. But the STP capacity is 2 Lakh per day and 90 percent of treated water is
available after treatment. It works day time only and the time taken for completion of total
process is 2 Hours approximately.
5. METHODOLOGY
Majorly, three methods of sewage water treatment are followed Primary, Secondary and
Teritiary treatment. By following these methods, the waste water is disinfected from all the
sewage materials and converted into treated water that is safe for both human usage and the
environment.
5.1 PRIMARY TREATMENT
This is the first step in waste water treatment and its objective is to remove large debris, coarse
solids and heavy inorganic material contained in the waste water flow. It consists of physical
operations such as:
1. Screening: Removes heavy solids in wastewater such as rags, paper, plastics, sticks and metals
to prevent damage and clogging of downstream equipment.
2. Floatation: It is used for separation of floatable and suspended solid particles from waste
water. 3. Grit removal: Here, grit chambers are used to slow down the flow so that solids such as
sand, ash, cinder and eggshells will settle out of the water and it can be removed manually or
mechanically.
5.2 SECONDARY TREATMENT
Secondary treatment of waste water makes use of oxidation to further purify waste water.It is
done in one of three ways: 1. Biofiltration: It uses sand filters, contact filters or trickling filters to
ensure that any additional sediment is removed from the waste water. 2. Aeration: Aeration is a
lengthy process which increases oxygen saturation by introducing air to waste water. Typically,
the aeration process can last for up to 30 hours, but it is very effective. 3. Oxidation ponds:
Typically used in warmer climates, this method utilises natural bodies of water such as lagoons,
allowing waste water to pass through for a set period before being retained for two to three
weeks.
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5.3 Tertiary Treatment
Tertiary water treatment is the final stage of the multi-stage waste water cleaning process. This
third stage of treatment removes inorganic compounds, bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
Removing these harmful substances makes the treated water safe to reuse, recycle, or release into
the environment. 1. Disinfection: The addition of chlorine to the final effluent before disposal is
an essential aspect of waste water treatment. In this procedure, chlorine is injected into the head
works of a serpentine effluent detention chamber. Chlorination in waste water treatment destroys
bacteria and viruses, which may cause severe disease. To summarize, this technique disinfects
water so that it may be reused or recycled safely. 2. Dis-chlorination: Dis-chlorination is the
process of removing residual chlorine from dis-infected waste water prior to discharge into the
environment. Sulfur dioxide is most commonly used for dichlorination and is the major focus of
this fact sheet.
Fig 2: Waste Water Treatment Methodology
6. DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE PARAMETERS
Waste water sample is collected from the area of SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT in
RGMCET and is tested for its parameters before and after treatment.
The different parameters which are determined in this project are:
1.pH of water.
2.Electrical Conductivity of water (EC).
3.Total Dissolved Solids (TDS).
4.Total Solids (TS).
5.Total Suspended solids (TSS).
6.Total Hardness (TH).
7.Dissolved Oxygen (DO).
8.Alkalinity of water.
9.Acidity of water.
10.Chlorides.
11.Nitrates.
12.Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD).
13.Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).
7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The results obtained through various tests conducted on sewage water are presented in below
Table1.
From table1, it is observed that, the before treatment of sewage water did not satisfy the standard
limits. But after treatment through secondary treatment using ACTIVATED SLUDGE
PROCESS and MBBR techniques, the values were improved and satisfy the standard limits as
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INTERNATIONAL BLACK SEA MODERN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH CONGRESS
per IS code 10500:2012.
Table 1: Different Parameters before and after treatments
S.No Parameter Before After Drinking Agricultural
Treatment Treatment Standards standards
1 pH 6 7.76 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.4
2 EC 1.81 ms 1.28 ms <0.8ms < 3ms
3 TDS 1060 PPM 729.6 PPM <500 PPM <2000 PPM
4 TS 2666.66 PPM 666.66 PPM <2000 PPM >2000 PPM
5 TSS 1606.6 PPM 62.94 PPM <500 PPM <100 PPM
6 DO 19.11 mg/l 10.42 mg/l 6.5-8.5 mg/l >8 mg/l
7 Alkalinity 72 mg/l 75 mg/l <200 mg/l >200 mg/l
8 Acidity 208 mg/l 105 mg/l 0 mg/l >150 mg/l
9 COD 125 mg/l 82 mg/l 75-100 mg/l <120 mg/l
10 BOD 22 mg/l 57.4 mg/l < 5 mg/l < 30 mg/l
11 Nitrates 6.81 mg/l 1.71 mg/l <40 mg/l 50-150 mg/l
12 Chlorides 125 mg/l 135 mg/l < 250 mg/l <40 mg/l
13 Total 360 mg/l 340 mg/l < 300 mg/l >300 mg/l
hardness
Calcium 220 mg/l 180 mg/l < 75 mg/l < 400 mg/l
Hardness
Magnesium 140 mg/l 160 mg/l < 35 mg/l < 60 mg/l
Hardness
7. CONCLUSIONS
According to obtained results we can conclude that
1. The treated water is used for agricultural, institutional and domestic purposes only and this
water is not used for drinking purpose as these treated water exceeds the standard drinking limits
according to the IScode 10500:2012.
2. The idea of STP is very promising step that each city should plant. It gives us the liberty to
reuse the sewage water. By using the STP, water is available for variety of uses like it can be
discharged easily to any water bodies, can be used for irrigation and cultivation purpose.
3. In RGM, STP the water is discharged into the outside water body. Further this water is used
for irrigation purpose.
4. The sludge generated from the secondary treatment process is used as manure. This STP lacks
the tertiary treatment process but still RGM STP is a very effectively treating sewage of our
college.
Fig 3: Water discharging into natural body
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